1.

The fuel cost functions for two 800 MW thermal plants in

C1 =400+6.0 P1 +0.004 P

per hour are given by

2
1

C2 =500+ P2+ P 22
where P1, and P2 are in MW.
a) The incremental cost of power is 8/MWh, when the total power demand is
550 MW. Neglecting losses, determine the optimal generation of each plant.
b) The incremental cost of power is 10/MWh, when the total power demand
is 1300 MW. Neglecting losses, determine the optimal generation of each
plant.
c) From the results of a) and b), find the fuel cost coefficients and of the
second plant.
Solution
a) The incremental cost of power is 8/MWh, when the total power demand is
550 MW.
P1 + P2 = PD 550 MW
The optimal dispatch

P 1=

1
86
=
=250 MW
21 2 0.004

Therefore P2 = PD P1 = 550 250 = 300 MW

P2=

2 82
=
=300 MW 300 22 =82 6002=82
22
22

b) The incremental cost of power is

is 1300 MW.
P1 + P2 = PD 1300 MW
The optimal dispatch

P 1=

10/MWh, when the total power demand

1
106
=
=500 MW
21 2 0.004

Therefore P2 = PD P1 = 1300 500 = 800 MW

P 2=

2 102
=
=800 MW 1600 2 =102
22
22

c) From a) and b)

6002=82 o r 6002 +2 =8
16002=10216002+2=10

Solving for 2 and 2

][ ] [ ]

600 1 2 = 8
1600 1 2
10

gives 2 = 6.8 and 2 =0.0020

2. The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in

C1 =350+7.2 P1 +0.0040 P

per hour are given by

2
1

C2 =500+7.3 P 2+0.0025 P22

2

C3 =600+6.74 P3 +0.0030 P3
where P1, P2 and P3 are in MW. The governors are set such that the generation
share the load equally. Neglecting line losses and generator limits, find the total
cost in per hour, when the total load is
a) PD = 450 MW
b) PD = 745 MW
c) PD = 1335 MW
Solution
a) PD = 450 MW

P1=P2=P3 =

450
=150 MW
3

The total fuel cost

Ct =C 1+C 2 +C3

Ct =350+ ( 7.2 150 ) + ( 0.004 1502 ) +500+ ( 7.3 150 )+ ( 0.0025 1502 ) +600+ ( 6.74 150 ) + ( 0.003 1502 )
= 4849.75 /hour
b) PD = 745 MW

P1=P2=P3 =

745
MW
3

The total fuel cost

Ct =350+ 7.2

Ct =C 1+C 2 +C3 =

)(

( ))

745
745
+ 0.004
3
3

7310.46 /h

+500+ 7.3

c) PD = 1335 MW

P1=P2=P3 =

1335
=445 MW
3

The total fuel cost

Ct =C 1+C 2 +C3

)(

( ) )+600+(6.74 7453 )+(0.00

745
745
+ 0.0025
3
3

Ct =350+ ( 7.2 455 ) + ( 0.004 4552 ) +500+ ( 7.3 455 ) + ( 0.0025 4552 ) +600+ ( 6.74 455 ) + ( 0.003 4552
3. Neglecting line losses and generator limits, determine the optimal scheduling of
generation for each loading condition in Problem 2
i) by analytical technique
ii) by using iterative method. Start with an initial estimate of = 7.5
per
MWh.
iii) Find the savings in per hour for each case compared to the costs in Problem
2 when the generators shared load equally.
Solution
a) i) PD = 450 MW
3

P D +

i=1

i
2 i

21
i=1
i

7.2
7.3
6.74
+
+
2 0.004 2 0.0025 2 0.003
1
1
1
+
+
2 0.004 2 0.0025 2 0.003

450+
=

= 8 /MWh

The optimal dispatch

P 1=
P 2=

1
87.2
=
=100 MW
2 1 2 0.004

2
87.3
=
=140 MW
2 2 2 0.0025

P3=

3
86.74
=
=210 MW
2 3 2 0.003

ii) PD = 745 MW
3

P D +

i=1

i
2 i

21
i=1
i

7.2
7.3
6.74
+
+
2 0.004 2 0.0025 2 0.003
1
1
1
+
+
2 0.004 2 0.0025 2 0.003

745+
=

The optimal dispatch

P1=
P 2=

1
8.67.2
=
=175 MW
2 1 2 0.004

2
8.67.3
=
=260 MW
2 2 2 0.0025

P 3=
iii) PD = 1335 MW

3 8.66.74
=
=310 MW
2 3 2 0.003

= 8.6 /MWh

P D +
i=1

i
2 i

21
i=1
i

7.2
7.3
6.74
+
+
2 0.004 2 0.0025 2 0.003
1
1
1
+
+
2 0.004 2 0.0025 2 0.003

1335+
=

= 9.8 /MWh

The optimal dispatch

P 1=
P 2=
P 3=

1
9.87.2
=
=325 MW
2 1 2 0.004

2
9.87.3
=
=500 MW
2 2 2 0.0025

3 9.86.74
=
=510 MW
2 3 2 0.003
(1)

=7.5 /MWh

b) i) The initial value of

The optimal dispatch

P1(1)=
P2(1)=
P3(1)=

1 7.57.2
=
=37.5000 MW
2 1 2 0.004

2
7.57.3
=
=40.0000 MW
2 2 2 0.0025

3 7.56.74
=
=126.6666 MW
2 3 2 0.003

PD = 450 MW, the error P

3

P =PD Pi=450 ( 37.5+ 40+126.6666 )=245.8333

(1 )

i=1

(1)

P(1)
245.8333
245.8333
=
=
=0.5
3
1
1
1
491.6666
1
2 2 0.004 + 2 0.0025 + 2 0.003
i=1
i

The new value of is

(2) = (1) + (1) = 7.5 + 0.5 = 8 /MWh
Continuing the process for second iteration
(2 )

(2)

P1 =

1
87.2
=
=100 MW
2 1
2 0.004
(2)

P2(2)=

2
87.3
=
=140 MW
2 2
2 0.0025

(2)

3 86.74
=
=
=210 MW
2 3
2 0.003

(2)
3

P =PD Pi =450( 100+ 140+210 )=0

(2 )

i=1

Since P(2) = 0, the equality constraint is met in two iterations.

ii)

INCOMPLETE
http://www.academia.edu/8232987/Power_System_Analysis_Hadi_Saadat_Sol
ution_manual

4. The fuel cost functions for two thermal plants in

C1 =320+6.2 P1 +0.004 P

per hour are given by

2
1
2

C2 =200+6.0 P2+ 0.003 P2

where P1, and P2 are in MW. The total load, PD is 180 MW. Plant output are
subject to the following limits in MW
50 < P1 < 250
50 < P2 < 350
The per unit system real power loss with generation expressed in per unit on a
100 MVA base is given by
PL(pu) = 0.0125 P12(PU) + 0.00625 P22(PU)
The total load is 412.35 MW. Determine the optimal dispatch of generation.
Start with an initial estimate of = 7 per MWh.
Solution

PL( MW)= 0.0125

P1 2
P2
+0.00625
100
100

( )

( ) ) x 100 MW

PL( MW)=0.000125 P21 +0.0000625 P22 MW

1 = 7 per MWh.
1
76.2
P11=
=
=82.0513 MW
2 ( 1+ B11 ) 2 ( 0.004+7 0.000125 )
1

P 2=

2
2 ( 2+ B22 )

76.0
=145.4545 MW
2 ( 0.003+7 0.0000625 )

The real power loss

P1L =0.000125 ( 82.0513 )2 +0.0000625 ( 145.4545 )2=2.1639

Since PD =412.35 MW, the error
P1 = 412.35 + 2.1639 82.0513 145.4545 = 187.0080
2

(
i=1

(
i=1

Pi 1 1+ B 11 1 2+ B 22 2
=
+
2
2

2 (1 +B 11 ) 2 (2 +B 22)

Pi 1 0.004+0.000125 6.2
0.003+0.0000625 6
=
+
=243.2701
2
2

2 ( 0.004+7 0.000125 ) 2 ( 0.003+ 7 0.0000625 )

1 =

P
187.0080
=
=0.7687
1
2
243.2701
Pi

i=1

( )

Therefore, the new value of , 2 = 1 + 1 = 7 + 0.7687 = 7.7687 7 per MWh.

Continuing the process,
2

2
1

P=

2
2

P=

1
2

2 ( 1+ B11 )
22
2

2 ( 2+ B22 )

7.76876.2
=157.7824 MW
2 ( 0.004+7.7687 0.000125 )

7.76876.0
=253.7194 MW
2 ( 0.003+7.7687 0.0000625 )

The real power loss

2

PL =0.000125 ( 157.7824 ) +0.0000625 ( 253.7194 ) =7.1353

P2 = 412.35 + 7.1353 157.7824 253.7194 = 7.9835
2

(
i=1

(
i=1

Pi 2
1+ B 11 1
2+ B 222
=
+
2
2

2 ( 1 +2 B11 ) 2 (2 +2 B 22 )

Pi 2
0.004+0.000125 6.2
0.003+0.0000625 6
=
+
=235.5143
2
2

2 ( 0.004+7.7687 0.000125 ) 2 ( 0.003+ 7.7687 0.0000625 )

2=

P
7.9835
=
=0.0339
2
2
235.5143
Pi

i=1

( )

Therefore, the new value of , 3 = 2 + 2 = 7.7687 + 0.0339 = 7.8026 per

MWh
3
1

P=

31
3

2 ( 1+ B11 )

7.80266.2
=161.0548 MW
2 ( 0.004+ 7.8026 0.000125 )

7.80266.0
=258.4252 MW
2 ( 0.003+ 7.8026 0.0000625 )

3
2

P=

2
3

2 ( 2 + B22 )

The real power loss

3

PL =0.000125 ( 161.0548 ) +0.0000625 ( 258.4252 ) =7.4163

P3 = 412.35 + 7.4163 161.0548 258.4252 = 0.2863
2

(
i=1

(
i=1

Pi 3
1 +B 11 1
2 +B 222
=
+
2
2

2 ( 1 +3 B 11 ) 2 (2 +3 B 22 )

Pi
0.004+0.000125 6.2
0.003+0.0000625 6
=
+
=235.1810
2
2

2 ( 0.004+7.8026 0.000125 ) 2 ( 0.003+ 7.8026 0.0000625 )

3 =

P3
0.2863
=
=0.0012
3
2
235.1810
Pi

i=1

( )

Therefore, the new value of , 4 = 3 + 3 = 7.7687 + 0.0012 = 7.8038 per

MWh
Since 3 is small, the equality constraint is met in four iterations, and optimal
dispatch for = 7.8038 per MWh are
4
1

P=

4
2

P=

4 1
4

2 (1 + B11 )
42
4

2 (2 + B22 )

7.80386.2
=161.1705 MW
2 ( 0.004+ 7.8038 0.000125 )

7.80386.0
=258.5917 MW
2 ( 0.003+ 7.8038 0.0000625 )

The real power loss

PL =0.000125 ( 161.1705 ) +0.0000625 ( 258.5917 ) =7.4263

and the total fuel cost

Ct =C 1+C 2=320+ 6.2 P1 +0.004 P21 +200+6.0 P2 +0.003 P22

2

Ct =320+6.2 161.1705+0.004 ( 161.1705 ) +200+6.0 258.5917+ 0.003 ( 258.5917 )

Ct =3375.3