Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
J=0
19F
1H
Nucleus
Bo
Electron
19F
1H
Spin-spin coupling ()
We can do a similar analysis for a CH2 group:
1H
1H
Bo
C
The only difference here is that the C bonds are hybrid bonds
(sp3), and therefore the Pauli principle and Hundis rules
predict that the two electrons will be parallel.
Irrespective of this, the state of one of the 1H nuclei is
transmitted along the bonds to the other 1H, and we get a
splitting (a doublet in this case). The energy of the
interactions between two spins A and B can be found by the
relationship:
E = JAB * IA * IB
Spin-spin coupling ()
IA and IB are the nuclear spin vectors, and are proportional to
A and B, the magnetic moments of the two nuclei. JAB is
the scalar coupling constant. So we see a very important
feature of couplings. It does not matter if we have a 60, a
400, or an 800 MHz magnet, the coupling constants are
always the same!!!
Lets do a more detailed analysis in term of the energies. Lets
think a two energy level system, and the transitions for nuclei
A. When we have no coupling (J = 0), the energy involved in
either transition (A1 or A2) is equal (no spin-spin interaction).
AX
E4
Bo
E3
E2
J=0
A2
AX
J>0
A2
E
A1
A1
E1
The relative orientations of the nuclear moments does not
matter. We see a single line (two with equal frequency).
When J > 0, the energy levels of the spin system will be
either stabilized or destabilized. Depending on the relative
orientations of the nuclear moments, the energies for the A1
and A2 transition will change giving two different frequencies
(two peaks for A).
Spin-spin coupling ()
We choose J > 0 as that related to antiparallel nuclear
moments (lower energy). The energy diagram for J < 0 would
then be:
AX
E4
Bo
J=0
J<0
A2
A2
E3
E2
AX
E
A1
A1
E1
If we look at it as a stick spectrum for either case we get:
J=0
A2
J>0
A1
A2
J<0
A2
A1
A1 A2
A2 A1
A1
A1 = A2
Spin-spin coupling ()
We can do a quantitative analysis of the energy values from
to gain some more insight on the phenomenon. The base
energies of the system are related to the Larmor
frequencies, and the spin-spin interaction is JAX:
J>0
I2
3
A1
2
A2
I1
A1 = E4 - E2 = A - 1/2 JAX
A2 = E3 - E1 = A + 1/2 JAX
I1 = E2 - E1 = B - 1/2 JAX
I2 = E4 - E3 = B + 1/2 JAX
This explains the lines in our spectrum quantitatively
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2
4.5 ppm
1.5 ppm
22
111
111
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
7 Hz
Then the small coupling,
which will split each line
in the quartet into a triplet:
5 Hz
8 Hz
5 Hz
6 Hz
5 Hz
1H
3J
HH
= A cos2( ) + B cos( ) + C
3J
HH
(Hz)
H1
H2
(o)
A nice feature of the Karplus equation is that we can
estimate dihedral angles from 3J coupling constants. Thus, a
variety of A, B, and C parameters have been determined for
peptides, sugars, etc., etc.
3J
HH
= 1.7 Hz
Ph
PMP
N
TsO
3J
HH
= 5.4 Hz
N3-
Ph
PMP
N
N3
>> J
= 0
A
1
B
3
B
4
| JAB | = | f1 - f2 | = | f3 - f4 |
I3
I4
| f1 - f4 |
| f2 - f3 |
H3
H2
Ha
Hb
Ha
Hb
Ha
Hb
H3
H2
H2
H1
H1
H3
OR
OR
OR
F
F
In this case, 1Hs and 19Fs are equal not due to rotation, but to
symmetry around the carbon. Its an A2X2 system.
Magnetic equivalence ()
For CH2F2, we can also compare the couplings to check that
the 1Hs and 19Fs are equivalent: JH1F1 = JH1F2 = JH2F1 = JH2F2.
All due to their symmetry...
Ha
Fa
Hb
Fb
Magnetic equivalence ()
These are representative spectra (only the 1H spectrum is
shown) of CH2F2 and F2C=CH2:
CH2F2
H2C=CF2
HA
HX
HA'
X
HX
HX'
HA'
HX'
HA
Br
Cl
Br
HA
Cl
HB
CHA
CHB
CHA
O
CHB
Cl
Cl
Cl
HA
HA
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
HA
HA
Cl
HB
(+)
()
(+)
()
anti
symmetric
symmetric
We now have 9 lines in the A2B system, instead of the 5 we
have in the A2X system (we have to remember that in the
A2X many of the transitions are of equivalent energy).
OH
HO
OH
HA
HA
HB
X()
X()
O
HX
HB
Br
HA
anti
symmetric
symmetric
We see that we can have a total of 12 transitions for each
spin (the AA part or the BB part). However, some of the
energies are the same (they are degenerate), so the total
number of lines comes down to 10 for each, a total of 20!
In an AAXX we see two sub-spectra, one for the AA part
and one for the XX part. In a AABB we see everything on
the same region of the spectrum.
HA
HX
HX
HX'
HA
HA'
N
N
HX'
HA'
Br
Cl
HB
HA'
HB'
R1
HA
HB
R2
HX
HN
RO
Ph
Ph
HA
HB
OH
O
HA
HB