Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SL.NO
T I T L E
PAGE.NO
Introduction
2.
Aim
3.
Apparatus
4.
Theory
5.
Procedure
6.
Diagram
7.
8.
Result
12
9.
13
10.
Bibliography
14
Introduction
Many optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve an acceptable level of
performance. One such possible approach to lens combination is to consider the image
formed by each lens as the object for the next lens and so on. This is a valid approach,
but it is time consuming and difficult. Liquid lens experiment can be used to find the
optical constants of a lens and also to find the refractive indices of various liquids.
The theory behind the liquid lens is based on the properties of one or more liquid to
create magnification within a small amount of space.
controlled by the surface of the liquid. Water normally form a bubble shape when
adhered to materials like glass. Thos desirable property of water makes it a very
suitable candidate for the production of liquid lens.
transparent so as to study its properties.
sandwiched between two pieces of a clear plastic or glass. Glycerin can also be used as
a fluid in the liquid lens system. The surface profiles of the liquid determine the focal
length of the liquid lens system and how the liquid lens focuses the light rays.
If we keep the mirror behind the lens and put the object at the focus of the lens
above it, the image of the object will be formed at the same focus where the object is.
If it is an extended object, its image will be inverted and the size of the image is same
as that of the object. This property has enabled the efficient use of liquid lens to find
the refractive index of a fluid by this method. The focal length of the liquid lens can
be calculated knowing the focal length of the combination and that of the convex lens,
from which the refractive index of the fluid can easily be estimated.
AIM
To determine:1. Optical constants of a convex lens and
2. Refractive index of a liquid lens.
APPARATUS
1.
2.
Plane mirror,
3.
The liquid
4.
Glycerine
5.
THEORY
Let f be the focal length andR1 and R2 be the radii of curvature of
a convex lens.
Then,
1
f
( n1 )(
1
1
+
)
R1 R2
1+
( R 1 R 2)
f ( R 1+ R 2)
When the lens is placed over some drops of the given liquid on a
planmbination of the vconvex and the e mirror, a plano-concave liquid
lens is obtained. If F is the focal length of the combination of the
convex lens and the plano-concave liquid lens, the focal length of
the liquid lens is given by.
Ff
F1= f F
If the first face of convex lens is in contact with the liquid surface,
the radius of curvature of the upper surface of the liquid lens is R1.
For the liquid lens,
R1 = R1 & R2 =
Hence
nl = 1+
R1
f1
PROCEDURE
To find the focal length of the convex lens
The convex lens is placed over a plane mirror which is
kept horizontally. A bright pointer O is arranged horizontally
on the clamp of a retort stand, vertically above the lens.
Looking from above, the pointer is moved up or down until the
pointer and its inverted image coincides without parallax. The
distance x1 and x2 of the pointer from the top of the lens are
measured. The average distance[x1+x2]/2 gives the focal
length f of the convex lens. The experiment is repeated and
the mean focal length is calculated.
Ff
f F
1
1
+
R1 R2
( n1 )
x 1+ x 2
2
DIAGRAM
o f
l e n s
Top of mirror
(cm)
(cm)
10.1
11.1
10.6
10.2
11.2
10.7
9.9
10.9
10.4
10
11
10.5
10.3
11.3
10.8
5
Mean = 10.6 cm
o f
l e n s
(cm)
T o p
(cm)
o f
m i r r o r
15
16
15.5
15.2
16.2
15.7
14.8
15.8
15.3
15.3
16.3
15.8
15.4
16.4
15.9
o f
l e n s
T o p
(cm)
o f
m i r r o r
length
(cm)
15.5
16.5
16.0
15.1
16.1
15.6
15.3
16.3
15.8
15.0
16.0
15.5
15.6
16.6
16.1
We know,
1
f
1
1
+
R1 R2
( n1 )
= 15.64 (1.33 1)
= 5.161 cm
Similarly ,
R2= (1-n) f2
= 15.8 0.33
= 5.214 cm
10
Also
f1=
Ff
f F
=15.576 cm
T o p
o f
o f
l e n s
(cm)
p o i n t e r
T o p
o f
f r o m
m i r r o r
(cm)
19.6
20.6
2 0 .
19.5
20.5
20.0
19.0
20.0
19.5
19.2
20.2
19.7
19.4
20.4
19.9
CALCULATIONS
n=
1+
( R 1 R 2)
f ( R 1+ R 2)
= 1 + 2.663 = 3.663
nl = 1+
R1
f1
(glycerine)
nl = 1+
R1
f1
(water)
= 1+
5.161
19.84
= 1+
5.161
15.64
11
= 1+ 0.46
= 1+ 0.33
=1.46
=1.33
Results
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
12
PRECAUTIONS
1. The plane mirror should be clean and must have fully shining
surface.
2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax error should be removed tip to tip.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Liquid may now be transparent.
2. The parallax error may not be fully removed.
3. Measurements may not be correct.
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Physics ncert textbook .
2. www.experimentalphysics.com
3.www.wikipedia.com
4.Practical physics.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31