1. Different types of malignant and benign depend on its tissue type?

Epithelial cell
tissue

Benign tumor

Stratified squamous

Papilloma
Seborrheic keratosis and
some skin adnexal tumors

Glandular epithelium
1. Liver
2. Kidney
3. Bile duct

Adenoma
Hepatic adenoma
Renal tubular adenoma
Bile duct adenoma

Transitional epithelium
Placenta

Transitional cell papilloma

Hydatidiform mole

Testis

Malignant tumor
Squamous cell carcinoma;
epidermoid carcinoma and
some malignant skin adnexal
tumors
Adenocarcinoma
Hepatoma: hepatocellular
carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma;
hypernephroma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
Choriocarcinoma
Seminoma; embryonal cell
carcinoma

Connective tissue
tissue
Adult fibrous tissue
Embryonic (myxomatous)
fibrous tissue
Fat
Cartilage
Bone
Notochord
Connective tissue, probably
fibrous

Benign tumor
Fibroma

Malignant tumor
Fibrosarcoma

Myxoma

Myxosarcoma

Lipoma
Chondroma
Osteoma

Liposarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Chordoma

Fibrous histiocytoma

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Neural
tissue

Benign tumor

Glial cells (of several types)

Nerve cells
Meninges
Nerve sheath

Ganglioneuroma
Meningioma
Schwannoma, neurilemmoma
Neurofibroma

Malignant tumor
Glioma, grades I-III,
anaplastic; glioblastoma
multiforme (grade IV)
Neuroblastoma
Medulloblastoma

Malignant meningioma
Malignant meningioma
Malignant schwannoma
Neurofibrosarcoma

Muscular
tissue
Smooth muscle
Striated muscle

Benign tumor
Leiomyoma
Rhabdomyoma

Malignant tumor
Leiomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma

2. Characteristic of benign and malignant neoplasm

Neoplasm- An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than
they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer),
or malignant (cancer). Also called tumor.
Benign neoplasm-A benign neoplasm looks a lot like the tissue with normal cells
from which it originated, and has a slow growth rate. Benign neoplasms do not
invade surrounding tissues and they do not metastasize. Thus, characteristics
include:

Slow growth
Resemblance to tissue of origin (well differentiated)
Circumscription
Lack of invasion
Absence of metastases

Malignant neoplasm- A malignant neoplasm is composed of cells that look less

like the normal cell of origin. It has a higher rate of proliferation. It can potentially
invade and metastasize. Malignant neoplasms derived from epithelial cells are
called carcinomas. Those derived from mesenchymal (connective tissue) cells are
called sarcomas. Malignant brain neoplasms and neoplasms of the immune system
are special categories with complex nomenclature.

Thus, characteristics of malignant neoplasms include:

More rapid increase in size
Less differentiation (or lack of differentiation, called anaplasia)
Tendency to invade surrounding tissues
Ability to metastasize to distant tissues
Cytologic features of malignant neoplasms include:
Increased nuclear size (with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio--N/C ratio).
Variation in nuclear or cell size (pleomorphism).
Lack of differentiation (anaplasia).
Increased nuclear DNA content with subsequent dark staining on H and E
slides (hyperchromatism).
Prominent nucleoli or irregular chomatin distribution within nuclei.
Mitoses (especially irregular or bizarre mitoses).

All of these features are "atypical" microscopic findings. Atypia implies a change for
the worse from normal.
3. Different diseases that can be acquired from blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is essential in some patient whos taking drugs that suppresses
the immune and the blood itself but after this benefits blood transfusion is also a big
gamble from blood borne diseases below are the list of diseases that can be
acquired from blood transfusion.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - illness that alters the immune system,
making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This
susceptibility worsens as the syndrome progresses.
Hepatitis virus-Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be
self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but
other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and
autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis Common modes of transmission
for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products

West nile virus-West Nile Virus (WNV) can cause neurological disease and
death in people. WNV is commonly found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East,
North America and West Asia. WNV is maintained in nature in a cycle
involving transmission between birds and mosquitoes. Humans, horses and
other mammals can be infected. A very small proportion of human infections have
occurred through organ transplant, blood transfusions and breast milk

Cytomegalovirus -Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that can infect

almost anyone. Most people don't know they have CMV because it rarely
causes symptoms. However, if you're pregnant or have a weakened immune
system, CMV is cause for concern. Once infected with CMV, your body retains
the virus for life. However, CMV usually remains dormant if you're healthy.
CMV spreads from person to person through body fluids, such as blood, saliva,

urine, semen and breast milk.

Human T-cell lipotropic virus -A type of virus that infects T cells (a type of
white blood cell) and can cause leukemia and lymphoma. Human T-cell
leukemia virus type 1 is spread by sharing syringes or needles,
through blood transfusions or sexual contact,
Parvovirus b19- The human parvovirus B19 causes parvovirus infection. This
is different from the parvovirus seen in dogs and cats, so you can't get the
infection from a pet or vice versa.

1. American cancer society recommendation for early detection of cancer?

American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer

The American Cancer Society recommends these cancer screening guidelines for
most adults. Screening tests are used to find cancer before a person has any
symptoms.

Breast cancer
Women ages 40 to 44 should have the choice to start annual breast cancer
screening with mammograms (x-rays of the breast) if they wish to do so.
Women age 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year.
Women 55 and older should switch to mammograms every 2 years, or can continue
yearly screening.
Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to
live 10 more years or longer.
All women should be familiar with the known benefits, limitations, and potential
harms linked to breast cancer screening. They also should know how their breasts
normally look and feel and report any breast changes to a health care provider right
away.
Some women because of their family history, a genetic tendency, or certain other
factors should be screened with MRIs along with mammograms. (The number of
women who fall into this category is very small.) Talk with a health care provider
about your risk for breast cancer and the best screening plan for you.

Colon and rectal cancer and polyps

Starting at age 50, both men and women should follow one of these testing plans:
Tests that find polyps and cancer

Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years*, or

Colonoscopy every 10 years, or
Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years*, or
CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years*
Tests that mostly find cancer

Yearly guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT)**, or

Yearly fecal immunochemical test (FIT)**, or
Stool DNA test (sDNA) every 3 years*

If the test is positive, a colonoscopy should be done.

** The multiple stool take-home test should be used. One test done in the office is
not enough. A colonoscopy should be done if the test is positive.
The tests that can find both early cancer and polyps should be your first choice if
these tests are available and youre willing to have one of them. Talk to a health
care provider about which test is best for you.
If you are at high risk of colon cancer based on family history or other factors, you
may need to be screened using a different schedule. Talk with a health care provider
about your history and the testing plan thats best for you.

Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer testing should start at age 21. Women under age 21 should not be
tested.
Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should have a Pap test done every 3 years.
HPV testing should not be used in this age group unless its needed after an
abnormal Pap test result.
Women between the ages of 30 and 65 should have a Pap test plus an HPV test
(called co-testing) done every 5 years. This is the preferred approach, but its OK
to have a Pap test alone every 3 years.
Women over age 65 who have had regular cervical cancer testing in the past 10
years with normal results should not be tested for cervical cancer. Once testing is
stopped, it should not be started again. Women with a history of a serious cervical
pre-cancer should continue to be tested for at least 20 years after that diagnosis,
even if testing goes past age 65.
A woman who has had her uterus and cervix removed (a total hysterectomy) for
reasons not related to cervical cancer and who has no history of cervical cancer or
serious pre-cancer should not be tested.
All women who have been vaccinated against HPV should still follow the screening
recommendations for their age groups.
Some women because of their health history (HIV infection, organ transplant, DES
exposure, etc.) may need a different screening schedule for cervical cancer. Talk to
a health care provider about your history.

Endometrial (uterine) cancer

The American Cancer Society recommends that at the time of menopause, all
women should be told about the risks and symptoms of endometrial cancer. Women
should report any unexpected vaginal bleeding or spotting to their doctors.
Some women because of their history may need to consider having a yearly
endometrial biopsy. Please talk with a health care provider about your history.

Lung cancer
The American Cancer Society does not recommend tests to check for lung cancer in
people who are at average risk. But, we do have screening guidelines for those who
are at high risk of lung cancer due to cigarette smoking. Screening might be right
for you if you are all of the following:
55 to 74 years of age
In good health
Have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history AND are either still smoking or have
quit within the last 15 years (A pack-year is the number of cigarette packs smoked
each day multiplied by the number of years a person has smoked. Someone who
smoked a pack of cigarettes per day for 30 years has a 30 pack-year smoking
history, as does someone who smoked 2 packs a day for 15 years.)
Screening is done with an annual low-dose CT scan (LDCT) of the chest. If you fit the
list above, talk to a health care provider if you want to start screening.
Prostate cancer
The American Cancer Society recommends that men make an informed decision
with a health care provider about whether to be tested for prostate cancer. Research
has not yet proven that the potential benefits of testing outweigh the harms of
testing and treatment. We believe that men should not be tested without first
learning about what we know and dont know about the risks and possible benefits
of testing and treatment.
Starting at age 50, men should talk to a health care provider about the pros and
cons of testing so they can decide if testing is the right choice for them.

If you are African American or have a father or brother who had prostate cancer
before age 65, you should have this talk with a health care provider starting at age
45.

If you decide to be tested, you should get a PSA blood test with or without a rectal
exam. How often youre tested will depend on your PSA level.
Cancer-related check-ups
For people aged 20 or older who get periodic health exams, a cancer-related checkup should include health counseling and, depending on a persons age and gender,
exams for cancers of the thyroid, oral cavity, skin, lymph nodes, testes, and ovaries,
as well as for some other diseases besides cancer.

2.

Take control of your health, and help reduce your cancer risk.
Stay away from all forms of tobacco.
Get to and stay at a healthy weight.
Get moving with regular physical activity.
Eat healthy with plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Limit how much alcohol you drink (if you drink at all).
Protect your skin.
Know yourself, your family history, and your risks.
Get regular check-ups and cancer screening tests.

What are imaging test in testing cancer?

Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy
, and high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs)
These tests have all been shown to reduce deaths from colorectal cancer.
Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy also help prevent colorectal cancer because
they can detect abnormal colon growths (polyps) that can be removed before
they develop into cancer. Expert groups generally recommend that people
who are at average risk for colorectal cancer have screening at ages 50
through 75. For more information, see the Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer
and Polyps fact sheet and the PDQ Colorectal Cancer Screening summary.
Low-dose helical computed tomography
This test to screen for lung cancer has been shown to reduce lung cancer
deaths among heavy smokers ages 55 to 74. For more information, see the
National Lung Screening Trial page and the PDQ Lung Cancer Screening
summary.
Mammography

This method to screen for breast cancer has been shown to reduce mortality
from the disease among women ages 40 to 74, especially those age 50 or
older. For more information, see the Mammograms fact sheet and the PDQ
Breast Cancer Screening summary.
Breast MRI
This imaging test is often used for women who carry a harmful mutation in
the BRCA1 gene or the BRCA2 gene; such women have a high risk of breast
cancer, as well as increased risk for other cancers. For more information, see
the BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing fact sheet and the
PDQ Breast Cancer Screening summary.
Transvaginal ultrasound
This imaging test, which can create pictures of a womans ovaries and uterus,
is sometimes used in women who are at increased risk of ovarian cancer
(because they carry a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation) or of endometrial
cancer (because they have a condition called Lynch syndrome).
3. Identify 10 cancer prevention and strategies?
1 Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight.
2 Be physically active for at least 30 minutes every day. Limit sedentary
behavior.
3 Avoid sugary drinks. Limit consumption of energy-dense foods.
4 Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains and legumes such as
beans.
5 Limit consumption of red meats (such as beef, pork and lamb) and avoid
processed meats.
6 If consumed at all, limit alcoholic drinks to 2 for men and 1 for women a day.
7 Limit consumption of salty foods and foods processed with salt (sodium).
8 Don't rely on supplements to protect against cancer.
The Expert Report also makes two recommendations for specific groups:
9 NEW MOTHERS: Breastfeed babies exclusively for up to 6 months and then
add other liquids and foods.
10 CANCER SURVIVORS: After treatment, follow the recommendations for cancer
prevention.

Malignant

CA
NC
ER

Submitted by: Ylron John A.

Tapar
Submitted to: Ms. Ma. Veronica