Power Generation Systems

August 2015

2
Hydro Power
1

Contents

Overview

The hydro scheme

Types of turbines

Energy losses in a hydro system

Cavitation

Pumped storage

Illustrative example

Assignment 2

Principle
Z

P ~ H .q P ~ Z .q
3

Merits of hydropower

Efficiency
Simplicity
Renewable
The Economics
10

11

12

Hydro-power scales

Microhydro

New
Zealand
Philipines
USA
<100kW

MiniHydro
<50MW

LargeSclae
>50MW

<5MW
<15MW

>5MW
>15MW

13

14

BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2013

15

Fraction of each region's reource not harnessed

100
80
60
40
20
0
Africa

Asia(excl.exUSSR)

North America

Europe(excl.exUSSR)
16

50

40

Africa(%increase on 1997)

30

Canada (%increase on 1997)

20

10

0
1996
-10

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

17

Rosairis dam

18

Merowe dam

19

Merowe dam

Francis turbines: 300m3/s

10x125MW = 1,250MW
Average load = 625 MW
Annual saving: 500 M $/year*
Expected reservoir capacity: 12.5 km
= 20% of the Nile's annual flow.
Lake extends 174km upstream.

20

*Actuell, Consultants

The Aswan High Dam

21

The Aswan High Dam

2.21 GW. 13% of Egypts total generation.

12 hydro-generators each rated at 175 MW.
110 million tons of silt deposited in Lake Naser
and blocked from entering Egypt .
Lake Nasser is the world's third largest reservoir.

22

Kariba

23

Kariba

1.3GW
On the Zambezi river, shared between Zimbabwe and Zambia.
Lake Kariba extends 280km.

24

Snowy Mountains, Australia

3.8 GW.
Includes 16 dams, 7 power stations and a pumping station
25

Three-Gorges Dam, China

18.0 GW.
Largest in the world.

26

Types of turbines

27

Types of turbines

P = .g .Hq ............................(2.1)

P ~ H .q

28

P ~ H .q
H

P ~V . I

29

P = g .Hq ............................(2.1)

N P
N s = 5 / 4 ...................................(2.2)
H
Pelton
Francis
Kaplan
Ns (metric) 0

40

70

300

600

4000
30

Radial

mixed-flow

Francis

Axial

Kaplan

31

Kaplan

32

Francis

33

34

Example

Ns =

N [rpm]

P [MW]

H [m]

Ns

type

750

30

30

N P
....................................................(2.2)
5/ 4
H
N [rpm]

P [MW]

H [m]

750

30

30

Ns
1850

Pelton
Francis
Kaplan

Ns (metric)

40

Ns
1850

70

300

600

4000

type
Kaplan/Francis

35

The hydro scheme

36

Impoundment hydropower

37

Diversion hydropower

(Tazimania, Alaska)
38

Micro-hydropower

39

Energy losses in a hydro system

2

L v
.................................( 2.3)
hf = f
d 2g
v2
ha = C a
................................(2.4)
2g
L, d

40

L, d

41

Illustrative example

Data:
Elevation difference, z
Penstock length
Penstock bore diameter
Total flow through power-plant
Average friction factor of penstock (f )
Net local-loss coefficient (Ca )
Turbine efficiency
Generators efficiency
RPM

150m
200m
4.5 m
50m3/s
0.015
2.0
0.85
0.85
400

Estimate:
1.The turbines working-head
2.The turbines specific speed and type 42
3.The electrical power output of the plant.

Solution
A = 15.9m2
v = q/A =3.14m/s

L v2
hf = f
d 2g

v2
ha = C a
2g

hf = 0.34m

ha = 1.01m

Turbine working head = z (hf+ha) = 148.7m

43

Ph = g .Hq
Ph = 72.9MW,

Ns =

N P
H 5/ 4

e =0.85

t =0.85

Ns = 192

Pm = 62.0MW

Francis.

Pe = 52.7MW.

44

Cavitation

45

46

Implosion

pv
s

47

48

z sc = H at - H v - c H....................(2.5)

zsc

49

z sc = H at - H v - c H......................................(2.5)
c :

Critical Thoma number

Hat:

Atmospheric pressure head

Hv:

Vapour pressure head of water

zsc:

Critical distance from runner throat or blade

centre-line to minimum tailwater

H:

Net head

The value of z sc as expressed in Eqn.(2.5) indicates the limiting

suction-head.
The chosen level is to be lower than this limit.
The value of c depends on the turbines specific speed

50

M oody& Zow sky

51

Kaplan

52

w w w .iet.tuw ien.ac.at

Francis

53

iopscience.iop.org

Pumped storage
Large generating plants operate most economically at a constant output.
In the pumped-storage system, water is pumped from a lower reservoir
to an upper reservoir at times when demand for electricity is low.
During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the
lower reservoir to generate electricity.
High-level
Reservoir

Low-level
Reservoir

~
Turbine/pump
House
54

Some examples of pumped-storage

applications:
78% of electrical power in France is nuclear need for continuous
operation.
~ 30 % in Japan

Usually, Francis type reversible turbine-pumps are used.

At low head conditions propellor-type turbines are preferred.
Efficiency ~70%. Still, pumped storage can be economical.
The stored water generates electricity at times of peak demand when it
would otherwise be supplied by a gas turbine or diesel engine that can be
comparatively expensive to operate.
55

Okinawa- Japan
56

Okinawa- Japan

30 MW
Effective Head - 136 m
Maximum Turbine Discharge - 26 m3/sec.
Reservoir Type - Embankment dam, Rubber sheet lining
Gross Storage Capacity - 0.59X106 m3

www.ieahydro.org
57

References

Davis Handbook of Applied Hydraulics,M cGraw -Hill.

M assey, BS, M echanics of Fluids, Van N ostrand Reinhold
I nternet sites

58

Assignment 2
Data:
Elevation difference, z
Penstock length
Penstock bore diameter
Average friction factor f of penstock
Net abrupt-loss coefficient
Turbine efficiency
Turbines rpm
Generators rpm
Generators efficiency
Flow Rate

100m
1000m
5.0 m
0.015
1.0
0.75
500
700
0.85
(As attached)

Estimate:
1. Estimate the turbines working-head
2. Estimate the turbines specific speed and type.
3. Estimate the electrical power output of the plant
4. Show how would you optimally match the turbine and the generator.

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