Engi4258-Assignment #3: Solution (Due on Nov.

6)
(Only Problems 1, 4, and 5 will be marked! However, solutions to all
problems will be provided after the due date.)
Problem 1: A 2. 4kVA, 2400/240V, 50Hz, step-down transformer has the
following parameters: R 1 1. 5, X 1 2. 5, R 2 0. 02, X 2 0. 03,
R c1 6k, X m1 8k. It is operating at 80% of its rated load at unity power
factor at the rated voltage. Using the exact equivalent circuit embodying the
ideal transformer, determine the efficiency and voltage regulation of the
transformer. Also sketch its phasor diagram.
Solution: Since the transformer is operating at 80% of its rated load, the
effective value of the secondary winding current is
3
I 2 2.410
0. 8 8A
240
Assuming the load voltage as a reference, the load current at a unity power
factor in phasor form is

I 2 80 A
The secondary winding impedance is
Z 2 R 2 jX 2 0. 02 j0. 03
The induced emf in the secondary winding is

E 2 V 2 I 2 Z 2 240 80 0. 02 j0. 03 240 80. 02 j0. 03

0.24
180
240. 16 j0. 24
240. 16 2 0. 24 2 tan 1 240.
240.

16
160. 0573 V
The transformation ratio is
10
a 2400
240
The induced emf and the current on the primary side are

E 1 aE
2 2401. 60. 0573 V

,
I 2 Ia2 0. 80 A
The primary current is

,
,

I 1 I I 2 ER1c jXE 1m I 2 E 1

1
Rc
80

1
jX m

,
I2

1
1
2401. 60. 0573 6000
j 8000
0.

1
1
2401. 6cos0. 0573 180 j sin0. 0573 180
j 8000
6000
0. 8
8
180
1. 200 6 j0. 299 8
1. 200 6 2 0. 299 8 2 tan 1 0.299
1.
1. 200 6

237 5 14. 021 A

The primary winding impedance is
Z 1 R 1 jX 1 1. 5 j2. 5
The source voltage is

V 1 E 1 I 1 Z 1 2401. 60. 0573 1. 200 6 j0. 299 81. 5 j2. 5

2401. 6cos0. 0573 180

j sin0. 0573 180
1. 200 6 j0. 299 8
2404. 1 j4. 953 6

953 6
180

2404. 1 2 4. 953 6 2 tan 1 4.2404.

1
The power supplied to the load is

P o Re V 2 I 2 Re240 80 1920W

2404. 10. 118 06 V

961. 28
The power input is

P in Re V 1 I 1 Re2404. 10. 118 06 1. 237 5 14. 021

2401.6 2
6000

2404. 1 1. 237 5 cos0. 118 06 14. 021 180

2884. 9W
The efficiency is
1920
100 66. 55%
PPino 100 2884.
9
The voltage regulation is
aV 2
VR% V 1aV
100 240.41240
100 0. 17%
240
2

Problem 2: A 24kVA, 2400/240V, 50Hz, step-down transformer has the following

parameters: R 1 25, X 1 35, R 2 0. 25, X 2 0. 35, X m1 3k.
The efficiency of the transformer is maximum when it operates at 80% of its
rated load and 0. 866 pf lagging. Using the approximate equivalent circuit ,
determine (a) its kVA rating at maximum efficiency, (b) the maximum efficiency,
(c) the efficiency at full load and 0. 866 pf lagging, and (d) the equivalent
core-loss resistance.
Solution: The turns ratio is a 2400
10. The rated voltage across the
240
load as viewed from the primary side is 2400V. Thus the rated load current as
viewed from the secondary side is
3
I 2 2410
100A, I 2 Ia2 10A
240
The load current at maximum efficiency is
I

8. 0A
I 2 100 0. 80 80A, I 2 a2 80
10
(a) The kVA rating at maximum efficiency is
19. 2kVA
kVA| max.eff 80240
1000
(b) The copper loss at maximum efficiency is
2

P cu | max.eff I 1 R 1 a 2 R 2 8 2 25 10 2 0. 25 3200. 0W
and the core loss is
P m P cu | max.eff 3200. 0W
The output power at maximum efficiency is
P o | max.eff 240 80 0. 866 16627. 0W
The input power at maximum efficiency is
P in | max.eff P o | max.eff P m P cu | max.eff 16627. 0 3200. 0 3200. 0
23027. 0W
The maximum efficiency is
P0 |
100 72. 2%
| max.eff P in |max.eff 100 16627.0
23027.0
max.eff

(c) The power output, the copper loss, the power input, and the efficiency at
full load are
P o 240 100 0. 866 20784. 0W
2
P cu I 2 R 1 a 2 R 2 10 2 25 10 2 0. 25 5000. 0W
P in P o P m P cu 20784. 0 3200. 0 5000. 0 28984. 0W
100 71. 709%
PPin0 100 20784.0
28984.0
(d) The equivalent core-loss resistance is
2

2400
R c VP1m
3200.0
1800. 0
Problem 3: The following data were obtained when a 25kVA, 2300/460V, 50Hz
transformer was tested:
Open-circuit test: V oc 460V, I oc 1. 48A, P oc 460W
Short-circuit test: V sc 108. 7V, I sc 10. 87A, P sc 709W
Determine the approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from (a) the high
voltage side and (b) the low voltage side. Also draw the exact equivalent circuit.
Solution: Since the open-circuit test must be conducted at the rated terminal
voltage, the test data indicate that it is performed on the low-voltage side. Thus,
the equivalent core-loss resistance as referred to the low-voltage side is
2
2
R cL VP ococ 460
460
460
The apparent power under no load is
S oc V oc I oc 460 1. 48 680. 8VA
Thus the reactive power is
Q oc
S 2oc P 2oc
680. 8 2 460 2 501. 89VAR
Hence, the magnetization reactance as referred to the low-voltage side is
2
460 2
421. 61
X mL QV ococ 501.
89
2

The core-loss resistance and the magnetization reactance as referred to the

high-voltage side are obtained as follows:
a 2300
5
460
2
R cH a R cL 5 2 460 11500. 0
X mH a 2 X mL 5 2 421. 61 10540. 0
Since the short-circuit current is 10. 87A, the short-circuit test is performed on
the high-voltage side. Thus,
709
6. 0
R eH PI 2sc 10.87
2
sc

Z eH

V sc
I sc

108.7
10.87
R 2eH

10. 0

X eH
Z 2eH

10 2 6 2 8. 0
The winding parameters as referred to the low-voltage side are
0. 24
R eL RaeH2 6.0
52
X eL XaeH2 8.0
0. 32
52
In order to draw an exact equivalent circuit, the winding resistances and
leakage reactances are separated as follows:

R H 0. 5R eH 3. 0
X H 0. 5X eH 4. 0
eH
0.56.0
R L 0.5R
a2
52
XL

0.5X eH
a2

0.58.0
52

0. 12
0. 16

Problem 4: A 720VA, 360/120V two winding transformer has the following

parameters: R 1 18. 9, X 1 21. 6, R 2 2. 1, X 2 2. 4,
R c1 8. 64k, X m1 6. 84k. The transformer is connected as a 360/480V
autotransformer. If the autotransformer delivers the full load at 0. 707 pf leading,
determine its efficiency and voltage regulation.

I2 a
R2

jX 2

E 2

I1a

I2 a

Ia

V1a

Z La
E1

Ica

Ima

Rc1

jX m1

V2 a

I1

jX 1

R1

Solution: The turns ratio of the 360/480V autotransformer is

a T 360
0. 75
480
The ratio of transformation of the two winding transformer is
3
a 360
120
The equivalent core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance on the
high-voltage side are R c1 8. 64k, X m1 6. 84k
At full load, the load current is I 2a I 2 720
6. 0A. Hence,
120

I 2a 6. 045 A

8. 045 A
I 2a Ia2aT 6.045
0.75
The current through the common winding is

I 1 I 2a I 2a 8. 045 6. 045 2. 045 A

Note that E 1 aE 2 3E 2 . Then, applying KVL to the output loop gives

4E 2 I 2a R 2 jX 2 V 2a I 1 R 1 jX 1
6. 045 2. 1 j2. 4 4800 2. 045 18. 9 j21. 6

6. 0cos45 180
j sin45 180
2. 1 j2. 4

480 2. 0cos45 180

j sin45 180
18. 9 j21. 6
6. 02. 4j 2. 10. 707 11j 0. 707 11
2. 021. 6j 18. 90. 707 11j 0. 707 11 480. 0
20. 365j 2 38. 184j 462. 18
20. 365 38. 184j 462. 18
184
482. 55 38. 184j
482. 55 2 38. 184 2 tan 1 38.
482. 55
484. 06 4. 524 4 V
which implies that E 1 3E 2 34 4E 2 34 484. 06 4.

180

524 4 363. 05 4. 524 4 V

Thus,

V 1a E 1 I 1 R 1 jX 1 363. 05 4. 524 4 2. 045 18. 9 j21. 6

363. 05cos4. 524 4 180

j sin4. 524 4 180

2. 0cos45 180 j sin45 180 18. 9 j21. 6

2. 021. 6j 18. 90. 707 11j 0. 707 11 28. 639j 361. 9
30. 547j 2 28. 637j 388. 63
30. 547 28. 637j 388. 63
637
180
28. 637j 358. 08
358. 08 2 28. 637 2 tan 1 28.

358. 08

359. 224. 572 4 V

The core-loss, magnetizing, and excited currents are

572 4
4. 157 6 10 2 4. 572 4 A
I ca VR1ac1 359. 224.
8640

572 4
5. 251 8 10 2 85. 428 A
I ma jXV 1am1 359. 224.
j6840

I a I ca I ma 4. 157 6 10 2 4. 572 4 5. 251 8 10 2 85.

428

4. 157 6 10 2 cos4. 572 4 180

j sin4. 572 4 180

5. 251 8 10 2 cos85. 428 180

j sin85. 428 180

2
2
4. 563 0 10 4. 903 6 10 j

4. 563 0 10 2 2 4. 903 6 10 2 2 tan 1

4. 903 610 2
4. 563 010 2

6. 698 2 10 2 47. 061 A

Hence,

I 1a I a I pa 6. 698 2 10 2 47. 061 8. 045

180

 4. 563 0 10 2 4. 903 6 10 2 j 8. 0cos45

5. 607 8j 5. 702 5
607 8

5. 702 5 2 5. 607 8 2 tan 1 5.

5. 702 5
7. 997 944. 52 A

P o Re V 2a I 2a Re480 6. 0 45

180

j sin45

180

180

480 6. 0 cos45 180

2036. 5W

P in Re V 1a I 1a Re359. 224. 572 4 7. 997 9 44. 52

359. 22 7. 997 9 cos4. 572 4 44. 52 180

2202. 54W
2036. 5
2202. 54 100 92. 461%
If the load is removed, the no-load voltage at the secondary of the
autotransformer is

572 4
22
V 2anL Va1aT 359. 224.
359.
4. 572 4 478. 964. 572 4 V
0.75
0.75
The voltage regulation is
V 2a
96480
100 478.480
100 0. 216 67%
VR% V 2anL
V 2a

Problem 5: Three single-phase transformers, each rated at 12kVA 120/240V

60Hz are connected to form a three-phase step-up /Y connection. The
parameters of each transformer are R H 133. 5m, X H 201m,
R L 39. 5m, X L 61. 5m, R cL 240, X mL 290. What are the nominal
voltage, current, and power ratings of the three-phase transformer. When it
delivers the rated load at rated voltage and 0.8 pf lagging, determine the line
voltages, the line currents, and the efficiency of the three-phase transformer.
Solution: The nominal values of the three-phase transformer are
S 3 3S 1 36kVA
V 1 V a 1 n 1 120V
V 1L V a 1 n 1 120V
V 2 V a 2 b 2 240V
V 2L
3 V a 2 b 2 240 3 415. 69V
For the equivalent Y/Y connection, the nominal values of the three-phase
transformer are
V a1n1
120 69. 282V
V 1
3

V 1L V a 1 n 1 120V
V 2 V a 2 b 2 240V
V 2L
3 V a 2 b 2 240 3 415. 69V
Thus, the nominal ratings of the three-phase transformer are 36kVA 120/416V
/Y connection. The per-phase equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 4.22 in the
lecture notes with the following parameters:
V
282
69.240
0. 289 ,
a V 1
2

R A 1 R3L 39.5
13. 167m, X A 1 X3L 61.5
20. 5m,
3
3
R A 2 R H 133. 5m, X A 2 X H 201m,
R cA 1 R3cL 80, X mA 1 X3mL 96. 7
Assuming the rated load voltage on a per-phase basis for the equivalent Y/Y
connection as the reference, then
V a 2 n 2 2400 V
For a 0.8 lagging power factor, the load current is

S
cos 1 0. 8 50 36. 87 A
I A 2 V12 cos 1 0. 8 12000
240
The per-phase load current in the primary winding is

,
I A2
50

30 36. 87 173 66. 87 A
I A2
a 30
0.289
The per-phase voltage induced in the equivalent Y-connected secondary
winding is

E A 2 V a 2 n 2 I A 2 R A 2 jX A 2 240 50 36. 87 0. 1335 j0. 201

240 500. 8 j0. 60. 1335 j0. 201
4. 035
180
251. 37 j4. 035
251. 37 2 4. 035 2 tan 1 251.
251.

37
40. 92 V
The induced emf in the Y-connected primary winding is
E A 1 aE A 2 30 0. 289 30 251. 40. 92
0. 289 251. 40. 92 30 72. 655 29. 08 V
The excitation current is

I A 1

E A1
1
1
1
R cA
jX mA
1
1

E A1

1
R cA 1

1
jX mA 1

72. 655 29. 08

1
72. 655cos29. 08 180
j sin29. 08 180
801 j 96.7

0. 428 52 j1. 098A

Thus, the primary current is

,
I A 1 I A 1 I A 2 0. 428 52 j1. 098 173 66. 87

0. 428 52 j1. 098 173cos66. 87 180

j sin66. 87 180

160. 19
1
2
2
68. 386 j160. 19
68. 386 160. 19 tan
68. 386

174. 18 66. 882 A

The phase current for the primary side with -connection is

I A1
30 100. 56 36. 882 A
I A1 |
3

The line current for the primary side with -connection is

3 I A 1 | 30 174. 18 66. 882 A

I a1 |
The primary phase voltage is

V a 1 n 1 E A 1 I A 1 R A 1 jX A 1 72.
655 29. 08 68. 386 j160. 190. 01317 j0. 0205

72. 655cos29. 08 180

j sin29. 08 180

1
80

180

1
j96.7

 68. 386 j160. 190. 01317 j0. 0205

02
67. 681 j36. 02
67. 681 2 36. 02 2 tan 1 36.
67. 681
76. 669 28. 022 V
The line voltage on the primary side with -connection is

180

V 1L
3 V a 1 n 1 30 76. 669 3 1. 978 132. 791. 978 V
The total input power is

P in 3 Re V a 1 n 1 I A 1 3 Re67. 681 j36. 0268. 386 j160. 19

3 Re10398 j8378. 6 3 10398 31194W
The total output power is

P o 3 Re V a 2 b 2 I A 2
3 Re2400 50 36. 87
3 Re240 500. 8 j0. 6
3 Re9600 j7200. 0 3 9600 28800W
Hence, the efficiency of the three-phase transformer is
100 92. 3%
PPino 100 28800
31194