Rural Electrification program

Course Content

General INTRRODUCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Construction Procedures
Pole Foundation Preparation
Pole Erection (Pole setting)
Pole top Configuration
4.1 Accessory Fittings
Stringing of conductor
Guy wiring and Support Installation
Some OH tools and material List
Distribution Transformer Erection and accessory fitting
Conductors and insulators

10. Street light Installation

11. Distribution network Earthings
12. Test and commissioning

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Rural Electrification program

General Introduction
Generally, distribution system is a branch of electrical engineering that deals

with the technology of electric power distribution.

The distribution system has three main parts, namely, the feeder, distributor
and service mains. In brief, feeders carry bulk power from secondary
substations to the distribution substation; distributors carry power from the
distribution substations to service lines and service lines deliver power from
the suppliers nearest pole to the consumer's premises up to the energy meter.
It is known that power to consumers comes from the generating station
via transmission and distribution lines. These lines have inherent resistances,
inductance and capacitance resulting in a voltage drop so that the voltage at
the receiving end is less than that of the sending end. The EEPCo premise to
supply its customers is 380v for 3-phase and 220v for single phase.
The main elements of an overhead distribution line are :- the line supports,
and their foundations, insulators, line accessories, conductors and overhead
earth wires.
The line supports can be made from wood, reinforced concrete and
metal. By function, they are classed in to intermediate supports; which carry
the load due to the conductors and insulators, and anchor supports which
take the entire tension due to all the conductors, and overhead earth wires.
Generally, electrical energy is the most refined and flexible form of energy
that utilized by human day to day activities of life. Some important advantages
over other forms of energies will be :-

1. It can be generated in large quantities at comparable cost =

2. It can be conveniently transmitted over long distance
3. It can be utilized efficiently in a number of processes requiring
Energy

4. It has a maximum flexibility ie it can be changed easily in to other form of energy.

But is most sensitive (or susceptible) to control.
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Generation of electrical energy:

can be grouped in to two depending on their the quantity to be generated.
Large scale Sources will be:- nuclear, steam, hydro , GEOTHERMAL,
small scale Sources will be:- Mini hydro, solar, wind and batteries.
Renewable sources:
Hydro, steam, solar, and wind, etc
Ethiopia in east Africa is luckily rich in water resources. Moreover, its nice
Geographical locations and annual rain fall enables the country rich in hydro power resources.
Eg. RENOSANCE DAM, Gilgel Gibe I,II&III, MELKAW AKENA, FINCHAA, and Tekeze, etc.
0.4KV/0.22KV

Fig. 1: General lay-out of electrical power system net-work.

M
3%

FIG. 2. Single line diagram for overhead distribution line

1. Survey of line route

In order to determine the route along which the overhead line is to be laid or
constructed, Surveying work should be carried out on the route. survey the
route and clear the right of way. The important points to be considered during
surveying activity are:
i) The route of the line shall be the shortest practicable distance from
the available road. And this will facilitate the delivery of materials as
well as the construction and maintenance activities on the line.
ii) Local authorities shall be consulted before deciding the route to
avoid legal disputes.
iii) Select the route and plot it on a map (If the surveying is performed
manually, plan of the area )
iv) Conduct a walkover survey to determine the topography of the area
and any obstacles along the route sould be indicated on the sketch.
v) And this is followed by detailed survey data from which the quantity
of the materials needed could be estimated.
While selecting the line route the following areas shall be avoided as much as
possible:
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Rural Electrification program

Water logged areas

Low-laying and steep slop areas
Bridges, garden and dense forests
Proximity to aerodromes (airport) and grave yards

The important technical features to be considered during surveying are:

i. The number of angle poles should be minimum
ii. The intersection of highway and railway trucks should
be avoided as much as possible.
iii. When an avoidable crossing of highway, railway , river
and telephone line appears; crossing should be at right
angle
iv. At crossings of railway adequate clearance should be
maintained and guard nets should be prepared for the
safety of conductor release from insulators.

v. Once the surveying work completed and the length of

the line decided the material estimate can be followed.
vi.

From a good surveying information one can have fair

material estimation for construction.

vii. Better site camping areas can selected during surveying

activity before mobilizing workers on the site.
For instance, towns or villages, better communication and
transportation facilities, can be selected.
The necessary tools and device used during surveying will be the following:v GPS, or tewodolight
v steel band meters (or some special meter with counter gear)
v , wooden OR iron pegs (i.e are used to mark the position,
steel hammer),
v survey sticks and steel hammer

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2. Pole Foundation (Foundation Excavation)

2.1 Digging pole pit.
Pole pit: is a ground ditch prepared to erect poles vertically. Hence, it will enable to
construct overhead distribution lines with their necessary supporting materials.
2.1.1 Depth of pole p it for different soil types:
the pole pit depth depends on the height of the pole and the soil
type of the area.
The general formula for pole pit depth is D = H/10 + K
Where D the depth of the pole
H the height of the pole,
K constant; depends on the type of the soil.
K = for an average red clay soil is 40 cm. K increases for black cotton soil, sandy
soil and the constant decreases for the use of gravel. The diameter of the pole pit
should be 2 (two) times the diameter of the pole butt.
The formula given above is valid both for 33/19/15 kV and 0.4 kV lines.
The minimum depth of pole pit is about 1.5m in black or red soil, while in sandy soil
the minimum depth is 1.7 meter;
Normally the depth of pole pit ranges from 1.6 to 2.0 meters.
More generally, we can take the pole pit depth as the ratio of 1/6 th of the pole height
Note: And this relation is valid for 0.4kV, 15kV 19kVand 33kV line constructions. If
soil investigation is performed on the foundation, foundation table can be prepared
as below.
2.1.2 Type Of Foundations
a. Cement Concrete with ( for both concrete and steel poles as
necessary)
b. Excavated soil back fill ( For most Im. Wooden poles )
c. Selected materials back fill (For most Im. Wooden poles, in case of
soil type problem)
The following Technical specification of foundation design with material quantity and
construction practice depending on foundation type should be followed. (on
Annexes: 1,2,)
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Annex:1

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Annex:2

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3. Pole Setting (or Pole erection)

To carry out pole erection with maximum safety and as efficiently as possible there
should be an erection squad (crew) of one lineman, one assistant lineman, and six
trade mates. Heavier poles are generally erected by using different mechanical
advantage or Machineries.
Mechanically, concrete pole can be lifted by derrick pole method and while lighter
poles can be lifted up by dead man method. The most frequently used for light
poles: such as Im. Wooden poles and steel poles we can use Dead man method.

3.1 Dead man method:- Procedure:a. the pole to be lifted Should lay down near the pole pit on steeper
topography along the route.
b. At least 3 guy ropes and 1 winch or Tri fore lifting rope should be tied
properly to the pole to be lifted.
c. The nylon ropes should be arranged 1 in direct opposite to the lifting
machines location.
d. The two other guy ropes then arranged at 182 0 to each other.
e. A skid board should be placed inside the pit in opposite of pole lay.
f. And the pole is moved till it resets against the board.
g. The pole is then raised slowly and the dead-man is moved forward; until it
can be replaced with a 3m ladder. The lifting of pole is continued till the
butt of the pole reaches the pit bottom. The ladder is now removed and the
side guys are tightened and the back guy slackened till the pole is pushed
up to the vertical position.
h. The pole is then carefully plumbed with the help of guy ropes. Finally, the

back filling process continued.

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WINCH OR TIRFOR
3RD ROPE
or (fork lifting tong)
Guide bar (it can be wooden or steel bar)

Dead man
2nd ROPE
1ST ROpE

FIG: pole erection technique by Dead Man Method.

3.1 Equipment (or tools) used during pole erection

To erect the pole the following tools will be required;
Pole lifting tongs
Craw bar
Iron bar (or wooden bar) as guide bar
Fiber/ Nylon rope
Tri-fore
3.2 Some important techniques of pole erection
Before erection the portion of the wooden pole below the ground shall be painted
with bitumen or the like materials to avoid deterioration. Moreover, the pole pit
shall be cleaned and ready for erection.
During pole erection the butt of the pole may be loosened and drop some
unnecessary soil to the pit. To avoid this, some kind of guide bar for the pole butt
shall be used. This can be either iron or wooden bar (Pad).

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When the pole reaches the vertical position, it shall be plumbed and adjusted by
means of guy rope or fiber or nylon rope diameter 16mm so that the pole comes
in complete alignment and is in plumb.
The minimum butt diameter shall be at least 185mm.
The minimum top pole diameter for 15 kV line shall be 130mm
The span for 0.4 kV line shall be 30m and 50m for 15 kV line.
The diameter of the pit hole shall be 2 times the diameter of the pole butt
3.3 Safety precautions during pole erection:
Check whether your erection tools are in good situation.
Check your man power availability
Check whether you properly collect the necessary tools and materials.
Check whether your crew erected the pole before or not. Then explain for any
doughty how to proceed the pole erection to your
3.4 Preparing the pole for erection: by moving the pole to pole pit in its correct
position and smoothen the pole butt if the pole is wooden pole. Arranging the guide
bars properly in pole pit.
Moreover, check all the necessary pole erection materials and position them
properly.
set the pole following the above procedure
check for vertical alignment with the help of plumb line at 2 points that
are 90 degree apart to each other.
do this procedure up to the completion of back filling.
3.5 Equipment or tools used during back filling
Necessary tools for back filling are:
Spade (Shovel)
Craw bar
Stumper
Back filling Should start by refilling at least 1/3 of the excavated soil before
stamping. If small stones are available it shall be used at the bottom and the surface
of the pole pit. Back filling must be done so that the amount of soil around the pole
above the ground level is as a small mound.
3

4 Pole

top configuration

4.1

cross arms for MV and LV

Rural Electrification program

5 Sringing of conductor

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raised to level
of cross arms.

Pulling block (Al pulleys)

Conductor

Pit

Con. Drum

Pipe hole

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5.1 Conductor size for MV and LV lines:- the factors governing the selection
of conductor materials are:
low Resistivity,
high tensile strength,
low cost and Ampacity and easy to install. The following crosssections and type of conductor are recommended for MV
distribution network:
q

AAC 50

AAC 95

For LV distribution network the following cross-sections and type of conductors are
recommended:
q

AAC 25

AAC 50

AAC 95

5.2 Methods of paying out (unreeling) conductor.

Paying-out means running out or unreeling the conductor from the drum. After
removing the covering ( or what is often called lagging) from the drum, it should be

checked if any nails or sharp metallic parts are on the inside of the reel heads so as
to prevent damage to the conductor during unreeling. The conductor should be run
out of the drum from the top ( and not the bottom) in order to avoid damage owing to
chafing (wearing down). The easiest way is to dig a pit roughly equal to the
dimension of the of the conductor drum shown in the fig. below.

A pipe (or a crowbar) is placed in the central hole of the drum, which is then rolled in
the pit as shown in the figure. However, this type of puling is allowed when there is
no drum-jacks at the site. As the conductor rolls out, it is passed through gloved
hands and examined for defects and damaged by feel. When defect is found, rolling
should be stopped and the faulty section should be either cut out or repaired.

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5.3 Equipment used during drum rotation: the equipment used during drum
rotation are:
Drum jack
Drum shaft
Drum stand
Rope and extorters etc.
5.4 Equipment used on the stringing work: the equipment used on the stringing
work are:
Wire strainer
Pulleys
wire grip,
socks for pulling,
dynamometer, craw bars, puling rope, etc.

5.5 Procedures for stringing conductors:

1. Installation of pulleys
2. There will be two types of pulleys used on the stringing work activities.
Namely:
Pulleys for straight line
and pulleys for angle.
Pulling of conductors must be done so that the wire doses not touch the ground,
cross-arms, poles or other similar components. Pulling can be done manually or
engine driven portable winch. Tools, necessary for pulling purpose are: pulling rope,
pulling hose (grip), Rope extorter (swivel), pulling socks, and engine driven winch (if
available).
5.6 Conductor jointing; all joints shall be done using suitable tools and materials.
The right compressible sleeve shall be chosen for cross-sections of 50 mm 2 and 95
mm2 of AAC conductors. Before joining the conductor they shall be brushed with
special wore brush. Normally, the compressible sleeves have been greased already
by manufacturer. If the s leeves are not greased, they shall be done only suitable for
this purpose. And the grease shall be contact grease. If necessity arises to use
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Aluminum tools for copper wires, the tools shall be clean properly with special
brushes.
5.7 Sagging of conductors: the sagging of different type and size of conductors
shall be done according to the standard sag table. The maximum conductor forces
caused by conductors during sagging are presented in the sag and tension
5.8 Clipping work: It is fixing conductor with its insulator support and releasing the
pulleys for the next pulling span
5.9 Street lighting
5.9.1 General purpose of street lighting
Good street lighting, reduces road accidents, discourages crime, keeps
community 'alive' after dark by extending the shopping and entertainment

hours, aids in police vigilance (watchfulness), inspires civic pride and

community improvement.
The principle employed for street lighting is different from that of interior lighting.
There are no walls and ceiling; which reflect or defuse light, hence only direct
lighting, scheme can be employed. Because of areas to be illuminated being
large, the value of illumination for economic reasons, is very low as compared
to that for indoor lighting and the question of color rendering is also of minor
importance.
High level of illumination is not necessary because firstly one has seldom to
look continuously at nearby objects, secondly it is the impression of whole
scene that is required. In fact in case of interior lighting the objects are seen by
the light reflected by them, but in case of street lighting the objects are seen in
the relatively bright background i.e. image against a relatively bright
background. Furthermore, owing to the low illumination, the eye is in its most
sensitive state and therefore, flash must be avoided.
5.9.2 types of streetlight and their fixtures: there are four types of streetlight
are used presently in EEPCo. The choice of street lamps depends on their
illumination level.
These are :
1. Incandescent lamp
2. Fluorescent lamp
3. Mercury lamp (i.e. whiter light color than Sodium)
4. Sodium lamp yellow light color.
Rural electrification program focuses on the above two types, i.e. incandescent and
florescent lamps and their fixtures. Usually incandescent lamps are used for small
towns and for big towns fluorescent and other options are recommendable.

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5.9.3 Equipment and materials used in street lighting: To install the streetlight
the following materials and accessories are needed.
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q

Photo electric control switch (or photo cell switch)

Miniature circuit breaker (Automatic CB) 25A
LT insulator N-80
Hook N-80
Insulated wire 1.5mm2
cable 2x6mm2
Armour flat wire
Al tie wire
contactor 25A
AAC 25mm2
Al/Cu clamp
Incandescent lamp 150W
1 2 3
Lamp shade 35cm
W B R
W = white
Lamp holder E-27
B = blue
kWh meter 10/30 A (it depends on the amount of power)
R = red
Street light arm

5.9.4 Connection type: the type of connection depends on the amount of light
units needed. Moreover, the amount of load needed for all lighting points on the
street.
There are of two types of connections we have:
1. single phase
2. 3- phase
For example, the luminaries type shall be double-tube fluorescent lamps with light
out-put of 2350lm
5.9.5 Mounting Height of Luminary
The height from the mid-point of fluorescent lamp up to the surface level of the
street shall be 6m. Refer to drawing given to you as hand out.
5.9.5.1 Distance Between Light-points
The light-points shall be spaced not more than 60m. (Normal spacing for
standard lamps 'discharge lamps' is not more than of ten times the height of
luminaries)
5.9.5.2 Vertical Angle of the Light-point
The incidence angle on the center of the street surface measured to vertical
shall be 300. drawing given to you as hand out.

6.

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Guy Wiring.

To maintain a pole in its vertical and horizontal alignment or to make it in plumb, the
terminal pole must be held in a manner not to be tilted. Providing a stay or guy
wiring on the terminal poles at:
I.

Terminal or Dead end

II.

Angle poles

III.

T-off point

IV.

Road or Railway crossings

V.

As safe guard against this contingency, every tenth pole in a straight run of 15

kV line shall be provided with two wind guys (or stays) on either side of the
pole in transverse of the route.
6.1 Guy wire: it is stranded galvanized steel .
The stay wire, which shall be used for both 15/33/19 and 0.4 kV line construction,
has to fulfill the following mechanical requirements:
Diameter = 8mm
Ultimate breaking strength =

27.2 kN

Approximate weight per meter = 0.3 kg

Note: When there is a need to cut and prepare stay wiring, this shall be done with
steel wire cutter.
6.2 Stay insulator : it can be made up of porcelain or tough glass type of
insulator; so as to withstand the mechanical strength and the electrical stress. The
actual strength depends on the size of the stay wire. The stay insulator shall be
provided on the stay wire at a minimum height of 3m from the ground level. Stay
insulators for 15/33/19 and 0.4 kV lines shall be fixed to stay wires by wire clips or
some times by splicing the strands.
6.3 Stay plate (block):- The stay block holds the stay assembly firmly in the
ground. Stay plates shall be made of reinforced concrete. The depth of the stay
plate pit ranges from 1.6 to 2m and it s depth varies with soil type.

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6.4

Types guy wiring:- guying are classified as follows,

I. Arial guys
a. span guys
b. head guys
II. Ground guys
c. wire guy used in tension

d. Strut guy used in comprehension ( Can be

wooden or Steel)
1. Arial guy: an Arial guy is one that does not
need an anchor in the ground. Any available
support is used to tie the guy.
- Head guy: is a wire guy erected between the top of one pole
and the bottom of the next pole. This is mostly used in hilly
terrain areas as shown in the figure below.
- Span guy: is also a wire guy erected between two dead end
poles as shown below.
-

Head guy

Span guy

III. Ground guy; there are two types of ground guys,

namely wire guys and strut guy.
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Wire guy: is a guy for which an anchor is put in the ground.

And this guying system is usually used in overhead
distribution line construction and maintenance work
activities. The proper positions that we can install guys are
as follows,
Strut guy: Some times the fitting of stranded steel wire guy
is not practicable. In such cases strut guys are used.

Strut guy.

1. At terminal (or dead end ) guy

2. Where a brunch lines is tapped.
3. Where a line take turn at an angle

4. Where a line is crossing a road, a rail line, a cannel or

another power line.
5. At every 5th pole and 10th pole of 04. And 15 kV
respectively on straight run construction of o/h
distribution line.

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Terminal ( or dead end) Guy: it is the last pole of an overhead line and it
should be guyed against the pull of line conductors.
Stay
Stay
pole
pole

Guy at branch tap-off: when a branch line is tapped off from a main line
unbalanced sides pull is produced on the pole. A guy, to counteract the
unbalanced pull, is erected on the pole as shown in fig. below

Branched line

Guy at important crossings, should be constructed on H-pole structures with

double guys at both sides of the crossing. And the crossing can be electric
lines, main roads, railway trucks and canals.

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6.5 Stay Inclination,

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The following figure shows the detailed mechanical stresses that a stay
wiring effect on angle pole. The standard stay inclination, which is applicable
on construction of overhead distribution are ratios of, 1:1, 2:1, and 2.5:1
F

F
a

a/2.5
a/2
a

In order to determine the size of a guy wire, if the pull P on the pole is given then
the tension in the guy wire, T may be found if angle is known. Because, P/ =
sin . Thus T = P/sin ; having calculated T, it is possible to determine the size of
a guy wire by referring to tables.
P

* Force on guy

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7.

O/H line tools and materials Identification

Overhead distribution work needs the skill of selecting proper materials and
equipment or tools for proper work activities carried on the site work. The selection
fail will result to time , labor, wastage. So, this may affect the cost of construction.
This is usually could be the responsibility of the assigned site engineers,
supervisors, foremen or the like.
7.1

Materials

v Are finished goods, such as :Poles, Conductor,

cross-arms,

Clamps,

Insulated wires,

Street light arms,

Stay wires,

Insulators,

Lamps,

Photo cells,

Cables,

Hooks,

Energy meters, -

Contactors,

Mid-span joints,

Repair sleeve, Areal section switch, Tie wire,

Earthing rod,

Armor tape,

Strain clamp, Ball eye,

Bolt and nut,

Pin, Insulating

Socket eye,

Collar,

Tape, Plaster of Paris etc.

7.2 Equipments (or tools)

v Can be used for other time as necessary: Some are :Safety belts, Roll meters,
Screw drivers,
Crowbar,

Pole shoes,

Winches,

Pulleys, Survey stick, Spade,

Operating road, Phase separator,

, Auger bit, Pliers,

Plum bob,

Pole shoes, Safety belt,

Nylon rope,

Pulley, Drum jack,

Earthing set,

Stamper, Fork

Axe, Bush knife,

Sprit level,

Cable cutter, Dynamometer,

Hydrolic or Mechanical press machines, Wire grip, Electrician tool kit, Meggar
insulation tester, Earth resistance tester, and First aid kit. etc

8. Conductors and Insulators

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A. Aluminum

Conductor

Rural Electrification program

light. The conductivity of aluminum is about 66% of that of copper. The average ultimate breaking
strength of stranded aluminum is about 65% of that of copper. AAC stranded conductors are mainly
used on low voltage and medium voltage distribution lines employing relatively short

spans of up

to
of 30 and 50mt respectively. The current carrying capacities of AAC are listed in
table below.

Table:1. All aluminum conductors mechanical properties.

Nominal
crosssection
mm2

AAC 25
AAC 50
AAC 95

Actual

Number of

Calculate

Weight

cross-

strands pcs.

d tensile

Kg/km

section

strength

mm2

kN

24.25

4.17

66

49.48

7.94

135

93.27

19

15.68

256

Table: All aluminum conductors electrical properties.

Nominal
cross-

Nominal

Short

DC

current A

circuit

resistance at

capacity

200C

kA

ohm/km

section
mm2
AAC 25
AAC 50
AAC 95

145

2.13

1.180

225

4.25

0.579

340

8.10

0.309

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All aluminum conductors (AAC) are being manufactured in India and being
increasingly used in future in place of ACSR because of the following
advantages:
1. higher conductivity (i.e. lower losses.)
2. less corrosion problems
3. lower weight (about 20%) which means easier
handing and lower stress on the pole
4. easier to make joint. Not steel core which has to be
joined separately.

A.1 Copper Conductor

Copper conductor; copper is the oldest and most commonly used material as
electrical conductor. It is used in three forms,
a. Hard-drawn
b. Medium hard-drawn
c. Soft-drawn (or annealed).
Hard drawn copper has the highest tensile strength among the three forms of
copper. Therefore, is useful for transmission lines. Medium hard-drawn copper is
suitable for distribution lines. The heating of hard-drawn copper to red head is called
annealing or softening. And it reduces the tensile strength to 66% of the original
value. As such soft drawn copper wires are suitable for secondary distribution
circuits and for service connections to buildings. They bend easily and, therefore,
are easier to work with. The principal advantages of hard-drawn copper are high
conductivity, long life, ease (comfort) of jointing, smaller diameters and, thus, lighter
poles.
No. Type of conductor

Nominal copper
equivalent, mm2

1.

Area of complete

Current

conductor in mm2

carrying
capacity, Amp

A. Solid copper

17

Cu 6

Cu 10

10

10

Cu 16

16

16

Cu 25

25

25

Cu 25

25

25

Cu 35

35

35

Cu 70

70

70

Colibri

10

18.61

Rondine

16

19.58

Ferenjello

25

46.25

Corvo

35

65.03

Pernice

70

128.73

AAC 25

25

24.25

AAC 50

50

48.36

AAC 95

95

93.27

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B. Stranded copper

C. Stranded ACSR

D. Stranded AAC

60
85
115
150
150
175
280
100
135
280
200
340
145
225
340

B. Insulators
Insulators must be capable of supporting the conductor under various loading
conditions. Moreover, voltage flashover must be prevented under the worst weather
and pollution situations with leakage currents kept to negligible proportion.

B.1 insulator materials

Glass and porcelain
Polymeric and Resin materials
1. Both Glass and porcelain are commonly used insulator materials and
have excellent service history backed by years of manufacturing
experience.
-

Little cost difference between the two ( glass type costlier)

Characteristics difference:
( Glasses shutters, Porcelain may be chipped or cracked)

Areas of applications in power dist. System

(glass insulators are not used in s/s practice, they may leave
only some 15mm b/n the top metal cap and the pin.)
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2. Polymeric and resin insulating materials are a relatively recent

development dating from the 1960s.
-

Reduced weight

High creepage offset

No shuttering or cracking

B.2 insulator types

Cap or pin (both in o/h and S/s)
Dic type (O/h transmission)
Hollow type (used in s/s CT or VT, Trafo. bushing, etc)

9. MV and LV Switch gears

Switch gear is a general term covering switching devices and assemblies of such
devices with associated interconnections and accessories.
v A circuit breaker(CB) is a switching device capable of
Making, carrying and breaking under normal operation conditions.

Making, carrying for specified time and breaking under specified

abnormal circuit conditions. for instance, vacuum and SF (Gas
6

operated) CBs
v A switch is a switching device capable of making, carrying and breaking
currents under normal circuit conditions, and which may include specified
operating overload conditions and can also carry for a specified time currents
under specified abnormal circuit conditions.
v A switch Fuse is switch in which one or more poles have a fuse in series in a
composite unite, so that high fault currents are cleared by rupturing. Hence, they
need replacement before the circuit made back into operation. Example: HRC
fuses.
v

A recloser (auto-recloser) is a circuit breaker (CB) equipped with relays in

order to carry out a variable pattern of tripping and closing. Since about 80-90%
of line faults are self clearing or transient in nature, it has become common
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practice on MV system to reclose the source breaker once, or possibly twice to

check whether the feeder is then clear of faults.

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v A disconnector is defined as a mechanical switching device which provides, in

the open position, at a specified isolating distance. It should be capable of
opening and closing a circuit when negligible current is broken or made.It shuld
be noted that disconnectors are unreliable for breaking capacitive current, less
than 1A, cause damage to some type of disconnectors. They are designed to
carry normal load current, and carrycurrents for specified time under abnormal
conditions. Moreover, they are not capable of making or breaking short circuit
current.
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Disconnectors are normally of triple phase operation, operated

manually or via motor derive. Manual operation of diconnectors located
on distribution system is usually by a handle fixed near the base of the
staructure with a rode derive as shown below figure.

Load breaking Disconnectors with special interrupter heads are

ocationally used to avoid the cost of the circuit breaker. Load breaking
disconnectors are becoming increasingly popular in MV circuits

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v Sectionalizer is a disconnector equipped with relays so as to operate with in

the dead time of reclose.

10. Street Light installation

11. LV Distribution network Earting

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