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Lecture I
Overview: Optical Communication Systems
Communication is the transfer of information over distance between a source
and a user. A basic communication system consists of a transmitter, a receiver, and a
channel.
Source of Information
Transmitter
Information Channel
Receiver
Users
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Modulator the modulators convert the electrical message into the proper
format and attach this signal onto the light wave.
Information Channel This refers to the path between the transmitter and
receiver. In fiber optic communications, a glass fiber is the channel. Its useful stretch
of length is limited by dispersion and attenuation.
4
Optical Amplifier this amplifier rejuvenates the light signal (widely use
EDFA). A schematic of an optical communication system can be illustrated by
TX
y(t)
RX
x(t)
Used bandwidth(B)
Voice (telephone)
4 kHz
Music -- AM
10 kHz
Music -- FM
200 kHz
5
TV (Video + Audio)
6 MHz
Digital transmission The sampling theorem says that an analog signal can be
accurately transmitted if sampling rate is twice the highest frequency contained in that
signal. Let R be the required transmission rate. R can be expressed by
R m. f s
where m = number of bits/sample
fs = sampling frequency = 2(f)
Ex. A telephone system has m = 8 bits/sample. Find R.
R = m(2f)
= 8x(2x4x10-3)
= 64 kbps
Several messages can be combined (multiplexed) onto a single information
channel. Most fundamental multiplexing in telephone network is incorporating 24
voice channels in one line.
1
2
3
.
.
24
T-1
system
Required rate
= 24 x 64 kbps
= 1.536 x 106 bps
Actually, more data bits of 1.536 x 106 are being sent than ones are required
(1.536 Mb/s). This actual rate of 1.544 Mb/s includes the bits to identify input frames
(synchronization and signaling pulses).
24 x8 bits / sample 1 8 kHz 1.544 Mb / s
Transmission
Signaling
channels
Designation
Designation
1
24
48(2-T1 systems)
96(4-T1 systems)
672(7-T2 systems)
1344(2-T3 systems)
4032 (6-T3 systems)
T1
T1C
T2
T3
T3C
T4
DS-1
DS-1C
DS-2
DS-3
DS-3C
DS-4
Data Rate
64 kb/s
1.544 Mb/s
3.152 Mb/s
6.312 Mb/s
44.736 Mb/s
91.053 Mb/s
274.175 Mb/s
Designation
(electrical)
(optical)
STS-1
STS-3c
STS-12
STS-24
STS-48
STS-96
STS-192
STS-768
OC-1
OC-3
OC-12
OC-24
OC-48
OC-96
OC-192
OC - 768
SDH system
Data Rate(Mb/s)
STM-1
STM-4
STM-8
STM-16
STM-32
STM-64
STM-128
51.84
155.52
622.08
1,244.16
2,488.32
4,976.64
9,953.28
39,813.12
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R = m(2f) = 8(2610-6) = 96 Mbps
From table: T4 at 274.17 Mbps too much
2nd approach: Since video information contained in a bandwidth is less than 6 MHz,
the rate can be reduced.
Audio at f = 15kHz
Consider TV signal
Video at f = 4.5MHz
Encoding by using 8 bits/sample for video and keeping 8 bits/sample for audio.
R = (8215103)+(924.5106) = 81.24 Mbps
Therefore, this signal can be transmitted over the T3-C level.
Ex. Assume 10 billion homes on earth each with a telephone. If all phones are to
communicate simultaneously over one transmission line by using frequency-division
multiplexing
(a) What is the minimum bandwidth required? (Assume analog modulation is
used.)
(b) Would a single optical beam of = 1 m carry these conversations?
(c) Repeat (a) and (b), if digital modulation is used with time-division
multiplexing and 64 kb/s for each voice message.
Soln
(a) Minimum bandwidth = (10000106)4103
= 4 1013 Hz.
(b) f = c/ = 3x108/110-6 = 31014 Hz.
31014 Hz > 41013 Hz O.K.
(c) Digital case:
R = (10000106)64000 = 6.41014bps
An optical carrier could not handle this rate. It could not be turned on and off
fast enough.
Spectral-band classification scheme
Band
Descriptor
Range(nm)
O-band
E-band
S-band
Original
Extended
Short wavelength
1260 - 1360
1360 - 1460
1460 - 1530
8
C-band
L-band
U-band
Conventional
Long wavelength
Ultra-long wavelength
1530 1565
1565 - 1625
1625 - 1675
Ex. A cable contains 144 single-mode fibers, each operating at 2.3 Gbps. How many
digitized voice messages can be transmitted simultaneously along this cable?
3
Soln For 1 message, R m(2f ) 8 2 4 10 64 kb/s (for voice message)
9
11
144 single-mode fibers contain 144 2.3 10 3.312 10 b/s
3.312 1011
5.175 106
3
The number of digitized voice message = 64 10
messages
9
= 5.175 million messages
Decibel (dB) for power levels
Loss in fibers can be expressed by attenuation () in units of dB/km
P2 < P1
P1
l
If the power is P1 W at one point and P 2 W at another point further along the
link, then P2/P1 is the fraction of the power transmitted between the 2 locations or it is
called the efficiency of transmission between 2 points.
dB 10 log10
P2
P1
Since P2 < P1 without any amplifier placed between the two, dB < 0.
10 log10 ( P2 / P1 )
l (km)
10
= 10-2 = 0.01 mW
As the preceding example, the level of power at the receiver dBmr are related
by
dBmr dBmt dBs
where dBmt = transmitted power (dBm)
11
dBs = system power (- for loss and + for gain)