1.

0 INTRODUCTION
The study of mechanics of materials is the study of the behaviour of solid bodies
under load. The way in which they react to applied forces, the deflections resulting and the
stresses and strains set up within the bodies, are all considered in an attempt to provide
sufficient knowledge to enable any component to be designed such that it will not fail within
its service life
2.0 OBJECTIVE
1. Learn the design process.
2. See practical applications for mechanics of materials.
3. Improve skills associated with collecting data and drawing meaningful conclusions.
3.0 THEORY
Spaghetti (Italian pronunciation: [spaetti]) is a long, thin, cylindrical, solid pasta. It
is a staple food of traditional Italian cuisine. Like other pasta, spaghetti is made of milled
wheat and water. Italian spaghetti is made from durum wheat semolina, but elsewhere it
may be made with other kinds of flour.
Originally spaghetti was notably long, but shorter lengths gained in popularity during
the latter half of the 20th century and now spaghetti is most commonly available in 2530
cm (1012 in) lengths. A variety of pasta dishes are based on it.
Pasta in the West may have first been worked into long, thin forms in Sicily around the
12th century, as the Tabula Rogeriana of Muhammad al-Idrisi attested, reporting some
traditions about the Sicilian kingdom. In the 5th century AD, it was known that pasta
could be cooked through boiling. The popularity of spaghetti spread throughout Italy after
the establishment of spaghetti factories in the 19th century, enabling the mass production
of spaghetti for the Italian market.
In the United States around the end of the 19th century, spaghetti was offered in
restaurants as Spaghetti Italienne (which likely consisted of noodles cooked past al dente,
and a mild tomato sauce flavored with easily found spices and vegetables such as cloves,
bay leaves, and garlic) and it was not until decades later that it came to be commonly
prepared with oregano or basil.
Nutritional value per 1/2 cup
Energy
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Dietary fiber
Fat
Protein
Iron
Source: USD

(70 grams)
460 kJ (110 kcal)
22g
0g
1g
0.5g
4g
(31%) 4 mg

4.0 DESIGN (BEAM.)

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Beams are characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section), their length, and
their material. Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering
structural elements, but smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames, machine
frames, and other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are
designed and analyzed in a similar fashion.
Beam is the horizontal member of a structure, carrying transverse load. Beam is
rectangular in cross section. Beam carry the floor slab or the roof slab. Beam transfer all
the loads including the self weight to the columns of the walls.
Its also fabricated from metal, reinforced or prestressed concrete, wood, fiber
reinforced plastic,or other construction materials and that resists loads perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis. Its length is usually much larger than its depth or width.
Usually beams are of symmetric cross section; they are designed to bend in this plane
of symmetry, which is also the plane of their greatest strength and stiffness. This plane
coincides with the plane of the applied loads. Beams are used as primary load carrying
members in bridges and buildings.
The example shape of beam :

4.1 Classification of beams based on supports

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1. Simply supported - a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate
and have no moment resistance.

2. Fixed - a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.

3. Over hanging - a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.

4. Double overhanging - a simple beam with both ends extending beyond its
supports on both ends.
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5. Continuous - a beam extending over more than two supports.

6. Cantilever - a projecting beam fixed only at one end.

7. Trussed - a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to form a truss.

5.0 METHODOLOGY
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BEAM STRUCTURE
ANALYSISI
POINT LOAD
TEST

BUCKLING
TEST

6.0 MATERIAL OF PROJECT

SPAGETHI AND
FETUCHINI

Main item

SELOTAPE
Combining

HOT GLUE AND GUN

Gluing

RULER
Measuring the
length

MECHANICAL
PENCIL

Marking point

7.0 FABRICATION MET

6

SCISSOR
Cutting

SANDPAPER
Smoothen end of
beam

BUILDING THE SPAGHETTI BEAM

1. Determining a support structure
2. Determine beam length
3. Design a beam
4. Choose adhesive
5. Build beam
6. Attach the beam

COLLAPSING THE BEAM

1. Set the beam in place
2. Acquired weighted load
3. Add weight
4. Watch the beam collapsed

7.1 DESIGN BEAM

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Our group agree to make beam structure made out of spaghetti. This is our design.

8.0 ANALYSIS OF SPAGHETTI BEAM STRUCTURE

8.1 BUCKLING TEST

8.1.1 INTRODUCTION
In engineering, buckling is a failure mode characterized by a sudden failure of a structural
member subjected to high compressive stresses, where the actual compressive stress at the
point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of
withstanding. This mode of failure is also described as failure due to elastic instability.
Mathematical analysis of buckling makes use of an axial load eccentricity that introduces a
moment, which does not form part of the primary forces to which the member is subjected.
The ratio of the effective length of a column to the least radius of gyration of its cross
section is called the slenderness ratio (sometimes expressed with the Greek letter lambda, ).
This ratio affords a means of classifying columns. All the following are approximate values
used for convenience. A short steel column is one whose slenderness ratio does not exceed 50;
an intermediate length steel column has a slenderness ratio ranging from about 50 to 200,
while a long steel column may be assumed to have a slenderness ratio greater than 200.
A short concrete column is one having a ratio of unsupported length to least dimension of
the cross section not greater than 10. If the ratio is greater than 10, it is a long column
(sometimes referred to as a slender column). Timber columns may be classified as short
columns if the ratio of the length to least dimension of the cross section is equal to or less than
10. The dividing line between intermediate and long timber columns cannot be readily
evaluated. If the load on a column is applied through the center of gravity of its cross section,
it is called an axial load. A load at any other point in the cross section is known as an eccentric
load. A short column under the action of an axial load will fail by direct compression before it
buckles, but a long column loaded in the same manner will fail by buckling (bending), the
buckling effect being so large that the effect of the direct load may be neglected. The

intermediate-length column will fail by a combination of direct compressive stress and

bending.

8.1.2 APPARATUS

Top Chuck & Bottom

Chuck

Spaghetti
Struts
Forcemeter

Cap Head
Screw

Handwheel,
(Eleankey)

Plate

8.1.3 PROCEDURE
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Part 1
1. Fit the bottom chuck to the machine and remove the top chuck (to give two pinned
ends). Select the shortest strut, number 1, and measured the cross section using the
vernier provided and calculated the second moment of area, I,for the strut. ( bd3/12)
2. Adjust the position of the sliding crosshead to accept the strut using the thumbnut to
lock off the slider. Ensure that there is the maximum amaount of travel available on the
handwheel threat to compress the strut. Finally tighten the locking screw.
3. Carefully back- off the handwheel so that the strut is resting in the notch but not
tranmitting any load. Rezero the forcemeter using the front panel control.
4. Carefully start to load the strut. If the strut begin to buckle to the left, flick the strut
to the right and vice versa (this reduces any error associated wih the straightness of
strut). Turn the handwheel until there is no further increase in load (the load may peak
and then drop as it settles in the notches).
5. Record the final load in Table 1.
Part 2
1. To study the effect of end conditions, follow the same basic procedure as in part 1, but
this time remove the bottom chuck and clamp the specimen using the cap head screw
and plate to make a pinned-fixed end condition.
2. Record your result in Table 2 and calculate the values of 1/ L2 for the struts.
3. Fit the top chuck with the two cap head screws and clamp both ends of the specimen to
make a pinned pinned end condition. Calculate the new values of 1/L2.
4. Enter the result into Table 2

8.1.4 RESULT

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Strut Number

Length (mm)

Buckling Load
Experiment
(N)
167
Table 1

Buckling Load
Theory (N)

235

25.7E N

Strut Number

Length (mm)

235

Buckling Load
(N)
167
Table2

8.1.5 CALCULATION AND GRAPH

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1/L (m)
18.90

i.

Calculation for Table 1

Strut number 1 with length is 0.23 m
Width, b = 0.02 m
Thick, d = 0.025 m
Pe = 2 E I
L2
= 2 x E x (2.604)
0.232
= 25.7E N
I = bd3 = (0.02)(0.025)3
12
12
= 2.604 m4

ii.

Calculation for Table 2

Strut number 1,
L = 0.32 m
1 = 1
L2
(0.232)
= 18.90 m-2

iii.

Graph
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For Table 1
For Table 1

For Table 2
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8.2 POINT LOAD TEST

8.2.1 Introduction:
A beam must posess sufficient stifness so that excessive deflections do not have an
advers effect on adjacent structrual members. In many cases, maximum allowable deflections
are specifed by Code of Practice in terms of the dimensions of the beam, particularly the
span.The actual deflections of a beam must be limited to the elastic range of the beam,
otherwise permanent distortion result. Thus in determining the deflections of beam under
load, elastic theory is used. In this experiment double integration method is used to give the
complete deflected shape of the beam.
8.2.2 Apparatus:
1. Spaghetti beam

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3. Hanger And Masses

8.2.3 Procedure:
1. Measure the spaghetti to the length that we all agreed, 23.5 cm.

2. Cut the spaghetti into the length that we measure. Please be careful with the sharp
knife.

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3. Bind the spaghetti together using hot glue gun. Hot glue will become hard in a short
term. So, we must work quickly and accurately.
4. Finally, touch up the specimen using 3 second super glue to make sure spaghetti bind
perfectly.

8.2.4 Result
Length: 23.5 cm
b: 2.0 cm
d: 2.5 cm

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Load (N)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

Mass (kg)
1.02
2.04
3.06
4.08
5.09
6.12
7.14
8.15

I = bd3 / 12
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Situation beam
Steady
Steady
Steady
Steady
Steady
Steady
Steady
Failure (collapse)

I = 0.02(0.025)3 / 12
I = 2.60 X 10-8 m4
Ymax = -PL3 / 48 EI
Ymax = -10(2.35)3 / 48(E) (2.60 X 10-8)
Ymax = -1.04Ex10-4 m

9.0 METHOD OF ASSEMBLY

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CHOOSE THE ADHESIVE

-Model airplane glue and hot glue from a
glue gun are easy to apply, but are slightly
more flexible when they dry. This is not
ideal for beam.

BEAM WERE BUILD

-each layer of spageety that need to
combine are put with glue
- combine each layer with glue

CREATE THE BEAM

ATTACH THE BEAM

- Can be done by gluing several layers of

spaghetti to each other to make thick, flat
and smooth

- Attach the beam that have been built to

each side of the table to make point load
test.

10.0 FILA TABLE

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FACTS

- This beam can bear load until 80 N that

hanged at the centre of the beam.

ISSUE

Why it cracked at the hanger position when

its reached the maximum load ?
- How to strengthen and stabilised the

LEARNING ISSUE

spaghetti beam ?
Design the spaghetti beam, state the numbers
of spaghetti that need to use.
- Identified the glue that suitable for spaghetti

ACTION

beam structure to bear load

We need to calculate the support reaction on
the spaghetti beam structure.
- We need to bind the members of spaghetti
strongly by using glue

11.0 DISCUSSION
Spaghetti project is a project under Mechanics Material Subject. All
mechanic student required constructive a post model, beam or a bridge replica. We are decide
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to setting and measure had set, and goods permitted spaghetti, hot glue gun and others. Our
group has agreed to build a strut replica a total of two models Spaghetti that was
chosen is spaghetti from Kimball brand measuring 23.5. Almost two spaghetti packet used
for preparation of this two replicas.
After that, this project implemented use two spaghetti packet with length
measurement of 23.5centimetres. The spaghetti has been divided into two parts, with every
our group have been agree to make two strut model measuring 11.75 each. We
also uses hot glue gun as merge agent between the spaghetti. We decided to use
hot glu gun because hot glu gun marked elestik feature, flexible, easily dry and having good
impact towards strut's structural extension.
Manufacturing process in start by measuring the spaghetti length use ruler and pencil.
Spaghetti bisected, then the spaghetti cut by careful in using scissors and cutter. After
that, process of extension started by complying measure that had set and use hot glue gun.
Straut that has been completed need to be tested
Test implemented towards sample thespaghetti is test buckling and point load test.
Based on the mentioned test result, analysis showed sample test from our group experienced
failure in burden 80 KN. After that to buckling test analysis, sample this
spaghetti have attractiveness that is high

12.0 CONCLUSION
This project can expand knowledge and experience on structure manufacturing
process in civil engineering filed. In this project manufacturing process, student disclosed so
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that creative, innovative and independent to produce product that is multi-purpose and bring
development to everyday life. Student can also gain knowledge and component qualities that
there is no under laboratory.
Generally, structure manufacturing process covered four processes, namely print structure
designing, measuring the component, components assembly, and testing. Meanwhile after the
structure was completed,
In conclusion, good project should have a verbal that high, easy to use and cost that
is reasonable so that can be accepted by users. This project has achieved all the aspects of
guideline. In addition, there are some suggestion that we have recovered from this project, we
can make this model more thickness by adding a few more layer. Next, we are also can use a
tape to make this model more tidy and attractive.

Group Formation

Groups Motto
If The Plan Doesnt Work, Change The Plan But Never The Goals.

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Groups War Cry

All We Do Nothing But Together We Bring Storms ,
Teamwork, Make The Dream Work!

Groups Ground Rules

1.

Treat everyone's ideas with respect.

2.

Everyone is responsible for enforcing ground rules.

3.

Everyone participate, no one dominate

4.

Be positive, non-judgmental and open to new ideas

5.

Staying on schedule is everyones responsibility; honor time limits

MINUTES OF MEETING

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Meeting attended by:

Everyone participate

Absent from meeting:

None

Date:
Time:
Agenda Items:

April 23, 2016

3:00pm-5:0pm

1. Introduction about the project.

2. Discuss about what project would like to conduct like :
- Type of project
- Discuss regarding the project and exchange ideas
Next Meeting: 29th April 2016 , 3-5pm

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Meeting attended by:

Everyone participate

Absent from meeting:

None

Date:
Time:
Agenda Items:

April 29 , 2016
3:00pm-5:0pm

1. The project have been decided

2. Head of group explain a little bit about the project
3. Division of work for the group members
o Everybody have their own roles in this project
o Everybody must participate and responsible to this project
4. Keep in touch each other and can discuss about project through group whatsApp
Next Meeting: 13rd May 2016, 8-10pm
MINUTES OF MEETING

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MINUTES OF MEETING

Meeting attended by:

Everyone participate

Absent from meeting:

None

Date:
Time:
Agenda Items:

May 13 , 2016
8:00pm - 10: 00pm

1.
2.
3.
4.

Discuss about the project progression

Solve the problem together if there any problem
Decide the last meeting
Everyone should finished their part for 50%

Next Meeting: 20th May 2016 , 5-10pm

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MINUTES OF MEETING

Meeting attended by:

Everyone participate

Agenda from meeting:

None

Date:
Time:
Action Items:

May 20 , 2016
5:00pm - 10: 00pm

1. Checking the report just to make sure everything follow the instructions given
2. Every team members should finished their part 80%
Next Meeting: 28th May 2016(the project accomplished. Submit the report)

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MINUTES OF MEETING

Meeting attended by:

Everyone participate

Agenda from meeting:

None

Date:
Time:
Action Items:

May 28 , 2016
5:00pm - 10: 00pm

1. Compile every part of the project report

2. Recheck the report just to make sure everything completed
3. Print and binding the report
Next Meeting: 29th May 2016(the project accomplished. Submit the report)

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