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BACKGROUND
Research methods done in this study include of geological mapping through collection of strike/dip data, joints, and
taking some pictures for documentary data. Besides that, statistical test is done to prove lineaments data and fault
indication through studio analysis. Then collection of landslide zones data in the research area is used to get soil
movement result through Weight of Evidence (WoE) method to determine how far the soil movement. Last method
is the arrangement of final report and making landslide zonation map based on WoE results.
Downstream part of Cimanuk Watershed is controlled by Baribis minor-faults located in the research area. Based
on laboratory analysis through DEM lineaments, river lineaments indicated the direction of these lineaments are
Northwest-Southeast, Smf, and occurrences of field data such as joint & offset which indicate the fault forming in
this area classified in sinisterly strike-slip fault and trending Northwest-Southeast. It is also classified based on the
distance of the river. The calculation result of WoE 0.7706878 shows the river lineaments parameter occurs soil
movement in the downstream part of Cimanuk Watershed.
1.1 Purpose and Objective
The purpose of this research is to obtain information about the fault occurrences in the downstream part of Cimanuk
Watershed that will affect landslide risk zones in the area. The aim of the study was to obtain information such as:
1.
2.
To determine the river lineaments of Downstream part of Cimanuk Watershed affected by the presence of
faults.
To determine Cimanuk landslide risk zones in the downstream region which are affected by the faults.
(Sumedang Regency), and Limbangan District (Garut Regency). Geographically, the study area is located between
107o 45 46.95 - 108o 10 43.04 East Longitude and 7 o 2 35.84 - 6o 44 15.64 South Latitude as shown in
Figure 2.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Cimanuk Watershed is located in Sumedang Regency and Garut Regency, include of some districts such as Tomo
District, Paseh District, Situraja District, Pasanggrahan District, Darmaraja District, and Wado District (Sumedang
Regency), and Limbangan District (Garut Regency).
2.1 Physiography
Based on Van Bemmelen (1970), research area is divided into five physiographic zones of West Java which has
trending of east - west according to the longitudinal direction of Java (Figure 2.1). Five physiographic zones are
(Figure 3):
Bogor Zona
Dome And Mountains In The
Central Zone Of Depression
Vulcanik kuarter
Vulcanik kuarter
Figure 3. Distribution of Physiographic Zone in West Java (Van Bemmelen, 1949; Sulaksana 2013)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
narrowed to a few kilometers to the eastern part. Entire South Mountain is Java geanticline which experienced
a period of shrinkage sloping southward into the Indian Ocean.
Mountains Zone of Bayah
Mountain zone of Bayah is located on the southern coast of West Java which is bordered with Bandung Zone
and South Mountain Zone. This zone is also characterized by the faulted structures of geanticline after the
Tertiary period. Geological structures of the study area cannot be separated from the regional tectonic pattern
of the Java island, which have 3 geotectonic evolutions such as in the age of Cretaceous, Tertiary Era and the
boundary between Tertiary Era Quaternary Era (Martodjojo, 1984).
Intra-Miocene tectonics resulted formation of geanticline in Java Island, also form the fold and faults structures in
Paleogene and Neogene rocks. General direction of axis fold is east - west and strike-slip fault zone has trending of
southwest-northeast and northwest-southeast.
Pliocene Pleistocene tectonics is a continuation of the previous tectonic period. In this period occurred volcanism
dominantly result volcanic sediments. Beside that the forming of folding and faulting occurred which is caused by
southern force that leads declining Bandung Zone. This strong pressure causes folding and reverse fault structures
in the northern part of Bogor, extends from Sumedang to Mount Ceremai. This fault known as Baribis Fault.
During this period a process of folding and faults caused by the subsidence of the north zone of Bogor, which led to
strong pressure disturbance on the Bogor zone. Relative folds east-west trending fault that faulted by horizontal
dextral whereas normal faults trending north-west there are two trends - southeast and southwest - northeast, while
the reverse fault which is in the south-west trending north-northeast. Situmorang (1976), states that the general
structure of the northwest trending Java is southeast. From the interpretation of gravity data of tectonic fault
Wrench concept has been developed by Moody and Hill (1956) was created by the Java tectonic patterns
Situmorang et al. (1976).
From the description above, tectonic elements that try to be revealed, among others:
1. System sharpness are meridian oriented east - west, and northwest - southeast, and south-west - north-east
caused by the north-south compression force which has an azimuth of N 140 E. This is because the Asian
plate collision with the Indian Ocean plate.
2. Wrench, first-order, second and third follow primary crease pattern in which only a few creases around Jakarta
as a second order. Furthermore, the forces acting trending south-west - north-east.
2.4 Regional Geological History
Van Bemmelen (1949) suggested in the early Oligocene, Bogor Zone is a deep ocean basin, which is characterized
by the deposition of flinch and marine sediments with inserts volcanic rocks, which became known as Pemali
Formation. After the evolution of non-volcanic lane ends, followed by volcanic activities are accompanied by
symptoms of decline, thus forming several underwater volcanoes on Early Miocene, which produces sediment,
andesitic and basaltic. In the Middle Miocene volcanic activity is reduced and replaced with the deposition of clay,
marl and limestone reefs in the marine environment indicates. In Bogor zone at that time, its formed the precipitate
formation and Formation Cidadap Halang. The lithology of the southern part consists of breccia and tuffaceous
sandstone lithology while the northern part is dominated by mudstone and marl. End of the Middle Miocene formed
geanticline southern hill country, which was followed by the launch of the peak towards the northern part of the
basin. End of Upper Miocene volcanism shifted to Bandung and Bogor southern zone which produces sediment
breccia beetle, this indicates that subduction zone has shifted towards more to the southern than ever. During the
Middle Miocene volcanic activity, sediment of Bandung and Bogor zone experienced strong erosion. Meanwhile
Jakarta Coastal Plain continued to decline characterized by clay and marl deposition known as the Kaliwangu
Formation of Pliocene old. In the Late Miocene, it can be said that the basin has been turned into a shallow Bogor.
It is characterized by sandstone unit with cross-maze sedimentary structures and fossil mollusks. On it was
deposited volcanic Pliocene - Pleistocene, where the activity is evident in the transition zone lines of Bandung and
Bogor zone.
2.5 Active Fault
According to Keller and Pinter (1996) definition of active faults are faults that never moves during the period of
10,000 years ago and potentially active faults are fault sever engaged in a period of 2 million years ago. While no
active faults are occur, it means that fault have not or never engaged in a period of 2 million years ago. Fault is a
geological phenomenon which is common in the earth's crust. Fault is defined as an area of fracture is accompanied
by a shift in the relative (displacement) of the block to the block of rock (Billing, 1959).
2.6 Morphotectonic
Morphotectonic is a geomorphological conditions in the area of research, which is controlled by tectonic that
happened in the past, because it has a dimension of space morphology and tectonics have time dimension (Suhemi,
2009). Tectonic landforms would describe most of the topography in the region (Figure 4) Basic information given
DEM and used in processing are the coordinates of points on the earth's surface DEM, namely: Topographic
mapping, civil engineering, hydrographic mapping, mining engineering, simulation and visualization of the ground,
military engineering DEM data shows that the study area has a morphology "hills and plains" as shown in the three-
dimensional images of the DEM (Figure 4).Morphotectonic can also be seen on the image (Sukiyah, 1993). It has
been observed that the alignment pattern analysis using aerial photos could explain the deformation conditions in an
area. Alignment patterns intersect and be an indication that the area susceptible to deformation process. Alignment
pattern contained in an area, either straightness of the ridge and the river can be an indication of active tectonic
control.
2.6 Landslide
Landslide is a slope-forming material movement caused by shear failure, in addition to one or more areas of
landslides (Varnes, 1957).
2.6. 1 Type landslide
According to its kind landslides grouped into 6 (six) types, namely translational slides, avalanches rotation, the
movement of the block, to rock, soil creep, and the flow of material destruction (Varnes, 1978). In Indonesia alone
avalanches are common types are translational slides and avalanches rotation. Here is a description of the six types
of avalanches:
Avalanches Translations
Translational slides as shown in Figure 6 are the movement of soil and rock in the future sliding plane that can
be flat or curve sloping.
Authentic Slope
The land mass
moved
Authentic Slope
The land mass
moved
Origin position
The Moving block
Origin position
rock falls
folds
bedrock in
the
basement
Earthquake or Vibration
Weather / Climate
Load imbalance in peak and Foot Slope
Vegetation / Plants Nature
Face Rising Groundwater
Karnawati (2001) also mentions that the geological conditions that include rock types, faults, stocky, and the degree
of weathering, physical environmental factors that influence the occurrence of landslides, in addition to the factors
of slope, texture and permeability of the soil, and climate.
2.7 Weight of Evidence (WoE)
Weight of Evidence (WoE) method is included in the bivariate statistical method that it is a model based on
Bayesian probability framework shown in a series of GIS environment (Mezughi et al, 2011; Yukni, 2014). In this
method, weights are calculated based on the presence or absence of ground movement events in the area of
research, such as the formula that has been delivered in Bonham - Carter et al (1994) as follows:
........................................ (1)
Where P is the probability, B is the presence and absence ground motion prediction factor, and S is the presence
and absence of ground movement events. Positive weights (W+) and negative weights (W-) indicates a correlation
between the presence of positive and negative predictive variables respectively and landslide. Calculation of W +
and W- in GIS is done by combining the incidence of ground motion parameters lineament classes, resulting in four
possible combinations of the frequency expressed as the number of pixels (Npix1 Npix2 Npix3 Npix4), as shown in
the following table (Mezughi et al, 2011):
Based on the equation (1) above, the formula can be written WoE in the number of pixels as follows:
........................................ (2)
Where Npix1 is the number of pixels on the ground motion events lineament class, is the number of pixels Npix2
ground motion events that are not present or attendance at class lineament, Npix3 is the number of pixels in the
class lineament without incident ground motion, and Npix4 is the number of pixels in which the incidence of
ground motion and parameters lineament none at all.
3.
The data needed to analyze the active faults in the region and their implications for downstream Cimanuk landslide
prone zones are: geological data, such earth map scale of 1: 25000, regional geological map, straightness map of
Cimanuk downstream watershed area, topographic map scale 1: 25000, Data ground movement.
3.1 Subject and Object Research
In this study will be used as the subject is the measurement and analysis of river straightness and Cimanuk
Downstream Region morphometry. While the object of this study includes the morphology of the study area which
refers to the topographic map (Bakosurtanal) and satellite imagery.
3.2 Population and Sample
Population is the generalization region consisting of objects and subjects that have certain qualities and
characteristics defined by the researchers to learn and then drawn conclusions.
........................................ (3)
........................................ (4)
Based on the above formula, and then the following instructions in selecting the t-test formula:
1. If n1 = n2 and homogeneous variance 1 = 2, then it can be used t-test polled and separated variance. To find
t table used dk = n1 + n2 - 2.
2. When n1 n2, variant homogen 1 = 2 can be used t-test with polled variance. To find t table used dk = n1 +
n2 - 2.
3. If n1 = n2, the variance was not homogeneous 1 2 can be separated and polled variance, knowing t table
used df = n1 - 1 or dk = n2 - 2.
4. When n1 n2, not homogeneous variances 1 2 separated variance formula can be used. To find the
difference between the t table used df = n1 - 1 and dk = n2 - 1, divided by 2 and then added with t minim
price.
If t count < t table then accept H0 which means not significantly different or not. There is an average difference
between the two independent samples, but if t count t table then reject Ho which means significantly different or
the average difference between the two independent samples.
The next stage is to test the spatial analysis to determine the relationship between the incidences of soil movement
with the presence of active faults. Analysis of the spatial test to determine the effect of alignment parameters and
the flow of the river is done using the WoE method (Weight of Evidence), this method using Arc GIS software. In
the data processing steps taken are as follows, To measure the distance from the alignment by combining the flow
of the river and straightness. The distance of a point on the straightness can be obtained with the function of
Euclidean Distance. Further classifications per 100 meter distance, i.e. 100, 200, 300 and so on up to > 1000.
Classify distance to straightness. The classification is divided into 11 (eleven) class with manual start of the value
of 0-100, 100-200, and so on up to > 1000 meters. Classification process will set the new value of the value range
of 0-100 meters rated 1, 100- 200 value 2 and so on determining the incidence of landslides on each straightness
class. This process will illustrate how much of a landslide in each class alignment, for example in class lineament 1
(distance 0-100m) there are 8 occurrences of landslides, the lineament class 2 (within 200-300 meters) there are two
occurrences of landslides, and so on.
WoE to calculate AUC values obtained (Area Under the Curve). AUC values were used to test whether the
alignment parameters have influence to be reckoned against the occurrence of landslides.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Area of research and field observations is located in the District of Wado and Darmaraja located in Sumedang. In a
study conducted by collecting data in the form of data strike / dip bedding rock, the data stocky, photos and data
from laboratory analysis and use of data to ground movements of Volcanology and Disaster Mitigation (PVMBG)
in the study area as a supporter.
4.1 Data alignment DEM (Digital Elevation Model)
Straightness interpretation of DEM conducted to determine the type of geological structure, the alignment of the
structure is the result of geological structures in a region and expressed in the form of ridges, depression zone. The
appearance of straightness in the study area can be derived from DEM as shown in Figure 13. Alignment
topography interpretation data of the drainage pattern (Figure 13) is useful to determine the geological structure that
develops as a result of tectonic and know the author in the field of rock lithology. The result can be provided from
the interpretation of the drainage pattern of the river lineament azimuth values obtained by the value of the
alignment length.
Lineament of Cimanuk River Hilir District
Figure 17. Rosette Diagram of Valley (A) and Ridge (B) Alignment Analysis
5.2 Straightness Analysis Topography
River lineament analysis using topographic maps in the study area are described in the rosette diagram (Figure 18)
shows that the dominant direction of the alignment itself is in the northwest - southeast. From the diagram it can be
concluded that the emphasis directed towards Northeast - Southwestern.
Southeast. In addition to getting the data stout, in the field also get the offset data show the direction of movement
of the rock. The offset is in sandstone and clay lithology offset trending toward the Northeast-Southwest, it is show
that the offset movement and muscular rupture plane direction (Figure 22).
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