Dam Foundation

Grouting
Revised and Expanded Edition

by
Kenneth D. Weaver
Retired Grouting Consultant
Dona Id A. Bruce
Geosystems L. P.

ASCE

PIIESS

Contents

Preface ... ... ...................... . ....................... xvii

Acknowledgments ........................................ .. .. xix
Cbapter I . Introduction ..... .... .. ... ..... .... .... .. ..... .. .... . l
l. l rhe Basics ....... .. ....................................... l
1.2 A History or Grouting ....................................... 2

1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
l .2.4
1.3
1.4
1.5

Origins in Europe ..................................... 2

The Early HislOT)' of Grouling in lhe Uniled Slates ............... 4
Laler HistOI)' of Grouting in lhe United Slates ............ ..... l l
LatP 20th Centwy Arlvanees .............................. 14

Es ential Elcments or a Good Grouting Project ................... 15

Grouting as Exploration ..................................... 17
CompULer Applications ..................... ... . ... ......... 17

Cbapter 2. Geologie and Geohydrologic Consid erations ............... 19

2. 1 ite Geology and Geohydrology Must Be nderstood ...... ........ 19
2.2 Si te l nvestigations for G routing Program Design . ... ....... ....... 2 1
2.2. 1 Regional Geologie Review ............. ............... ... 2 1
2.2.2 Photointe1jJretation . ... ................ .. .............. 2 1
2.2.3 Geologie MajJping . . .................................. 22
2.2.4 Geophysicn.l Surueys ....... . ..... ...... .......... . ..... 23
2.2.5 Direcl Subsmface Geologie lnvestigations .................... 23
2.2.6 Geohyrlmlogic Studies .. ................................ 26
2.2.
Geologie luterprelation ...................... . ... .. ..... 28
2.3 Permeability Assessmem fo r Grouting Programs .. ....... .. . .... .. 28
2.4 Geologie Conditions Affecting Grouting Programs ................. 34
2.4.1 Sedimen/01)' Roek Foundations ............................ 34
2.4.2 Soluble Roeks ........................................ 41
2.4.3 Volranie ami Pyroclastie Rocks ............................ 4 7

vii

CONTENTS

viii

2.-1.-1

2.4.5
2.4.6
2. -1. 7

c:mwlic flllrl J\lt>/tl/IIUijJiuc Rnd<.\ ................. . . . ... . ..

"f">tlonic !>atu res . ... ... . ... ........... . . . . . ... . . . . . ..
Slrep ur Un~ ta ble .)'/ojJe.\ ... ...... ....... . ........ . . . . . ..
UnconsolirlaiNI Defwsils ... .. .. . .... .. .... . . . . . ..... ..

5:3
57
60
62

Chapter 3. Conceptual Design Considerations . . ........... ...... ... . 67

3. 1 Cenera i Consideration . .... .. ................. . . ...... . . . . . 67

3.2 Test Grouting ........... . . .................. . . . ...... .. . .. 67
3.3 Grout Curtain Dept.h ............................ . ..... . .... 69
3.4 Grout Curtain Length ........................... . . ......... 70
3.5 Crout Hole Spacing ............................. . ...... .... 72
3.6 C rout Hole O rientation .................... . . . . . .. . ......... 72
3.7 Single-Row Versus Multiple-Row Cunains .... . . . . .... . . . . ....... 73
3.8 Grou t Caps and CutofT Walls ... ....... .... ...... . ........ . . . . 74
3.9 Grout Galleries ............ ............... . . . .......... .... 78
3. 1O Blanket Grouting and Consolidation G routing ... . . . .............. 81
3.11 Design Stand ards ......................... . . . .......... . . .. 82
3. Jl. I Gfnerolzetl GnidelinfS ................ . . . .............. 82
3 .11.2 Quanlitalively Engineeretl G1'0ul CuTtrins .... . .... ........... 83
Chapter 4. Grouting Materials .. ....... ... ....................... 87

4 . 1 Introduction and Classification . . . . . . . .. ....................... 87

4.2 Water .............. . . .... ..... .. ... . .... . ......... . ..... 88
4.3 Category l Materials: Particulate Grouts . . ................. ..... 90
4.3.1
Cements ............... . . . . . . ........ .............. 90
4.3.2 Pozzolans ..... .. ...... ..... .............. . .... . ... l 03
4.3.3 Clays .. ........ .... . . .... . . . ............. . .. . . . .. . IlO
4.3.4 lnut Fillers .................. ........... . . . . ....... 11 3
4.3.5 Chemical Admi.xlttres . . ........... ....... .. . ........... 115
4.4 Category 2 Materials: Colloidal Solutions ..... . ................. 126
4.5 Category 3 Materials: True Solutions ......................... . 130
4.5.1 AC1)1ic Resins . .......... ....... ................... .. 130
4.5.2 Phenolic Resins .................. ............... .... 13 1
4.5.3 Aminoplastic ResirtS ............... ..... .............. 132
4.5.4 PolyU1etlwne Resins ... . . . .............. . . ........ .... 133
4.6 Category 4 Materials: Miscellaneous ......... . . . . . ............. 133
4.6.1
Hot Mells (Bitumens) ............. . . . ..... . ........... 134
4.6.2 Polyesters ................................... ....... 135
4.6.3 Epoxies ...................... ............. ........ 135
4.6.4 Montan Wax ......... .................... .......... 135
4.6.5 Silicones ............ ........ ...................... 135
4.6.6 Silocsols ... . .................. . . ............. ..... 136
4. 6. 7 Precipilation Grottls .... . ... . . . . . . . ................... 136
4.7 Fina! Remarks ......... . ... . . . . . ... . . . ............... .. . . l 36

ix

CONTENTS

Chapter 5. Basics of Particulate Grout Mix Design,

Tes ting, and Perfor mance . . ...................... . ........... . . 137

Basic l'ropcnies and Parameters ... ..........................

5. 1. 1 Rheology ........................................ ..
5.1.2
A Li/Ile l'vlore 011 Rheology ..............................
5.1 .3
BleNI (Selllenwnl or Sedime11laton ) .............. .........
5. 1.4
Pressure Filtra/io n . .. . . ..............................
5. 1.5
Woter-Rej;e/lent and !lntiwashout Clwracterstics .. ... ... . ... ..
5.1 .6 Prevention r~f Particle Agglomeralion ......................
5. 1. 7
H)dmtion Contro/ ............................. .. ....
5.1.8 Prevenlimt ofFiller Segregalion ................... .... ...
5.1.9 Matrix Porosity ........ . ..... .......................
5. 1.1 O Groin Size ........ . ... ............ .................
5.1. Il Hardenng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 T esting of Crouts ... .............. . . ................. .. ...
5.2.1 Co!tesion and Gelation ................................
5.2.2 ApjJarent Viscosity ..... ...............................
5.2.3 Bleed or Sedimenlalion ... .... ... . . ........ ............
5.2.4 Presswe Filtration . . . ........................ ........
5.2.5
Washout Resistrmce . . . ............................... .
5.2.6 Filler Segregation ................ ... ... .. .......... ..
5.2. 7 Specific Gmvity .................................. ...
5.2.8 Sei Times .................. ................. ..... ..
5.2.9
Strength ............. ................ .............
5.2.1 O Matrix Porosty ........... ............... ...........
5.2. 1L ComfJalibility .. .. . ... ................. ........... . . .
5.3 Mix Desig n Considerations .................................
5.3 .l
WCller: Cement Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.2 Neat Cement Grouts .............. .. . ......... ........
5.3.3 Cla.y or Bentonite-Cemenl Orouts ......... .. .... . .........
5.3.4 Grouts witlt Fillers and Pozzolaus .........................
5.3.5
Grouls for Special ApjJlicalions . . .. .......................
5.3.6 Grouts with Enhanced Penetrctbility ............... ....... .
5.4 Digest. ofTypical Multicomponent Formulations .................
5.1

138
138
145
146

148
150
15 1
152
152
152
153
154
154
155
157
158
160
160
16 1
162

162
163
165
165
166
166
166
169
172
174
176
178

Chapter 6. Grout Injection P ressure .. ................ . ...... . .... 185

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6. 7

Controversia! Rules .... . . ....................... ..........

European Crouring Philosophy ..... ....... ... . ..............
Contemporal)' Ew-opean Crouting Theor)' .....................
European and Other Foreign Grouting Practice ..................
Relevant 1l1e01)' from U .S. Practice ...........................
Relevant U .S. Practice ....... ...................... ... . ....
Conclusions Regarding Injection Pressure ......... .............
6. 7.1
Some Bases for Selection of lr~jection Pressmes ........... .....
6. 7.2 Special Considerations ........................... .... ..

185
185
187
189
190
190
19 1
19 l
192

CONTENTS

Chapter 7. Miscellaoeou s Factors Affecting G routi ng Effectiveness ..... 193

7. l

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6
7.7

M<ne rial ;md Mi x Pro pe rties Affecring Grout Pe ne tratio n . . ........ 193
7. I .l
Rheology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7. 1.2 StH'Cifir Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ...... .. ........ 194
7.1 .3
SPlllement (8/eed) . .. . . . . .. .. .... .. . . . ... . .. ... . ...... 194
7. 1.4
JJress11re Filtmlion .. . . . . . .. . . ... .................... 194
7.1.5
Grain Size ............ . ... . . . ............. . . . . . . . . . 195
7.1. 6
Water-Repel!tmt and Anti-Washout Characteristics ......... . . . . 195
Fracture C haracre risrics An:ecting Grout Pe neuation ...... ........ 195
7.2.1
Fractu:re Aperture ........................... . ........ 195
7.2.2
Rou.ghness ....................... . ................. l 96
7.2.3
Hydraulic Routing ................................... 196
7.2.4 Tortuosity ... . ... . . . ............................ . .. 197
7.2.5 Po1osity ........ . ... . .. ..................... ....... l 97
7.2. 6 Penneability ......... . . . ... ................ ......... 197
Procedura! Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness .. . . . .......... l 98
7.3.1
Drilling MethocL ancl Procedures ........ . ................ 198
7.3.2
P.rotection of Holes ..... .............. ..... .......... . 199
7.3.3 G1out Mixing P.rocedures ......... .. . ....... ...... ..... 200
7.3. 4 Choice of Orou.ting Melhod ......... ............ . . ...... 200
7.3.5 Stage Refusa.l Criteria .......... ....................... 200
7.3.6 Closure Criteria ..................................... 202
7.3. 7 Baclifilling Method ... . ...................... ......... 203
Climatic Factors Aflcting Grouting Effectiveness ................. 203
7.4.1
Winte1 Grouting . .. . . ..... . .......................... 203
7.4.2
Hot-Weather Grouting ............ ......... ... .. ... ... 204
Desig n L'actors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness ... ... .... ....... . 206
7.5. 1 Grout Curla.n Depth ....... . ... .................... . . 206
7.5.2 Grout Curtain Lenglh .... ..... ... .............. ....... 207
7.5.3 G1out CttTlain Widlh .. . .............. . ....... ........ 207
7.5.4 G1'0ut Hole SfJacing .............. ...... .............. 207
7.5.5 G1out Hol.e Orientation . . . . ...... . . . . . ................. 208
Nebulous Facto rs Affecting Grouting Effectiveness ........... . . . .. 209
Factors AffectiJ1g Gr o ut Curtain Durability . ....... ......... .. . .. 210
7. 7. 1 Geochemical Environment ......................... . .... 21 O
7.7.2 G1'0ut Mix Design ......... .................... ...... 210
7. 7.3
H)dmulic Gradient . ...... ............ . ........ ....... 21 1

7. 7. 4

Erodibili.J,y OT Solubi.lity of the Rock. Mass or Defect lnfillings ...... 212

Cha pte r 8. Drilling .... ... .... ... .. ...... . .... . ........... 2 13

8.1
8.2

Introduction .. ......... ........................ . ......... 2 13

Systems, Metl1ods, and Applicability ................ .... . . ... .. 2 14
8.2.1
Common Featu1es . . . . ................................ 2 14

xi

CONTENTS

Hm k D111l111g . ...... . . ..... ................... . . . ... 2 1.:;

OrtrburdPn Dnll111g ............ . .. . . ....... . .... .. ... 22.:;
Drilling Equipment ............... . ........ . .... . . . ....... 2 :~ l
8. J. l
Drilling Rig.1 ......... . . .... ........................ 2:$1

8 .22
8. 2. ]

!'U

8. 3.2
8. J.3

Fltt,lh PtonjJ.\ ....................................... 2;~2

Jllintlte~ .......................................... 23!3

tU ...f
8.3.5

Swjjlding ...... . ... ............... ............... 234

Mobile Platjimn1 ........... ....... .................. 2:n

~H

l'ltc Significance of Circulation T r pe and Applicatio n ............. 2:n

Borehole Deviation .............. ... ...................... 242
8.5. 1 ControL ovu Devialion ....... ........ ................. 242
8.5.2 E>.mnpiP~ of Monitoml DPvinlion Dala ..................... 244
8.5.3 Measuremenl of Dl'virrtion .............................. 246
8.6 Rccording or Drilling Progress and Parameters .................. 255
8.6. 1 Basic CmtCI'/Jls ........... .. .................. . ...... 255
8.6.2
J\1/anua/ Measurnnenl WhiP Drilling ...................... 257
8.6.) Jluto111aled Mensuremenl Wltile Drilling ................ . ... 257
8.7 Final Comme m .......................................... 262

8.5

Chapter 9. Grouting Equipment ....... .... ... .. ... . ....... .. .... 263
9. 1 Grout Mixers .................. ........ .................. 263
9. 1.l
Higlt-Speed, Higlt-Sitear Colloidol Mixers .... ....... ........ 263
9.1.2
Paddle Mixen ............ ....... ............... .. .. 266
9. / .J
Other Tyjm of Mixm ........ ... ...................... 266
9.2 C rout Agitators .......................................... 268
9.3 Croul Pumps .................... .... .................... 274
9.3. 1 Progressive Cat~ily Pumps .............................. 274
9.3.2
Piston PumjJS ....................................... 275
9.3.3 P/unger PrwtfJS .. ......... ............... ..... ....... 276
9.4 Auxi liary Equipmenl ...................... .. .............. 276
9.4.1
Water Ml'ters ..................... . ............ ... .. 276
9.4.2
Flow Meters ....... ........ ............... .......... 277
9.4.}
Waler Ta11k~ ........ .............. ......... ........ 278
9.4.4
BenloniiP Hydration Tanks ........ ................ .... . 278
9.5 Crottt Plants ....................... . . ........ ............ 278
9.5. 1
tt1Lional)' (Centra/) P/anls ............................. 280
9.5.2 i\Jodular (Containeriud) Plrmls ............. ........ ..... 281
9.5.3 Bog Plants ............... ........ ................. 282
9.6 Basic Equipment l'or Crout lt~jection ......... ................. 284
9.6. 1 Conventional Croul Heoders ......... ......... .......... 284
9.6.2
Pressare Gtwgl's ... . ..... . . . ....................... .. 286
9.6.3
Pressure and Floru Rrcorden ............................ 286
9.6.4
Packrrs ........ . .................................. 289

CONTENTS

xii

9.6. 5
9.6 .6

9. 7

~ 90
29~

Automated Recording and ConLrol )'l>tCm!> . .......... . .... .... . 2!12

9. 7.1
9. 7. 2

9.8

.\ lenwd P1jH'' ..... ....... . . ............... . ..... . . ..

Multiple- Prukn Slen.ed Pipe Sy1ft'lll ....... . ... . ...........

RPccmling auri Afonitormg .~)'.111'111,, .. . ...... . ... ..

~92

Nnu Dtvf'lopmrnts ... . ....... . . . . . ......... . .... ..... 29G

Up lifl Monitoring Device . . . . .... . .. . . . .... . ........... .. .. 300

9.8. / Geunal Consl(/emtio11s ........... . .................... :wo
9.8.2 SimjJle De'!lias ...................................... :~o l
9.8.) Recenl DnH.fopmenls in Displacemenl DeiPCl/011 ............... 302

Chapter l O. Preparation for Grouting . ........................... 305

l 0. 1 Generai Considerations ...................... . ............ ~W5
l 0.2 Excavation a nd haping ................... . ............... 305

l 0 .2. 1 Core Fouudati011 Excavation DejJlh ....... . . .. ............ 305

10.2.2 Fmmdaliou Sha.pug ................... .. . . . ......... 30G
l 0.3
l 0.4

Geologie Mapping .... ......... .............. . ........... 306

Bedrock Surface Treatmem ..... ............... . ........... 308
10.4.1
l O. 4 .2
10.4.3
l 0.4.4
l O. 4.5

l 0.5
l 0.6
l O. 7
l 0.8
l 0.9

Tre(llmenl ofjoints, Faults, ami Fractwe Zones ............... 3 10

Contro/ of Springs and Seeps during Conslruclion ............. 3 12
Surface Coatings .................................... 3 12
Dental Concrete ......................... .. ......... 3 14
Regularizing Concrete ...................... ... ....... 3 14

Grout Caps an d CutoiT Walls ..... ..........................

Grout Galleries ......... ................ .................
Access for Drilling, Crouting, and Inspection ...................
Work Area Proteccion .....................................
Surveys ..... ........ .......... ............. ... .........
l O. 9.1 Preliminary Suroeys .................................
l 0.9.2 Supplemenla1)' Suroeys ...............................
l 0. 1O Grout Nipples and Standpipes ... ................ ...........
l 0. 11 Arrangement of Equipment .......... ......................
l 0. 11 .1 Crout Plau ts an d Agi.talors ..................... .......
1O. l 1.2 H eaders and Pressure and Flow Recorders .................

3 14
3 16
3 16
:3 16
3 17
3l7
3 18
3 18
3 19
3 19
3 19

Cbapter 11. Basic Procedures for Bedrock Grouting ................. 32 1

l 1. 1 Evolulion of Bedrock Crouting Procedure ..................... 32 1
l 1.2 Pauem and Sequence ...................................... 322
11.2.1 Blanket Crouting .................................... 322
l 1.2.2 Multiple-Row Curtains ................................ 323
11.2.3 Split-SfJacing Sequences .. .................. , ... , ...... 32~3
l 1.3 Bedrock Drilling Proceclures ...... .......... ...... .......... 325

l 1.4 Washing Procedures .................. ............. ........ 328

11 .4 .l Special Washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 28
11 .4.2 Pressure Washing .................................... 328

xiii

CONTENTS

l l..i \\'atc:r-Prc tu e l c~t i ng ............................... . ..... 3:W

11.5.1 Ob.Jertitl'' .................... . .................... :no

11 . 5.2 Roulim ll'a ter- Pre.~ \ltrl' T1'.1ls .... . . . . ............. . ...... :~3 2
11 .5. 'J MultijJII'-Stage Waler-Pressure Tests . ..... .... . .... ..... ... :33:~
1 J.( i lkdrock GroUI ing PrO<:cdurcs . ... . ... . ........ . ... . ..... .. . . 33:)
1 /.tU GenPml PmrNIIlrt'.\ . .. .. . . .......... . . .............. . 333
11 .6.2 Parker Sealing Promlure . . .......... . ... . .......... ... 3 ~7
1 1.6.3 Gmul t\liting Proredure.1 ........ . ... . .............. ... 3:36
1 1.6.4 election of Grouf lnjerlion Pre.sures ................... . . . 337
1 /. 6.5 Gr-oul h yec/ton Procedure,, . . .. .. .. .... . .... .... .... . .. . 34 1
1/.6.6 Treatmml of SjJPrirtl Problrms ........................... 353
11 .6. 7 Groul Ho/e Bacltjlli11g ............................. . .. 354
11. 7 Protection or Grout Ho les . ................ . ...... . ... . .. . . . 354
11.8 oil and Ernbankment Grouting Methods ............. .. . .... . . 355
11.8..1 Permeation Crouting .. . . . . . . . ................. .. . . .. . 355
11.8.2 Compaction Crouting .... . ............................ 355
11.8.3 Hydrofracture Cronting ................................ 356
11.8.4 j et Crouling ............ ............................ 356
/1 .8.5 DeejJ Mixiug Method (DMM) ........................... 356
Chapter 12. Sup ervision and Insp ection . .. ...... .. . ... .. .. . .. . .... 359

12.1 Overview ...................... . .................... . . ..

12.2 Supervision ......................................... ....
l 2.3 l nspection .................... .... ............. . ........
12.3. 1 1nspection of Drilli11g Ojmntions ................ ... . . ....
12.3.2 1nspection of Crouting Opemtions ................... . ....
12.4 Saf'ety Consid eration ......................................
12.5 Dutie of Data Coordi nator .................................
12.6 Office Facilities for Grouting Operations .......................
12.7 Field Laboratory Faci lities ........ . .........................

359
360
362
363
365
367
368
369
370

C hapter 13. Records . . . .... .... . ... . . ........ . .. ... .. . . .. ... .. 371

13. 1 Generai Considerations ........ . . .... ................. . . . .. 37 1

13.2 Field Records ............................................ 372
13.2.1 Crout Ho/e Drilling Logs .......... . .......... . ........ 372
13.2.3 Pressure Testing and Crouting Logs ....................... 374
13.2.4 Daily Grouting Rl'jJorls ................................ 375
13.2.5 Fie/d Tesling RejJorls ........ .. ....................... 375
13.3 O ffi ce Records .................. . . . ...................... 376
13.3. 1 Progtess Records ........... ... ................. . .... 376
.13.3.2 Data Tabulations ......... .. . .................. .... .. 376
13.3.3 Pian Drawings ........................ . ....... ... .. . 376
13.3.4 Profile Drawings ...... . .. ... . . ................... . .. 377
.13.3.5 Olher Record~ ...................................... 378
13.4 Progre s Reports ......................................... 378

CONTENTS

xiv

Chapter 14. Quality Assuran ce, Q uality Contro!, and Verification ...... 381
I..J. l The Re,iew Proce

........ . ..... . . . . . . ................ ~~R l

14.2 C:lo ure CriLe ria . .................. ................... . ...

/ 4.2. 1
14.2.2
J..I. 2.J
l 4.2.4

:~82

Permmbility Crileria ......... . . ....................... 382

Croul .rai!P. Crilnia ......... ... . . . . . . ............. .. . :384
Geologie Criferirt ........... . ... . . . .................. :.S8C
ObsPmalional C1~/eria ......... . ... . .................. :387

14.3 SLatistica l Evaluation Procedure .. . .......................... 387

14.3.1
14.3.2
14.3.3
1-1.3. 4
/4.3 .5
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7

Red11clion Ratios ......... . ....... . ................. . 387

Mean llalue Bar CrafJhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 389
Frequenry Distribution Hislogroms ...... .... . . . ....... . . .. 389
Summaliou Cu111eS ............ . ................... . . . 389
Penneabilily Profiles . . . . ... . . . . . ................... ... 390

Detailed Evaluation ........ . ..............................

Verilication H oles ..... ........................... . . . .. . .. .
Quali Ly Contro) Testi.ng of Grouts .......... ............ ......
The Fi na) TesL ..... .................. .......... ..........

39 J
393
394
395

Chapter 15. Some Considerations for Remedial Grouting ....... . ..... 397
15.1 Outlook for Future Remedial

eeds ....... . ... . .... . ... . .. . . . . 397

15.2 A Problem Appea rs ........... . . . . . ....................... 398

15.3 The Search for Causative Factors .................. . ... ....... 399
15.3. 1 Geologie Factors .. . ........................ . ....... .. 399
15.].2 Dissolution of Crou/ CuTlain ................ . ........... 40 l
l 5.3 .3 i'n.af;projn"iale Grouting Materi.als cnul Fonnulations ....... ..... 40 l
15.3.4 Design Faclors .......... ........ .................... 402

15.3.5 1nafJprojniale Drilling Procerlures ............... . ........ 404

15.3.6 lnadequate CTouting EquifJ/nenl ............. . . . . . ........ 405
l 5.3. 7 Arlvrn-se Oimatic Conditions .. . . .. ........ . . . . . ... ..... .. 406
15.3.8 fnadequate Clostm ~f Curtain .......... . ... . ............ 406
15.3.9 Jrw.dequate Injection Presmre ............................ 407
15.3. 1O lnadequate Quolily Assum:nce and llerification Procedmes .. ..... 407
l 5.3.11 La.ck of Cormection lo the Strttclnre ........... ............ 408
15.3.12 Failure ofCalculaterl Risll .............................. 408
15.3.13 Economie FaclOI"S ................ . ...... . . . .......... 408
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7

Some Examples of Causative Factors ..... . . . . ................ . 409

Basic Conside ratio ns [or Remed ia l Grouting .......... . ......... 411
Faetors Impeding Re medial Grouting . ........................ 4 12
Basic Principles for Remed ial Grouting ........................ 4 13
l 5. 7. 1 Reduce the Reseruoir Head if Feasible ..... .......... ....... 4 14
15. 7.2 Selecl AjrjJTojniate Grouting MateriaLs ........ ........... . . . 4 J4

15. 7.3 lntersectthe Voids cmrl Othe1 Openings ............. ........ 4 15

15. 7. 4 Use Correcl ancl AfJprojniate Crout-Delivel)' Systems ............ 4 16

xv

CONTENTS

/'5.7.5 Monitor tlu l n;ntwn Data ............................. 11 6

15. 7.6 JHonilor 'erpoge. Dm ili\. Pinometen, and li' PII' .............. ..J 17
15. 7. 7 J\fodif) the Pmgra m a' AjJjJroj>riale ....... ................. 11 7
15. 7.8 Jlerif) l hl' H.e,\ u/1.1 of t/11' CompiPled Remedwl Jllorh ............. Il 7
15.8 Remedial Crouting Oplions ... ........ ............... .... . . 4 17
15.8. 1 Targfted SujJJJinnenlnl)' Crouting ............ ...... ...... 4 17
/ 5.8.2 Curtain Regrouli11g ........ ...... .............. .. .... 4 18
15.8.3 NPw UjJSII'Pf/111 Curtoiu ...... ....... ................... 41 8
/ 5.8.4 Parlial Demolition tllld Reconslmctm of the Dtllll ........ ..... 419
l 5.8 . 5 lllustmlive t ,/1.11' lli.110ries ............ ........ ........ .. 4 19
15.9 ome Considerations fo r Bici Procuremem and Contract
Admin istration . .......................................... 427
Chapter 16. Specifications and Contracts . . .... .... ......... .... ... 429
16. 1 Cenerai and Historical Persp ective . ..... . .. ........ ... ........
16.2 Type of Specifications a nel Contracts .... .................. . ..
16.3 Items T o Be Addressed in Specifications .......................
16.4 T he Qua1ification and Prequalification of Biclclers ................
16.5 T he eed for f lexibi1ity and a Partnering Menta1ity ....... .. . ....
16.6 The Advisability of I nclependent T echnical Review ......... ......

429
43 1
433
437
438
4 39

References ....... ... ........... . .......... ...... ......... .. 44 l

Index .. ........ .......... ..... .. .. ... ......... ... .... ... .. 465
About the Authors ..... .. .... ... ........... ... ........... ... .. 473