Backbone of the police

Kevin Silva
Professor Probst Martin
English 1102
21 November 2016

Backbone of the police: An Annotated Bibliography

Batts, Anthony W., Sean Michael Smoot, and Ellen Scrivner. "Police Leadership Challenges In
A Changing World." Journal Of Current Issues In Crime, Law & Law Enforcement 7.2 (2014):
139. Associates Programs Source Plus.)

This Academic journal from Current Issues in Crime and Law Enforcement explains
police changing throughout time and how there is a new generation of police now better
equipped and ready for the worlds worst. There are many great examples in the article but one is
the use of cameras and GPS, as it states, Other major developments relate to property crime,
which is reported to be decreasing because of these trends. The changes in the investigation of
property crimes are particularly apparent in the use of cellular and GPS technology to track and
recover stolen cars. In addition, the now familiar presence of surveillance cameras enhances the
potential for identifying suspects in many types of crimes as well as their locations, which makes
it more difficult for perpetrators of organized criminal activity to operate when they run a greater
risk of detection. Just a couple of examples of new technology at a different time making a

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difference. There is always room for improvement and new innovations it is important factor that
many rely on to make the public safe.

Fatih, Tombul, and Cakar Bekir. "Police use of technology to fight against crime." European
Scientific Journal, vol. 11, no. 10, 2015, p. 286+. Academic OneFile

Tombul and Bekirs article in the European scientific journal shows various use of
technology and how they affect outcomes when it comes to crime. One example is when they
state biometrics, "Biometrics are used to identify the individual. In addition, they are used to
figure out who the suspects or criminals are who are responsible for committing a crime" Its just
one example but the rest of the article show statistics and other new technologies on the rise that
are being tested. The article helps demonstrate the various amount of technology being used and
how we must not take them for granted.

Harmon, Rachel A. "When Is Police Violence Justified?." Northwestern University Law

Review 102.3 (2008): 1119-1187. Academic Search Complete.

This article comes from the Northwestern University Law Review and Hammon explains
the legal rights that police officers have and which they are protected through most situations an
example is when she states ""If a threat to the officer or a state interest has not yet manifested
itself, no force is justified. "

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"that the state's legitimate interest in maintaining orderthat is, eliminating a future threat of
harm to the publicjustifies the use of deadly force, even though it prevents adjudicating the
criminal conduct. Thus, in addition to using force to initiate the backward-looking procedures of
criminal justice, police officers may be authorized to look forward, too, in order to control
imminent threats to public safety." We see that police have the right to go a step above what the
suspect level of threat Is to ensure the safety of others and oneself if necessary. The article really
explains the concepts of the police and how and why some police violence is justifiable

Hekim, Hakan, Police use of information technologies in criminal investigations." European

Scientific Journal, vol. 9, no. 4, 2013, p. 221+. Academic OneFile

This article from the European scientific journal gives many studies and examples of police
use of technology at work, for example the case when GPS technology was first being
introduced, Colton, Brandeau, and Tien (1983) found the police command control and
communication systems were successful in performing different patrol functions. Morckel (2002)
and Mayer (2009) reported improvements in investigative operations after implementing GPS
technology. This technology was new back then however, it was making a difference already,
its just one example however the same principles are applied to today with new technology and
police.

Lipschultz, Jeremy. "Race and Local Television News Crime Coverage." N.p., n.d. Web.

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Lipschultz entry on the academic journal Simile, explains how media uses race to sell
stories and catch everyones attention. He explains in depth how the media affects everyones
vision for what is being displayed, as he states Crime coverage by local television stations is
studied with an interest in how live reporting, dramatic video, and timeliness influence
perceptions of race in the United States clearly if one is told and shown the same thing over and
over you may start to believe it, this is the case for police, however they are on the bad side of
this ordeal. Since they are on this side any new use of tactics or technology will be heavily
judged and frowned upon even though they must advance and better their technology to be
prepared for all encounters.

Snow, Robert L. Technology and Law Enforcement: From Gumshoe to Gamma Rays.Westport,
CT: Praeger Publishers, 2007. Print.
In this book from Snow it explains technology of all aspects through time from
fingerprint testing to special weapons and tactics. The author starts out strong with the great
discovery and use of fingerprint, he states, in the past fingerprints lifted from murder scenes
have remained unidentified for over 40 years. We didnt know with whom to compare it to, this
indeed was a bit ago but the importance of the discovery soon after is what made this new
science and technology an important part of policing. police evolution was needed to keep up
with criminals also taking advantage of this technology, in the book many criminals know the
ways of the police and try to counter act by wearing gloves. Hacking and using their own
equipment against them which is why police must have a secure system.

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Stefanovska, Vesna. "The Image of the Police in the Printed Media." N.p., n.d. Web.

Stefanovska part in the Balkan Social Science review explains how police image affects
their everyday work. It helps explain why police arent trusted by many today as the author
states, "Police image directly affects both police legitimacy and trust and therefore, scholars
dealing with the issues of police trust also have to deal with the media impact on building that
trust We can see why it is difficult for them to do their jobs and why this is important because it
affects police, they are discouraged to use new technology and tactics which are tools that may
rely on.