Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction
- Page 1 - Introduction
- Page 2 - Central Plant systems
- Page 3 - Room Air conditioning units
- Page 4 - Fan Coil units
- Page 5 - Choosing an A/C system
Heat Gains
- Page 1 - Introduction
- Page 2 - Calculating Heat Gains
- Page 3 - Example 1
- Page 4 - Example 2
- Page 5 - Example 3
Psychrometrics
- Page 1 - Introduction
- Page 2 - Psychrometrics for Air Conditioning
- Page 3 - The Psychrometric Chart
- Page 4 - Psychrometric Properties
- Page 5 - Air Conditioning Plant for Summer and Winter
- Page 6 - Processes Mixing
Displacement Ventilation
Other Ways to Cool Buildings
Example Computer Suite
Problems in AC systems
Air Conditioning
type of building
location of building
duration of high internal temperature
expected comfort conditions.
degree of air movement
percentage saturation
openable windows
higher ceilings
Full comfort air conditioning can be used in summer to provide cool air
(approx. 13oC to 18oC) in summer and warm air (approx. 28oC to 36oC) in
winter.
Also the air is cleaned by filters, dehumidified to remove moisture or
humidified to add moisture.
Air conditioning systems fall into three main categories, and are detailed in
the following pages;
1.
2.
3.
Central plant systems have one central source of conditioned air which is
distributed in a network of ductwork.
Room air conditioning units are self-contained package units which can
be positioned in each room to provide cool air in summer or warm air in
winter.
Fan coil units are room units and incorporate heat exchangers piped with
chilled water and a fan to provide cool air.
There are other forms of air conditioning such as;
Chilled beams
Induction units
Variable Air Volume units
Dual duct systems
Chilled ceiling,
but we will consider the more commonly used methods first.
1.0
Air handling units (A.H.U.) are widely used as a package unit which
incorporates all the main plant items as shown below.
Pipework, ductwork and electrical connections are made after the unit is
set
in
place on site.
Since air conditioning plant rooms tend to be at roof level, the larger
A.H.U.'s are lifted into place by crane before the roof is fixed.
front of (that is
heater battery
operate best if the system
rather than the
shows a
with
access to
2.0
1.
2.
Split type
Window/wall units.
Fan coil units may be looked upon as being small air handling units located
in rooms and they can be piped with chilled water for cooling and low
temperature hot water (LTHW) for heating if necessary.
The room temperature can be controlled with low, medium and high fan
speeds and chilled water flow is varied with a two-port or three-port
motorised valve.
Two-pipe, three-pipe and four-pipe systems have been used.
The four-pipe system has two heating and two cooling pipes and may have
a single heat exchanger or two separate heat exchangers for heating and
cooling.
It is useful to have a summer/winter changeover switch in the main control
system to avoid both heat exchangers being on at the same time.
A three-pipe system used heating flow, cooling flow and common return
pipework.
Many systems have been tried such as Variable Air Volume (VAV), dual
duct systems and zone re-heaters.
Zone re-heaters are probably more successful than the rest.
Cheaper to install.
Individual room control.
Works well where rooms have individual requirements.
No long runs of ductwork.
Can be used to heat as well as cool if a reversing valve is fitted.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sometimes the indoor unit fan becomes noisy, especially when the
speed is changing with in-built controls.
Each unit requires maintenance.
Long runs of pipework are required.
A chiller is still required to produce chilled water therefore they do not
save as much in plant and plant room space as
room air
conditioners. Also boilers will be required if heating mode is installed.
Fresh air facility may not be installed.
Cooling output is limited to about 5 kW.
Example 6
DATA:
Indoor condition all year o
22 C dB temperature, 50% saturation.
Outdoor
condition
summer
28oC dB
temperature, 80%
saturation.
Outdoor condition winter
saturation.
Maximum occupancy
ADP of the cooling coil
Fresh air requirement
Supply air rate
Frost off coil temperature
Latent heat gain
Sensible heat gain in summer ventilation gains.
Sensible heat loss in winter -
=
=
Heat Gains
The heat gains are given as:
Latent heat gain 40 W/person
Sensible heat gain - 100 W/person + 20.5 kW fabric, lights, solar & ventilation
gains.
Latent gain
=
40 W x 1000 people =
40,000 W =
40 kW
Sensible gain
=
100 W x 1000 people =
100,000 W =
100 kW + 20.5
kW
=
120.5 kW.
Total heat gain =
120.5 + 40 = 160.5 kW
Summer Heat ratio
=
sensible / total =
120.5 / 160.5
= 0.75
Heat Loss
The heat loss in winter is given as 20.0 W/ m 3.
Volume of room (m3) =
40 x 20 x 8
= 6400 m3
Total heat loss
=
20 x 6400 = 128,000 Watts = 128 kW
Total heat (winter)
=
128 + 40 (Latent) = 168 kW
Winter Heat ratio
=
sensible / total =
128 / 168 = 0.76
In this example the supply air temperature will be found by rearranging the following
formula:
Hs
=
ma x Cp ( tr - ts )
where:
Hs
=
ma
=
Cp
=
tr
=
ts
=
ma ( hM - hADP)
where:
H cooling coil
=
Cooling coil output (kW)
ma
=
mass flow rate of air (kg/s)
hM
=
specific enthalpy at condition M (kJ/kg) determined from
psychrometric chart.
hADP =
specific enthalpy at condition ADP (kJ/kg) determined from
psychrometric chart
The specific enthalpies at points M and ADP are shown on the psychrometric
Chart above.
H cooling coil
H cooling coil
=
=
NOTE:
The cooling coil output is very high and a lot of energy would be required to
provide this amount of cooling.
The cooling coil load would probably be spread over several air handling units but
it could be examined with a view to some reduction.
The coil output is high because the mass flow rate of supply air is high (17.05
kg/s) and the proportion of fresh air is also high (80%).
The mix point M is at approximately 27oC dry-bulb so there is little advantage in
recirculation in this instance.
It would be advantageous to consider the supply airflow rate to see if a lower
rate would be acceptable for this building.
If 6 air changes per hour are used as the ventilation rate then this would reduce
the mass flow rate of supply air.
Also the engineer may consider other methods of air-conditioning a hall with a
large volume such as using partial radiant cooling where surfaces are cooled
rather than air.
ma ( hS - hW)
=
=
=
The specific enthalpies at points W and S are shown on the psychrometric Chart
above.
H heater battery =
17.05 ( 34 - 28)
H heater battery =
102.3 kW
of humid
(approx.1.01 kJ/kg
=
( ts - tr )
( ts - tr )
( ts - tr )
ts
ts
tr
=
room temperature (oC)
supply air temperature(oC)
=
=
=
=
=
Hs / ma x Cp
128 / 17.05 x 1.01
7.43 deg.C
22 + 7.43 deg.C
29.43 oC say 29.5 oC.
maf ( hP - hO)
where:
H preheater battery
maf
hP
hO
=
=
=
=
H preheater battery
H preheater battery
=
=
13.64 ( 13 - 3)
136.4 kW
H reheater battery
ma ( hH - hM)
where:
H reheater battery
ma
hH
hM
=
=
=
=
H reheater battery
H reheater battery
=
=
17.05 ( 39 - 19)
341 kW
NOTE:
The heater battery load may be reduced by using other forms of heating for
some of the load, e.g. perimeter convectors or radiators.
Humidifier Output in Winter
The amount of moisture added to the air may be calculated from the following
formula:
m moisture added
ma (msS - msH)
m moisture added
m moisture added
m moisture added
m moisture added
m moisture added
=
=
=
=
=
HEAT GAINS
Introduction
239.4 litres/hour
Heat gains from the sun can lead to increases in internal temperatures
beyond the limits of comfort.
This is usually above 24oC dry bulb temperature in the UK.
The method adopted uses the CIBSE guide A (2006) and CIBSE Guide J
(2002) .
The Tables that are referred to are CIBSE guide A (2006) Solar cooling loads
in Tables 5.19 to 5.24.
CIBSE Guide J (2002) Air and Sol-air temperatures in Table 5.36 (London),
Table 5.37 (Manchester) and Table 5.38 (Edinburgh)
This set of Tables is in Appendix A6 at the end of the guide. Table 5.36
(London) starts at page A6-121.
If internal gains are to estimated then CIBSE Guide A (2006) Table 6.4 to
6.17 are also required.
It would be helpful to have these Tables close by, to complete the
calculations.
An example of a heat gain claculation is given in CIBSE Guide A (2006)
section 5.8.2 example 5.3.
Heat gains through solid ground floors are minimal and can be neglected.
=
=
'U' value for glass (W/m2 oC) (see CIBSE guide A (2006) Table
=
outside air temperature (oC). Can be obtained from CIBSE Guide
5.36 to 5.38 for various months and times in the day.
=
room air temperature (oC)
These figures are then multiplied by correction factors for; shading and air
node correction factor. Heat load is found from;
Qsg =
where
Qsg
qsg =
2
(W/m )
Fc
=
Fs
=
Ag
=
Fc . Fs . qsg . Ag
........ eqn. 2
=
Actual cooling load (W)
Tabulated cooling load from CIBSE Guide A (2006) Table 5.19 to 5.24
Air node correction factor from Table below.
Shading factor from Table below.
Area of glass (m2)
The Air point control factors (Fc) and Shading factors (Fs) are given in the
Table below for various types of glass, building weights and for open and
closed blind
Light
Heavy
Clear 6mm
Bronze
tinted 6mm
Bronze
tinted 10mm
Reflecting
Light
Heavy
Light
Heavy
Light
Heavy
Light
Heavy
1.00
0.97
0.86
0.85
0.78
0.77
0.64
0.62
Double
Horizont
0.91
0.90
Double glazing
Closed horizontal
blind
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.73
0.73
0.57
0.57
Open Horizontal
blind
0.95
0.94
0.66
0.66
0.54
0.53
0.48
0.47
C
b
Qsg =
where
S . qsg . Ag
Qsg
=
=
Actual cooling load (W)
Tabulated cooling load from CIBSE Guide A (2006) Table 5.19 to 5.24
qsg
(W/m2)
S
=
Mean solar gain factor at the environmental node or air node
from CIBSE Guide A (2006) Table 5.7.
Ag
=
Area of glass (m2)
Conditions
Typical building
Sensible
LatentH
Heat
eat Gain
Gain
(Watts)
(Watts)
Offices, hotels,
apartments
Offices, hotels,
apartments
Department store, retail
store
Bank
Sedentary work
Restaurant
80
80
Factory
80
140
Athletics
Gymnasium
210
315
70
45
75
55
75
55
75
70
OCCUPANTS - Sensible and latent heat gains can be obtained from CIBSE
Guide A (2006) - Table 6.3.
Typical gains are shown below.
LIGHTING Average power density from CIBSE Guide A (2006) - Tables 6.4.
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT - PCs and Monitors - CIBSE Guide A (2006) Tables 6.7 and 6.8.
Laser Printers and Photocopiers - CIBSE Guide A (2006) - Tables 6.9 and
6.10
Electric Motors CIBSE Guide A (2006) - Table 6.13 and 6.14.
Lift Motors CIBSE Guide A (2006) - Table 6.15.
Cooking equipment CIBSE Guide A (2006) - Table 6.17.
Heat load is found from;
Q int. = Heat from Occupants + Heat from Lighting + Heat from
Electrical Equipment + Heat from Cooking
teo
ta + (
where
teo
ta
=
outside air temperature (oC)
=
absorption coefficient of surface
I
=
intensity of direct solar radiation on a surface at right angle
to the rays of the sun. (W/m2)
a
=
solar altitude (degrees)
n
=
wall-solar azimuth angle (degrees)
Is
=
intensity of scattered radiation normal to a surface (W/m2)
hso =
external surface heat transfer coefficient (W/m2oC)
The U.K. values of sol-air temperature are found from CIBSE Guide J (2002) Tab
5.36 (London), Table 5.37 (Manchester) and Table 5.38 (Edinburgh).
Table 5.36 (London) starts at page A6-121.
A . U ( tem - tr)
Q
where
f ( teo - tem)
Q
=
time lag in hours (see CIBSE guide A (2006) Table 3.49 to 3.55)
for typical wall constructions.
teo =
sol-air temperature at time ( (oC) CIBSE Guide J (2002) Table 5.36 to 5.38.
tem =
24 hour mean sol-air temperature (oC) CIBSE Guide J (2002) Table 5.36 to 5.38.
f
=
decrement factor (see CIBSE guide A (2006) Table 3.49 to 3.55)
for typical wall constructions.
=
time lag in hours (see CIBSE guide A (2006) Table 3.49 to 3.55)
for typical wall constructions.
A
=
area of wall (m2)
U
=
overall thermal transmittance (W/m2 oC) (see CIBSE guide A
(2006) Table 3.49 to 3.55) for typical wall constructions.
tem =
24 hour mean sol-air temperature (oC) CIBSE Guide J (2002) Table 5.36 to 5.38.
tr
=
constant dry resultant temperature (oC) In practice room dry
bulb is used.
f
=
decrement factor (see CIBSE guide A (2006) Table 3.49 to 3.55)
for typical wall constructions.
teo =
Sol-air temperature at time () (oC) CIBSE Guide J (2002) Table 5.36 to 5.38
Qsi =
where
Qsi
n
V
to
J (2002) - Tables
tr
n . V (to- tr) / 3
=
........ eqn. 6
=
number of air changes per hour (h-1) (see note below)
=
volume of room (m3)
=
outside air temperature (oC) Can be obtained from CIBSE Guide
5.36 to 5.38 for various months and times in the day.
=
room air temperature (oC)
=Qg+Qsg+Qint.+Q+Wall+Q +Roof+Qsi
=
Ag . Ug (to - tr)
Fc . Fs . qsg . Ag
1. Sensible Glass
2. Solar Glass.
Qint.
3. Internal
n . V (to - tr) / 3
6. Ventilation
........ eqn. 7
Heat gains may be calculated and displayed in table form as shown below.
Heat Gain from
Watts
%
1. Sensible transmission through
glass
2. Solar gain through glass
3. Internal
4. External walls
5. Roof
6. Ventilation
Total
100%
2
Heat gain per m floor area =
Heat gain per m3 space =
Latent Gains
Latent heat gains are calculated so that the Total heat gain can be
determined to complete a psychrometric chart.
Total heat gain =
Latent heat gains from occupants can be obtained from CIBSE Guide A (2006)
- Table 6.3 shown above.
The following formula gives the infiltration latent heat gain.
Qli
Where;
Qli
=
n
=
V
=
mso =
msr =
Example 1
The room shown below is to be maintained at a constant environmental
temperature of 21oC for a plant operation of 12 hours per day.
The room is on the intermediate floor of an Library located in London
latitute 51.7oN.
The internal construction is lightweight demountable partitions, lightweight
slab floors and suspended acoustically treated ceilings, shading is
intermittent.
Calculate the maximum sensible cooling load in the room in July
The outside air temperature (to) may be found from CIBSE Guide J (2002) Tables 5.36 page A6-127 (July 4th).
The maximum value ocurrs at 16.00 hrs. and is 25.4oC.
DATA:
Occupants
=
100
Infiltration
=
0.5 air changes per hour
Building classification
=
lightweight,
Building response
=
fast.
External wall 'U' value
=
0.45 W/m2oC, internal insulation,
neglect time lag through wall.
External wall colour =
light.
External wall decrement factor f =
0.65
Glass type & 'U' value
=
clear 6mm, double glazing, U = 2.80
2o
W/m C
Window blinds
=
internal blind..
Lighting
=
30 Watts / m2 floor area
NOTE: It should be noted that this total heat gain is used to size central
plant items such as Chillers, Condensers and Cooling Towers.
Cooling coils are sized usually with a pschrometric chart.
Answer
Areas:
Area of window
=
1.2 x 1.7 = 2.04 m2.
Total area of glass
=
2.04 x 12No. windows
2
m.
Area of glass facing South
=
12.24 m2.
Area of wall facing South
=
22.0 m x 4.0 m high
2
glass = 88 - 12.24 = 75.76 m .
Floor area
=
22 x 14 =
308m2.
Room volume
=
308 x 4 =
1232 m3.
Gains:
1.
24.48
= 88 m2 less
Qg
= Ag Ug (to - tr)
24.48 x 2.8 (25.4 21)
301.6 Watts
2.
where:
Qsg =
Fc
=
Fs
=
qsg =
for July 4th
Ag
=
Qsg =
Fc Fs qsg Ag
Internal
Qint. =
Qint. =
Qint.
Lights (30 W/m2 x 308) + 4000 W + People (100
Qint. =
Qint. =
x 100)
4.
External wall
tem)]
where,
Q =
A
U
=
=
Q Wall
oC.
tem =
24 hour mean sol-air temperature (oC) CIBSE Guide J (2002) Table 5.36 at 12.30 hrs, light wall facing South 22.6oC
tr
=
constant dry resultant temperature (oC). Room dry bulb of 21oC
is given.
f
=
decrement factor for wall is given as 0.65.
teo =
sol-air temperature when Tabulated cooling load (qsg) is at
13.00 hrs. CIBSE Guide J (2002) - Table 5.36, light wall, South facing gives 38.8oC.
Q+Wall
Q+Wall
Q+Wall
=
=
=
5.
Roof
Q+Roof
6.
Ventilation
Qsi =
Qsi =
Qsi =
n V (to - tr) / 3
0.5 x 1232 (25.4 21) / 3
903.5 Watts
7.
Q total
Qsi
Q total
903.5
Q total
Qg
Qsg
Qint. +
Q+Wall
27,377 Watts
Q +Roof +
0 +
Watts
301.6
1.1
2,518.4
9.2
23,240.0
84.9
413.5
1.5
6. Ventilation
903.5
Total
27,377
0
3.3
100%
Example 2
The room shown below is to be maintained at a constant environmental
temperature of 21oC for a plant operation of 12 hours per day.
The room is on the intermediate floor of an Office Block located in London.
Answer
Areas:
Area of window
=
Total area of glass
20.4 m2.
Area of glass facing South West
10.2 m2.
Area of wall facing South West = 18.0 m x 3.0 m high = 54 m2 less glass
= 54 - 10.2 = 43.8 m2.
Floor area
=
18 x 16 =
288m2.
Room volume =
288 x 3 =
864 m3.
Gains:
1.
Qg
= Ag Ug (to - tr)
20.4 x 2.6 (25.4 21)
233.4 Watts
2.
Fc Fs qsg Ag
where:
Qsg =
Fc
=
Fs
=
qsg =
for July 4th
Ag
=
Qsg =
Internal
Qint. =
Qint. =
Qint. =
Qint. =
4.
External wall
tem)]
where,
Q =
A
Qint.
Lights (35 W/m2 x 288) + 3000 W + People (80 x 10
10,080 + 3,000 + 8,000
21,080.0 Watts
Q
Wall
oC.
tem =
24 hour mean sol-air temperature (oC) CIBSE Guide J (2002) Table 5.36 at 13.00 hrs, dark wall facing South West 26.7oC
tr
=
constant dry resultant temperature (oC). Room dry bulb of 21oC
is given.
f
=
decrement factor for wall is given as 0.27.
teo =
sol-air temperature when Tabulated cooling load (qsg) is at
13.00 hrs. CIBSE Guide J (2002) - Table 5.36, dark wall, South Westfacing gives 47.1oC.
(dark faade)
26.7)]
Q
Q
Q
Wall
Wall
Wall
=
=
15.33
[ 5.7 + 5.51 ]
171.9 Watts
5.
Roof
6.
Ventilation
Qsi =
n V (to - tr) / 3
Qsi =
0.4 x 864 (25.4 21) / 3
Qsi =
506.9.0 Watts
7.
Q total
Qsi
Q total
506.9
Q total
Roof
Qsg
Qg
Qint. +
24,884.5 Watts
Wall
Q Roof +
+
Watts
2,892.3
3. Internal
21,080.0
4. External walls
233.4
171.9
%
0.9
11.6
84.7
0.7
5. Roof
6. Ventilation
506.9
Total
24,884.5
0
2.1
100%
Roof pitch =
300
Example 3
The Restaurant shown below is to be maintained at a constant
environmental temperature of 22oC for a plant operation of 12 hours per
day.
7.7
m
14.0 m
Female
Toilet
Male
Toilet
2.7m
3.5
m
Cold
Store
9.5
m
Kitchen
10.0 m
Lobby
Restaurant
Reception
Prep.
Room
Entrance
PLAN
Scale:
1:100
All Restaurant
Windows
Height
Height
of wall
of ceiling
to
eaves
at ridge = 5.9
South
metres.
= 3.0 metres.
DATA:
1.4 m wide x 2.0 m
Occupants
=
70
Lighting =
22 Watts / m2 floor area
Infiltration
=
1.0 air changes per hour
Outside air temperature (to) =
28oC.
Building classification
=
lightweight, fast response
building.
External wall surface texture =
dark.
28.0 m2.
14 x 10
=
140 m2.
=
Length x 2(Rafter length inside)
Rafter length inside =
0.5 x room width / cos
roof pitch
=
5 / cos 30 .
0
161.7 m2.
623 m3.
Gains:
1.
Qg
= Ag Ug (to - tr)
28.0 x 2.8 (28 22)
470 Watts
2.
Fc Fs qsg Ag
where:
Qsg =
Qsg =
Fc
Air node correction factor from Table in page 2 internal blind, fast respon
Fs
0.91.
0.95.
qsg =
Tabulated cooling load from CIBSE Guide A (2006) Table 5.20 Intermittent
shading for July 4th , orientation South, 12.30 hours gives maximum of 238 W/m2
Ag
=
Area of glass facing South (m2)
3.
Internal
Qint. =
Qint. =
Qint. =
Qint. =
Qsg =
0.91 x 0.95 x 238 x 14.0
Qsg =
2,880 Watts
Qint.
Lights (22 W/m2 x 140) + 2000 W + People (70 x 10
3080 + 2,000 + 7,000
12,080 Watts
4.
External wall
Find information from CIBSE Guide A (2006) Table A3.49.
Wall is type 8(e) and the decrement factor is 0.42, time lag is 8.8
hours, U value 0.52 W/m2oC.
If the maximum solar heat gain is at 12.30 pm and the time lag is 8.8 hou
then the time of the relevant sol air temperature is;
12.50 - 8.8 = 3.7 say is at 4.00 am.
teo = sol-air temperature when Tabulated cooling load (q sg) is at 04.00 h
CIBSE Guide J (2002) - Table 5.36, dark wall, South facing gives 10.4 oC.
A correction can be applied to this since we are using outside air
temperature (to) of 28oC.
The tabulated maximum outside air temperature (to) from CIBSE
Guide J (2002) - Table 5.36 page A6-127 (July 4th) ocurrs at 16.00 hrs. and is
25.40C.
The difference in outside temperatures is;
28 25.4 = 2.6 oC.
The actual sol air temperature (teo) to use in this example is; 2.6 oC
+ 10.4 oC = 12.8 oC
External wall
Q+Wall
=
A U [( tem - tr) + f ( teo tem)]
Therefore the Solar Gain through a wall at time () is;
Q =
heat gain through wall at time (Watts)
=
time lag in hours (see CIBSE guide A (2006) Table 3.49 to 3.55)
for typical wall constructions.
A
=
area of wall facing South (m2)
U
=
overall thermal transmittance given in CIBSE guide A (2006)
section 8(e) in Table 3.49 = 0.52 W/m2 oC.
tem =
24 hour mean sol-air temperature (oC) CIBSE Guide J (2002) Table 5.36 at 13.00 hrs, dark wall facing South 25.8oC
tr
=
constant dry resultant temperature (oC). Room dry bulb of 21oC
is given.
f
=
decrement factor for wall is given in CIBSE guide A (2006)
section 8(e) in Table 3.49 = 0.42.
teo =
sol-air temperature at time () (oC) from above is 12.8oC.
(dark faade)
Q
25.8)]
Wall
Wall
Q Wall
=
14.56
[ 3.8 + - 5.5 ] - this - 5.5
a heat loss since it happens so early in the morning and will be neglected.
Q Wall
=
14.56
[ 3.8 ]
Q Wall
=
55 Watts
5.
Roof
Find decrement factor (f) from CIBSE Guide A (2006) Table 3.50, use
information from section 2(d).
The decrement factor is 0.88, time lag is 3.0 hours, U value 0.23 W/m2oC
If the maximum solar heat gain is at 12.30 pm and the time lag is 3.0 hou
then the time of the relevant sol air temperature is;
is at 12.30 hrs - 3.0 = 9.30 hrs
teo = sol-air temperature when Tabulated cooling load (q sg) is at 10.00 h
CIBSE Guide J (2002) - Table 5.36, dark wall, South facing gives 40.4 oC.
A correction can be applied to this since we are using outside air
temperature (to) of 28oC.
The tabulated maximum outside air temperature (to) from CIBSE
Guide J (2002) - Table 5.36 page A6-127 (July 4th) ocurrs at 16.00 hrs. and is
25.40C.
The difference in outside temperatures is;
28 25.4 = 2.6 oC.
The actual sol air temperature (teo) to use in this example is; 2.6 oC
+ 40.4 oC = 43 oC
Q
Q
25.8 )]
Q
Q
6.
Ventilation
7.
Qsi
Roof
Roof
Roof
Roof
=
=
=
=
37.19
[ ( 3.8 + 15.1 ) ]
703 Watts
Qsi =
n V (to - tr) / 3
Qsi =
1.0 x 623 (28 22) / 3
Qsi =
1,246 Watts
Q total
Qg
Qsg
Q total
470
Q total
17,434 Watts
+ 2,880
Qint. +
+ 12,080
Q
+
Wall
55
1,246
Watts
470
2,880
12,080
4. External walls
55
5. Roof
6. Ventilation
Total
Heat gain per m2 floor area = 125
W/m2
Heat gain per m3 space = 28 W/m3
2.7
16.5
69.3
0.3
703
4.0
1,246
7.2
17,434
100%
Q Roof +
703
In water coils, hot or chilled water or brine circulates through the tubes of the coil either
emitting or absorbing sensible heat as the air flows over the fins attached to the outside
surfaces. Usually the flow of water and air are in opposite directions to each other, this being
known as counter-flow heat exchanger. This configuration gives maximum heat transfer.
In the direct expansion coil (DX), or evaporator, a refrigerant evaporates inside the tubes of
the coil, as shown below.
Latent heat is absorbed by the air stream from the refrigerant as the refrigerant evaporates.
With this type of coil, as with steam, there is no distinction made between parallel and
counter-flow since the surface temperature is more uniform owing to the refrigerant in the
tubes boiling at a constant temperature.
When direct expansion coils are used they become the evaporator of the refrigeration cycle,
and may be termed either dry or flooded. In the dry DX coil only a sufficient quantity of
refrigerant is introduced to operate in the predominantly vapour state. In the flooded DX
coil most of the coil is filled with liquid refrigerant and although this is more efficient, it is not
used so much in air-conditioning since the additional refrigerant is expensive.
Evaporator coils come in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the type of installation,
the amount of cooling capacity needed, and the manufacturer. They are constructed of
aluminium finned copper tubing. The copper tubing runs perpendicular to the aluminium fins,
making U-turns back and forth until the desired coil size is achieved. Added cooling capacity
without an increase in length and width is accomplished by adding more rows of copper
tubing.
All evaporator coils must have a drain pan to collect the water that condenses as the air
flowing across the coil cools. The water can drain away by gravity or be pumped away.
The cooling effect that takes place inside the coil requires a pressure drop in the refrigerant.
This drop can be accomplished in a number of ways: capillary tube, piston or orifice, or
thermostatic expansion valve.
A capillary tube is a thin copper tube of predetermined length into which the compressed
liquid refrigerant is pumped. The length of the tubing causes the pressure drop and subsequent
cooling effect of the refrigerant.
A piston or orifice blocks the flow of refrigerant and forces it through a tiny hole, creating the
needed pressure drop.
A thermostatic expansion valve meters the flow of refrigerant to meet the cooling demand of
the coil. It determines this demand by way of a sensing bulb attached to the outlet tube on the
coil. Because it can meter the flow to meet demand, the expansion valve can keep the coil at
optimum cooling potential.
Because the cooling coil is an integral part of the air distribution system, its geometry size,
number of rows, fin spacing, and fin profile contributes to the airside pressure drop and
affects the sound power level of the fans. (Fan power needed to circulate air through the duct
system may warrant extra sound attenuation at the air handler.)
Water Removal
Moisture in air can condense in the air stream or when the air impinges upon a solid cool
surface. This can happen at sharp bends where water collects in a puddle at the lower surface
on the ductwork. A drain can be fitted on vertical sections of ductwork to remove water that
has collected. Ducts can also be insulated in areas where condensing moisture is likely to
occur.
In hospitals and other situations water in ducts is to be avoided since bacteria can multiply in
warm moist conditions.
Droplet separators have been developed to remove water droplet carry-over from cooling
coils. They consist of a media that can absorb
the water droplets and
transport them down through the material to
the drainage section.
The system shown below uses a glass-fibrebased material and the
droplet separator works best with air velocities
between 0 and 4 m/s.
The media is so efficient that it can arrest 100
litres of water
per cubic metre of media.
Some droplet separators are produced as
cassettes to
ensure easy handling. several cassettes can be
linked
together to achieve the desired surface area.
Psychrometrics
Introduction
The aim of this section of the notes is to allow students to size air conditioning plant such
as;
cooling coil, heater battery and humidifier.
The notes are divided into several sections as follows:
PSYCHROMETRY FOR AIR CONDITIONING
THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
EXAMPLES OF PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES
AIR CONDITIONING PLANT FOR SUMMER & WINTER
BASIC PROCESSES
TYPICAL AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
ANNOTATION AND ROOM RATIO
SUMMER AND WINTER CYCLES
EXAMPLES
The first section deals with Psychrometry for air conditioning and discusses some
properties of moist air.
A simplified psychrometric chart is shown for familiarisation, and some examples of how
to find air properties are provided.
A diagram of an air conditioning system is shown in schematic form in the section entitled
AIR CONDITIONING PLANT FOR SUMMER & WINTER.
Before sizing takes place the student should also understand the processes that take
place in air conditioning systems.
There are four basic processes for summer and winter air conditioning
systems.
The following basic processes are explained:
1. Mixing
2. Sensible Cooling and Heating
3. Cooling with Dehumidification
4. Humidification
The section on Typical Air Conditioning Processes shows winter and summer
schematic diagrams and psychrometric charts.
There are some more details that may be useful to the designer of air
conditioning systems.
Further information is as follows: Annotation, Room ratio
When the processes have been superimposed onto a psychrometric chart
then calculations may commence.
These are as detailed in the following sections of the notes.
Summer and Winter Cycles
1. Summer cycle psychrometrics
2. Summer cycle calculations
3. Winter cycle psychrometrics
4. Winter cycle calculations
5. Duct and Fan gains.
The final section is seven examples of plant sizing using psychrometric charts.