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UNIT 1
Reading Comprehension
HISTORY: THE DRUG REVOLUTION
The drug revolution began about 1800 and has continued to the present. During this
period, scientists have discovered hundreds of drugs. They have also discovered the cause
of many diseases, determined how drugs work, and learned much about how the body
functions. In the process, the practice of medicine has been revolutionized, in large part
by the use of drugs. Pharmacology has developed into a major science, and the
manufacture of drugs has become a large industry.
In 1796, Edward Jenner, an English physician, developed the first successful vaccination
in an effort to prevent the deadly disease smallpox. He vaccinated a boy with push from
blisters n a woman infected with cowpox. The boy the caught cowpox, a minor disease
related to smallpox. Jenner later injected smallpox matter into the boy. But the boy did
not catch smallpox because his fight with cowpox has made his body immune (resistant)
to smallpox. Jenners discovery led to search for vaccine against other diseases. This
search gradually developed into the science of immunology.
Scientists learned how to isolate (separate) drugs from plants during the early 1800s. In
1806, morphine became the first of the plant drugs to be isolated. Within a few years,
scientists had also isolated quinine.
In 1840s, the use of anesthetics during surgery was introduced by two Americans
working independently of each other Crawford Long, a physician, and Willian T.G.
Moston, a dentist. Later in the 1800s, the French scientist Louis Pasteur and the German
physician Robert Koch established the germ theory of disease. Pasteur proved that germs
caused infectious disease and that killing the germs responsible stopped the spread of
such diseases. Koch developed a method for determining which bacteria cause particular
diseases.
The pace of drug revolution quickened in the 1900s. In fact, most of the major drugs
used today have been discovered since 1900. Important developments in hormone
research followed the first isolation of a hormone in 1898. That year, an American
pharmacologist. John J. Abel, isolated the hormone epinephrine, also called adrenalin.
Scientist isolated several other hormones during the next 20 years. Then in the early
1920s, a research team led by Frederic Bating, a Canadian physician, discovered the
hormone insulin. Since then, this drug has saved the lives of millions of diabetics.
In the early 1900s, Paul Ehrlich, a German scientist, developed the new method of
treating infectious disease. This method called chemotherapy, involves the use of
chemical that attack disease-causing organism. It is also used to destroy cancer.
The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered in 1928 by British scientist Alexander
Fleming. A German physician, Gerhard Domagk, discovered the first sulfa drug, protocol,
in 1935. Scientist soon developed other antibiotics and sulfa drugs. This wonder drugs
were remarkably effective against many infectious disease.

Many other important drugs have been discovered since 1900. Barbiturates, which reduce
the activity of the nervous system and the muscles, were introduced in 1903.
Amphetamines, which stimulate the nervous system, were first used medically in the
early 1930s. Scientists developed several important tranquilizers in the 1950s, and birth
control pills appeared in 1960. Scientists first used recombinant DNA techniques during
the 1970s. These techniques involve inserting human genes into bacterial cells or,
occasionally, animal cells causing the cells to produce human protein. In the 1980s,
researcher applied recombinant DNA technology to produce large quantities of sugar
drugs as insulin and interferon. (Adapted from English For Medical Science, Fatimah,
siti:2009)

A. Choose the best answer based on the text above

1. When did drug revolution begin?
a. 1800
c. 1840
b. 1806
d. 1976
2. Edward Jenner discovered vaccine to prevent .
a. Cowpox
c. blisters
b. Smallpox
d. bodys puss
3. Who established the germ theory of diseases?
a. Crawford Long
c. William T.G. Morton
b. Louis Pasteur
d. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
4. Which of the following statement is true?
a. Edward Jenner developed vaccination to prevent cowpox disease
b. Koch developed a certain method to find bacteria cause smallpox
c. John. J. Abel developed adrenaline to save the lives of diabetics
d. Paul Ehrlich developed a certain method to threat infectious disease
5. The first plant drug to be isolated was .
a. Quinine
c. hashish
b. Morphine
d. marijuana
6. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
a. The founder of the first vaccination
b. Edward Jenners experiment in developing vaccination
c. The development of immunology
d. The victims of smallpox disease
7. What is chemotherapy?
a. The use of chemicals to attack disease causing organism
b. A kind of method to attack the germ-fighting antibiotics
c. The newest discovery of destroying cancer cell
d. A method to treat infectious disease
8. What does the phrase that year in paragraph 5 refer to?
a. 1898
c. 1918
b. 1900
d. 1920
9. Which of the followings was discovered by Berhard Domagk?
a. Penicillin
c. Arsphenamine
b. Prontosil
d. Antibiotics
10. Amphetamineis used for .
a. Reducing the activity of the nervous system
b. Producing human proteins

c. Producing insulin and interferon

d. Stimulating the nervous system
11. During this period, scientists have discovered hundreds of drugs (par 1). The word
discovered has similar meaning with .
a. Found out
c. Made
b. Continued
d. Examined
12. These wonder drugs were remarkably effective against (Par.7). What does the
phrase wonder drugs refer to?
a. Antibiotic and penicillin
c. Antibiotics and sulfa drugs
b. Sulfa drug and protosil
d. Penicillin and sulfa drugs
13. The scientists discovered the followings in 1800, EXCEPT....
a. Discovered the causes of many diseases
b. Determined how drugs work
c. Learned much about how the body functions
d. Prevented infectious diseases
14. Why didnt the boy catch smallpox when Jenner injected smallpox matter into him?
a. His body immune with all diseases
b. He succeeded fight with cowpox
c. He know how against smallpox
d. his fight with cowpox had made his body resistant to smallpox
15. What drugs were first used medically in the early 1930s?
a. Barbiturates
c. Amphetamine
b. Tranquilizers
d. Aspirins
A. Choose the correct form
1. house isnt as big as theirs.
a. Our
c. we
b. Ours
d. They
2. My children are too young to look after .
a. Them
c. their
b.
Themselves
d. they
3. Dont blame ; it wasnt your mistake.
a. You
c. your
b. Yourself
d. yours
4. Soimah left the matter entirely up to me.
a. He
c. his
b. Him
d. himself
5. John, Mary and rode their bikes all the way to the lake.
a. He
c. his
b. him
d. himself
6. The police . . . the news on television?
a. Had
c. have
b. Has
d. would have
7. Two years . . . arrested the thief.
a. Am
c. is
b. Are
d. was
8. Family . . . the most important thing in life.
a. Was
c. is
b. Were
d. are
9. My Jeans . . . got a hole in them.

a. Have
c. has
b. would have
d. had
10. I am going to buy. . . .
a. An box
c. some boxs
b. A box
d. a boxes
a.
b. B. Choose the incorrect word or phrase in the underline
choices.
c.
1. Sloths spend most of its time hanging upside down from trees and feeding on leaves
d.
A
B
C
e. and fruit.
f.
D
2. When the European settlers came in the seventeenth century, the newcomers began a
g.
A
h. systematic effort to push the Native Americans into the wilderness and to take
i.
B
j. theirlandfrom themselves.
k.
C
D
l.
3. Thereare not many people which adapt to a new culture without feeling some
m.
A
B
C
D
n. disorientation at first.
o.
p.

4. Those of us who have a family history of heart disease should make yearly
q. A B
B
r. appointments with their doctors.
s.
D
5. George Herman Ruth, which was better known as Babe Ruth, began his baseball
t.
A
B
C
D
u. career in 1914 with the Baltimore Orioles.
6. The understanding of electricity depends on a its knowledge of atoms and the
v.
A
B
w. subatomic particles of which they are composed.
x.
C
D
7. The U.S. Postal Service delivers moremails in one day than Federal Express does in
y.
A
B
C
D
z. one year.
aa.
8. One of the most distinctive plant found in the desert is the Saguaro cactus.
ab.
A
B
C
D
ac.
9. A thunder usually follows lightning by five second for every mile between the flash
ad.
A
B
C
D
ae. and the observer.
af.
10. The storiesof Dr. Seuss have been enjoyed by millions ofchildren around world.
ag.
A
B
C
D

ah.
ai.
aj.
ak.
al.
am.
an.

ao. UNIT 2
ap.
aq. READING COMPREHENSION
ar.

as. AMPHETAMINE
at.
au. The amphetamines are a group of synthetic drugs with slight chemical
differences among them. They include amphetamine (Benzedrine or bennies),
dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine or dexies), and methamphetamine
(Methedrine or meth or speed).
av. People have been using and misusing amphetamines for a variety of purposes
since they were introduced almost fifty years ago. Benzedrine was sold over the
counter through the l940s, in an aromatic form used to clear stuffy noses. From
the 1 940s on, use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread. Dieters used
them, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; students used them to stay
awake in all-night cramming sessions; truck drivers used them when they were
struggling to stay awake during long overnight hauls.
aw. The amphetamines have only two legitimate uses in medicine. First, they are
used in treating an extremely rare condition called narcolepsy (an uncontrolled
need for short periods of deep sleep). Second, they, as well as certain other drugs
with similar properties, have been used to treat hyperkinetic (uncontrollably
overactive) children.
ax. Some amphetamines have been combined, with each other or with barbiturates
or tranquilizers, in a variety of products marketed primarily for weight control.
(Prominent brand names include Dexamyl, Appetrol, Eskatrol, Nobese, and
Obetrol). But it seems unwise to use of any of the amphetamines as an appetite
suppressant.
ay. Unlike alcohol or ludes, amphetamines tend to be used by individuals who
want them or think they need them rather than to be shared in social situations.
In the short term -- with just a single, small dose-- amphetamines often have
unwanted side effects. These side effects include nervousness, elevated blood
pressure, and headache. These effects will be more annoying to some people
than to others and, obviously, amphetamines are more hazardous for some
people (such as those with heart orders) than others. In large doses or over
prolonged periods, amphetamines have unpredictable effects, which include
insomnia, dizziness, agitation, confusion, delirium, and malnutrition.( Adapted
from English For Medical Science Fatimah, siti:2009)
az.
ba. A. Complete the following unfinished sentences with the provided words or
phrases
1. Amphetamines, people have been using and misusing for a variety of purposes, were
introduced ... years ago.
a. over forty nine
c. since fifty
b. since fifty
d. none of the above
bb.
2.
Benzedrine in an aromatic form was used for
a. measuring high blood pressures
c. clearing severe injuries
b. calculating drugs
d. clearing stuffy noses
6

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

9.

1.

bc.
The use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread in
a.
the 1950s
c. 1950
b.
the 1940s
d. none of the above
bd.
In the past, dieters used amphetamines in pill form for
a.
stay awake in all-night
c. gaining weight
b.
losing weight
d. struggling to stay awake
be.
In the past, students dieters used amphetamines in pill form for
a.
stay awake in all-night
c. gaining weight
b.
losing weight
d. struggling to stay awake
bf.
One of the legitimate uses of amphetamines is
a.
treating hyperkinetic children
b.
treating the old people
c.
curing a patient with heart attack
d.
taking care of a prematurely-born baby
bg.
For weight control, amphetamines can be mixed with barbiturates or
a.
Marijuana
c. heroin
b.
Tranquilizers
d. caffeine
bh.
8. Some prominent brand names of amphetamines that have been mixed with
barbiturates are.
a.
Dexamyl
c. Eskatrol
b.
Appetrol
d. all of the above
bi.
Using amphetamines as an appetite suppressant is
a.
Suggested
c. prohibited
b.
Permitted
d. a and b
bj.
10. In the short term or in a small dose, amphetamines often have unwanted side effects
including all but
a.
elevated blood pressure
c. insomnia
b.
headache
d. nervousness
c.
11. In the longer periods or in a large dose, amphetamines often have unwanted side
effects including all but
a.
Malnutrition
c. insomnia
b.
Delirium
d. nervousness
bk.
bl.
bm. B. Choose one of the provided words that best keeps the meaning of the
original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word
People have been using and misusing amphetamines for a variety of purposes since
they were introduced almost fifty years ago.
a. Abusing
c. supporting
b. Activating
d. rowing

2.

Benzedrine was sold over the counter through the 1940s, in an aromatic form used to
clear stuffy noses.
a. dizzy
c. buggy
b. badly ventilated
d. bully
bn.
3.
From the 1 940s on, use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread.
a. Rank
c. revolt
b. Revive
d. extend
bo.
4.
Dieters used amphetamines, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; students
used them to stay awake in all-night cramming sessions; truck drivers used them when
they were struggling to stay awake during long overnight hauls.
a. Present
c. roused from sleep
b. Recognition
d. preserve
bp.
5.
The amphetamines are used in treating an extremely rare condition called narcolepsy
(an uncontrolled need for short periods of deep sleep).
a. injecting
c. designing
b. taking care of
d. interesting
bq.
6.
The amphetamines as well as certain other drugs with similar properties, have been
used to treat hyperkinetic (uncontrollably overactive) children.
a. uses
c. requirements
b. generosities
d. characteristics
7.
Some amphetamines have been combined, with each other or with barbiturates or
tranquilizers, in a variety of products marketed primarily for weight control. (Prominent
brand names include Dexamyl, Appetrol, eskatrol, Nobese, and Obetrol).
a.
essentially
c. originally
b.
trivially
d. unsightly
br.
8.
It is unwise to use of any of the amphetamines as an appetite uppressant.
a.
Low
c. flexible
b.
strong desire
d. dependent
bs.
9.
Unlike alcohol or ludes, amphetamines tend to be used by individuals who want
them or think they need them rather than to be shared in social situations.
a.
in order of
c. so far as
b.
instead of
d. provided
bt.
10.
In large doses or over prolonged periods, amphetamines have unpredictable effects,
which include insomnia, dizziness, agitation, confusion, delirium, and malnutrition.
a.
permanent
c. shorter
b.
continuing
d. longer
bu.
bv.
bw. C. Choose the correct answer
bx.
1.
Tuition at an American university runs
twenty thousand dollars a semester.
a.
So high as
c. as high as
b.
as high to
d. as high than
8

2.

The cost of a thirty-second commercial on a network television station is for

by.most businesses.
a. so much
c.very much
b. Much
d. much to much
bz.
3.
The seed heads of teasel plants raise the nap on coarse tweed cloth
than do
the machine tools invented to replace them.
a. more efficiently
c.more efficient
b. efficiently
d.most efficient
ca.
4.
The North American robin is only the European and African robins.
a. half big
c. half as big as
b. as big half
d. big by half
5.
In U.S. law, a misdemeanor is a crime that is
a felony, and usually
carries a term of imprisonment of less than one year for most offenses.
a. lesser than
c. less than severe
b. less severe than
d. severely lesser
6. Although both are mammals, the early stages of development on the part of placentals
differ from
.
a. Marsupials
c. those of marsupials
b. that of marsupials
d. those marsupials
7. Eli Whitneys cotton gin enabled the cotton producers of the early nineteenth century
to increase their production by
times the amount produced prior to the
invention.
a. more fifty
c. more than fifty
b. more as fifty
d. most than fifty
8.
250,000 species of fossils have been discovered in both organized,
scientifaic searches and by sheer accident.
a. as much as
c. as many
b. as many as
d. many as
9. The Norths abundance of Industry and commersial wealth proved to be a greater
advantage
in determining the outcome of the Civil War.
a. than originally thought
c. as originally thought
b. that originally thoughtd. originally thought
c.
10. The Woodstock Music and Art fair of 1969 captured the essence of the
counterculture movement of the 1960s
.
a. most than any of other events
b. best that any other event
c. than any other events
d. better than any other event
11.
12. A dancer, while always graceful and precise in her movements, trains
any
other athlete.
a. as strenuously
c. as strenuously as
b. more strenuously as
d. as strenuously that
13. The bank is to the post office.
a. Close
c. closer
b. Closely
d. closing
c.
9

14.

The little girl would not stay all night.

a. Quieter
c. quietly
b. Quietness
d. quiet
c.
15. How was he driving when the accident happened?
a. Faster
c. fasting
b. Fast
d. fastly
c.
16. My brother learnt to drive very .
a. Easy
c. easiest
b. Easier
d.easily
c.
d.
e.

10

f. GRAMMAR TASK 2
g. Find the underlined word or phrase which needs to be corected
h.
1. Alligators are about the same color than crocodiles, although the adults may be
i.
A
B
j. slightly darker with broader heads and blunter noses.
k.
C
D
1.
Laser discs provide images of best qualitythanthoseof either television signals or vidio
l.
A
B
C
D
m. tapes.
n.
1.
The New York City subway system is the most longest underground railroad operating
o.
A
B
C
D
p. In the world.
q.
1.
School children in the same grade in American schools are usually the same old as their
r.
A
B
C D
s. classmates.
t.
u.
1.
Benjamin Franklin was the editor of the larger newspaper in the colonies, a diplomatic
v.
A
B
C
w. representative to France and later to England, and the inventor of many useful devices.
D
1. The standard for cleanliness in area where a microchip is manufactured is same that of an
x.
A
B
C
y. operating room in a hospital.
z.
D
1.
Mountain bikes differ from ordinarily bicycles in that they have ten or more gears, more
aa.
A
B
C
ab.rugged frame, and wider treads on the tires.
ac. D
ad.
ae. 8. As a rule, the more rapidly the heart rate, the faster the pulse.
af.
A
B
C
D
9. Alike her friend and fellow impressionist artist, Edgar Degas, Mary Cassett used brush
ag. A
B
ah.strokes and colors in new and different ways.
ai.
C
D
10. Mr. Ron is the more patient teacher in our school. He never gets angry to us.
aj.
ak.