Fluid Mechanics 1 Lecture 1: Physics of Uids and Dimensional Analysis

Fluid
Mechanics 1
~

Lecture 1: Physics of uids and Dimensional Analysis
Guillaume Ducrozet

2013-14
Master in Appl. Sc. - Fluid Mechanics 1 Guillaume Ducrozet Ecole Centrale Nantes
Who am I?
Guillaume Ducrozet
Assistant Professor at LHEEA Lab. of Centrale Nantes

Research Lab. in Hydrodynamics, Thermodynamics and Atmospheric Environment,
UMR Centrale Nantes / CNRS
Part of research group working on Wave modeling and Marine Renewable Energies
Oce D212 / Guillaume.Ducrozet@ec-nantes.fr
Fluid Mechanics I course schedule

Mixing of lectures/tutorials

2h+2h lecture + 3h tutorial

Physics of uids and dimensional analysis

Navier Stokes equaXon

Fluid staXcs
Tutorials given by half (groups A and B)

Pedro Veras Guimaraes (group A)
Karin Blackman (group B)
Exam 2h: Jan. 7, no documents nor calculators
Fluids are everywhere!

In the nature
Water cycle Animals moXons
Animaux
Human body ows
etc.
AcousXque
AcousXcs
Fluids are everywhere!

In engineering
e.g. sectors where Centrale Nantes engineers are working
Nature of uids maIer states

Phase diagram

OccupaXon of space
Nature of uids microscopic point of view

Molecular physics
If, in some cataclysm, all of scienCc knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to
the next generaCons of creatures, what statement would contain the most informaCon in the fewest words? I
believe it is the atomic hypothesis (or the atomic fact, or whatever you wish to call it) that all things are made
of atomsliOle parCcles that move around in perpetual moCon, aOracCng each other when they are a liOle
distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another. In that one sentence, you will see, there
is an enormous amount of informaCon about the world, if just a liOle imaginaCon and thinking are applied.
Richard Feynman (Nobel prize 1965), Lectures on Physics

~1=10-10m

Molecules are aIracted and repelled
Fluid domains remain compact

A regular disorder
Neighbor
presence
probability

Temperature is a measure of molecular agitaLon
Hot liquid / Cold liquid

MaIer states as a funcLon of the temperature

Pressure is a measure of intermolecular collisions or on an obstacle
In a gas with constant temperature, pressure is (about)

proporXonal to density

At constant density, pressure increases with
temperature

When a gas is slowly compressed it gets hojer, when it
is expanded it gets colder

Pressure is a measure of intermolecular collisions or on an obstacle
Equilibrium between
internal and external
collisions
So far, we established links between:

Pressure / density
Pressure / temperature
Pressure / displacements
Unbalanced collisions
resulXng in a force
GeQng back to macroscopic scales

Macroscopic?

microuidics

large scale ows

ConLnuous medium and RepresentaLve Elementary Volume

M
Zone td'quilibre
StaXsXcal
hermodynamical
inhomogeneous
uid
fluide
non-homogne
V

thermodynamique
equilibrium zstatisti
one que

=lim M

V
d 3 V

fluide
homogneuid
homogeneous
REV
d
M
valeur
locale
local
value de
of =
V
L
V

minimal
bservaXon
chelle ominimale
molecular
radius re
smallest des
eddies

rayon
molculai
chelle
+ petits
Medium conLnuity
d'observation
scale tourbillons
~ 10-10 m

scale
~ 10-6 m
~ 10-4 m
Knudsen number

libre
parcours
moyen
mean free path
~ 10-8 m
Kn = Lc = 1

Dimension d'une
particule fluide:<<
d l << L

e.g. Boltzmann gaz:
=> local quanLLes
How to deal with a uid dynamics problem?

FLUID DOMAIN IniLal condiLons Boundary condiLons

FLUID mechanics descripLon (at local scale)

CONTINUOUS MEDIUM:
ConservaLon balances (valid in any conLnuous medium): mass, momentum, energy...
Forces involved: internal / external
(medium dependent) / (gravity, Coriolis, electromagneXsm...)

FLUID nature:
Mechanical: consLtuLve law
Thermodynamical: equaXon of state

FLOW characterizaLon
=> local kinemaLcs and dynamics characterizaLon /
global characterizaLon => DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS/ DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
Internal forces in a uid

Internal forces in a uid : pressure + viscosity

U1
U1 0
U2 = 0
Mixing layer
Stresses
Pressure (isotropic)

Viscosity (shear)
Role
Energy storage / driving gradient
HomogeneizaXon of the uid

(diusion of momentum)

Density and/or temperature

variaXons (of the considered
material volume)
Non-linearity of the velocity eld

I NO-SLIP CONDITION ON BOUNDARIES
I NO VELOCITY => NO VISCOUS EFFECT

Origin

Internal forces in a uid?

Forces at the interface (between 2 uids or 1 uid+1solid): surface tension

meniscus
Surface tension (N.m-1 ) :
E.g.: bubble equilibrium

minimizes interface area (sphere)
inner addiXonal pressure necessary to preserve that equilibrium
which is proporXonal to et inversely proporXonal to R
F
l
P =
2
R
R : curvature radius (m)

p2
p1
17
Summarizing
ConLnuum laws
Mechanics: balances of conservaXve quanXXes: mass, momentum, energy
(Thermodynamics if needed: laws of thermodynamics)
Fluid nature
Mechanics (consXtuXve law)
Stress-strain relaXon (cf. ConXnuum Mechanics course)
(Thermodynamics: equaXon of state
Liquid =o [1 (o ) + (P Po )]
Gas = f (P,
) )
Physical coecients
Nominal density (kg.m-3)
Viscosity coecients
Dynamic viscosity (kg.m-1.s-1, or Pa.s, or Poise (PI))
KinemaXc viscosity =/ (m2.s-1)
Thermal conducXvity coecient K (W.m-1.K-1) or thermal diusivity (m-2.s-1)
Surface tension coecient (N.m-1)
Sound speed c (m.s-1)

18
Addressing a uid mechanics problem

ConXnuum hypothesis + conservaXon principles
mechanics + thermodynamic laws
Rheology
ConservaXon equaXons in local form
ConsXtuXve laws
Navier-Stokes = PDE + IC + BC
CharacterisXc
scales

Dimensionless
numbers
Dimensional analysis
Similitude analysis
Physical analysis
Experimental approach
Classes of approximaLon
Laminar Incompressible
Turbulent Compressible
AnalyXcal soluXon
(exact integraXon)
StaXonary Perfect
Unsteady Viscous
Approximate soluXon
(empirical models)
2D isentropic
3D
---
Numerical soluXon
(discrete integraXon)
Dimensions and units

Dimension: measure to express physical quanXty

Unit: ParXcular way of ajaching a number to quanXtaXve dimension

Leads to a powerful tool: dimensional analysis
20
Global ow characterizaLon
A fundamental tool for an engineer: the DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Principle
Evaluate the orders of magnitude of the dierent physical phenomena at stake in the problem

ObjecLves
Get informaXon on the soluXon before solving the problem
Neglect phenomena of low inuence and so, simplify the problem
Make similitudes: extrapolate results obtained from a given scale (e.g. model scale) to another
scale (e.g. full scale) => opXmisaXon of the experimental approaches
Method
Find the characterisLc scales for all the problem quanXXes
Non-dimensionalize equaLons => make dimensionless numbers appear
Discuss the relaXve magnitude of the dierent terms (e.g. pressure, inerXa, gravity) depending
on the values taken by those dimensionless numbers
Make simplifying hypothese / characterize the ow
Link the problem variables one with the others / make similitudes


Determining the characterisLc scales of the FLOW

Length scale: l o (characterisXc length of variaLon of the problem variables)
Velocity scale: Uo (characterisXc ow speed)
Time scale: to (characterisXc variaLon Xme of the problem variables, or characterisXc variaXon frequency fo = 1/to)
Pressure scale: Po (characterisXc pressure variaLon over o in the ow)
Temperature scale: o (chracterisXc temperature variaLon over l o in the ow)
Flow past a body
Duct ow
U
D
l o = diameter (or radius)

U o = flow rate velocity
1
Po = ??? = 0 U o2 ?
2
o = fluid wall
to = ?
e.g.: advective transport
t o = l o / Uo
l o = diameter (or radius)

Uo = U
Po = ???
+ use of characterisLc quanLLes of the FLUID Standard density: o

Standard viscosity: o

1 U 2 ?
0 o
2
ApplicaLon to Navier-Stokes
of the orders of magnitudes of the terms
! equaLons Assessment
%
%%%
!
! !
! %%%%! %
!(
!

V
+ gradV .V = g grad P + V + grad ' divV *

#
"# "$$$
t
&3
)
"
$$
#
"
$$$$$$$
#
"$$$$$$$$$$$$$#

Non-staXonary
forces
Viscous forces

Pressure forces
Uo
InerXal forces
Uo
= o U o f o
o
P
o
o
t o
Uo2
l o2
lo
o
Gravity forces

lo
o g

One-to-one comparison of the physical eects involved in the momentum balance

U l
Reynolds Inertial forces
Euler = Pressure forces Po / o
=
o o o = Re
= Eu

2
number
number
Inertial
forces
Viscous
forces
o
o

incompressible
Inertial forces

Uo2
Uo2
Inertial forces
Mach
2
Froude
=
= Ma 2
=
= Fr ( ou Fr )
2
number

number
co
Gravity forces l o g
Pr essure forces
compressible

And many others
Strouhal
Non-stationary forces f 0 l o
Bond
(Bo) = gravity / surface tension
=
= St
number
Weber (We) = inerXa / surface tension
Inertial forces
Uo
Prandtl (Pr) = viscosity / thermal diusivity

...
23
ApplicaLon to Navier-Stokes equaLon

Flow characterizaLon
Reynolds number (lectures 1-2 and 2-1)
- Regimes (laminar / turbulent)
- Re : perfect uid hypothesis (no viscous eects)

Mach number (not studied in this course)
- Dynamic compressibility
- Subsonic / transsonic / supersonic / hypersonic regimes
- Weak compressibility
- Incompressibility

Froude number (lecture 2-1)
- Gravity waves
- Free surface

Thermodynamic eects (not studied in this course)
- Isentropicity, isothermal...

Flow types: Internal / external / inerface ows / head ows...

SystemaLc dimensionless numbers obtaining

Vaschy-Buckingham (or Pi) theorem
Theorem: Consider a physical phenomenon described by a relaConship involving n quanCCes. If k is the number
of fundamental dimensions necessary to dene the n quanCCes, then the relaConship describing the physical
problem can be wriOen as:
(1, 2 ,...., n k ) = 0
where
j are dimensionless groups of the n quanCCes (called dimensionless numbers).
Principle
Any physical phenomenon is a funcXon of a given number of quanXXes qi
Establish a physical law = look for a relaXonship f (q
1 ,q
2 ,....,q
n ) = 0 describing the phenomenon
This relaXonship is equivalent to (1, 2 ,...., n k ) = 0
It is obtained by homogeneity analysis for each fundamental dimension

Vaschy-Buckingham (or Pi) theorem applied to uid mechanics
Method
1.
List the n quanLLes (q1, q2, , qn) involved in the phenomenon (thanks to experience, physical sense)

will disXnguish a rst set of p quanXXes including all:
We

Geometric quanXXes (lengths, angles...),

KinemaCc quanXXes (velociXes, acceleraXons),

CharacterisXc FLUID quanXXes (standard density, viscosity coecients)

And quanXXes chracterizing the external forces (gravity... )

a second set of quanXXes of technological interest for the considered problem (force on an object, maximal
And

pressure, ow rate...)

2. Choose k quanLLes dimensionally independent among q1, q2, , qn

For a uid dynamics problem without thermodynamical eects accounted for, one can advantageously
choose the chracterisXc length, uid velocity and uid density as dimensionally independent quanXXes,
which will ensure that inerXa and pressure eects (always present) are easily accounted for, whatever the
hypotheses made.


Vaschy-Buckingham (or Pi) theorem applied to uid mechanics
Method

3.

Then compose the following pk

dimensionless groups:
2
.
.
.
pk
q11 q 2 2 ... q k k q k +1
q11 q22 ... qkk q k + 2

.
.
.
q11 q 2 2 ... q k k q p
Find the exponent combinaLons which make each of these groups dimensionless. To do so, one can
simply express the units of each quanXty involved as funcXons of the fundamental dimensions [M,L,T,]
One t hus gets the characterisXc dimensionless numbers of the ow

pk +1
4. Finally, compose n-p other dimensionless groups in the same way, giving
pk + 2
n-p funcXonal relaXonships between each quanXty of technological interest
.
and the chracterisXc dimensional numbers found previously.

.

.

n k

=
=
f1 (1, 2 ,...pk )
)
f ( , ,...
2
pk
.
.
.
=
f n p (1, 2 ,...pk )

Examples
Gravity wave celerity

Li{ and drag of a wing

Flow rate in a duct


!
c
Gravity wave celerity: c = ?
!
g
free surface

c = f (, , g)

: density

: wavelength

c g
L 1 1 1 3
n = 4 quanXXes
n-k = 1 dimensionless number 1
M 0 0 0
1 0 k = 3 dimensions
T 1 0 2 0
c = f (, , g) (1 ) = 0

= 1 g 2 3 c
1
c

1 =
g
Dimensional analysis

1 is the Froude number (Fr) which compares

1 ] = [ ] 1 [g ] 2
] 3
c]
[
[
[

inerXal and gravity forces
3 33
1
2 2 2
0 0 0
1
L M T =L
L T
M L
LT

0 = 1 + 2 33 + 1 1 = 1/ 2

0 = 3
3 = 0 is not involved!

= 1 / 2
0 = 2 2 1
2

c = 1 g
29

!
P


P = f (L,l , V, , , )

P l L V
L 1 1 1 0 3 1 1
M 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
T 2 0 1 0

= V 4 L4 4
1

2 = V 2 L2 2 l

= V 3 L3 3
3

1 1 1
4 = V L P

$L
'
P
= & , Re, )
V 2 L2
%l
(

!
R
!
T
V
L: chord
n = 7 quanXXes
n-p = 1 technological quanXty
k = 3 dimensions
l : span
n-k = 4 dimensionless numbers i
4 = (1 , 2 , 3 )
1 =
2 = L l
Dimensional
analysis
3 = VL
2 2
4 = P V L
or
3 is the Reynolds number (Re) which

compares inerXal and viscous forces
$L
'
= & , Re, )
%l
(
0.5 V 2 Ll
2 1 x 2
30

!
P


P = f (L,l , V, , , )

!
T

P
L

=
F
,
Re,
0.5 V 2 Ll
l

o
For l >> L, the prole can bi considered two-dimensional:

P
= Cz Re,

0.5 V Ll
!
R
L: chord
l : span
0.5 V Ll
= Cx ( Re, )

stall
C zy
105
10
20
3 106
107
Drag coefficient
3 106
105
Re
107
Lift coeficient.
Cx
31
Similitudes
Total similitude = geometrical similitude + equality of every dimensionless number
Model scale
e=
1 = (Re1 , Fr1 )
U2
U1 = ?
l1
<1
l2
UL
U2
Example: The problem is described by
=

(Re,
Fr)
with Re
= and Fr =
gL
2 = (Re2 , Fr2 )
Fealisability criteria:
Dierent uids
Froudes
similitude
Reynolds
similitude

IdenLcal uids
U 22 U12
=
gl 2 gl 1
U1
= e <1
U2
U1
= e <1
U2
2 U 2l 2 1U1l 1
=
2
1
1
= e3 / 2 !!!
2
U1 1
= > 1 !!!
U2 e
ParLal similitude: which choice to make?

32
Similitudes
Total similitude = geometrical similitude + equality of every dimensionless number
ParLal similitude generally speaking, we use:

!
Re similitude
when g has no primary inuence (liquid head ows, or gas ows)
Fr similitude
for free-surface ows
Ma similitude
for compressible ows
Link with classes of approximaLon

ApproximaLon
Re >> 1
Ma 0 Fr non relevant
Class of approximaLon
Isovolume ows
Perfect uids (under some condiXons!)
Ma < 0,2
Isovolume ows
Head ows, aerodynamics
Isovolume ows
Weak viscosity
Free-surface ows
Weakly-compressible ows (gas)
Ma > 0,2
Compressible ows (gas)
Re non relevant

Main criterion to keep

Dynamical similitude already
givzn from geometrical one
Re = U l /
Fr = U2 / g l
Re = U l /
Ma = U / c
Warning! These dimensionless numbers characterize ow regimes relax a similitude condiXon cannot be
possible if the ow regimes are not preserved!

33

Fluid Mechanics 1 Lecture 1: Physics of Uids and Dimensional Analysis

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Fluid

Lecture 1: Physics of uids and Dimensional Analysis

Assistant Professor at LHEEA Lab. of Centrale Nantes

Oce D212 / Guillaume.Ducrozet@ec-nantes.fr

Fluid Mechanics I course schedule

2h+2h lecture + 3h tutorial

2h+2h lecture + 3h tutorial

2h+2h lecture + 3h tutorial

Tutorials given by half (groups A and B)

Exam 2h: Jan. 7, no documents nor calculators

Fluids are everywhere!

Human body ows

Fluids are everywhere!

Nature of uids maIer states

Nature of uids microscopic point of view

Nature of uids microscopic point of view

Fluid domains remain compact

Nature of uids microscopic point of view

Nature of uids microscopic point of view

Hot liquid / Cold liquid

Nature of uids microscopic point of view

Nature of uids microscopic point of view

In a gas with constant temperature, pressure is (about)

Nature of uids microscopic point of view

So far, we established links between:

GeQng back to macroscopic scales

How to deal with a uid dynamics problem?

FLUID mechanics descripLon (at local scale)

Internal forces in a uid

Energy storage / driving gradient

HomogeneizaXon of the uid

Density and/or temperature

Non-linearity of the velocity eld

Internal forces in a uid?

Surface tension (N.m-1 ) :

E.g.: bubble equilibrium

R : curvature radius (m)

Addressing a uid mechanics problem

ConservaXon equaXons in local form

Dimensions and units

Determining the characterisLc scales of the FLOW

l o = diameter (or radius)

e.g.: advective transport

l o = diameter (or radius)

+ use of characterisLc quanLLes of the FLUID Standard density: o

+ gradV .V = g grad P + V + grad ' divV *

Prandtl (Pr) = viscosity / thermal diusivity

ApplicaLon to Navier-Stokes equaLon

SystemaLc dimensionless numbers obtaining

SystemaLc dimensionless numbers obtaining

2. Choose k quanLLes dimensionally independent among q1, q2, , qn

SystemaLc dimensionless numbers obtaining

Then compose the following pk

q11 q22 ... qkk q k + 2

One t hus gets the characterisXc dimensionless numbers of the ow

and the chracterisXc dimensional numbers found previously.

SystemaLc dimensionless numbers obtaining

Gravity wave celerity

SystemaLc dimensionless numbers obtaining

Gravity wave celerity: c = ?

1 is the Froude number (Fr) which compares

SystemaLc dimensionless numbers obtaining

Vaschy-Buckingham (or Pi) theorem