ANATOMY OF EYE

CARE GROUP
23/08/2010

ANATOMY OF EYE

CARE GROUP

23/08/2010

SCLERA
CORNEA
IRIS
PUPIL
AQUEOUS HUMOR
CONJUNCTIVA
LENS
CILIARY BODY
CILIARY MUSCLES
VITREOUS
RETINA
MACULA
CHOROID
SCLERA
OPTIC NERVE
ZONULES

SCLERA

It along with internal fluid

pressure, MAINTAINS THE EYES
SHAPE.

Six tiny muscles connect to it

around the eye controls Eye
movement.

In Children It Is Thinner the

translucent.

As we age the Sclera tends to

become more yellow.

CARE GROUP

The Sclera is the WHITE &

TOUGH wall of the Eye.

23/08/2010

CORNEA

Powerful REFRACTIVE SURFACE 2/3 of the total Focusing

Power

It contains no blood vessels thus TRANSPARENT, its

transparency is 95%.

It is the most sensitive surface.

The adult Cornea is only about

MILLIMETER THICK and it contains
5 transparent layers (outside to inside).
i) Epithelium, ii) Bowmens Membrane
iii) Stroma, iv) Descemets Membrane
v) Endothelium

CARE GROUP

Cornea is a DOME SHAPE Window Covers the front of the

Eye.
23/08/2010

IRIS

It is embedded with tiny muscles that DILATE AND CONSTRICT

the Pupils size.

It also CONTROLS LIGHT inside the Eye

As light condition changes, it dilates to make the Pupil bigger &

contracts to make it smaller.

Iris is flat divides the front of the eye

(Anterior Chamber) from the back of the
eye (Posterior Chamber).

Its colour comes from Microscopic

Pigment cells called Melanin.
The colour, texture & patterns of each
persons IRIS are as unique as
Finger-prints.

CARE GROUP

Iris is a colourful part of the Eye Black, Blue, Green, Brown etc.
23/08/2010

PUPIL

The Size of the Pupil determines the AMOUNT OF LIGHT

ENTERING the Eye.

The pupils size is controlled by the Dilators & Sphincter

Muscles of the IRIS.

Doctors often evaluate the reaction of

Pupils to light to determine a persons
neurological function.

CARE GROUP

The pupil is an opening in the center of the IRIS.

23/08/2010

AQUEOUS HUMOR
Aqueous Humor is produced by the Ciliary Body.

It provides nourishment to the Cornea, the Iris & the Lens.

It helps maintain the Dome shape of the Cornea.

23/08/2010

CARE GROUP

CONJUNCTIVA

Cells in this lining produce mucous that helps to lubricate

the eye.

This is the Eye first layer of protection against infection.

Inflammation of this membrane is called conjunctivitis or
pink Eye.

CARE GROUP

The Conjunctiva is thin clear Membrane, it starts from edge

of Cornea to inner Eyelids.

23/08/2010

LENS
Lens is transparent, Ellepside, Biconvex structure in the
eye. It is located behind the IRIS and it helps to focus the
refracted light on the Retina.

It is located in the Anterior Segment. Anterior of the Lens is

IRIS & posterior of the Lens is Vitreous.

Size 10.5 mm. in dia (Adult) & 4 mm.

(Embroynic)

In young people, the Lens changes Shape,

to adjust for full range of vision. This is
called ACCOMODATION. With age, the
ability to ACCOMODATE gradually
decreases Hardening of Lens.

23/08/2010

ZONULES
Zonules are 100 of strings that holds suspended Lens in
position (also called Guy Wires)

Enable to change shape for Distance or Close vision,

23/08/2010

CARE GROUP

10

CILIARY MUSCLES
Ciliary muscles helps the lens to changes its shape,

Ciliary muscles relaxes to flatten the Lens for distance

vision and close vision. It contracts rounding out the
Lens.
As we age Ciliary Muscles &
Crystalline Lens lose their
Elasticity. This is why most
people need reading lens by
their 40s.

CARE GROUP

23/08/2010

11

VITREOUS

The Viscous property of the Vitreous allows the eye to

return to its normal shape if compressed.

As we age it changes from a gel to the liquid gradually

shrinks separating from the Retina.

CARE GROUP

Vitreous is a jelly like liquid that fills about 2/3 of the Eyes
volume, giving it form & shape.

23/08/2010

12

RETINA

Retina has millions of photoreceptors cells Capture Light &

converts them in to electrical impulses which reaches the
brain traveling through the Optic Nerve.

Two types of photoreceptors cells in the Retina. Rods &

Cones.

Cones 6 million, functions best in bright

light and allows us to appreciate colors.

Rods 125 million, functions best in dim

light. The Rods are responsible for night
vision.

CARE GROUP

Retina A multi layered tissue lines the back of the Eye.

23/08/2010

13

MACULA

A Small but HIGHLY SENSITIVE part of the Retina

Responsible for Detailed Central Vision.

The center part of Macula is called FOVEA.

Macula helps us to appreciate details

& performs tasks that require central
vision such as READING.

CARE GROUP

The Macula is roughly in the center of the Retina, temporal

of the Optic Nerve. Maximum number of Photoreceptor
Cells on the Retina are on the Macula.

23/08/2010

14

CHOROID

The Choroid connects with the CILIARY BODIES towards

the front of the Eye and to the edge of OPTIC NERVE at
the back of the Eye.

It provides OXYGEN & NUTRITION to the Retina as it

contains Blood Vessels.

CARE GROUP

The Choroid is a Layer of BLOOD VESSELS between the

Retina & Sclera.

23/08/2010

15

OPTIC NERVE

Each Optic Nerve has about 1.2 Nerve Fibers. This is the
Cable connecting the Eye to the Brain.

While examining the Back of the Eye, a portion of Optic

nerve called the Optic Disc is observed.

Optic Nerve has no photoreceptors cells,

because of this everyone has a blind spot,
this is not normally noticeable because
the vision of both Eyes overlaps.

CARE GROUP

It transmits electronic signals from the Retina to the

Brain. It connects to the back of the Eye near the macula.

23/08/2010

16

Layers of Lens
23/08/2010
CARE GROUP

Continue

17

o Lens Capsule - It is Outermost Layer of Lens.

23/08/2010

o Lens Fibers - It forms in bulk & It is innermost Layer of Lens.

o Lens Epithelium This layer presents between Lens Capsule & Lens
Fibers.

CARE GROUP

18

Layers of Lens Fibers

23/08/2010
CARE GROUP

19

23/08/2010
CARE GROUP

20

EYE CONDITION

Myopia

23/08/2010

Emmetropia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism

CARE GROUP

Presbyopia
Cataract

21

EMMETROPIA

The Focus of the Eye is set for DISTANCE VISION without

the need of glasses

It happens when Cornea, Shape of Lens and their

distance from each other and the retina are in harmony.

The Cornea and Lens Focus

the Light from an object
perfectly on the Retina,
Creating a Sharpe Image..

CARE GROUP

Ideal State Of Eye No Refractive Error is present.

23/08/2010

22

HOW DO WE SEE
23/08/2010
CARE GROUP

OUR EYES WORK JUST LIKE A CAMERA.

WHEN WE LOOK AT AN OBJECT LIGHT RAYS
REFLECT OFF THAT OBJECT AND ENTER OUR
EYES THROUGH THE CORNEA.
THE LENS BEHIND THE CORNEA FOCUSES THE
RAYS ON TO THE RETINA,WHICH IN
TURN,CONVERTS THE RAYS INTO ELECTRICAL
IMPLUSES THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE OPTIC
NERVE TO THE BRAIN.THE BRAIN CONVERTS
THE ELECTRICAL IMPLUSES IN TO IMAGES.

23

MYOPIA

Can See Near Objects more Clearly than Distance

Object.

Longer than Normal Eye, Light Rays from Distance

objects focuses before the Retina. Results in blurred
Vision

Typically Detected in
School Age Children

CARE GROUP

Also known as Nearsightededness.

23/08/2010

HYPROPIA

Can See Distance Object more Clearly than Near

Objects.

Smaller than Normal Eye, Light Rays from Distance

objects focuses after the Retina. Results in blurred Vision

Typically Detected in
Babies and Young Children,
With Age It Decreases.

CARE GROUP

Also known as Farsightededness.

23/08/2010

25

PRESBYOPIA

CARE GROUP

The lens in the presbyopic eye cannot

change shape to focus on near objects

23/08/2010

After approximately 40 years of age, most people find it

increasingly difficult to read or see clearly at close range.
This condition known as Presbyopia is a normal part of
aging. It develops as the lens of the eye becomes less
flexible and loses its ability to focus on near objects.
Presbyopia should not be confused with hyperopia or
farsightedness, which relates to the eyeball being too
short, a feature that is present from birth.

26

ASTIGMATISM

Light focuses in two

different locations in
the astigmatic eye
At the retina, the
image is blurry

CARE GROUP

Astigmatism is a condition in which objects, both near

and distant, appear blurred like a funhouse mirror at an
amusement park. The cornea and lens of the eye should be
spherical. When one or both are curved more steeply in
one meridian than another, there are different surface
powers in different meridians of the cornea or the lens.
This uneven curvature prevents light rays entering the eye
from focusing to a single point on the retina. Astigmatism
often occurs in combination with myopia and hyperopia.

23/08/2010

27

SEEING DEPENDS UPON THIS ENTIRE CHAIN

OF EVENTS.
BUT SEEING CLEAR, FOCUSED IMAGES
DEPENDS LARGELY ON THE LENS.

SO WE CAN SAY THAT THE ROLE OF OUR

ORIGINAL LENS IS TO FINE FOCUS THE
LIGHT RAYS ENTERING INSIDE THE EYE.

CATARACT

A cataract is the clouding of the natural lens inside the

eye, when the human lens becomes so clouded that it
prevents the light and images from reaching the
retina.
So the vision with cataracts can be described as seeing
life through an old cloudy film.

But cataract is not a film over the eye, Neither diet

nor Laser will make it go away. Nor can it be
prevented.
Eye injury, certain diseases or even some medications
can cause clouding, but majority of cataracts are
simply a result of natural aging process.
The best way to treat a cataract is with surgery that
removes the old, clouded lens and replaces it with a
new artificial one to restore your vision, and in many
ways, significantly improve the quality of life.

SYMPTOMS OF CATARACT
VISION BECOMES BLURRY OR FOGGY.
COLOURS APPEAR DULL OR MUTED.
GLASSES NO LONGER WORKS.
SUNLIGHT OR OTHER LIGHT SEEMS
OVERLY
BRIGHT OR GLARING.
DECREASED NIGHT VISION.
SEE HALOS AROUND LIGHT.

Grades Of Cataract

Grade II

Semi Soft / Pre Mature

Cataract

Grade III

Mature Cataract

Grade IV

Hyper Mature Cataract

CARE GROUP

Soft Cataract

23/08/2010

Grade I

32