The Steel Construction Institute

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independent, membership basedorganisation.

of steel in construction. It is an

Membership is open to all organisations and individuals that are concernedwith the use of steel in construction.
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SC! s research and development activities cover many aspects of steel construction including multi-storey
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SL5 7QN. Telephone: (01344) 23345, Fax: (01344) 22944. World Wide Web site: http://www.steel-sci.org
This publication has been produced in associationwith the following:
British Steel - Sections, Plates & Commercial Steels
British Steel - Sections, Plates & Commercial Steels, produces and marketsstructural steel sections to BS 4 and
BS 4848, Parts4 and 5 i.e. principally universal beams, columns and bearingpiles, joists, channels,angles, split
tees and bulb flats. A Regional Advisory Structural EngineeringService is maintained to help specifierswith any
problemsrelevant to structural steelwork design and to provide a point of contact with the sales functions, and
BritishSteel Technical. A seriesof publications are available dealing with the steel productsand their use.

British Steel - Sections, Plates & Commercial Steels, Structural Marketing Department, Steel House, Redcar,
Cleveland, TS1O5QW. Telephone: (01642) 404040, Fax: (01642) 404983.
Associationof SpecialistFire Protection Contractors and Manufacturers Ltd.
The ASFPCM was formed in 1975 and is involvedwith many aspects ofpassive fire protection. The Association
currently represents more than 50 member companies, including all the major U.K. based passive fire protection
product manufacturers and specialist installers.
The Association is willingto make its specialist knowledge available on all fire protectionmatters and is able to
assist specifiers and main contractors, in identifying products suitable for specific passive fire protection
requirements. A listof members and publications produced by the Association is available from:
Association ofSpecialist Fire Protection Contractors and Manufacturers Ltd., Association House, 235 Ash Road,
Aldershot,Hampshire, GU124DD. Telephone: (01252) 21322, Fax: (01252) 333901

The British Constructional Steelwork Association Limited

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industry. The principalobjectives of the Association are to promote the use of structural steelwork; to assist
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The BritishConstructional SteelworkAssociation Limited, 4 Whitehall Court, Westminster, LondonSW1A 2ES.
Telephone: (0171) 839 8566, Fax: (0171)976 1634.

SCI PUBLICATION 160

Structural Fire Design:

Off-site Applied Thin Film
Intumescent Coatings
Part 1: Design Guidance
Part 2: Model Specification

Editors
E Yandzio BSc, MSc, CEng, MIMarE
J J Dowling BEng, MSc, CEng, MiMechE
G M Newman BSc, CEng, MlStructE, MIFS

Published by:
The Steel Construction Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot
Berkshire SL5 7QN
Telephone: 01344 23345
Fax: 01344 22944

 1996 TheSteel Construction Institute

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposesof researchor private study or criticism or review, as
permittedunderthe Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced,
stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permissionin writing of the
publishers, or in the case ofreprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms ofthe licences
issued by the UK Copyright Licensing Agency,or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by
the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organisation outside the UK.

Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers,
The Steel Construction Institute,at the address given on the title page.
Although carehas been taken to ensure, to the best ofour knowledge, that all data and information
contained hereinare accurate to the extent that they relate to either matters of fact or acceptedpractice
or matters ofopinionat the time of publication, The Steel Construction Institute, the authors and the
reviewers assume no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations of such data and/or
information or any loss or damage arisingfrom or relatedto their use.
Publicationssupplied to the Members ofthe instituteat a discount are notfor resale L7y them.
PublicationNumber:

SCI-P-160

ISBN 1 85942 038 9

BritishLibrary Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

A cataloguerecord for this book is available from the British Library.

11

FOREWORD
This publicationprovidesa new industry standardfor the use of off-site applied
intuniescent coatingsto structural steelwork in buildings. It is presented in two
parts.

Part 1:

Design Guidance for the use of Off-Site Applied Thin Film

Intumescent Coatings for StructuralSteelwork in Buildings

Part2:

Model Specification for the use of Off-site Applied Thin Film

Intumescent Coatings for StructuralSteelwork in Buildings

In Part 1, the backgroundto the use of off-site application of intumescent coatings

for structural steelwork is given; it acts as a referencetext for Part2.
The purpose of Part 2, the Model Specification, is to achievea greater uniformity
in contractspecifications relating to off-site applied intumescent coatings, which are
issued with tender and contract documents. Text in normal typeface is for
information andguidance only. The prescriptive requirements ofthe Specification
are each separately numberedandare presentedin bold text.

It is intended to updateboth documents at regular intervals. The Steel Construction

Institute would appreciate any observations, or proposals on the clauses as printed
here, or on any other matters which should be included in future editions.
The publicationwas edited by Mr E Yandzio and Mr G Newman of The Steel
Construction Institute andMr J Dowling ofBritish Steel. Technicalassistance and
contributions were provided by a steering committee comprising representatives and
organisations listedbelow:
Mr J McNeil

Mr L C Newman
Mr D Sugden/C Clark
Mr R Thompson
Mr Mc'Allister/D Storey
Mr D Smith
Mr G Burns
Mr E Hole
Mr G M Newman
Mr J J Dowling

Mr E Yandzio

Enob Treatments
FiSEC (Fire Safety EngineeringConsultants
Ltd) for Nullifire Ltd
W. &J. Leigh&Co.
Deborah Services Ltd
International Paint Ltd
British SteelSwindenTechnology Centre
Barrier Ltd
British SteelTubes & Pipes
The Steel ConstructionInstitute

British Steel - Sections, Plates & Commercial

Steels
The SteelConstructionInstitute

The work was fundedby British Steel - Sections, Plates & Commercial Steels and
the Department of the Environment as part of the Partners in Technology
programme.

II'

SUMMARY
coatingshave been used to provide fire protection to steelworkfor a
numberofyears. This publication is concernedwith a new development,namely,
the off-siteapplication of intumescent coatingsat the fabricator's works. Off-site
applicationhas many advantages. The two main advantages are a higher quality,
more reliable coating andreductions in construction programmewhich lead to cost

Intumescent

savings.

The publicationis in two parts. In the first part, the behaviour of intumescent
coatings are described and a brief introduction to structural fire engineeringis
presented. The use offire engineering will sometimes enable reduced thicknesses
of protectionto be used, althoughoff-siteapplication is still economically viable
withouta fire engineeringanalysis.
The secondpart takes the form ofa model specification for the application of thin
film off-site intumescent coatings. Clauses are given which can be used, as
required, as part of a specification. Some of the clauses are accompanied by
commentaryor explanation.

iv

CONTENTS
Page No.
FOREWORD

iii

SUMMARY

iv

Part 1: Design Guidance for the use of Off-Site Applied Thin Film
Intumescent Coatings for Structural Steelwork in Buildings
CONTENTS - Part

1-ui

INTRODUCTION

1-1

INTUMESCENT COATING SYSTEMS

1-2

OFF-SITE APPLICATION OF INTUMESCENT COATING SYSTEMS

1-5

STRUCTURAL FIRE RESISTANT DESIGN

REFERENCES

(to Part 1)

1-10
1-23

APPENDIX A: Classificationof Environment Type

1-25

APPENDIX B: Worked Examples

1-27

Part 2: Model Specificationfor the use of Off-site Applied Thin Film

Intumescent Coatingsfor Structural Steelwork in Buildings
CONTENTS - Part 2

2-ui

BACKGROUND TO MODEL SPECIFICATION

2-v

GENERALREQUIREMENTS

2-1

ENVIRONMENT AND IN-SERVICEEXPOSURE

2-3

MATERIALS

2-4

APPLICATION

2-7

HANDLING, TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, ERECTION

AND SCHEDULING

2-14

REMEDIAL WORK AND LOCALISED COMPLETION

2-17

INSPECTION

2-19

REFERENCES

(to Part 2)

2-20

Part 1:
Design Guidance for the use of
Off-site Applied Thin Film
Intumescent Coatings for Structural
Steelwork in Buildings

CONTENTS - Part

Page No.

INTRODUCTION

1-1

INTUMESCENT COATING SYSTEMS

1-2

2.1

Intumescence

1-2

2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

Intumescent coatings
Types of intumescent coatings
Intumescent coating systems

1-2

New products

1-4

1-3

OFF-SITE APPLICATIONOF INTUMESCENT COATING SYSTEMS

3.1

3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4

1-2

1-5

Description of application methods

Economics of off-site applied intumescent coatings
Benefits of off-site application of intumescent coating systems

1-5

Scheduling of intumescent coated steelwork

Handling, storage and transportation of intumescent
coated steelwork
Erection of intumescent coated steelwork

1-8

Assignment of responsibilities

1-8

Off-sitefire protection and composite construction

1-9

1 -5
1 -6

1-8
1-8

STRUCTURALFIRE RESISTANT DESIGN

1-10

4.1

1-10
1-10

4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

Fire resistance legislation

Fire resistance requirements
Fire resistance testing
Thermal response of steel sections
Calculation methods for evaluation of fire resistance

Intumescent thickness requirements

Determination of intumescent coating thickness
Additional requirements for beam supporting composite floors
Intumescent coating thickness requirements for concrete filled
square hollow sections
4.10 Connections in frames

-11

-11

1-14
1-17
1-17
1-21

1-22
1-22

REFERENCES(to Part 1)

1-23

APPENDIXA: Classification of Environment Type

1-25

APPENDIXB: Worked Examples

1-27

1ui

INTRODUCTION
are sometimes considered to be a recent addition to the
products available to provide fire protectionto structural steelwork. However, the
first patent on intumescents was granted as early as 1938, and the principles by
whichthesecoatings work are well understood. Since then, and in particular during
the last ten years, the use of intumescent coatings has grown significantly.
Intumescent coatings

Intumescent coatings are commonly usedto provide fire protection to constructional

steelwork, and currently have approximately 12% of the multi-storey market share
(by floor area). The majority of intumescent coating applications have been
traditionally performed on-site, with off-site application restricted to special
situations only. However, recent investment of capital for intumescent application
facilities, remote from the site, has increased the potentialattractions of off-site
application. Interest in off-site intumescent application is now considerable and at
the time of writinga numberof projects have beenundertakensuccessfully.
This Part of the publication provides design guidance relating to the use of off-site
applied thin film intumescent coatings for structural steelwork in buildings. It
clarifies issues that may arise from the use ofthe ModelSpecification for the use of
off-site applied thin film coatings (Part 2 ofthis publication). It provides information
on intumescent coatings, off-siteapplication methods and their use, fire resistant
designand background information relating to the specific requirements of off-site
application of thin film intuinescent coatings.

The infonnation presented in this document is specific to hot rolled structural

sectionsand hot rolled structural hollow sections, designedfor use in buildings.
Guidance on available intumescent coatings may be found in the ASFPCM
publication Fire Protectionfor StructuralSteel in Buildings1, commonly referred
to as the 'Yellow Book'.

11

INTUMESCENT COATING SYSTEMS

This Sectiongivesan insight intointumescent coating systems and provides guidance
on matching the systems to their in-service enviromnent.

2.1

Intumescence
The phenomenon of intumescence can be described as the reaction of active
components under the influence of heat to produce significant swelling. These
active components, or intumescents, expand to many times their initialthickness in
fire and, in doing so, produce a carbonaceous char, which provides a protective
layer to any substrate to which the coating has been applied.

2.2

Intumescent coatings
One of the beneficialuses ofthe phenomenon of intumescence is in its application

to insulate structural steelwork against the effects of fire. An intumescent coating

applied to a steel surfacecan provide sufficient protectionto the steel substrateto
ensure that most fire resistance periods required to meet building regulations
requirements can be achieved.
An intumescent coating system generally has three components, a primer, a basecoat
(thepart whichreacts) and a sealercoat. In some cases the primer andlorsealercoat
may not be necessary.
Intumescent coatingscomprisethe following ingredients:

A catalystwhich decomposes to producea mineralacid such as phosphoric

acid. Ammonium polyphosphates are commoncatalysts.

A carbonific such as starchwhich combines with the mineralacid to form a

carbonaceous char.

A binder or resin whichsoftens at a predetermined temperature.

A spumific agent which decomposes togetherwith the meltingof the binder,
to liberate large volumes of non-flammable gases. These gases include
carbondioxide, ammoniaandwater vapour. Theproductionof these gases
cause the carbonaceous char to swell to foam and expand to provide an
insulating layer many times the original coating thickness.

2.3

Types of intumescent coatings

Twod1stincttypes of intumescents are manufactured. They canbe classified as thin
film and thick film coatings.
Thin film intumescent coatings are most commonly used in industrial and
commercialbuildings. They are easy to apply and providea surface finish which
can be aestheticallypleasing. Thick film intumescents tend to be used where more
onerousconditions exist, for example,in the petrochemical industry.

1-2

Coating manufacturers should be consulted about the suitability of the intumescent

system for off-siteapplication, and about the on-site conditions to which it will be
exposed.

2.3.1

Thin film intumescent coatings

Thin film intumescent coatingscan either be solvent or water borne and typically
havea dry film thickness (d.f.t) no greater than 5 mm. Steelwork protectedwith a
thinfilm intumescent coating can achieve up to 120 minutes fire resistance, although
theyare mostly used for 30 and 60 minutes fire resistance. In the UKin 1994, up
to 70% ofmulti-storey construction (by floor area)hadfire resistancerequirements
of 60 minutes or less. By 1995 this figure was 85%.
Most thin film intumescent coatingsare for internaluse or for sheltered protected
locations in external environments, although some are available for long term
externalexposure. During the construction phase, some intumescent coatings can
be exposed to temporaryexternalenvironments but a protectivesealer coat would
usuallybe required.

2.3.2 Thick film intumescent coatings

Thick film intumescent coatings are usuallyepoxy based and typically have a dry
film thickness of up to 45 mm for 180 minutes fire resistance, or 30 mm for 120
minutes fire resistance. These materials have been developed predominantly for use
with hydrocarbon fires wherethe test heating regime is much more severethan that
used for most industrial and commercial construction. While thesematerialsmay
be used for off-site application in the construction industry, their use is not covered
in either Part 1 or Part 2 of this publication.

2.4

Intumescent coating systems

Although the intumescent basecoat is the main component providing the protection
from fire, it is only one part ofthe complete intumescent coating systemproviding
protection to the steelwork. Equal importance has to be placed on all the other
components and processes which go towards forming the complete intumescent
coating system. For a typical thin film intumescent coating system these include:

the preparationof the steel surface,

the application ofa primer, if necessary,
the application ofan intumescent basecoat,
the application ofa sealercoat where necessary, and
the application ofa decorativecoat where specified.
For most intumescent coating systems the sealer coat and the decorativecoat are a
single product.

The selection of each individual component must be specific to the needs of the
application in question, and each component must be considered for compatibility
with the other elements of the whole coating system.

1-3

2.4.1

Life of intumescent coating systems

Before the intumescent coating system can be specified, consideration should be
given to the environmental conditions that the system must withstand. The longevity
of the intuinescent system may be dependenton the environmental conditions to
which it is subjected during the life of the building.

In the majority of cases the application of intumescent systems to internal, dry

environments requires little or no maintenance over the lifetime of the building.

Where maintenance is required, it is usually to preserve aesthetic appearances

demanded by architectural specffications. However, the integrity of an intumescent
systemin a wet or chemical environment may requirea maintenance programme.

2.4.2 Identification of the environment

Whenan intumescent coating system is being selected, the environmentshould be
identified by consideration ofthe following questions:

a)

What is the nature of the general environment?

b)

Will the environment change after completion of the structure or in the

foreseeablefuture?

c)

Is there local pollution present e.g. sulphur dioxide, which could make the
environment more corrosive than is at firstapparent?

d)

Are there differentenvironments within the building?

e)

Do any special situations apply, e.g. water splash and residual poois,
vulnerability to damage near ground floor level?

More information on the classification of environments is given in Appendix A.

This information is taken from references 2 and 3.

2.4,3 Life to first maintenance

The life requirementof the intumescent coating system is based on the time which
can elapse before maintenance ofthe coating systemmay become necessary. That
time is known as the 'life to first maintenance' and is dependent on the in-service
environment and the propertiesof the selectedcoating system.

Correctly applied intumescent coating systems, exposed internally in corrosivity

categories Cl and C2 (see Appendix A, TableA. 1), in mostcases should not require
any maintenance for the design life of the building other than for decorative
purposesor where mechanicaldamage has occurred. For all the other corrosivity
categories, periodic maintenance of the sealercoat may be required. The advice of
the intumescent coatingmanufacturershould always be sought in these situations.

2.5

New products
Due to the continuing developmentofintumescent coating systems,new materials
will from time to time become available. So as not to preclude new materials, or
hinder their development, it is essential that all new materials are evaluated in
accordance with the details given in BS 8202: Part 2: Code ofpracticefor the use
ofiniwnescent coatingsystemsto metallic substratesforproviding fire resistance4.

1-4

OFF-SITE APPLICATION OF INTUMESCENT

COATING SYSTEMS
This Sectiondiscussesthe off-site application of thin film intumescent coatingsand
the technical and economic implications of their use.

3.1

Description of application methods

Historically, the driving force behind the use of off-site application of the
intumescent system has generally been restricted site access, so the use of this
process has tended to be for specific one-off situations, e.g. construction over busy
railways, etc. Off-site application of intumescent coatingsis now more technically
and commercially viable for widespread use.

Intumescentcoating systems applied to steelwork off-siteare applied either at the

fabricator's works (remote from the main fabrication line) or at a specialist
intumescent applicator's premises.
Off-site intumescent coating systems are applied under controlled conditions either
automatically or manually depending on the type of facility. Automated application
can be highly sophisticated, incorporating a productionline facility in which blast
cleaning, priming, pre-heating, basecoat application, oven drying/curingand sealer
coat application can be undertaken. Alternatively, manual application and natural
drying may be used economically. In both cases an effective intumescent coating
system can be applied with greatly improvedquality control.

3.2

Economics

of off-site applied intumescent coatings

Economic viability of a process can be determined by a cost-benefit analysis,

provided that all the contributing activities are identified and their corresponding
costs accuratelyobtained.

Whencarryingout a cost-benefit analysis it is important that a correctperceptionof

costs is obtained. A simple cost-benefit analysis which only takes into account
product and application costs, but excludes the consequences of the choice and
method of application on the total construction programme, will not result in an
accurate statement of total construction costs.

An off-sitefire protectioncost-benefit analysis has been performed by The Steel

Construction Institute on a commercial office building. This showedthat the main

cost savings generated by the off-siteapplication of intumescent coatings resulted
from the significant reduction achieved in construction time. For the typical eight
storey commercial office building examined, as much as three weeks savings in
construction time was shownto be achievable. This was based on an initial 67 week
constructionperiod. For shorter construction times, time dependent costs were
reduced. These savings were seen in the reduction of cost for preliminaries,
reduction in interest costs associated with the borrowing of capital for the
developmentand the additional income associated with early rental or use of the
property. Information relatingto the cost-benefit analysis performedby

1-5

The SteelConstruction Institute can be obtained from British Steel - Sections, Plates

& Commercial Steels, Structural Marketing Department, Steel House, Redcar,

Cleveland,TS1O 5QW.

In addition to the quantitative

cost benefits that can be detennined, additional

cost
benefits
can
also
be
achieved. These are listed in Section 3.3 below.
qualitative

3.3

Benefits of off-site application of intumescent coating

systems
The benefits of off-site intumescent coatings can be listed under nine distinct
headings:

Faster construction as a resultof

reduction in the number ofpreliminaries (see Note 1, below)

fire protectionbeingtaken off the critical path of the construction process

weather sensitivity being reduced.

Cost savings which occurbecause of

quicker return on investment as a result of fasterconstruction

the reducedcost of preliminaries (including scaffolding)
the potentialfor reducingfire protection material costs (see Note 2, below).

Improved quality control because

application is carried out under carefully controlled and supervised conditions

strict control of application standards is possible and a certifiable process

easily guaranteed

checks can be easily implemented throughout the applicationprocess

singlepoint responsibility is achievable (see Note 3, below).

Reduction in site disruption because there is

no need to seal off areas for fire-protection application

less labourrequiredon site

less equipment requiredon site for less time

less storagerequiredon site for materialsand equipment

a reduced onus on the main contractor to provideaccess and facilities for the
fire protectionapplicators.

Environmental benefits as a result of

eliminationor reduction ofproblemswith overspray

1-6

reductionin the level of solventemissions

the absence of airbornedust and fibressometimes associated with otherforms

of fire protection.

Benefits to servicing and other follow-ontrades because

the characteristics of a fully dried and hardenedintumescent coating allows
attachments for services to be connected as soon as the steel is erected and
withoutthe need to cut away material

follow-ontradesin general can start at an earlierstage.

More efficient design is encouraged because

material costs as a percentage of the total are high and so there can be
considerable benefits in designing with a view to optimising material and steel
costs (see Note 2, below).

IncreasedSafety On-site is achievable because

there are fewer trades on site

there is less equipment on site

there is no necessity to apply the coating in potentially dangerous areas

on-site, e.g. along edge beams.

Benefits in special cases

off-site fire protection can have particularadvantages where site access is

difficult or where site possession times are restricted (see Note 4).
Notes:
(1)

Main contractors' preliminaries consist of costs associated with site

management and on-site facilities. Examples are site accommodation,
provision of staff, security, plant, etc. Reducing the construction period
reducesthe time for whichthese must be provided.

(2)

See Section 4 and Worked Examples2 and

(3)

Off-site fire protection and associated activities (handling, transportation,

erection and repair) can be made the responsibility of one contractor. This
minimises, or removesthe possible incompatibilities and difficulties which
could arise when responsibility for the coated steelwork is shared.

(4)

Restrictionon site possessions can occur where constructiondemands that

access and facilities are denied for a period of time, for example when
construction takes place over transport routes.

in AppendixB.

1-7

3.4

Scheduling

of intumescent coated steelwork

In order to optimise the benefits of off-site application of intumescents coatings,

attention should be paid to delivering the coated steelwork to site in the correct
sequence for erection. Consideration should also be given to minimising storage
requirements both off-site and on-site.

3.5

Handling, storage and transportation of intumescent

coated steelwork
The applicationofintumescent coatingsto structural steelworkoff-site requires the
implementation of specific procedures for handling, storage and transportation.
These procedures minimise the amount of touch up and/or repair that may be
necessaryonce the steelwork has been erected.

Handling, storage and transportation of intumescent coated steelwork are operations

whichare uniqueto off-site applications and the workforce must be fullyconversant
with the procedures requiredto minimise damage. It is therefore imperative that the
main contractor and the affected tradesare aware of these specific procedures,are
educated to perform operations to specification and are fully aware of their
responsibilities.

Proper handling of an intumescent coated product from application off-site to

delivery and storage on-site is fundamental to obtaining a high quality finished
product. Appropriate lifting and support techniques must be used throughout all the
operations.

3.6

Erection

of intumescent coated steelwork

The workforcemust be fully conversant with the procedures requiredto minimise

damage. It is therefore imperative that the main contractor and the affected trades
are aware of these specific procedures, are educated to perform operations to
specification andare fully aware of their responsibilities.

Proper handlingof an intumescent coated productfrom arrival on-site to erection

is fundamental to obtaining a quality finished product. Appropriate lifting and
support techniques must be used throughout all the operations.

3.7

Assignment of responsibilities
Carefulconsiderationshouldbe given to assigning responsibility for maintaining the
integrity of the coating at all stagesof the application, transportation, storage and
erectionprogrammes.
Consideration should also be given to assigning responsibilityfor repair ofpotential
damage andprotection of connections (where necessary).

1-8

3.8

Off-site fire protection and composite construction

Where throughdeck stud welding is used in construction, care shouldbe taken in
the off-site applicationprocess to ensure that the flange onto which the studs are to
be weldedis free of any material which mightinterfere with theprocess. Studs will
notweld properlythrough an intumescent coating and so it is the responsibility of
the applicator to ensure that all surfaces onto which studs will be welded are
adequately masked off.

In some cases the stud welding process may generate sufficient heat to cause a
reaction leading to degradationof the coating, unsightly blemishes and blisters.
Tests carried out at British Steel, Swinden Technology Centre have indicatedthat
the issue is not one of intumescent basecoat reaction, since the temperatures
generated are neither of sufficient magnitude or duration, but rather one of blister
formation. l'his occurs as a result of gas release, a by-product ofthe meltingofthe
binders which occurs at lowertemperatures thanfullbasecoat intumescence. These
tests, and experience on projects previously carried out, have generatedguidance
on how to avoid the worst effects ofthis potential problem. This canbe summarised
as follows:

The amount ofblistering is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area

of the beam and its flange thickness. It is advisable therefore that design
should considerthe use of a small numberof larger secondary beams rather
than the use of a large numberof smaller secondary beams.

A single shear stud per trough is a preferable option and it should be

positioned directly above the flange/web junction. This maximises the

opportunity for the heat to dissipate quickly through the section. Welding
onto the outstand of the flange should be avoided wherever possible.

The electric current drawn by the welding process can be reduced by burning
through the deckingbefore welding the stud.

Water on thedecking should be avoided at all times as it increases the current

required for the welding process. Where water is present it should be
removed. Compressed air can be used for this purpose.

Where through deck stud welding is used in the construction process, the coating
manufacturer and/or the stud welding contractor should be consulted as to
suitability.

1-9

STRUCTURAL FIRE RESISTANT DESIGN

Considering the tire resistance requirements at the designstage can lead to reduced

fire protection thicknesses and so to considerable cost savings. This has particular
implications when using intumescent coatings,where the cost of the material is a
considerablepart of the total application costs, and also in off-siteuse where the
drying time, and thus the time spent in the applicator's works, is a functionof the
coating thickness.

This section providesa guide to:

current fire resistance requirements

methods by which design can lead to more efficient fire protection

specification

the theory whichforms the basisofthe designprocess.

Consideration is only given to profile fire protection solutions, where the protection
follows the profileof the steel section, in relationto the application of intumescent
coatings.

4.1

Fire resistance legislation

The requirementto provide fire resistanceto structural steelwork comes from the
Building Regulations(5), which state that "a building shall be designed and
constructed so that, in the event of a fire, its stability will be maintained for a
reasonable period". The Building Regulations do not however say what constitutes
a reasonable period,but documents are providedby the relevantauthorities to give
guidance. In England andWales this is Approved Document B, in Scotland it is
TechnicalStandard D and in NorthernIreland it is Technical Booklet E.

The provisions of these documents are the dominant source for detennining the
requirements for fire protection of structural steelwork. Exceptions occur where the
developer is advised to undertakea fire safety engineering approach or where an
insurancecompany requiresadditional measures.

4.2

Fire resistance requirements

In England and Wales, Approved Document B is non-mandatory. Its provisions are
intended to provideguidance for some ofthe more commonbuilding situations. Its

use is generally accepted as evidence that the requirements of the Building

Regulations have been met. However, solely following the requirements of
Approved Document B doesnot in itselfensurethat the requirements ofthe Building
Regulations are satisfied, and it recommends that, for many large and complex
buildings, only a fire safety engineering approachwill ensure a structurewhich is
safe in fire.

In Scotland, Technical Standard D has mandatoryforceand, in general, deviations

from its provisions are acceptable only where specified within the document or
where a relaxationis applied for and approved. Alternatively, where equivalent
1-10

levels ofsafety can be shown by innovative solutions, these will also be acceptable.
In such cases compensatory features maybe requested.

In Northern ireland, Technical Booklet E is closely modelled on Approved

Document B; however the requirements are, if followed, deemed to satisfy the
requirementsof the Building Regulations.

The requiredfire resistance will rangefrom zero (for some single storey buildings)

to maximum of 180 minutes for some multi-storey buildings. A 1994 British Steel
survey suggests that about 7% of all UK multi-storey steelwork by floor area

requires 30 minutes fire resistance, 60% requires60 minutes fire resistance, 10%
requires 90 minutes fire resistanceand 15% requires 120 minutes fire resistance.
The remainder is taken up by other periods. Intumescent coatings are used
predominantlyfor fire resistanceperiods of 30 and 60 minutes but many systems
may also be used for longerperiods.

If in doubt aboutthe fire resistance requirements of a particularbuilding,the user

is advised to consultthe relevantlocal authority.

4.3

Fire resistance testing

In the UK, fire resistance is expressed in termsof compliance with Parts 1 and 2 of
BS 476: Fire tests on building materials and structures6. All approved fire
protectionmaterialsfor use in buildings will have been tested in accordance with
this standard or equivalent. If necessary, copies of these reports or preferably
authorised independent assessment of fire performancecan be obtained from the
material manufacturers.

The fire resistance testis not necessarily intended to reflect the structural behaviour
that would be expected in real fires. It is a means of obtaining a measure of the
relativeperformanceof structures and materials within the test furnace.

In a fire test, loaded elements of structure are heated in a test furnace (using an
internationally accepted 'standard' fire) until they fail to support the applied load.
Thetime for whichthe load is resisted is the fire resistance. In the test, for beams,
failure is deemed to occur whenthe beam deflection exceeds specified limits and,
for columns, failure is deemed to occur whenthe column fails to support the applied
load.

4.4

Thermal response of steel sections

A steel sectionwith a large exposed perimeterH will receivemore heat than one

with a smallperimeter. Also, the greater the cross sectional area A of the section,
the greater is its ability to absorb heat. It follows thereforethat a section that has
a small heated perimeter perunit cross sectional area will heat up more slowlythan
a sectionwhere the ratio is greater.
The controlling parameterwhich defmes how quickly a sectionheats up in fire is
thus the ratiobetweenthe heated perimeterand the cross-sectional area
Hr/A. This
parameter is known as the section factor andwill vary between25 and 335 m1 for
the normal steel section range. Sections with a low value of
H1/A will therefore
require less fire protection than those with higher values. Somesections will heat up
so slowly that they can achieve 30 minutes fire resistance withoutfire protection. In
1-11

addition, sections whichare partially protected, e.g. beams carrying concrete slabs
andcolumns inblockwork walls, canhaveconsiderably enhanced fire resistance due
to the fact that the heated perimeteris reduced but the cross-sectional area remains
the same. In thesesituations the partial protectionalone may give the required fire
resistancebut where it does not, the protection thickness required is calculated on
the basis of the reduced section factor.
Formulae for the heatedperimeters ofvarious geometries are given in Figure 4.1.
Numerous published documents providing comprehensive section factordata for hot
rolled structural sections and structural hollow sections are available, one such
publication being the 'Yellow Book''.

4.4.1

Universal beams and columns

For universal beams and columns, the heated perimeter
determined and is illustrated in Figure 4.1.
(i)

H is relatively easily

Fully Exposed
Hp = 4B+2D2t

where B and D are the overall breadth and depth of the section and t is the web
thickness.
(ii)

PartiallyExposed

Where a beam supports a floor and the floor material is of a low conductivity which
acts as an insulatorto the upper flange.
Hp = 3B+2D2t

A suitable material is concrete. In the case of timber floors, the heated perimeter
for a fully exposedmembermust be used.

4.4.2

1-12

Castellated and cellular sections

Tests have shownthat the temperature of protected castellated and cellular members
increases at a slightly faster rate than for conventional I sections. It is generally
recommended that the fire protection thickness shouldbe calculated on the basis of
the HJ/A ofthe section from which the castellated or cellular section is manufactured
andthat this thickness should thenbe increased by 20%.

4.4.3 Structural Hollow Sections

(SHS)

For an SHS memberthe heatedperimeterH is illustrated in Figure 4.1.

(1) Fully exposed case

For a rectangularhollowsection

H = 2B+2D
(ii) Partially exposed case
For square or rectangular hollow sections, where a beam supportsa floor and the
floor material is of low conductivityand acts as an insulator to the bearing surface.

= B+ 2D
A suitable insulating material is concrete.
Additionalinformationon structural hollow sections in given in Section 4.9.

STEEL
SECTION

PROFILE
PROTECTION
4 sides

Universalbeams
and columns

3 sides

3 sides

/7///// //////

2 sides

'/J/////////,'

1 I _-

Partially
exposed

H
Hollow section,
squareor rectangular

2B2D+2(B-t)
= 4B+2D-2t

82D2(B-t)
= 3B+2D-2t

Partially
exposed

B+2d+(B-t)
2B+2d-t

B+D+2(B-t)/2
= 2B+D-t

4sides

3 sides

IL]

['L

28+2D

1 side

B+2D

,r

Figure 4.1 Heated Perimeters for some structural sections (intumescent

coating thicknessexaggerated)

1-13

4.5

Calculation methods for evaluation of fire resistance

Standard fire tests used in the appraisal of mtumescent coating systems normally

include loaded beam and columntests where the specimens are loadedto induce a
working stress approximately equal to the yield strength divided by 1.6. The
temperature of the specimens is recorded throughout the test and the mean
temperature calculated at the point in time when the load is removedbecause of to
imminent failure. This temperature, which may be up to 550C for columns and
620C for beams supportingconcreteslabs, is then used as a limiting temperature
in analysing data from numerous unloaded steel sections ofvarious shapes, sizes and
orientations protected with different intumescentbasecoat thicknesses. This process
results in the normal coating thickness tables for various periods offire resistance
to be found in manufacturers'data sheets.
There are situations, however, where it can be shown that the failure (limiting)
temperatures of steelwork in buildings would be greater than those used in the
general analysis of the intwnescent coating system, usuallybecausethe load in the
fire condition is less thanthat which would producethe maximum stress experienced
in the steelmember in a fire resistance test. In suchsituations it may be possible to
reducethe basecoat thickness. This will reduce material costs and may also reduce
the time taken to applythe coating and hencefor the coatingto dry.
The method of assessing fire resistance using limiting temperaturesis given in
BS5950: Part 8: Code ofpracticeforfire resistantdesign7) and informationon the
use of the Code is given in the SCI publication Fire resistant design of steel
structures - a handbook to BS 5950. Part 8(8). In this section, the basis of the
method is describedtogetherwith a more detailed descriptionof its applicationto
beams supporting concrete or compositefloors. The possibility of making savings
by reducing coating thicknesses is greaterfor protected beams than it is for columns.

In some limited circumstances BS 5950: Part8 allows steelrequiring 30 minutes fire

resistance to be unprotected. This only applies to heavy or partially protected
columnsand steel beams supporting concrete or composite floors. Fully loaded
beams must have a section factor of less than 90 m1. More informationmay be
obtained from references8 and 9.

4.5.1 Limiting temperaturemethod

The limiting temperatureof a member provides a simple way ofrelating the failure
temperature ofthe steel section to the load that it supports in the fire condition. The
method relates the temperature which the steel will reach at the required fire
resistance time (the designtemperature) to the temperature at whichthe element will
fail (the limiting temperature).

The limiting temperature is primarily a functionof the load on the section and the
type of exposure to the fire. For example, the limiting temperatureof a beam with
four sides exposed willbe less thanthat of the same beam carryinga concreteslab;
similarly a fully loaded beam will fail at a lower temperaturethan one which is
subjected to less than the full design load.
The ability to relate the applied load and exposure condition to the failure
temperaturein a fire allowsthe designerto assessthe fire protectionrequiredas a
function of the calculated failure temperaturerather than, as is usual, applying a
thickness to prevent the structure reaching the generally accepted failure
1-14

temperaturesas describedearlier. Not all intumescent coatingmanufacturerswill

have available data on coating thickness versus limiting temperatureso the user is
advisedto check before carryingout any calculations.
For members supporting insulating floors the critical element is the bottom flange.
For rectangular and squarehollow sections thebottom faceshould be considered as
the critical element and for circular hollow sectionsit is the bottom 25% of the
circumference. For members in compression or tension the critical elementcan be
taken as the hottest flange.

4.5.2 The fire limit state

Extreme events suchas fire in buildings

are regardedas an 'accidentallimit state'.

As such, partial loadfactors and material factors for fire resistantdesign reflectthe
fact that the structure is requiredto meet the deflection criteria for a given period
but withoutneed for further reserveof strength.
According to BS5950: Part 8 load factors for the fire limitstate are taken as unity
for dead load and permanent imposed load. The factor is reduced to 0.8 for
non-permanent imposed loads. If it is not possible to separate permanent and
non-permanent imposed load then a load factorof unity may be conservatively used
for both. The partial factor for windload is reduced to 0.33 for buildings greater
than 8 m in height (eaves height in pitchedroofs). The effect of wind loading may
be ignoredfor smallerstructures. Snow loads on roofsmay also be ignored. For
details of how to calculate loads using load factors see the worked examples in
AppendixB.

Loads in fire conditions should not be confused with 'fire load' which is the
equivalent weight of wood representing the calorific value of the combustible
contentsof a compartment or unit offloor area.
The partial factors on material strengthat the fire limitstate are taken as unity for
structural steel and reinforcement, and 1.3 for concrete.

4.5.3

Load ratios
The load ratio is a convenient measureofthe degree of utilisation of a member in
fire. It has a general definition of

Load ratio=

Load or moment at the fire limit state

Member resistanceat 20C

Table5 ofBS5950: Part8 gives limiting temperatures for different types ofmember
for a range of load ratios. This information is reproduced in a modified form in
Table4.1 and the data is applicable to hot rolled I, H andstructural hollow section
(SHS). A full descriptionof the derivation of Table 4.1 is given in reference 8.
The load ratio, R, is calculated using the load factors given in Section 4.5.2. For
most practical design cases the load ratio will be in the range 0.5 to 0.55.

1-15

Table 4.1 Limiting temperatures for design ofprotected andunprotected

hot finished members
Case Description of member

Limiting temperature(C) for load

ratios, R, of:
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

510

540

580

615

655

710

460

510

545

590

635

635

unprotected members,or protected

members complying with item (a) or
(b) of clause2.3 ofBS 5950: Part

590

620

650

680

725

780

other protectedmembers

540

585

625

655

700

745

unprotected members, or protected

members complying with item (a) or
(b) of clause 2.3 of BS 5950: Part

520

555

585

620

660

715

other protectedmembers

460

510

545

590

635

690

460

510

545

590

635

690

Members in compression, (seenote)

A 70

(1)

Slenderness ratio

(2)

Slenderness ratio 70

<X

180

Members in bending supporting

concrete slabs or compositeslabs:
(3)

(4)

Members in bending not supporting

concrete slabs:
(5)

(6)

Members in tension:
(7)

all cases

Note. .2.. is the slenderness, i.e. the effective length divided by the radius of gyration

4.5.4 Load ratio for beams

The limiting temperaturesfor laterally restrained beams supporting concrete or
compositefloors, Case (3) from Table 4.1, is based on analysisof fire resistance
tests carriedout by British Steel and reported in reference 10. The resultingdesign
data has beentaken as a lowerbound of the testresults. For temperaturesless than
600C the design curve was obtained by computer modelling.

The load ratio R for laterally restrained beams is defmed as:

R = Applied moment at the

fire limit state

Momentcapacity at 20C

Case (3) of Table 4.1 applies to unprotected members or to protectedmembers

which comply with clause 2.3(a) or (b) of BS5950: Part 8. These clausesrelate to
the strain limits and to maximum strains experienced in fire tests. Virtually all of
the commonly used fire protectionmaterialswill meet these requirements.

1-16

Beams not supporting insulating floors are considered to be heatedon all 4 sidesand
willtherefore fail at somewhat lowertemperatures thanbeams heated on three sides
only. In some situations these beams might be laterally unrestrained. For more
information on this case see reference 8.

4.6

Intumescent thickness requirements

Basic information on coating thicknesses, application, limits of applicability,
appearance, etc. on coatings manufactured by member companies ofthe Association
of Specialist Fire Protection Contractors and Manufacturers Ltd may be obtained

from reference 1.
Care should be taken in the use of the manufacturers'informationwhen assessing
the thickness requirements for structural hollow sections and castellated/cellular
beams, (see Section 4.4), to ensure that the data given is appropriate to the
application.
Where data is requiredfor failure temperatures other than those for whichpublished
data is available, the manufacturer should be contacted to check availability of the
data.

4.7

Determination of intumescent coating thickness

This Section is subdivided into two. Section 4.7.1 presents the procedure that
should be undertaken to determine intumescent coatingthickness assuming that the
sections are fully loaded. It is identified as the Standard Method. In Section 4.7.2
theprocedureis extended to describe methods ofminimising cost by optimisingthe
combined steel/intumescent coating cost. These are termed the Optimisation
Methods.
Appendix B contains examples showing how to determine the required thickness of
intumescent coating using the Standard Method and the Optimisation Methods.

4.7.1

Standard method
The procedure for calculating the thickness of intumescent coating can be most
effectively presented in the form of a flowchart. Figure 4.3 shows the activities that
need to be performedand the logical stepsthat should be followed. Knowing the
fire resistance duration, the section size and section factor, reference to
manufacturers' data enables the thickness of the intumescent basecoatto be readily
obtained.

1-17

Obtain section factor for

unprotected member

Is fire resistance required

equal to 30 minutes and
section factor within limit
of unprotected sections?

Yes

Calculate loadratio R for

member

No
Obtain intumescent
coating thickness from
Manufacturers data

No

Is R 0.6
Yes

No fire protection is
required

Figure 4.3 StandardMethodofdetermining intumescentcoating thickness

4.7.2 Optimisation methods

To obtain themaximum benefits from an optimisation method, the fire designshould
be integrated within the main structural steelwork design. Disciplines that are
involved in the steelwork and fire design should co-ordinate theiractivities such that,
by iterative means,an optimised, cost effective solution is achievablefor both steel
and fire protection. A flowchart identifying the fire design activities, and logical
steps which should be followed, is shown in Figure 4.4. The optimisedmethods
attemptto provide a rationalewherebyconservatism is minimised and where steel
and fire protection arejointlyconsidered to minimise costs. The workedexamples
presented in Appendix B show that in certain circumstances savingsofthe order of
5 per m2 can be achieved.
The following may be considered with a view to reducingfire protectioncosts.

a)

Steel section modification

The majority of structural steelwork design is carried out with the objective of
minimisingthe section weight and so the overall steel cost. In general, however,
lighter sectionsmean higher section factors and consequently increased basecoat
thickness. This has implicationsfor material costs and applicationtime. In certain
situations it may be possible to significantly reduce basecoat thickness by increasing
the section size and so reducing the section factor. In such cases a balance must be
struckbetweenthe saving in material costs and applicationtime versus the additional
costs of heavier sections.

1-18

It is also likely that increasingthe section size will decrease the load ratio of the
section. If so, further reductions in basecoat thickness can be achieved if the
manufacturer's information encompasses data on a range of limiting temperatures.
Where a different section size is proposed, advice should be sought from the
steelwork designer regarding any other implications that could result. This
optimisation method is sununarised in the form of a flowchart in Figure 4.4.
Calculations using this technique are presented in Worked Examples 2 and 3 in
AppendixB.

Steel materialupgrade
b)
The yield strength of high strengthsteel is appreciably higher than that of mild
strength steel and so substitution would result in reduced load ratios and
correspondingly higher limiting temperatures. Providing the manufacturer's
information encompasses data on coating thickness versus limiting temperatures,it
maybe possible to reduce the intumescent basecoat thickness required. The savings
from this must be balanced against any premium paid for higherstrength steels. See
WorkedExample 3 in Appendix B.

1-19

Calculate load ratio R

Determine limiting temperature

Determinedesign temperature
at the fire resistanceperiod

Is the limiting
temperature > the
esign ternperature?

Yes
No fire protection required

No
Determine the section factorof
the steel member

rangeof limiting
tempera

aavaiIableforaYes
No
Obtain intumescent coating
thickness fromManufacturer's
data

Obtain intumescent coating

thickness correspondingto the
specific limiting temperature

Calculatecombined steel and

coating cost

optimised?

Finish

No

Choose another structurally

adequate section size or

consider a higher gradesteel

Figure 4.4 OptimisationMethod of determiningintumescent coating thickness

1-20

4.8

Additional requirements for beam supporting composite

floors
Modern steel framed multi-storey buildings commonly use composite steel deck
floors which consist of a profiled steel deck with a concrete topping. Included
within the concrete is some light reinforcement. Indentations in the deck enable it
to act together with the concreteas a composite slab. The floor is structurally
efficient and economic to construct. Composite steel deck floors are almost
invariably used without any fire protection to the exposed steel soffit although,the
supporting beams are fire protected.

As a resultof research10, recommendationsfor the fire protection ofcomposite and

non-composite beams supporting steel deck floors are now avai1able11) These
include recommendations for the non-filling of the voids formed between the
underside of the steel deck and the top flange of the beam. The main
recommendations are summarised in Tables4.4 and 4.5. Particular note shouldbe
made of the recommendations for increasing fire protection thickness in some
situations where the voidshave been left unfilled.
When applying intumescent coating off-site, care must be taken to ensure that
surfaces onto which shear studswill afterwards be weldedare free ofthe coating.
This is to ensure that adequate bonding betweenthe shear stud and the beam takes
place. This bonding will not occur if welding has to take place through the coating.
Care must be taken to ensure that the top of the flange of the composite beam is
adequately masked offduring the application process. See also Section 3.8.
Table 4.4 Recommendations for fire protection

of trapezoidal profile

decking
Construction

Fire protection

Fire resistance (minutes)

of beam

Upto6O

90

Over9O

Composite
Beams

Intumescent
(Assessed at
620C)

Increase thickness
by 20% or use
thickness
appropriate to
beam section
factor + 30%
whichever is less

Increase thickness
by 30% or use
thickness
appropriate to
beam section factor
+ 50%, whichever
is less

Fillvoids

Noncomposite
beams

All types

Fill voids

Fillvoids

Fill voids

Note: In the case of an intumescent coating the requirement to "fill voids" is satisfied
providedthe uppersurface ofthe steel flange is coated to the same standard as the other parts
of the beam.

Table 4.5 Recommendations for fire protection of re-entrant (dovetail)

profile decking
Construction

Fire protection onbeam

Fire resistance

Composite or
non-composite beams

All types

Voids may be left unfilledfor

all fire resistance periods

1-21

4.9

Intumescent coating thickness requirements for

concrete filled square hollow sections
Design recommendation for concrete filled SHS are contained in a CIDECTdesign

guide'2. This method of verifyingthe fire resistance of concretefilled SHS was

developed as the result of an extensive fire test programme supported by ECSC and
CIDECT.

There may be occasions when the most economical solutionto the design of a fire
resistant concrete filled column will be to design for maximum structuralefficiency
and to obtain the required fire resistance by application of a conventional
intumescent system.

Provided that the thickness of protection material required is governed by heat

transfer to the column rather than fixing or stability considerations, then the
presenceof the concretecore may enable reductions in the protectionthickness to
be made compared with a similarunfilledsection. This, coupled with the reduced
section size and minimum surface area of SHS concrete filled columns, can lead to
significant eccnomies in the provision of fire resistance compared with other
solutions.

It is knownthat concretefilled hollow sections effectively have a reduced section

factorfor the purposes ofcalculating exterior fire protection thicknesses. Research
is currently being carriedout to quantify this effectbut at the time ofwritingthis has
not yet been completed. Further information may be obtained from British Steel Tubes & Pipes, P.O. Box 101, Weldon Road, Corby, Northants, NN17 5UA or the
intumescent basecoat manufacturers.

4.10 Connections in frames

There are two forms of connection in framed buildings; those that resist only shear

and axial forces in 'simple' construction, and those that also resist moments.

Both formsofconnection are generallydesignedto resist forces applied to them at

the ultimate limitstate, rather than to be equivalent to the strengthof the members
whichthey connect. This means that the concept of loadratio as used in the design
ofbeamsand columns should be usedwith care. Take for example, a beam that is
under-stressed at the ultimate limit state, but whose connections are designed to be
fully utilised at this load. In this case, in fire, the load ratio for the beam may be
low but the effective load ratio for the connection may be high. This wouldimply
that the limiting temperature ofthe beamis higher thanthat of the connection. Care
must be takento determine the correctthickness of intumescent coating in thiscase.

For connections that join members with different section factors or limiting
temperatures, BS 5950: Part 8 states that the thickness of intumescent coating
requiredshouldbe based on the member with the highest sectionfactor.
Further information pertaining to the fire resistance of connections can be found in
the SCI Technical Report Enhancement offire resistance of beams by beam to
column connections13.

1-22

REFERENCES (to Part 1)

ASSOCIATION OF SPECIALIST FIRE PROTECTION CONTRACTORS AND
MANUFACTURERS LTD (ASFPCM), THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION
INSTITUTE and THE FIRE TEST STUDYGROUP
FireProtectionfor structural steel in buildings, Revised 2nd Edition
ASFPCM/SCI/FTSG, 1992

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION

Draft Version ISO 12944, Paints and varnishes
Corrosionprotection of steel structures by protective paints systems
Part2: Classification of environments
ISO, 1994

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION

ISO 9223, corrosionof metals and alloys
Corrosivityof atmospheres and classification
ISO, 1992

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 8202: Coatingsfor fire protectionof building elements
Part 2: Code of practice for the use of intumescent coating systems to metallic
substratesfor providingfire resistance
BSI, 1992

THE BUILDING REGULATIONS

Manualto the Building Regulations
a)
Departmentofthe Environment andThe WelshOffice, HMSO, 1991
b)
Approved Document B, B2/3/4 Fire Spread
Department ofthe Environment andThe Welsh Office, HMSO, 1991
The Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations
c)
d)

Technical Standards, PartD

The Scottish Office,Edinburgh,HMSO, 1990
The Building Regulations (NorthernIreland)
Technical Booklet E
The Departmentofthe Environment for NorthernIreland, HMSO, 1994

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 476: Fire tests on building materials and structures
Part20: Methodfor determination ofthe fire resistance of elementsof construction
(GeneralPrinciples)
Part21: Methodsfor determination of the fire resistance ofloadbearing elementsof
construction
BSI, 1987

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 5950: Structuraluse of steelwork in building
Part 8: Code of practice for fire resistantdesign
BSI, 1990

1-23

LAWSON,R.M. and NEWMAN, G.M.

Fire resistantdesign of steel structures - A handbookto BS 5950: Part 8
The Steel ConstructionInstitute, 1990

BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT

BRE Digest 317. Fire resistant steel structures: Free standing blockwork-filled
columns andstanchions
HMSO, December 1986

10

NEWMAN,G. M. andLAWSON, R.M.

Fire resistanceof composite beams
The SteelConstructionInstitute, 1991

11

NEWMAN,G.M.
The fire resistance ofcomposite floors with steel decking (SecondEdition)
The Steel Construction Institute, 1991

12

1'WILTetal
Design guide for structural hollow section columns exposed to fire
Committee International pour de Developpement et l'Etude de la Construction
Tubulaire(CIDECT)
CIDECT, 1994

13

LAWSON, R.M.
Enhancement of fire resistance of beams by beam to column connections
The Steel ConstructionInstitute, 1991

14

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 5950: Structural use of steelworkin building
Part 1: Code ofpractice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled
sections
BSI, 1990

1-24

APPENDIX A: Classification of Environment Type

Enviromnents can be classified into atmospheric-corrosivity categories.

The draft version of

ISO 12944: Part 2: Classfication ofEnvironments2 has classified environments into six
differentgroups labelled Cl to C5-M. Table A. 1 identifies categories in greater detail.
The corrosivitycategories are defined as follows based on a measureof corrosion rates:

Cl

Very low

C2

Low

C3

Medium

C4

High

C5-I

Very high (Industry)

C5-M

Very high (Marine)

For corrosivity category Cl, which includes most internalsteelwork, corrosionprotectionis

not usuallyrequired.However, reference should be madeto the manufacturers'information
to determinewhethera primer is requiredto ensure good basecoatadhesion.

1-25

Table A.1 Classificationof Environment Types

Mass loss per unit surfaceand thickness loss
(first year to exposure)
Corrosivity
category

Low-carbonsteel
mass loss
(g/m2)

Cl

10

Zinc

thickness
thickness
mass loss
loss
loss
(g/m2)
(tim)
(sm)

1.3

0.7

Examples of typical environment in a

temperate climate (information only)

Exterior

Interior
Inside heated buildings
with clean
atmospheres, e.g.
offices, schools,shops,

0.1

hotels.

C2

10-200

1.3-25

0.7-5

0.1-0.7

Atmospheres with
low level of
pollution and dry
climate. Mostly

rural areas.

C3

200-400

C4

400-650

25-50

50-80

Unheatedbuildings
where condensation
may occur, e.g.
depots, sports halls.

Urban and industrial Productionrooms with

atmospheres,
high humidityand
moderate sulphur
some air pollution,
dioxide pollution.
e.g. food, processing
Coastal areas with
plants, laundries,
low salinity,
breweries, dairies.

5-15

0.7-2.1

15-30

Industrial areas and

coastal
areas with
2.1-4.2
moderatesalinity

Chemicalplants,
swimming pools,
coastalship and boat
yards.

Industrial areas with

high humidity and
aggressive
atmosphere.

CS-I

650-1500

80-200

30-60

4.2-8.4

C5-M

650-1500

80-200

30-60

4.2-8.4 areas with high

Coastal and offshore

salinity.
Note

Note 2

The loss valuesused for the corrosivity categories are identical to those given in Iso 9223: Corrosion
ofMetalsandAlloys3.

In coastal areas in hot humid zones, the mass or thickness lossescanexceedthe limitsofcategory
C5-M. Special precautionsmust be takenwhenselecting protective paints.

1-26

APPENDIX B: Worked Examples

WORKED EXAMPLE 1

In thisworked example the section size of the beam is chosen based on the philosophy of
minimum weight only. No assessment is undertaken to consider the choice of other
comparable section sizes with a view to reducingthe amount of fire protectionthickness that
is required. This situation is common in most designs where fire protectionactivities follow
on from the main steel designprocess and thus do not allow optimisation of combinedsteel
andfire protectioncosts to take place.
This workedexample showsthe steps involved in designing a floor beam for 60 minutes fire
resistance. Based on the chosenbeamsize determined from the structural designactivity, steps
show the procedureto determine the required intumescent coatingthickness.
Design Parameters
Simply supported beam with span, L, of 6.0 m, supporting a concrete slab ofeffectivewidth,

B, of 3.7 metres.
Loading

Imposed W is 5.0 kN/m2

Dead Wdl is 3.5 kN/m2

Ceiling andservices, Wd2 is 1.5 kN/m2
The beam is assumed to be laterally restrainedby the floor.
STRUCTURALDESIGN
The designis based on BS5950: Part 1: Code ofpracticefor design in simple andcontinuous
construction14.
A)

The maximumbendingmoment acting on the beamM,,.,. is givenby

(1.4Wd + 1.6W.)L2B
M max =
kNm
8

Therefore

+
Mmax = (1.4x5.0 1.6x5.0)x62x3.7
8

Choosinga grade S275 steel with a design strength

sectionmodulus is
M

____

249.75x106
_________
275

249.75kNm

of 275 N/mm2, the required plastic

=

908cm

Referring to section size tables and choosing a plastic section, the most economic section
(based on weight)is a 457x152x52 UB. The plastic section modulus is 1096cm3 which
is greater than the required section modulus of 908 cm3.
1-27

Therefore assumea section size of 457x 152 x52 UB, Grade S275 (formerlyGrade 43).

In this and the other worked examples, deflections of beams have not been
considered. This is to keep the examples simple and to focus on the principles
presented in the document. For a comprehensive structural design the actual

Note:

deflections must be detennined and comparedwith allowable deflections.

FIRE RESISTANTDESIGN
It is specified that 60 minutes fire protectionto steelworkusing intumescent coating is to be
provided. The designmethod is based onBS5950: Part 8: Code ofpracticeforfire resistant
design7.
B)

Section factor
Referring to the section factortables in reference 1, the section factorfor a 457x 152 X52 UB
heatedon 3 sides is 200 metres1. The top surfaceof the upper flange for the UB section is
ignoredin the calculation ofthe heatedperimeter because it is protected by the concretefloor
slab.

Fire resistance withoutapplied protection

i)

This section is included to demonstrate the procedure required to determinewhether a beam

requiresfireprotectionor whether ithas sufficientinherentfire resistancetomeet the statutory
requirements. Inpractice this willonly occur in beams ofthis typefor maximum ofaround
30 minutes fire resistance. However, the method is includedherefor illustrative purposes.

The criterion for load carrying capacity for simple beams is that at the end of the fire
resistance period the design temperaturedoes not exceed the limiting temperaturegiven in
BS 5950: Part8, Table 5. For a beam, the temperature ofthe bottomflange is consideredto
represent the limiting temperature.

For the 457x 152 x52 UB with a flange thickness of 10.9 mm, the design temperature is
938C (BS 5950: Part 8, Table 70)). This is the temperature which the unprotectedbottom
flangewould reach after 60 minutes exposure in a BS476 fire test.
The load ratio, R, at the fire limit state is calculated from:
R =

Moment

atfire limit state

Moment capacity at 20 C

The momentat the fire limitstate, M1 is equalto:

1pf

(1.Ox(Dead load + Permanent load) + 0.8xNonpermanent

loat

L2B

where the load factorsat fire limit state are:

Dead load = 1.0
Permanentimposedload = 1.0 (BS 5950: Part 8, Table
Non-permanentimposedload = 0.8

(If unable to separate permanentandnon-permanent imposedload, both load factorscould

1-28

have been conservatively be taken as 1.0.)

Assuming half the unposed(live) load is non-permanent
M1

= (1.Ox(5 +0.5x5) + 0.8x0.5x5)x 62 X 3 7

8

158.2kNm

As the section is plastic, the moment capacity is equal to the plastic momentcapacity.

M = o,S

= 275x1096x103 = 301.4kNm

Therefore
R =

158.2

301.49

= 0.52

The limiting temperature for at this load ratio is 644C (by linear interpolation, from
BS 5950: Part 8, Table
This is less than the design temperature of 938C, so the
beam
will
have
less
than 60 minutes fire resistance withoutprotection.
unprotected

5(

ii)

Fire resistance with applied intumescent coating

Datarelatingto required thickness of intumescent coatingis published by the manufacturer.

Whenusing proprietary data the restrictions on the use of any productshall alwaysbe noted.
Table B. 1 presents an extract of intumescentthickness datawhichis typical ofthe information
that is available from manufacturers. Data in the table relatesto 60 minutes fire resistance
for beams, based on a limiting temperature of620C.

Table B.1 Typicaldata available from manufacturerson intumescent thickness

Section Factor

Diy film thickness (dft)

(m1)

(microns)

0-170

675

171-190

775

191-250

875

Referringto the above table, for the section size 457x 152x52 UB with a section factor of
200 m1, the required intumescent coating dry film thickness is 875 microns.

To fulfil both the structural and fire resistance design requirements for 60 minutes fire
resistance,the following components are specified:
457x152x52UB, GRADE S275, WITH 875 MICRONS DRY FILM THICKNESS OF
INTUMESCENTBASECOATAPPLIED TO THE THREE EXPOSED SH)ES OF THE
SECTION PROFILE

1-29

WORKED EXAMPLE 2
The objectiveof this worked example is to present the procedures that can be implemented
to optimise the design of both structural steelwork andfire protectionmaterials with a view
to minimising total costs.

The previous worked example is extended to consider a numberof comparable sectionsizes,

and corresponding intumescent coating thicknesses, to compare relative total costs. The costs
are determined based on up-to-date fabrication costs for steel and application costs for
intumescent coatings. Based on the cost comparison, the most economically viable component
selection is chosen. The cost comparison highlights the savings that can be realised providing
circumstances allow optimisation to be implemented.
Using the same fire limit state conditions and allowable capacities a further five sectionsizes
are chosen where the plastic section modulus is close to the minimumrequired value of
908 cm3. Load ratios and limiting temperatures are determinedas in the previous worked
example using identical product data to determine intumescent coating thickness. The
summaryof the calculations is presentedin Table B.2.

Table B.2 Determinationof intumescentcoating thickness

Section Size

Load ratio
R

(cm3)

Section
Factor
(m1)

Limiting
temperature
(C)

Intumescent
thickness
(microns)

457x152x60UB

1287

175

0.45

665

775

457xl52x52UB

1096

200

0.52

644

875

406x178x60UB

1199

175

0.48

656

775

406x178x54UB

1055

200

0.55

635

875

356x171x67UB

1211

140

0.48

656

675

356x17lx57UB

1010

165

0.57

629

675

Section
Modulus

Cost of components
The following costs are assumed:
i)

Steel fabrication

it is assumed that the fabrication cost for Grade S275 steel is 840 pertonne. This is an all
encompassing cost including materialcosts, transport, erectionandsundry components.
ii)

Intumescent

application

Intumescentcoating costs listed are specific to off-site application and include costs for
materials, application off-site, transportation to site and the costs associated with touch-up and
repair after the service equipment has been installed on-site. Table B.3 below shows costs
correspondingto the thicknesses specified from manufacturers'data. These costs are for
illustration only. For actual design, specific applicator'scosts shouldbe sought.

1-30

Table B.3 Application costs for different coating thicknesses

Dry film thickness

Application cost

(microns)

(i per m2)

675

16

775

18

875

24

Costsummary
Total fabrication and intumescent coating costs for
Table B.4.

different section

sizes are given in

Table B.4 Cost summary for different section sizes

Section Size

Steelfabrication
cost (it)

Surface area

Intumescent

(m2)

cost / m2

Intumescent Total cost

cost

()

()

(ft)

457xl52x60UB

302

8.11

18

146

448

457x152x52UB

262

8.05

24

193

455

406x178x6OUB

302

7.98

18

144

446

406x178x54UB

272

7.94

24

191

463

356x171x67UB

338

7.38

16

118

456

356x171x57UB

287

7.31

16

117

404

Comparison of costs and selectionof the most cost effectivecomponents

Referring to Table B.4 it is apparent that the lightest steel section (457x 152 x52 UB) does
not produce the most cost effective solution. For this sectionthe thickness of intumescent
coating required is 875 microns,which is greater than the 675 micronsthat is required for
some of the heavier sections. For the heavier beams the section factor is reduced from
200 m1 to 140 in4. This reduction in section factorallows the intumescent coating thickness
to be reducedand enables intumescent application costs to be decreased.
In this casethe most cost effective solution is to selectthe beam size 356x 171 x57 UB. Its
11 %. However, the cost savings may still be
conservative because the intumescent coating thickness datais basedon a limiting temperature
of 620C. Referringto the table above it is seen that limiting temperaturesare in the range
629 - 665C. If datapertaining to this rangeof limiting temperatures couldbe madeavailable
from the manufacturer,then a closer examination could reveal a lower overall cost than the
one obtained above. Currently, however, comprehensive limiting temperature data is only
available for a small number of products. The use of this type of data is illustrated in the
following workedexample.

use will produce a saving of approximately

1-31

WORKED EXAMPLE 3
The objectiveof this worked example is to presentthe procedures which can be implemented
to optimise the design ofboth structural steelwork and fire protectionmaterialswith a view
to minimising total costs when coating thickness is based on limiting temperature.

The previous workedexample is extended to considerthe effect of limiting temperatureson

overallcoating application costsand also to consider the implications of changingsteel grade
(but keeping section size the same). This latter innovation will usuallyinvolve upgrading
from grade S275 (formerly grade 43B) to the same, or similar, size beam of grade S355
(formerly grade 50B); this willhave the effect of decreasing the load ratio which will in turn
increase the limiting temperature.
An intumescent coating manufacturer mightproducedata in the formatshown in Table B.5
for three sided beams requiring 60 minutes fire resistance. Interpolation is allowed for
intermediate temperatures.

Table B.6 gives details of typical application costs.

Table B.5 Example of manufacturers'data on coating dry film thickness

Intumescent coatingdry film thickness (microns)

Section Factor
(m1)

0 - 170

- 190
191 - 250
171

Limiting_Temperature

620C

670C

720C

770C

820C

675

600

525

450

400

775

700

625

550

500

875

800

725

650

600

Table B.6 Typicalapplication costs

Dry film thickness
(microns)

Application cost

per m2)

Dry film thickness

(microns)

Application cost
(k per m2)

375

10

675

16

425

11

725

17

475

12

775

18

525

13

825

21

575

14

875

24

625

15

900

26

At the time of writing the price differential betweengrade S355 steel and grade S275 steel is
comparitively small.
Interpolating betweendata for limiting temperatures, Table B.2 from Worked Example 2 can
be modified to give specific information for S275 sections (Table B.7) and S355 sections

(Table B.8).
1-32

Table B.7

Determination of intumescent coating thickness for S275 structural

steel I sections

SectionSize

Section
Modulus
(cm3)

Section
Factor

457x152x60UB

1287

175

457x152x52UB

1096

406x178x60UB

Load ratio

(C)

Intumescent
thickness
(microns)

0.45

665

708

200

0.52

644

839

1199

175

0.48

656

721

4O6x178x54UB

1055

200

0.55

635

853

356x171x67UB

1211

140

0.48

656

621

356x171x57UB

1010

165

0.57

629

675

Table B.8

(m')

Limiting
temperature

Determinationof intumescentcoating thickness for S355 structural

steel sections

Section Size

Section
Modulus
(cm3)

Section
Factor

457x152x60UB

1287

175

457x152x52UB

1096

406x178x60UB

Load ratio

(C)

Intumescent
thickness
(microns)

0.35

703

651

200

0.40

680

785

1199

175

0.37

694

664

406x178x54UB

1055

200

0.43

671

799

356x171x67UB

1211

140

0.37

694

564

356x171x57UB

1010

165

0.44

668

598

(m')

Limiting
temperature

Where the intumescent coating thickness determined liesbetweenthe thicknesses defined in

Table B.3, the next higher thickness and corresponding cost per m2 is used.

1-33

For a single floor beam spanning six metres the total costs for fabrication and intumescent
coating are given in Tables B.9 and B.10.

Table B.9

Totalfabricationand intumescentcoating costs for S275 structural

steel 1 sections (for a 6m beam)

Section Size

Steel
fabrication

Surface

Intumescent

area (m2)

cost m2

Intumescent
cost

(f)

(f)

cost (&)

Total cost

(f)

457x152x60UB

302

8.11

17

138

440

457x152x52UB

262

8.05

24

193

455

406x178x60UB

302

7.98

17

136

438

406x178x54UB

272

7.94

24

191

463

356xl71x67UB

338

7.38

15

111

449

356x171x57UB

287

7.31

16

117

404

Table B. 10

Total fabrication and intumescentcoating costs for S355 structural

steel 1 sections (for a 6m beam)

SectionSize

Steel
fabrication

cost

()

Total cost

(it)

Intumescent
cost
(it)

Surface

Intumescent

area (m2)

cost / m2

()

457x152x60UB

302

8.11

16

130

432

457x152x52UB

262

8.05

21

169

431

406x178x60UB

302

7.98

16

128

430

4.06x178x54UB

272

7.94

21

167

439

356x17lx67UB

338

7.38

14

103

441

356x171x57UB

287

7.31

15

110

397

FINAL COST SAVINGS

The cost saving betweenthe original choice,452x 152x52 UB, Grade S275 and the cheapest
option, the 356x171x57 UB, Grade S355 is 58 on a beam weighing 0.34 tonnes. On a
medium size building containing (say) 200 tonnes of beams with 6000 m2 of floor area, this
would equate to approximately 34,000or over 5.7 per m2.

1-34

Part 2:
Model Specification for the use of
Off-site Applied Thin Film
Intumescent Coatings for Structural
Steelwork in Buildings

CONTENTS - Part 2
BACKGROUND

TO THE MODEL SPECIFICATION

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1.1
1 .2
1 .3
1 .4

Introduction
Definition and allocation of responsibility
Factors influencing the choice of intumescent coating system
and method of application
Factors affecting the choice of application contractor

Page No.
2-iv
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-1

2-2

ENVIRONMENT AND IN-SERVICE EXPOSURE

2-3

MATERIALS
3.1 Specifying the intumescent coating system
3.2 Specifying intumescent basecoat thickness requirements
3.3 Specification and compatibility of intumescent and primer
3.4 Specification and compatibility of the sealer coat

2-4

3.5

Standard of cosmetic finish

APPLICATION

4.1

4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

Responsibility
Preparation for application at the works
Material supply
Storage of materials
Health and Safety
Environmental conditions
Marking of steel for identification and traceability
Steel surface preparation
Primer application

4.10 Masking
4.11 Condition of substrate for basecoat application
4.12 Intumescent basecoat application
4.13 Thickness control of intumescent basecoat

4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
5

2-4
2-5
2-5

2-6
2-6
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-9
2-9
2-9

2-10
2-10

Application of sealer coat

Application of an additional decorative coat

2-11

Quality Control
Calibration of dry film thickness gauge

2-12
2-13

HANDLING, TRANSPORTATION,STORAGE, ERECTION

AND SCHEDULING
5.1

Responsibilities

5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

Handling

Transportation and Storage

Erection
Scheduling

2-12

2-14
2-14
2-14
2-14
2-1 5

2-16
2-ui

REMEDIAL WORK AND LOCALISED COMPLETION

6.1

6.2
7

Physical damage
Localised on-site completion

INSPECTION

7.1

Records and Reports

REFERENCES (to Part 2)

2-iv

2-17
2-17
2-17
2-19
2-19
2-20

BACKGROUND TO THE MODEL SPECIFICATION

Part 2 provides

a model specificationwith commentary for the off-site application ofthin-film

intumescentcoatings. The set of clausesmay be used in its entirety, or applicableclauses

selectedfrom it, for incorporationinto the specific Project Specification as appropriate.

The 'model clauses', which have been identified on the following pages in bold type, have
been arrangedunder the headings listedbelow:

Generalrequirements

Environment and in-service exposure

Application

Handling, transportation, storage, erection and scheduling

Remedialwork and localised completion

Inspection.

Materials

with
in
Accompanying comment and explanatory text is also presented ordinary typescript,
the clauses.

The intention when drafting these clauses was that they should provide a "complete
but
specification"coveringnot just the thin film intumescent coatingsand their application,
etc.
relatedareas such as the preparationofthe steel substrate, inspection
Where a steelwork specification exists, which already includes issues such as fabrication,
clauses for intumescent coatings
workmanship, erectionetc., but whichhas insufficient or no
and their application, it is intended that an appropriateselectionof clausesfrom the Model
also need to be
Specification be 'added'. Other clauses in the steelwork specification may
modified, if further or more specificrequirements are given in this document.

For example, the National Structural Steelwork Specification for Building Construction1
includes several
(NSSS) is the industry specification for constructional steelwork, and already
of the clausesrecommended in the following pages, buthas no clausesspecifically providing
for intumescent coatings. Clause 1.1 of the NSSS states that referencesshould be made in a
for Building
Project Specification "to the National Structural Steelwork Specification
Construction being incorporated in the contract, andany additions or modifications that may
be required". The Commentary to the NSSS proposes a simple means of incorporating
additions to the basic text.

This Model specification for off-site applied thin-film intumescent coatings is intended to
the
and
provide clients and specifierswith the necessary information to facilitate adoption
standards
and
to
set
off-site
acceptable
application,
specificationof these coatingsand their
for industryto achieveandmaintain.

2-v

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1.1

Introduction
The required performance of the intumescent coating will be achieved only by
ensuring that a correct specification is met and that all procedures are correctly
followed.

To maximise the benefits of usingoff-siteintumescent coatingsit is recommended

that the principlesand guidelines outlinedin Part 1 are followed.
1 .2

Definition and allocation of responsibility

The use of off-site intumescent coatings requiresthe cooperationofpractitionersof
different trades andprofessions and ofsuppliers and subcontractors with independent
should be
managements.To ensure effective cooperationeach responsibleparty
within
the
overall
organisation
aware of the scope and limitsoftheir responsibility

of the project.
RIOO

Responsibifity for all operationsinvolvingthe use ofoff-site

RhO

The construction (Design and Management) regulations2 shall be followed.

1.3

Factors influencing the choice of intumescent coating

system and method of application

intumescent coating
systems for buildings, including design, specifIcation, transportation,
scheduling, erection and repair, shall be clearly and satisfactorily stated
between all parties involvedin the process.

The selectionof an intumescent coating system for off-site application, and the
method of application, are the result of a series of both quantitative and qualitative
judgementswhich are, in themselves, dependanton the relative importance given
to the various factors which must be considered. These factors can vary widely
environmental
according to the type of structure,its function, general location and
issues.

Care is necessary to ensure that quotations for apparently identical products or

services do in fact cover the same materials or application with the same consistency

andcontrol.
The following in particularshouldbe considered:

Handlingandtransportation

Storage

Erection

Remedialwork, touch-up and inspection.

Scheduling

Each of these activities are considered in detail in Sections 5, 6, and 7.

2-1

1.4

Factors affecting the choice of application contractor

R120

Contractors and their operativesshall provide evidence of their knowledge and

R130

Supervisorystaffshallhave an understanding of the principles of structuralfire

competenceand shall be appropriately skilledin the application of intumescent

coatings and, where appropriate, primersystems.
protection usingintumescent coating systems.

2-2

2
R140

ENVIRONMENT AND IN-SERVICE EXPOSURE

Thechosencoatingsystemshallbe compatiblewith its environment at all stages
of the application, storage,handling, transportation,erection and during its
in-service lifetime.

For full informationon environmental exposure, see Section 2 of Part 1.

2-3

MATERIALS

3.1

Specifying the intumescent coating system

R150

Confirmationshall be obtained from the coating manufacturerthat the system

is suitable for off-site application and the on-siteconditions to which it will be
exposed.

R160

The coating system shall comprise (wherenecessary)an appropriate primer, an

intumescent basecoat and (where necessary) a sealer coat.
An additional decorativecoat may be required. See Section 4.15.

R170

All materials shall be evaluated in accordance with BS 8202: Part 2: 1992:

Code ofpracticeforthe use ofintumescentcoating systems to metallic substrates

forprovidingfire resistance3.

A range of intumescent coating materials are available to enhance the fire resistance

ofstructural members. In the United Kingdom, fire tests on loadbearingelements

of building construction have to be carried out in accordance with the methods

outlined in Parts 20 and 21 of BS 476: Fire tests on building materials and

structures4 at approved laboratories. All UK approved materials must be
successfully testedto the requirements ofthese documents before being certified for
use. If in doubt, the manufacturer should be asked for a copy of the appropriate fire
test report or, preferably, an authorised independent assessment of all such fire
testing.

R180

The coating system shall be tested in accordance with BS 476: Parts 20 and 21.
The test report shall refer to the combination of primer (where necessary),
basecoat and sealer coat (where necessary) which has been tested. Specified
variations to either primer or sealer coat shall have been approved by the
intumescent coating manufacturer.

R190

Responsibifityfor specifyingthe fire resistance requirements to be met by the

intumescent coating system shall be clearly identified.
Product information on approved intumescent systems can be obtained from
individual manufacturers or from the publication Fireprotectionforstructural steel
in buildings5. Information may also be available from an independent certification
body (e.g. LPC or Certifier).

R200

Care shall be taken to ensurethat the productinformation is up-to-dateand

comprehensive.

2-4

3.2

Specifying intumescent basecoat thickness requirements

Once the fire resistance requirements for the building are known, the coating
thicknessmay be determined. Intumescent basecoat thicknesses may be obtained
from manufacturers'data, using the methods identified in Section 4 of Part 1.

R210

shall be clearly
Responsibifity for specifying dry film basecoat thicknesses
identified in the ProjectSpecification.
or
Responsibilitymay be allocated to either the Architect, Engineer, Applicator
MaterialSupplier.

R220

Where calculation methods are used to determine intumescent coating

thickness, the person carryingout the calculations shall use compatible design
codes.

R230

To establish the correct intumescent basecoat thickness to meet the fire

resistance requirements the followinginformation shall be made available:

Fire resistance period required.

Steelworkarrangementdrawings, clearlymarked to show the members

to be protected and the extent of protection.

Steelwork section sizes.

Natureofany partialfire protectionprovided by concretefloor slabs, fire

resistantwalls, etc.

Given the above information it will be possible to determine the requiredbasecoat

thicknessfrom the manufacturer'sdata. Where calculation methods, as described
in BS 5950: Part 8: Code ofpractice forfire resistantdesign6 or EC 3 or EC 4:
Parts 1.2: General rules - structuralfire design78 have been used to calculate
this
limiting temperatures, and basecoat thicknesses are based on these temperatures,
4
of
Part
1.
to
Section
shall also be clearly indicated (Refer
R240

the limiting steel

If a recognised structural design code is used to calculate
care shall be taken to
temperature, before performing any such calculations,
ensure that the manufacturer'sdata is available for temperatures other than
those at which it is normally assumed that 'failure' will take place.

3.3

Specification and compatibility of intumescent and

primer

R250

Where a primeris necessary, it shall be fully compatible with the intumescent

basecoat, under normalservice conditions and fire conditions.

R260

It is the responsibility of the specffier to ensure the compatibifity of the

proposed primer and basecoat combination. Where there is any doubt,
reference shall be made to the intumescent coating manufacturer.

2-5

3.4

Specification and compatibility of the sealer coat

The sealer coat protects the intumescent coating against moisture and forms an
integralpart ofthe fire protection system. It will also usuailyprovidea decorative
finish.

R270

The sealercoatshall be fully compatible with the mtumescent basecoat, under

normal service conditions and under fire conditions.
Normally the sealercoatwifi be provided by the intumescentbasecoat manufacturer.
However, it may be possible to use alternatives with the intumescent basecoat
manufacturer'sapproval.

3.5

Standard of cosmetic finish

The visual quality of the intumescent basecoat fmish will vary depending on the
method of application. For non-visible areas, the standardof finish achievedmay

notbe of concern.
R280

The required standard of final surface finish shall be included in the Project
Specification.

In order to satisfy the standardof visual appearance, samples may be prepared to

show the finishes which are achievable.
The type of finishes that can be specified are:
a)

Basic fmish

A basicfinish is appropriatefor non-visible areas, or where surfacefinish is

not important.

b)

Normaldecorativefinish
A good standard ofcosmetic finishgenerally whenviewedfrom a distance of
5 m or more. Minor 'orange peel', brush marking or other texture is
acceptable.

c)

High decorative finish

A high standardof evenness, smoothness and gloss level whenviewed from

a distance of 2 m or more.
R290

To ensurethat the required surface fmish will be obtained the intumescent

coating shall be of an acceptable standard before application of the sealer
and/or decorative coat.
A sealer coat or decorative coat is normally

a relatively thin coating which will

highlightthe texture ofthe surfaceover which it is to be applied.

2-6

APPLICATION

4.1

Responsibility
It isthe applicator's responsibilityto ensure that the intumescentcoating system
is applied in accordance with the coating manufacturersspecification.

R300

4.2

Preparation for application at the works

It is advisable to check with the manufacturers and/or suppliers, to ensure that
sufficient supplies of the specified materials are, or will be available, to meet the
constructionprogrammerequirements.

R310

If sufficient supplies of the specified materials are not available, care shall be
taken to ensure that any substitute materials meet the requirements of the
specification.

P320

The applicatorshall ensure that all equipment required to carry out surface
preparation and application of all parts ofthe intumescentcoating system to the
required specification are available and in good working order.

P330

The applicator shall ensure that all relevant Health and Safety data, application
instructions and method statements are available to the application personnel
and that theseare fully understood.

P340

Where required, mixing shall be carried in accordance with manufacturer's

specified instructions. Materialstaken from store shall attain the temperature
recommended by the manufacturer for use before being applied.

4.3

Material supply

P350

Before application, the applicator shall ensure that all materials supplied are as
specified and are within their shelf lives.

P360

The applicator shall request from the material supplier a 'Certificate of

Conformity' with each delivery.

4.4

Storage of materials

P370

Storage of all materials shall be in compliance with national Health and Safety

regulations and the manufacturer'swrittenrequirements.

As a generalguidethe required storagetemperature for all materialswillbe in the

range 5 - 30C.
P380

Material containersshall remain unopened until needed and shall be used in

date order.

2-7

4.5

Health and Safety

R390

The applicator shall comply with all relevant Health and Safety and
Environmental legislationfor all aspects of work.

4.6

Environmental conditions

R400

R410

Ambient conditions shall be measured immediately prior to the start of

intervals.
preparation/application and thereafter, at least at four hour
If ambient conditions are likely to be subject to change, the frequency of
measurements shouldbe modified, depending on the speed of change.

The ambienttemperatures and relative humidity shall be within the range(s)

recommended by the coating manufacturer(s) throughoutthe full application
and curing process.
Steel temperatureshould normally be between 5C and 30 C, and at least 3C
abovethe prevailing dew point.

R420

Applicationshall stop whensubstrate temperature falls to within3C ofthe dew

t.
4.7

Marking of steel for identification and traceability

Where calculationmethodshave been used to derive coating requirements, it is
It is important to
possible for similar sections to have differentcoating thicknesses.
erection
the
and
sequence.
ensurethat these are correctlyidentified for application

R430

Each steel member shall be uniquely identified. The identification system shall
be compatible with that usedin the erection method statement. The method of
identification shall not interfere with the application or operation of the
intumescent coating system.

4.8

Steel surface preparation

R440

Allsteel surfaces shallbe dean anddrybefore commencementofblast deaning.

R450

General surface contaminants shall be removed by appropriate mechanical

means.
Blast cleaning may not remove certain types of contaminant. Oil and grease
contaminants can be removed by the use ofsuitable emulsifying degreasers, suitable
clean organic solvents or by steamcleaning.

R460

Steel surfaces shall be prepared by removing scale and rust using abrasive
blasting to a minimum Sa 2 as defined in BS 7079: Part Al: 1989:
steel substrates
Specification for rust grades andpreparation grades ofuncoated
and ofsteelsubstratesafteroverall removal ofprevious coatings9 or equivalent.

A surfaceprofile willusuallybe specified withinthe range50 -75 micronsand in

general will not exceed 100 microns.
2-8

R470

Dust and spent abrasive shall be removed from all prepared steelwork.
Suchcontaminantscanbe removed by blowing downwith clean dry compressed air.

R480

Inspectionofthe preparedsteelsurface and anycorrective action requiredshall

be carried out as described in Table 8 Work Stage B of BS 5493: Protective
coating ofiron and steel structures against corrosion'.

R490

On completion the steetwork shall be moved to a clean area for subsequent

coating. The coating shall be applied before the blast cleaned surface
deteriorates.

4.9
R500

Primer application
When a primer is specified it shall be applied in accordance with the primer
manufacturer'sspecification.

R5l0

The dry film thickness of any primer shall be measured using one of the
methods givenin BS 3900: Part CS: Determination offilm thickness11to ensure
compliance with specification. These thicknesses shall be deducted from
subsequent basecoat thickness to give a true basecoat thickness measurement.

R520

Where thicknessesare foundto be outside the specification, the advice ofthe

specifier and/or primerand intumescentcoating manufacturer shall be sought.
Remedial action shall be carried out as necessary.

4.10

Masking

R530

The applicatorshall ensure that areas previouslydefined as requiringno fire

protection duringthe off-site application process shall be adequately masked.

4.11 Condition of substrate for basecoat application

4.11.1 Linprimed Substrate
R540

Where a primer has not been specified, the steel surface shall be prepared in
accordance with the requirements specified in Section 4.8.

4.11.2 Primed substrate

R550

Before application of intumescent basecoat is carried out, the following

conditions shall be met:

The primer shall be intact and free from damage and degradation.

The primer shall be within its stated overcoating period.

The primed surface shall be clean, dry and free from all surface
contamination.

2-9

4.12 Intumescent basecoat application

RS6O

Intumescent basecoat application shall be carried out fully in accordance with

the manufacturer'sspecification.

Airless spray is the generally recommended method of intumescent basecoat

methods.
application. Brush and roller application are also acceptable

For infonnationon thicknesses achievable per coat, refer to the manufacturer's data
sheets.

4.13 Thickness control of intumescent basecoat

4.13.1 Wet film thickness
R570

Wetfilm thicknessmeasurementsshallbe takenas necessaryduringapplication

usinga wet film comb or similar.
These readingsare a guide to the applicatorto ensure that the required dry film
thicknessof the basecoatis achieved.

Wet film thickness (w.f.t.) measurements indicate the thickness of an individual

coat. On subsequent coats, care should be takenas readings maybe misleading due
to the gauge sinking into a softened previous coat. The use of a small steel plate
placedon the surfaceto checkthe w.f.t. ofsubsequent coatsmay be used and these
areas then repaired.

R580

Information on the wet film thickness necessary to give a specffied dry film
thickness shall be obtained from the intumescent manufacturer.

4.13.2 Dry film thickness

R590

The final dry film thickness achieved (allowing for primer) shall be in
accordance with the specification.
The measurementgauges and the procedures for their use are describedfully in
BS 3900: Part CS: Determinationofflim thickness"

R600

A gauge employingthe electro-magneticinduction principle shall be used for

measuring. Such instruments shall have a range appropriateto the specified
dry filmthickness and shall be capable of storingdata. The instrumentsshall
be calibratedon a smooth steel plate prior to use.

R610

Dry film thickness readings shall be taken when the intmnescent basecoat is
sufficientlyhard and dryto preventthe probe indenting the surface.
Readings shall be taken as follows.

I sections, Teesections and Channels:

Webs:

Outer flanges:
Inner flanges:

2-10

Tworeadings per metre length on each face.

Two readings per metre length on each face.
Onereading per metre length on each face.

Squareand rectangularhollow sectionsand angles:

Two readings per metre length on eachface.

Circular hollow sections:

Eight readings per metre length spread evenly around the section.

Extra spot checks shall also be made at intermediate positions. No readings

taken within 25 mm ofa flange edge or a web-flangejunctionshall be used for
the purposes of assessingadequacy.
R620

Dry film thickness readings shall be recorded, on the basis of the section
identifier,togetherwith details ofthe number ofreadings and the maximum,
minimum, mean and standard deviation of the coating thickness. These
readings shall form a part ofthe quality control records.
Guidance on any subsequent on-site measurement can be obtained from the
document On-site measurement ofintumescentcoatings, Part 1(12) published by The
Association of Specialist Fire ProtectionContractorsand Manufacturers.

4.13.3 Dry film thickness acceptance criteria

R630

The acceptance criteria shall be as follows, based on the specified thickness

beinga nomin1 value:

The average valueshall be equal to or greater than the nominsilvalue.

The average measureddry film thickness on any face of any member

shall not be less than 80% ofthe specified nominsil value.

All dryfilmthickness values shall be at least 80% of the nominsI value.

Guidanceon any subsequent on-site acceptance criteria can be obtained from the
document On-site measurement ofintumescentcoatings, Part j(l2) published by The
Association of Specialist Fire ProtectionContractors and Manufacturers.

4.14 Application of sealer coat

R640

Where a sealer coat is specified it shall be applied in accordance with the

manufachirer'sspecification.

R650

Care shall be takento ensure that the intumescentbasecoat is fully dryprior to

the application of any sealercoat.
The ambient conditions will greatly affect such drying times, and the ability to
control such conditions in off-site application may significantly reduce total
application times.

Most intumescent systems will require a sealer coat to be applied prior to any
externalexposure.

2-11

to the
The protective/decorative coating thickness is difficult to measure due low
variance in thickness of the underlying coats and its own usual relatively
ensure the longevity
thickness. However,the correctthickness may be important to
of the system.
R660

tolerances shall be obtained by

Application ofthe sealercoat within specified
defectsprior
careful monitoring ofmaterial usage and the eliminationofsurface
to application.
the requirements
Where visual inspection is not acceptable on its own as proofthatthat the
applicator
for thickness ofthe sealer coathavebeen met, it is recommended
Method
3.
uses ISO 2808: Methods oftests forpaints03,

4.15 Application of an additional decorative coat

R670

with the intumescent

Anyadditional decorativecoating shall be fullycompatible
system and shall not inhibitits fire resistance performance.
fmish.
It is normal for the sealer coat alone to provide the required decorative
basecoat
inturnescent
Where any additional coatings are required,the advice of the
manufacturershouldbe sought.

4.16 Quality Control

4.16.1 Quality Control procedures
detailed written
R680
Application shall be carried out according to the applicator's
qualityplan and procedures.
Where requested, such information should be made available to the specifier
the specifier's agents.

and/or

4.16.2 Quality Control equipment

R690

to ensure that
Appropriate quality control equipment shall be available, For smooth steel
application is carriedout in accordance with the specification.
used for
calibration, the instructions of the manufacturer of the instrument
be
shall
Each
instrument
operated
thickness measurement shall be followed.

in accordance with its instruction manual.

The equipment that may be used includes the following:

Pictorialexamples ofcorrectly preparedsurfaces for coating purposesshown
in BS 7079: Preparationofsteel substratesbefore applicationofpaints and
relatedproducts, Part Al, l994'.

2-12

Comparatorgaugeor 'Testex' tape for measurementof blast profile.

Steel temperaturegauge, preferablyelectronic.

Whirling hygrometer, together with

calculatoror electronicequivalent.

a dew point and relative

humidity

R700

Ambienttemperature thermometer.

Minimum-maximum thermometer.

Coating temperature probe to measurewet intuinescent basecoat temperature.

Tape measure, to check steel section sizes and confirm coating requirements.

Wet film thickness gauge.

Dry film thickness gaugeas describedin Section 4.13.2.

Personnel usinganymeasuring equipment shall be sufficientlyskilled in its use

and in the interpretation of results obtained to ensurethat the requirements of
the specification are met.

4.17 Calibration of dry film thickness gauge

R710

Calibration ofthe dryfilm thicknessgauge shall be carried out by following the

manufacturer'sinstructions for smooth steelcalibration.

2-13

HANDLING, TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE,

ERECTION AND SCHEDULING

R720

Writtenprocedures shall be established covering the handling, transportation,

of
storage and erection of the coated steelwork with the aim minimising
mechanical and environmental damage to the coating.
This reducesanysubsequent requirement for on-site repair.

R730

Considerationshall alsobe givento the importance of schedulingtransportation

and erectionto reduceexposure and storage on-site.

5.1

Responsibilities
The responsibifity for handling, transportation, storage and erectionof the
coated steelwork shall be clearly defined and allocated.

R740

It is likely that best practice will be to minimise

the number of changes of

responsibility.

5.2

Handling

R750

Handling techniques shall be adapted to minimise damage to the coatings

subject to the constraints of safety.
The handling of the coated steelwork may include such design features as lifting
holes and lugs whichwifi assist in minimising the potential for damage. Where such
features are not utilised, the use of special lifting harnesses, nylon slings, webbing,
etc. help to spread the loads over a largersurfacearea, thereby reducingdamage to

the coating.

5.3

Transportation and Storage

5.3.1
R760

Transportation
During transportation, separators shall be provided to prevent steel-to-steel
contactand these shall be adequate for theirintended use.

R770

minimise
During transportation, bichings shall be used in such a way as to
damage,subject to the constraints of safety.

R780

During transportation, intumescentcoated surfaces shall not be placed in direct

contactwith each other or, in contact with bare steel surfaces.

R790

During transportation, where appropriate, adequate coveringshall be provided

to minimise exposure to adverse weather conditions.

It is a normal requirementfor thin film intumescent coating systems that they be

protectedagainst the possible effects ofponded water.

2-14

R800

To avoid dflmge during transportation or when stacking, the coating

manufacturer's advice shall be followed regarding tolerance to external
exposure.

5.3.2

Separators

R810

During transportationor when stacking, the area of the separator in contact

with the members shall be sufficientlylargeto minimisedamage to the coatings,
taking into account the weightof the steelworkstacked on the separators. The
number and positions of the separators shall ensurethat the steelwork is not
distorted. Separators shall be clean and free from any contaminating agents
which may adversely affect the coating system.
Separators, used to reduce damage whenthe steel is in transit, may also be used for
that purpose in site storage. Timber, usuallysoftwood, providesa good surfaceon
which steel may be laid with minimum damage to the coating. Separators may be
set on concreteor other rigid supports for on-site stacking.

5.3.3 Stacking
R820

The numberof layers in a stack shall be limited to a maximum of three. The

bottom layershall be laid on separators raisedabove the groundand the splash
zone.

R830

Whenstacking, separators shallbe providedto prevent steel-to-steel contactand

these shall be adequate for their intendeduse.

R840

Whenstacking, inhunescentcoated surfaces shall notbe placed in direct contact

with each other or, in contactwith bare steel surfaces.

R850

Where appropriate, adequate covering shall be provided to stacked coated

steelwork to minimiseexposureto adverseweather conditions.

It is a nonnal requirement for thin film intumescent coating systems that they be
protectedagainstthe possible effectsofponded water.

5.4

Erection

R860

Erection ofthe coated steelworkshall be undertakenby competent personnel,

who are familiar with the lifting and handling procedures required to minimise
damage to the coatings. The erection method statement shall include reference
to intumescent coatings and the needto minimise damage.

R870

Erectors shall be madeaware oftheir responsibilityfor careful handling of the

intumescent coated steel. Inspection shall be undertakento ensure that the
procedures to limit damage are implementedcorrectly.

2-15

5.5
R880

Scheduling

The steelwork erectorshall request delivery of steelwork in a sequence and to

a programme suchthat the storage requirements for the coatedsteelwork onsite are minimised.

on site as

Every effort shouldbe made to ensure that the coated steelworkarrives

required by the programme. If the coated steelwork is not deliveredin the right
increase.
sequence, storage will be necessary and the potential for damage will
Ajust-in-timeapproachis recommended.

2-16

REMEDIAL WORK AND LOCALISED

COMPLETION

6.1

Physical damage
Repairs shall be carried out to ensure that the standard of fire protection,
surface integrity and finish are to the original specification. The responsibifity
for makinggood any damage shall be clearly defined.

R890

Some mechanical damage to the intumescent coating system can be expected during
transport and erection of the protected steelwork, but by good planning and
management, thiscan be kept to a minimum.
Small areas of damage are unlikely to have a significant effect on the fire resistance
of the steel. However, for reasons of aesthetics and 'confidence',it is usual for such
damage to be repaired.

The method of repair will dependupon the extent ofthe damageandmay involve
repair to all or some components of the intumescent system.

It would normally be expected that repair will be carried outprior to handoverof

the steelwork frame. The issue of any subsequent damage whichmay be caused by
follow-ontrades will, however, also need to be addressedby agreement.
R900

For any repair, the detailed method statement in line with the manufacturer's
requirements shall be followed.

6.2

Localised on-site completion

In anoff-site application process it may notalwaysbe desirable or possible to coat
all the steelwork whichneedsto be fire protected. Small areasmay still need to be
protected on-site. The most common situation in which this occurs involves
connections.

6.2.1 Bolted connections

Normal practice when applying intumescent coating off-site is to mask off the
connection surface areas prior to off-siteapplication.

R910

Followingerection, localisedon-siteintumescentcoating shall be appliedto any

remaining exposed, unprotected surfaces and to the bolts. The connection
basecoat thicknessshould be based on the most onerous requirement ofthe two
fully loaded connected members.
The protection thickness applied to any connection should be based on the
assumptionthat the connected members are "fully loaded". Where calculation
methods have been used to decrease the basecoat thickness for any member (as
described in Section 4 of Part 1) the reducedthickness should not be applied to the
connection. This applies to both bolted andwelded connections.

2-17

6.2.2 Welded connections

R920
Where there is on-site welding,surfaceslocal to the weldzoneshall be masked
in the application process to an extent sufficient to ensure that the heat
generated in welding doesnot cause local reactions in the coating.

Ifin doubt,technical assistance should be sought from a welding expertto determine

the extent ofmaskingthat is required.

be

to

R930

Following erection, localisedon-site inhunescent coating shall applied any

remsiining exposed, unprotected surfaces. The connection basecoat thickness
should be based on the most onerous requirement of the two fully loaded
connectedmembers.

R940

to the same
Following erection, locailsed on-site intumescent coating,
shall be
specificationas theconnected members, whichever is themost onerous,
applied to any rimiiningexposed, unprotected surfaces.

R950

Intumescent basecoat manufacturers'recommendations for re-preparation of

any surfaces affected by welding, shall be followedand (where necessary) an

appropriateprimer shallbe used.

6.2.3 Other situations

R960

Any otherareas of steelworkrequiringon-site fire protection shall be identified

and the fire protection specification and method shall be agreed within the
confract.

In situations where a beam is fire protectedusing an off-siteintumescent coating

system and a column is protectedusing a rigid system, a problem may exist in

extendingthe column fire protectionup to and beyond the beam. In this situation
it maybe advisable to consider fireprotecting that part of thecolumnabove the rigid
systemwith an intumescent coating system applied either on or off-site.

2-18

INSPECTION

R970

The intumescentcoating systemshall be inspected at every stage of the

application process. To ensure compliance with specifications,standards and
good working practice, written quality assurance procedures shall be followed.

R980

The requirements for inspectionand the duties imposed on personnel involved

in the application process shall be clearly defined within the project quality
plan.
Inspection is not a substitute for adequate supervision and proper specification. Its
primary purpose is to check that the intumescent coating specification is being
followed, and where for any reasonthis is not so, that appropriate correctiveaction
is taken.

7.1

Records and Reports

R990

Full andcompleterecords shall be made of all relevant information pertaining

to the works. These shall include:
a) Appropriate information regarding the contractor and the works
b)

inspection organisation.
Details of steelwork identification.

e)

Inspection of incomingmaterial.
Identification of areasinspected.
Dates whenwork was carried out.

f)

Condition of surfaces before preparation.

g)

Condition after preparation.

h)

Details of primer, repair and any non-conformity.

I)

Information on intumescent system being applied.

j)

Equipment and techniques used.

Calibrationrecords.

c)
d)

k)
m)

Working conditions.
Weatheror ambient conditions.

n)

Typeof quality controlchecks carried out, and results.

o)

Type of instruments used.

p)

Handling, stacking, transportationand storage procedures used after

completionof application ofintumescent.

a)
r)

Compliance or otherwise with specification.

Signed certificate of compliance.

1)

The above list shouldnot be seen as exhaustive.

2-19

REFERENCES (to Part 2)

THE BRITISH CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK ASSOCIATION LTD. and
THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE
National structural steelworkspecification for building construction(3rd Edition)
BCSA& SCI, 1994
2

The Construction(Designand Management) Regulations 1994

HMSO, 1994

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 8202: Coatingsfor fire protectionofbuilding elements
Part 2: Code of practice for the use of intumescent coating systems to metallic
substratesfor providing fire resistance
BSI, 1992

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS476: Firetests on building materialsand structures
Part 20: Method of determination of the fire resistance of elements of construction
(GeneralPrinciples)
Part21: Method of determination of the fire resistanceof loadbearing elementsof
construction
BSI, 1987

ASSOCIATION OF SPECIALIST FIRE PROTECTION CONTRACTORS AND

MANUFACTURERS LTD, THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE and
THE FIRE TEST STUDY GROUP
Fire protectionfor structural steel in buildings, Revised2nd Edition
ASFPCM/SCIIFTSG, 1992

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 5950: Structuraluse of steelwork in building
Part 8: Code of practice for fire resistantdesign
BSI, 1990

EUROPEAN COMMITFEEFOR STANDARDISATION (CEN)

ENV 1993-1-2: Draft
Eurocode3: Design of steel structures
Part 1.2: General rules - Structuralfire design
CEN, 1995

EUROPEAN COMMITFEE FOR STANDARDISATION (CEN)

ENV 1994-1-2: Draft
Eurocode4: Design of composite steel and concretestructures
Part 1.2: Generalrules - Structuralfire design
CEN, 1994

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 7079: Preparation of steel substrates before applicationof paints and related
products

Part Al: Specification for rust grades and preparationgrades of uncoated steel
substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings
BSI, 1994

2-20

10

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS5493: Code ofpractise for protective coating of iron and steel structuresagainst
corrosion
BSI, 1977

11

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 3900: Methodsof tests for paints; Tests associated with paint film formation
PartC5: Determinationof film thickness
BSI, 1992

12

13

ASSOCIATION OF SPECIALIST FIRE PROTECTION CONTRACTORS AND

MANUFACTURERS LTD.
On-site measurement of intumescent coatings, Part 1: Technicalguidance note for
the measurement of dry film thicknesses for intumescent coatings
ASFPCM, 1995
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION
ISO 2808: Methods ofTests for paints; Tests associatedwith paint film formation;
Determinationof film thickness

ISO, 1991

2-21

Typeset and page make-up by The Steel ConstructionInstitute, Ascot, Berks.

Printed and bound by Thanet Press Ltd., Margate, Kent.
1000- 9/96