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PRELIMINARY CHAPTER
WHAT IS THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAWS ACCORDING TO
APPLICATION?
Public and private law
Public law: laws that define the relationship between the State
and the individual (e.g Constitution, Revised Penal Code)
Private law: laws that define the relationship between individuals
(e.g Civil Code, Commercial laws)
WHAT IS THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAWS ACCORDING TO ITS
NATURE?
Substantive and procedural law
Substantive law is the law that creates, defines and regulates
Procedural law defines the method or proceedings in the
enforcement of the rights and duties defined in substantive law
SUBSTANTIVE LAW:
1. Creates
2. Defines
3. Regulates
WHAT IS CRIMINAL PROCEDURE?
Criminal procedure is the method prescribed by law for the
apprehension and prosecution of persons accused of any criminal
offense and for their punishment, in case of conviction
As applied to criminal law, procedural law provides or regulates
the steps by which one who has committed a crime is to be
punished
MEMORY AID: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IS THE (M
1. METHOD prescribed by law
2. For the APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION of
3. Persons ACCUSED OF ANY CRIMINAL OFFENSE and
4. For their PUNISHMENT, in case conviction
WHAT IS CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CONCERNED WITH?
Procedural steps through which the criminal case passes
commencing with the investigation of a crime and concluding with
the unconditional release of the offender
Generic term to describe the network of laws and rules which
govern the procedural administration of criminal justice
WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF CRIMINAL PROSECUTION?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Judicial setup
Characterized by being public
MIXED SYSTEM
Combination of the inquisitorial and accusatorial systems
CRIMINAL LAW
Essentially
substantivedefines
crimes, treats of their nature, and
provides for their punishment
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Remedial or proceduralmethod by
which a person accused of a crime
is arrested, tried and punished
JURISDICTION
Power of the court to decide a case
on the merits
Place of trial
Procedural
Substantive
3.
3.
4.
4.
The outright dismissal of the case even before the court acquires
jurisdiction over the person of the accused is allowed, except in
applications for bail, in which instance the presence of the
accused is mandatory.
PERSON
ILLEGALLY
INSTITUTION
For
offenses
which
require
preliminary
investigation,
the
criminal action is instituted by filing
the complaint for preliminary
investigation
COMMENCEMENT
Criminal action is commenced when
the complaint or information is filed
in court
3.
4.
WHEN
ARE
AMICABLE
SETTLEMENTS
NOT
ALLOWED?
1. Where one party is the government or any subdivision or
instrumentality thereof
2. Where one party is a public officer or employee and the dispute
relates to the performance of his official functions
3. Offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding 1 year or fine
exceeding P5000
4. Offenses where there is no private offended party
5. Where the dispute involves real properties located in different
cities or municipalities
6. Disputes involving parties who reside in different barangays, cities
or municipalities
7. Other cases which the President may determine in the interest of
justice or upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Justice
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INSTANCES WHEN
PARTIES MAY GO DIRECTLY TO COURT AND WHEN AMICABLE
SETTLEMENTS ARE NOT ALLOWED?
The difference is that when the amicable settlements are not
allowed, the parties may still go to the Lupon Taga-pamayapa. It
is the Lupon that will say that it has no jurisdiction to settle the
dispute, on the other hand, in the other instance, the parties may
go directly to the court without going to the Lupon
Sec. 2. The complaint or information The complaint or
information shall be in writing, in the name of the People of the
Philippines and against all persons who appear to be
responsible for the offense involved.
WHAT IS THE FORM REQUIRED FOR THE COMPLAINT OR
INFORMATION?
1. Shall be in writing
2. In the name of the People of the Philippines
3. Against all persons who appear to be responsible for the offense
involved
WHY SHOULD THE COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION BE IN THE
NAME OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES?
Crime is considered an outrage against the peace and security of
the people at large, its vindication must also be in the name of the
people
10. When there is clearly no prima facie case against the accused and
a motion to quash on that ground has been denied
11. Preliminary injunction has been issued by the Supreme Court to
prevent the threatened unlawful arrest of petitioners
IF THE COMPLAINT IS NOT SWORN TO BY THE OFFENDED PARTY,
IS IT VOID?
No, a complaint presented by a private person when not sworn to
by him is not necessarily void
The want of an oath is merely a defect in form, which doesnt
affect the substantive rights of the defendant on the merits
WHEN
IS
A
COMPLAINT
REQUIRED?
1. If the offense is one which cannot be prosecuted de officio
2. Offense is private in nature
3. Where it pertains to those cases which need to be endorsed by
specific public authorities
Sec. 4. Information defined. An information is an accusation in
writing charging a person with an offense, subscribed by the
prosecutor and filed with the court.
WHAT
IS
AN
INFORMATION?
1. Accusation in writing
2. Charging a person with an offense
3. Subscribed by the prosecutor
4. Filed in the court
COMPLAINT
May be signed by the offended
party, any peace officer, or other
public officer in charge with the
enforcement of the law violated
INFORMATION
Always signed by prosecuting officer
An information is a product of a
complaint
Sec. 5. Who must prosecute criminal actions. All criminal actions
commenced by a complaint or information shall be prosecuted
under the direction and control of the prosecutor. However, in
Municipal Trial Courts or Municipal Circuit Trial Courts when the
prosecutor assigned thereto or to the case is not available, the
offended party, any peace officer, or public officer charged with
the enforcement of the law violated may prosecute the case.
This authority shall cease upon actual intervention of the
prosecutor or upon elevation of the case to the Regional Trial
Court.(Read A.M. NO. 02-2-07-SC [Effective May 01, 2002]
Latest Amendments to Section 5, Rule 110 of the Revised Rules of
Criminal Procedure which provides:
"Section 5. Who must
prosecute criminal action. - All criminal actions either commenced
by complaint or by information shall be prosecuted under the
direction and control of a public prosecutor. In case of heavy work
schedule of the public prosecutor or in the event of lack of public
prosecutors, the private prosecutor may be authorized in writing
by the Chief of the Prosecution Office or the Regional State
Prosecutor to prosecute the case subject to the approval of the
court. Once so authorized to prosecute the criminal action, the
private prosecutor shall continue to prosecute the case up to end
of the trial even in the absence of a public prosecutor, unless the
authority is revoked or otherwise withdrawn. x x x .").
The crimes of adultery and concubinage shall not be prosecuted
except upon a complaint filed by the offended spouse. The
offended party cannot institute criminal prosecution without
including the guilty parties, if both are alive, nor, in any case, if
the offended party has consented to the offense or pardoned the
offenders.
The
offenses
of
seduction,
abduction
and
acts
of
lasciviousness shall not be prosecuted upon a complaint filed
by the offended party or her parents, grandparents or guardian,
nor, in any case, if the offender has been expressly pardoned by
any of them. If the offended party dies or becomes incapacitated
before she can file the complaint, and she has no known parents,
grandparents or guardian, the State shall initiate the criminal
action in her behalf.
The offended party, even if a minor, has the right to initiate the
prosecution of the offenses of seduction, abduction and acts of
But before filing of mandamus, the party must first avail himself
of such other remedies such as the filing of a motion for inclusion
The power of prosecution is discretionary in nature
BE
(b) If the true name of the person against whom or against whose
property the offense was committed is thereafter disclosed or
ascertained, the court must cause such true name to be inserted in
the complaint or information and the record.
the penalty for the most serious crime shall be imposed, the same
to be applied in its maximum period
WHAT
IS
A
COMPLEX
CRIME
PROPER?
When an offense is necessary for committing the other
X FIRED HIS GUN ONCE, BUT THE BULLET KILLED 2 PERSONS. HE
WAS CHARGED WITH TWO COUNTS OF HOMICIDE IN ONE
INFORMATION.
CAN HE BE CONVICTED UNDER THAT
INFORMATION?
Yes. It falls under the exception to the rule.
This is a compound crime in which one act results in two or more
grave or less grave felonies
The law provides only one penalty for the two offenses
X WAS CHARGED WITH BOTH ROBBERY AND ESTAFA IN ONE
INFORMATION. CAN HE BE CONVICTED OF BOTH OFFENSES?
It depends. If he objects to the duplicitous information
before
arraignment, he cannot be convicted under the information.
But if he fails to object before arraignment, he can be convicted
of as many offenses as there are in the information
2.
3.
WHAT IS A SUBSTITUTION?
A complaint or information may be substituted if at any time
before judgment, it appears that a mistake has been made in
charging the proper offense, and the accused cannot be convicted
of the offense charged or of any other offense necessarily included
therein, provided that he will not be placed in double jeopardy.
or
SUBSTITUTION
Necessarily involves a substantial
change
WHEN
CAN
THERE
BE
DOUBLE
JEOPARDY?
To substantiate a claim of double jeopardy, the following must
be proven:
a. The first jeopardy must have attached prior to the second
b. The first jeopardy must have been validly terminated
c. The second jeopardy must be for the same offense, or the
second offense includes or is necessarily included in the
offense
charged in the first information, or is an attempt to commit the
same or is a frustration thereof
WHEN
DOES
DOUBLE
JEOPARDY
ATTACH?
In order that protection against double jeopardy may inure in
favor of the accused, the following should be present:
a. A valid complaint or information
b. A competent court
c. The defendant pleaded to the charge
d. The defendant was acquitted or convicted, or the case
against him was dismissed or otherwise terminated without his
express consent
IS AN ADDITIONAL ALLEGATION OF HABITUAL DELINQUENCY AND
RECIDIVISM A SUBSTANTIAL AMENDMENT?
No, these allegations only relate to the range of the imposable
penalty but not the nature of the offense
IS THE AMENDMENT OF AN INFORMATION FROM FRUSTRATED
MURDER
TO
CONSUMMATED
MURDER
A
SUBSTANTIAL
AMENDMENT?
No, it is merely a formal amendment and the accused need not
have to be re-arraigned
IS AN ADDITIONAL ALLEGATION OF CONSPIRACY A SUBSTANTIAL
AMENDMENT?
No, it is not a substantial amendment (new Sabio answer)
Yes because it changes the theory of the defense. It makes the
accused liable not only for his own acts but also for those of his
co-conspirators. (Old J. Sabio answer)
The new answer is: No, it is not a substantial amendment in the
following example: X is charged with murder as principal. Later,
the complaint is amended to include two other persons who
allegedly conspired with X. Can X invoke double jeopardy on the
ground that the amendment is substantial? No. The amendment
2.
3.
4.
two
Dual concept of civil liability means that civil liability may arise
from crimes or from quasi-delicts
Thus, a negligent act which causes damage may produce
kinds of civil liabilityone arising from crime and another arising
from quasi-delict
The only limitation is that the offended party may not recover
twice from the same act
or
QUASI-DELICT
Only of private concern
corrects
the
by
If the criminal action is filed after the said civil action has already
been instituted, the latter shall be suspended in whatever state it
may be found before judgment on the merits. The suspension shall
last until final judgment is rendered in the criminal action.
Nevertheless, before judgment on the merits rendered in the civil
action, the same may, upon motion of the offended party, be
1.
2.
5.
4.
CAN
RTC
JUDGES
CONDUCT
PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATIONS?
No, but this should not be confused with the authority of the RTC
to conduct an examination for the prupose of determining
probable cause when issuing a warrant of arrest
investigation
shall
be
(a) The complaint shall state the address of the respondent and
shall be accompanied by the affidavits of the complainant and his
witnesses, as well as other supporting documents to establish
probable cause. They shall be in such number of copies as there
are respondents, plus two (2) copies for the official file. The
affidavits shall be subscribed and sworn to before any prosecutor
or government official authorized to administer oath, or, in their
absence or unavailability, before a notary public, each of whom
must certify that he personally examined the affiants and that he is
satisfied that they voluntarily executed and understood their
affidavits.
(b) Within ten (10) days after the filing of the complaint, the
investigating officer shall either dismiss it if he finds no ground to
continue with the investigation, or issue a subpoena to the
respondent attaching to it a copy of the complaint and its
supporting affidavits and documents.
The respondent shall have the right to examine the evidence
submitted by the complainant which he may not have been
furnished and to copy them at his expense. If the evidence is
voluminous, the complainant may be required to specify those
which he intends to present against the respondent, and these
shall be made available for examination or copying by the
respondent at his expense.
2.
The hearing shall be held within ten (10) days from submission of
the counter-affidavits and other documents or from the expiration
of the period for their submission. It shall be terminated within
five (5) days.
3.
4.
5.
(f) Within ten (10) days after the investigation, the investigating
officer shall determine whether or not there is sufficient ground to
hold the respondent for trial.
WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE IN CONDUCTING A PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION?
The preliminary investigation shall be conducted in the
following
manner:
1. The complaint shall state:
Within ten (10) days after the filing of the complaint, the
investigating officer shall either
6.
IS
THE
PRESENCE
OF
COUNSEL
IN
A
PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION MANDATORY?
No, preliminary investigation is a summary proceeding and is
merely inquisitorial in naure
The accused cannot yet fully exercised his rights
However, if a confession is to be obtained from respondent, an
uncounselled confession would be void
WHAT ARE THE DOS AND DON'TS IN A PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION?
1. You cannot cross-examine
2. No right to counsel except when confession is being obtained
3. You cannot file complaint or information without authority
4. Right to be present not absolute
5. No dismissal without approval
6. Right to discovery proceedings
Sec. 4. Resolution of investigating prosecutor and its review. If
the investigating prosecutor finds cause to hold the respondent for
trial, he shall prepare the resolution and information. He shall
certify under oath in the information that he, or as shown by the
record, an authorized officer, has personally examined the
complainant and his witnesses; that there is reasonable ground to
believe that a crime has been committed and that the accused is
probably guilty thereof; that the accused was informed of the
complaint and of the evidence submitted against him; and that he
was given an opportunity to submit controverting evidence.
Otherwise, he shall recommend the dismissal of the complaint.
Within five (5) days from his resolution, he shall forward the
record of the case to the provincial or city prosecutor or chief state
prosecutor, or to the Ombudsman or his deputy in cases of
offenses cognizable by the Sandiganbayan in the exercise of
its original jurisdiction. They shall act on the resolution within ten
(10) days from their receipt thereof and shall immediately inform
the parties of such action.
No complaint or information may be filed or dismissed by an
investigating prosecutor without the prior written authority or
approval of the provincial or city prosecutor or chief state
prosecutor or the Ombudsman or his deputy.
of its original jurisdiction. They shall act on the resolution within ten (10)
days from their receipt thereof and shall immediately inform the
parties of such action.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Judicial function
Done by judges only
May be done ex parte
4.
5.
THE
REMEDY
OF
THE
PERSON
ARRESTED
WARRANT IF HE WANTS A
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION?
(ANGEL:
SHOULD
INQUEST
Before
theBE
complaint
or information
is filed,
he mayinvestigation
ask for a provided he
preliminary
signs
waiver125
of his
under aArticle
of rights
the RPC (Delay
in the Delivery
to presence
Judicial of counsel
Authorities)
in the
o
He may still apply for bail in
spite of the waiver
o
The investigation must be
within
15the
days
may terminated
within 5 days
from
time he
learns of the filing, ask for a
preliminary investigation
WHAT IS AN INQUEST?
NOTA BENE:
Distinction between the control of the court and the prosecutor
If the case has been filed in court, THE SECRETARY OF JUSTICE
IS ADMONISHED not to entertain any petition for review. The
court may ignore or deny any decision he would make and this
would cause embarrassment to him.
The court acquires absolute control upon the filing of the case
(review from the past lectures)
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
INQUEST
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
PROCEEDINGS
AND
INQUEST PROCEEDING
Accused already under detention.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
This is a statutory right.
WHAT
HAVE?
1.
2.
3.
AUTHORITY
DOES
AN
ARRESTING
OFFICER
Summon assistance
Break into the building or enclosure
Break out of the building
ARE
THE
DIFFERENT
FORMS
OF
Corporate surety
Property bond
Cash bond
Recognizance
WHAT
IS
RECOGNIZANCE?
1. Obligation of record
2. Entered before a court or magistrate duly authorized to take it
3. With the condition to do some particular act
4. The most usual condition in criminal cases being the appearance
of the accused for trial
NOTA BENE: may be by the accused himself or of another person. An
example of this is when Cory Aquino took recognizance of Jomar Sison.
Take note also that there are instances when there is pending application
for probation, one applies for recognizance.
WHAT IS THE CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF THE RIGHT TO
BAIL?
Presumption of innocence
ARE
THE
CONDITIONS
OF
THE
DOES
AN
ADDITIONAL
CONDITION
NOT
VIOLATE
THE
PROHIBITION ON EXCESSIVE BAIL?
No because the determination if there is excessive bail would
guarantee of the Bill of Rights, and this right he retains unless and
until he is charged with a capital offense and evidence of guilt is
strong
No,
even
if
the
offense
is
punishable with prison correctional,
military men are not granted bail.
They have access to arms which
make them a danger to society.
See COMENDADOR
CASE
The
equal protection
bail hearings wherein both the prosecution and the defense are afforded
sufficient opportunity to present their respective evidence. The burden of
proof lies with the prosecution to show the evidence of guilt is strong. But
the determination of whether the evidence of guilt is strong is a matter of
judicial discretion. Though not absolute nor beyond control, the discretion
of the trial court must be sound and exercised within reasonable grounds.
PRESUMPTION GREAT
Exists when the circumstances
testified to are such that the
inference of guilt naturally to be
drawn therefrom is strong, clear
and convincing unbiased judgment
and
excludes
all
reasonable
probability of any other conclusion
of
the
evidence
against
the
SECTION
19
OF
THE
2.
The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading
punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of
substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt with by law.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE JUDGE IMPOSES EXCESSIVE
BAIL?
The judge may be administratively sanctioned and filed as the
judge violates the constitutional right of the accused to bail and
its
prohibition on excessive bail
The judge makes the right a teasing illusion like a munificent
bequest in a paupers will
WHAT IS THE REMEDY OF THE ACCUSED IF HE IS DENIED
BAIL?
He should file a special civil action in the Court of Appeals within
60 days
Sec. 10. Corporate surety. Any domestic or foreign corporation,
licensed as a surety in accordance with law and currently
authorized to act as such, may provide bail by a bond subscribed
jointly by the accused and an officer of the corporation duly
authorized by its board of directors.
CAN THE COURT REFUSE TO ACCEPT A CORPORATE SURETY AND
REQUIRE INSTEAD THE POSTING OF A CASH BOND?
No, the trial court may not reject otherwise acceptable sureties
and insist that the accused obtain his provisional liberty only
through a cash bond
The posting of the cash bond would entail a transfer of assets
into the possession of the court, and its procurement could work
untold hardship on the part of the accused as to have the effect
of altogether denying the accuseds constitutional right to bail.
On the other hand, a surety bond may be obtained by the
accused by the payment of a relatively small premium. A surety
or property bond doesn't require an actual financial outlay on the
part of the bondsmand or property owner.
It is only the reputation or credit standing of the bondsman or
the expectancy of the price at which the property can be sold is
placed in the hands of the court to guarantee the production of
the body of the accused at the various proceedings leading to
conviction or acquittal.
Sec. 11. Property bond, how posted. A property bond is an
undertaking constituted as lien on the real property given as
security for the amount of the bail. Within ten (10) days after the
approval of the bond, the accused shall cause the annotation of the
lien on the certificate of title on file with the Registry of Deeds
if the land is registered, or if unregistered, in the Registration
Book on the space provided therefore, in the Registry of Deeds for
the province or city where the land lies, and on the corresponding
tax declaration in the office of the provincial, city and municipal
assessor concerned.
Within the same period, the accused shall submit to the court his
compliance and his failure to do so shall be sufficient cause for the
cancellation of the property bond and his re-arrest and detention.
Sec. 12. Qualifications of sureties in property bond. The
qualifications of sureties in a property bond shall be as follows:
(a) Each must be a resident owner of real estate within the
Philippines;
(b) Where there is only one surety, his real estate must be worth
at least the amount of undertaking;
(c) If there are two or more sureties, each may justify in an
amount less than that expressed in the undertaking but the
aggregate of the justified sums must be equivalent to the whole
amount of the bail demanded.
In all cases, every surety must be worth the amount specified in
his own undertaking over and above all just debts, obligations and
properties exempt from execution.
Sec. 13. Justification of sureties. Every surety shall justify by
affidavit taken before the judge that he possesses the qualification
prescribed in the preceding section. He shall describe the property
given as security, stating the nature of his title, its encumbrances,
the number and amount of other bails entered into by him and still
undischarged, and his other liabilities. The court may examine the
sureties upon oath concerning their sufficiency in such manner as
it may deem proper. No bail shall be approved unless the surety is
qualified.
WHAT
ARE
THE
MINIMUM
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
SURETIES?
Surety must be a resident owner of real estate within the
Philippines
If there is only one surety, his real estate must be worth the
amount of the undertaking
If there are two or more sureties, the aggregate of the sums
must
be equivalent to the whole amount of the bail demanded, and
every surety must be worth the amount specified in his own
undertaking over and above all just debts, obligations, and
properties exempt from execution
WHAT
SITUATIONS
ARE
CONTEMPLATED
UNDER THIS
SECTION?
First, the accused is arrested in the same province, city or
municipality where his case is pending
Second, the accused is arrested in the province, city or
municipality other than where his case is
pending
MAY A JUDGE ISSUE A BAIL BOND FOR CASES NOT PENDING IN
HIS SALE OR ARE OUTSIDE HIS JURISDICTION CONTENDING
THAT IT
WAS
DONE
MAINLY
IN
GOOD
FAITH
INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF THE RULES?
No, a judge cannot shield himself from the consequence of his
persistent deviant activities by the simple invocation of good fatih
and the supplication that he was only moved by pity for the poor
and forsaken accused
A judges jurisdiction is confined to that over which he presides
Therefore to approve bail applications and issue corresponding
release order in cases pending in courts outside his territorial
jurisdiction, particularly so where the accused are detained
thereat and not in his jurisdiction and therefore cannot personally
appear before him as required, constitute ignorance of the law so
gross as to amount to incompetence and even corruption
Sec. 18. Notice of application to prosecutor. In the application
for bail under section 8 of this Rule, the court must give
reasonable notice of the hearing to the prosecutor or require him
to submit his recommendation.
WHY
IS
NOTICE
TO
THE
PROSECUTOR
REQUIRED?
Such notice is required because the burden of showing that the
evidence of guilt is strong is on the prosecution
Sec. 19. Release on bail. The accused must be discharged upon
approval of the bail by the judge with whom it was filed in
accordance with section 17 of this Rule.
When bail is filed with a court other than where the case is
pending, the judge who accepted the bail shall forward it, together
with the order of release and other supporting papers, to the court
where the case is pending, which may, for good reason, require a
different one to be filed.
WHAT ARE THE PREREQUISITES FOR A JUDGE TO ISSUE THE
RELEASE OF THE ACCUSED UPON FILING OF A BOND?
The application for bail must be filed in the court where the case is
pending. In the absence or unavailability of the judge thereof, the
application for bail may be filed with another branch of the same
court within the province or city
If the accused is arrested in a province, city or municipality other
than where the case is pending, bail may be filed with any RTC of
the place. If no judge thereof is available, then with the MTC
judge therein.
THE
of
the
nature
and
cause
of
the
3.
4.
5.
6.
(d) To testify as a witness in his own behalf but subject to crossexamination on matters covered by direct examination. His silence
shall not in any manner prejudice him.
(e) To be exempt from being compelled to be a witness against
himself.
(f) To confront and cross-examine the witnesses against him at
the trial. Either party may utilize as part of its evidence the
testimony of a witness who is deceased, out of or can not with due
diligence be found in the Philippines, unavailable, or otherwise
unable to testify, given in another case or proceeding, judicial or
administrative, involving the same parties and subject matter, the
adverse party having the opportunity to cross-examine him.
(g) To have compulsory process issued to secure the attendance of
witnesses and production of other evidence in his behalf.
(h) To have speedy, impartial and public
trial.
(i) To appeal in all cases allowed and in the manner prescribed by
law.
WHAT ARE THE 9 RIGHTS OF AN ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL
PROCEEDINGS?
The following are the rights accorded the accused:
1. To be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved beyond
reasonable doubt.
2. To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation
against him.
7.
8.
9.
DUE PR OCESS
IS IT NECESSARY TO HAVE TRIAL-TYPE PROCEEDINGS IN ORDER
TO SATISFY THE REQUIREMENT OF DUE PROCESS?
No, there is no need for trial-type proceedings in order to satisfy
due process
The important thing is that there was an opportunity to be heard
Notice and hearing are the two minimum requirements of due
process
IN GENERAL, WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS OF PROCEDURAL
DUE PROCESS?
1. The requirements of procedural due process are as follows:
1. There must be an IMPARTIAL AND COMPETENT COURT with
judicial power to hear and determine the matter before it
2. Jurisdiction MUST HAVE BEEN LAWFULLY ACQUIRED over the
person of the defendant or over the property subject of the
proceeding
3. The defendant must be given an OPPORTUNITY TO BE HEARD
4. Judgment must be RENDERED UPON LAWFUL HEARING
WHAT KIND
OF
COUNSEL
PURPOSE OF
COUNSEL
CHOICE OF
ACCUSED
CUSTODIA
L
INVESTIGAT
Presence
of
a competent
and
independent
Protect the
accused from
being forced to
confess
Counsel of his
own choice
ARRAIGNMEN
T
Presence
of
a competent
counsel
Informing
the
accused
of
the
consequences
of
his plea and the
nature
and
cause
the
Court canof
TRIAL
Presence of an
effective
counsel
Defend
the
accused
appoint a
counsel
for
the
accused
R I GH T T O BE A
BEHALF
WITNE SS
ON
HIS O WN
S E L F-
WHAT IS
THE SCOPE OF THE
RIGHT AGAINST SELFINCRIMINATION?
The right against self-incrimination covers testimonial compulsion
only and the compulsion to produce real or physical evidence
using the body of the accused
Physical or moral compulsion to extort communication
WITH WHAT KIND OF TESTIMONY OR INSTANCES CAN THE RIGHT
BE INVOKED?
It applies to commutative testimony and not
mechanical
testimony
Commutative testimony involves the use of intelligence on the
part of the accused or witness. Corrorarily, on cases on selfincrimination, the following are permissiblesubstance from the
body, morphine from mouth, put on pants, physical exam, wallet,
picture taking, etc.
The following on the other hand are not
permissiblehandwriting, signature, and similar incidents which
involve the use of intelligence.
4.
rejected
After the case is filed in court, the accused
has the following
rights
1. The right to refuse to be a witness
2. The right not to have any prejudice
whatsoever
by such result
refusalto him
The right to testify in his own behalf subject to crossexamination by the prosecution
3.
USE IMMUNITY
TRANSACTIONAL IMMUNITY
Prohibits the use of the witness Immunity to the witness from
compelled testimony and its fruits in prosecution for an offense to which
any manner in connection with the his compelled testimony relates
criminal prosecution of the witness
The witness can still be prosecuted The witness cannot be prosecuted
but his compelled testimony may at all
not be used against him
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF THE REFUSAL OF THE ACCUSED
TO REFUSE TO TESTIFY IN HIS BEHALF?
GENERAL RULEthe silence of the accused should not prejudice
him
EXCEPTIONSthe following cases draw an unfavorable inference
from the failure of the accused to testify:
o
If the prosecution has already established a prima facie
case, the accused must present proof to overturn the
evidence of the prosecution
o
If the defense of the accused is an alibi and he doesn't
testify, the inference is that the alibi is not believable
IS DNA TESTING
INCRIMINATION?
COVERED
BY
THE
RIGHT
AGAINST
SELF-
WHAT
IS
THE
RIGHT
TO
COMPULSORY
PROCESS?
It is the right of the accused to have a subpoena and/or a
subpoena duces tecum issued in his behalf in order to compel the
attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence
WHAT HAPPENS IF A WITNESS REFUSES TO TESTIFY WHEN
REQUIRED?
The court should order the witness to give bail or even order his
arrest, if necessary
Failure to obey a subpoena amounts to contempt of court
MAY A WITNESS BE EXCUSED FROM APPEARING AT TRIAL FOR THE
REASON THAT HIS RESIDENCE EXCEEDS 50 KILOMETERS FROM
THE PLACE OF TRIAL?
The provision in the Rules of Court providing for this exemption of
excusing a witness from appearance before a Court, judge or
officer of the province in which he is resides to the place of trial by
the usual course of travel applies only to CIVIL CASES and not to
criminal cases
RIGHT TO SPEEDY, PUBLIC AND I MPAR TIAL
TR IAL HOW SHOULD THE TRIAL BE CONDUCTED?
The trial should be speedy, public and impartial
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE RIGHT TO SPEEDY
TRIAL?
The right means that the trial should be conducted according to
the law of criminal procedure and the rules and regulations and it
should be free from vexatious, capricious and oppressive delays
WHEN SHOULD THE ARRAIGNMENT AND PRE-TRIAL BE
HELD?
According to the Speedy Trial Act of 1988, and Circular 38-98, if
the accused pleads not guilty, arraignment and pre-trial should be
held within 30 days from the time the court acquires jurisdiction
over the accused
WITHIN HOW MANY DAYS SHOULD THE TRIAL BE
COMPLETED?
In no case shall the entire period exceed 180 days from the first
day of trial, except as otherwise authorized by the Court
Administrator
WHAT FACTORS MAY BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING
WHETHER THE ACCUSED HAS BEEN DEPRIVED OF HIS RIGHT
TO SPEEDY
4.
excluded in computing
thecases,
period.the accused
should be arranged
JUDGE DUTY-BOUND TO
within
a shorter
period, as required
POINT
AN has
INFORMATION
1. Where
the complainant
is aboutby
to law:
depart from
OUT
No, THAT
the judge
no obligation IS
to
the Philippines
point out that an information is
with
no definite
date and
of return,
duplicitous
or to point out any other
arraigned
without delay
his trial the
should
during arraignment
commence within
The obligation to move to quash a
3 days from arraignment
defective information belongs to the
accused, whose failure to do so
trial of cases under the Child right
Abuse
trial should be commenced within 3 days 2.
fromThe
arraignment
toAct
object
3. When the accused is under preventive detention, his case
X WAS TRIED FOR MURDER WITHOUT HAVING BEEN ARRAIGNED.
shall be raffled and its records transmitted to the judge to
AT THE TRIAL, XS COUNSEL PRESENTED WITNESSES AND CROSSwhom the case is raffled within 3 days from the filing of the
EXAMINED THE PROSECUTION WITNESSES. IT WAS ONLY AFTER
information or complaint.
The accused shall be arraigned
THE CASE WAS SUBMITTED FOR DECISION THAT X WAS
within 10 days from the date of raffle.
ARRAIGNED. X WAS CONVICTED. CAN X INVOKE THE FAILURE OF
N.B:
THE COURT TO ARRAIGN HIM BEFORE TRIAL FOR QUESTIONING
1. Rearraignment needed for substitution
THE CONVICTION?
2. Substantial amendment needs rearraignment but formal
No, the failure of the court to arraign X before trial was conducted
amendment doesnt
didnt prejudice the rights of X since he was able to present
evidence and cross-examine the witnesses of the prosecution
PRESENCE OF OFFENDED PARTY
The error was cured by the subsequent arraignment
1. Plea bargaining
2. Civil liability
IS THE ACCUSED PRESUMED TO HAVE BEEN ARRAIGNED IN THE
3. Identification of accused
ABSENCE OF PROOF TO THE CONTRARY?
Yes
WHAT IF PRIVATE OFFENDED PARTY FAILED TO ATTEND
In view of the presumption of regularity in the performance of
DESPITE DUE NOTICE?
official duties, it can be presumed that a person accused of a
The accused may be allowed by the court to plea guilty to a lesser
crime was arraigned, in the absence of proof to the contrary
offense which is necessarily included in the offense charged with
However, the presumption of regularity is not applied when the
the conformity of the prosecutor alone
penalty imposed is death
When the life of a person is at stake, the court cannot presume
CAN THE LAWYER OF THE ACCUSED ENTER THE PLEA FOR HIM?
that there was an arraignment, it has to be sure that there was
No, the accused must enter the plea himself
one
3.
4.
In
this
case,
thea valid
presentation
by first
X of
3. to
If the
private
party is
evidence to prove selfabsent despite due notice,
defense
had
the
of vacating
the
plea
of guilt
accused
to plea
When the
plea
ofeffect
guilt was
vacated,
the
court
4. court
Enter may
plea allow
for the
lesser offense
should have ordered
When the penalty imposable for the
him to plead again, or at least should
offense is at least 6 years and
have directed that a new plea of not guilty
1 day or a fine exceeding P12000,
WHAT
IS
A
COUNSEL
DE
OFFICIO?
A counsel de officio is the counsel appointed by the court to
represent and defend the accused in case he cannot afford to
employ one himself
But during trial, there is no such duty. The accused must ask for
a lawyer, or else, the right is deemed waived.
He can even
defend himself personally.
OF
the
criminal
action
or
liability
has
been
1.
2.
10 years
5 years
2 years
1 year
Light offenses
6 months
DISTINGUISH
ACQUITTAL
AND
DISMISSAL
Acquittal is a discharge after a trial, or an attempt to have one,
upon the merits. It is always on the merits. The accused is
acquitted because the evidence doesnt show his guilt beyond
reasonable doubt.
On the other hand, dismissal is when the case is terminated
otherwise upon the merits thereof, as when the dismissal is based
on the allegation that the court has no jurisdiction, either upon
the subject matter or the territory, or that the complaint or
information is not valid or sufficient, or upon any ground that
doesnt decide the merits of the issue as to whether the accused is
or isnt guilty of the offense charged
WHEN IS A DISMISSAL OF THE CASE, EVEN WITH EXPRESS
CONSENT OF THE ACCUSED, EQUIVALENT TO AN ACQUITTAL,
WHICH WOULD CONSTITUTE A BAR TO A SECOND JEOPARDY?
For a dismissal to be a bar under double jeopardy, it must have
the effect of acquittal
As a general rule, dismissal upon motion of the accused or his
counsel negates the application of double jeopardy because the
motion of the accused amounts to an express consent
However, such a dismissal even with the express consent of the
accused may constitute a bar to double jeopardy in the following
cases
1. Where there is insufficiency of evidence given by the
prosecution to support the charge against him
2. Where there has been an unreasonable delay in the
proceedings, in violation of the accuseds right to speedy
trial
Consequently, the dismissal amounts to an acquittal and would
bar a second jeopardy in the cases below
1. Where the dismissal is based on a demurrer to evidence
filed by the accused after the prosecution has rested,
which has the effect of a judgment on the merits and
operates as an acquittal
2. Where the dismissal is made, also on motion of the
accused, because of the denial of his right to a speedy
trial, which is in effect a failure to prosecute
2.
BEFORE
THE
PROSECUTION
COULD
FINISH
PRESENTING
EVIDENCE, THE ACCUSED FILED A DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE. THE
COURT GRANTED THE MOTION AND DISMISSED THE CASE ON THE
GROUND OF INSUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE OF THE PROSECUTION.
CAN THE ACCUSED BE PROSECUTED FOR THE SAME OFFENSE
AGAIN?
Yes.
There was no double jeopardy because the court has
exceeded its jurisdiction in dismissing the case even before the
prosecution could finish presenting evidence
It denied the prosecution of its right to due process. Because of
this, the dismissal is null and void and cannot constitute a proper
basis for a claim of double jeopardy
THE PROSECUTOR FILED AN INFORMATION AGAINST X FOR
HOMICIDE. BEFORE X COULD BE ARRAIGNED, THE PROSECUTOR
WITHDREW THE INFORMATION WITHOUT NOTICE TO X.
THE
PROSECUTOR THEN FILED AN INFORMATION AGAINST X FOR
MURDER. CAN X INVOKE DOUBLE JEOPARDY?
No, there was no arraignment yet under the first information
Therefore, the first jeopardy didnt attach. The withdrawal or
dismissal of the case before arraignment is not a bar to the filing
of a new information for the same offense.
There is no double jeopardy where there is yet no arraignment
A nolle prosequi or dismissal entered before the accused is placed
on trial and before he pleads is not equivalent to an acquittal and
doesnt bar a subsequent prosecution for the same offense
IF THE ACCUSED FAILS TO OBJECT TO THE MOTION TO DISMISS
THE CASE FILED BY THE PROSECUTION, IS HE DEEMED TO HAVE
CONSENTED TO THE DISMISSAL? CAN HE STILL INVOKE DOUBLE
JEOPARDY?
No, silence doesnt mean consent to the dismissal
If the accused fails to object or acquiesces to the dismissal of the
case, he can still invoke double jeopardy, since the dismissal was
still without his express consent.
He is deemed to have waived his right against double jeopardy if
he expressly consents to the dismissal
X WAS CHARGED WITH MURDER. THE PROSECUTION MOVED TO
DISMISS THE CASE.
COUNSEL FOR X WROTE THE WORDS
NO
1.
2.
3.
WHEN
CAN
THE
PROSECUTION
APPEAL
DESPITE
THE
DISMISSAL OR TERMINATION OF THE CASE?
As a general rule, the dismissal or termination of the case after
arraignment and plea of the defendant to a valid information shall
be a bar to another prosecution for the same offense, an attempt
or frustration thereof, or one which necessarily includes or is
included in the previous offense.
However, the prosecution may appeal the order of dismissal in the
following instances:
The
provisional
dismissal
of
offenses
punishable
by
imprisonment not exceeding six (6) years or a fine of any amount,
or both, shall become permanent one (1) year after issuance of the
order without the case having been revived. With respect to
offenses punishable by imprisonment of more than six (6) years,
their provisional dismissal shall become permanent two (2) years
after issuance of the order without the case having been revived.
WHAT IS THE TIME-BAR RULE?
DISMISSAL BECOME FINAL?
2.
3.
4.
of
8.
1.
N.B
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PRE-TRIAL
B. Criminal Cases
1. Before arraignment, the Court shall issue an order directing the
public prosecutor to submit the record of the preliminary
investigation to the Branch COC for the latter to attach the same to
the record of the criminal case.
Where the accused is under preventive detention, his case shall be
raffled and its records transmitted to the judge to whom the case
was raffled within three days from the filing of the complaint or
information. The accused shall be arraigned within ten days from
the date of the raffle. The pre-trial of his case shall be held within
ten days after arraignment unless a shorter period is provided for
by law.
2. After the arraignment, the court shall forthwith set the pre-trial
conference within thirty days from the date of arraignment, and
issue an order:
(a) requiring the private offended party to appear thereat for
purposes of plea-bargaining except for violations of the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, and for
other
matters
requiring
his
presence;
(b) referring the case to the Branch COC, if warranted, for a
preliminary conference to be set at least three days prior to the
pre-trial to mark the documents or exhibits to be presented by the
parties and copies thereof to be attached to the records after
comparison and to consider other matters as may aid in its
prompt disposition; and
(c) informing the parties that no evidence shall be allowed to be
presented and offered during the trial other than those identified
and marked during the pre-trial except when allowed by the court
for good cause shown. A copy of the order is hereto attached as
Annex "E". In mediatable cases, the judge shall refer the parties
factual
and
legal
d. Ask parties to agree on the specific trial dates and adhere to the
flow chart determined by the court which shall contain the time
frames for the different stages of the proceeding up to
promulgation of decision and use the time frame for each stage in
setting the trial dates;
e. Require the parties to submit to the Branch COC the names,
addresses and contact numbers of witnesses that need to be
summoned by subpoena; and
f. Consider modification of order of trial if the accused admits the
charge but interposes a lawful defense.
7. During the pre-trial, the judge shall be the one to ask questions
on issues raised therein and all questions must be directed to him
to avoid hostilities between parties.
8. All agreements or admissions made or entered during the pretrial conference shall be reduced in writing and signed by
the accused and counsel, otherwise, they cannot be used against
the accused. The agreements covering the matters referred to in
Section 1 of Rule 118 shall be approved by the court. (Section 2,
Rule 118)
9. All proceedings during the pre-trial shall be recorded, the
transcripts prepared and the minutes signed by the parties and/or
their counsels.
10. The trial judge shall issue a Pre-trial Order within ten (10)
days after the termination of the pre-trial setting forth the actions
taken during the pre-trial conference, the facts stipulated, the
admissions made,
be
presented and the schedule of trial. Said Order shall bind the
parties, limit the trial to matters not disposed of and control the
course the action during the trial.
2.
WHAT
IS
A
PRE-TRIAL
ORDER?
It is an order issued by the court after the pre-trial conference
containing:
o
A recital of the actions taken
o
The facts stipulated
o
The evidence marked
The pre-trial order binds the parties, limits the trial to matters not
disposed of, and controls the course of action during the trial,
unless modified by the court to prevent manifest injustice
WHAT IS PLEA BARGAINING?
It is the disposition of criminal charges by agreement between the
prosecution and the accused
The accused and the prosecutor in a criminal case work out a
mutually satisfactory disposition of the case subject to court
approval
It usually involves the defendants pleading guilty to a lesser
offense or to only one or some of the counts of a multi-count
indictment in return for a lighter sentence than that for the graver
charge
It is encouraged because it leads to prompt and final disposition
of most criminal cases. It shortens the time between charge
and
disposition and enhances whatever may be the rehabilitative
prospects of the guilty when they are ultimately imprisoned
WHEN
IS
PLEA
BARGAINING
NOT
ALLOWED?
It is not allowed under the Dangerous Drugs Act where the
imposable penalty is reclusion perpetua to death.
WHAT IF THERE IS A PLEA BARGAINING ARRIVED
AT?
1. Issue an order which contains the plea bargaining arrived at;
2. Proceed to receive evidence on the civil aspect of the case; and
3. Render and promulgate judgment of conviction, including the civil
liability or damages duly established by the evidence.
WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE WAS NO PLEA BARGAINING
AGREEMENT? WHAT WOULD THE COURT DO?
1. Adopt the minutes of preliminary conference as part of the pretrial proceedings, confirm markings of exhibits or substituted
3.
4.
5.
6.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
After he enters his plea of not guilty, the accused shall have at
least 15 days to prepare for trial
The trial shall commence within 30 days from receipt of the pretrial order
SECTION
15
OF
THE
1. All cases or matters filed after the effectivity of this Constitution must
be decided or resolved within twenty-four months from date of submission
for the Supreme Court, and, unless reduced by the Supreme Court, twelve
months for all lower collegiate courts, and three months for all other lower
courts.
2. A case or matter shall be deemed submitted for decision or resolution
upon the filing of the last pleading, brief, or memorandum required by the
Rules of Court or by the court itself.
3. Upon the expiration of the corresponding period, a certification to this
effect signed by the Chief Justice or the presiding judge shall forthwith be
issued and a copy thereof attached to the record of the case or matter, and
served upon the parties. The certification shall state why a decision or
resolution has not been rendered or issued within said period.
4. Despite the expiration of the applicable mandatory period, the court,
without prejudice to such responsibility as may have been incurred in
consequence thereof, shall decide or resolve the case or matter submitted
thereto for determination, without further delay.
Sec. 2. Continuous trial until terminated; postponements. Trial
once commenced shall continue from day to day as far as
practicable until terminated. It may be postponed for a reasonable
period of time for good cause.
The court shall, after consultation with the prosecutor and defense
counsel, set the case for continuous trail on a weekly or other
short-term trial calendar at the earliest possible time so as to
ensure speedy trial. In no case shall the entire trial period exceed
one hundred eighty (180) days from the first day of trial, except
as otherwise authorized by the Supreme Court.
The time limitations provided under this section and the preceding
section shall not apply where special laws or circulars of the
Supreme Court provide for a shorter period of trial.
WHAT PROCEDURE IS USED TO AVAIL HIS RIGHT TO SPEEDY
TRIAL?
Continuous trial systema tool for the early and expeditious
disposition of a case
WHAT
IS
THE
CONTINUOUS
TRIAL
SYSTEM?
Trial once commenced shall continue from day to day as far as
practicable until terminated.
It may be postponed for a reasonable period of time for good
cause.
The court shall, after consultation with the prosecutor and
defense counsel, set the case for continuous trail on a weekly
or other
short-term trial calendar at the earliest possible time so as to
ensure speedy trial.
In no case shall the entire trial period exceed one hundred eighty
(180) days from the first day of trial, except as otherwise
authorized by the Supreme Court.
HOW DO YOU ENSURE CONTINUOUS TRIAL
SYSTEM?
There must be a time limit within which the case should be
terminated
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF THE PRESIDING JUDGE UNDER
THE CONTINUOUS TRIAL SYSTEM?
1. Adhere faithfully to the session hours prescribed by laws
2. Maintain full control of the proceedings
3. Efficiently allocate and use time and court resources to avoid
court delays
IS
THE
ABSOLUTE?
No
TIME
LIMIT
3.
4.
5.
4.
When the person having custody of the prisoner receives from the
public attorney a properly supported request for the availability of
the prisoner for purposes of trial, the prisoner shall be made
available accordingly.
4.
5.
6.
7.
orders;
Delay resulting from pre-trial
proceedings;
that(30)
the
delay
does notprovided,
exceed thirty
days;
Delay
resulting
from
of
to
change
of venue
of orders
cases or
transfer from other courts;
Delay resulting
from a finding of
question;
and
Delay reasonably attributable to any
period,
notduring
to exceed
thirty
(30)
days,
which
any
proceeding concerning the accused is
actually under advisement (careful
WITNESS CONSIDERED
WHEN IS AN ESSENTIAL
ABSENT?
An essential witness shall be
whereabouts are unknown or
determined by due diligence
WHEN
IS
AN
ESSENTIAL
WITNESS
CONSIDERED
UNAVAILABLE?
He shall be considered whenever his whereabouts are known but
his presence for trial cannot be obtained by due diligence
Sec. 4. Factors for granting continuance. The following factors,
among others, shall be considered by a court in determining
whether to grant a continuance under section 3(f) of this Rule.
(a) Whether or not the failure to grant a continuance in the
proceeding would likely make a continuation of such proceeding
impossible or result in a miscarriage of justice; and
(b) Whether or not the case taken as a whole is so novel,
unusual and complex, due to the number of accused or the nature
of the prosecution, or that it is unreasonable to expect adequate
preparation within the periods of time established therein.
In addition, no continuance under section 3(f) of this Rule shall
be granted because of congestion of the courts calendar or lack of
The trial shall commence within 30 days from the notice of the
order, provided that if the period becomes impractical due to
unavailability of witnesses and other factors, the court may
extend it
It is not to exceed 180 days from notice of said order for new trial
MEANT
BY
NEW
reasonable doubt
(d) Upon admission of evidence of the parties, the case shall be
deemed submitted for decision unless the court directs them to
argue orally or to submit written memoranda.
(e) When the accused admits the act or omission charged in the
complaint or information but interposes a lawful defense, the
order of trial may be modified.
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF TRIAL?
1. The prosecution shall present evidence to prove the charge and,
in the proper case, the civil liability.
2. The accused may present evidence to prove his defense and
damages, if any, arising, from the issuance of a provisional
remedy in the case.
3. The prosecution and the defense may, in that order, present
rebuttal and sur-rebuttal evidence unless the court, in furtherance
of justice, permits them to present additional evidence bearing
upon the main issue.
4. Upon admission of evidence of the parties, the case shall be
deemed submitted for decision unless the court directs them to
argue
orally
or
to
submit
written
memoranda.
5. When the accused admits the act or omission charged in the
complaint or information but interposes a lawful defense, the
order of trial may be modified.
It
is
incumbent
upon
the
prosecution to prove the existence
of this element.
or
is
legally
discharged
after
his
WHY
ARE
MODES
OF
DISCOVERY
ALLOWED?
The purpose is not to frustrate the ends of justice
Purpose also is to obviate proceedings
A party may have a witness for his behalf but due to reasonable
circumstances, the witness essential to his case would be
unavailable and will not be able to attend
WHY
IS
EXAMINATION
OF
THE
WITNESSES
PROSECUTION CONDUCTED BEFORE THE JUDGE?
To examine the deportment of the witness
FOR
THE
Sec. 16. Trial of several accused. When two or more accused are
jointly charged with an offense, they shall be tried jointly
unless the court, in its discretion and upon motion of the
prosecutor or any accused, orders separate trial for one or more
accused.
IF THERE ARE 2 OR MORE ACCUSED, SHOULD THEY BE TRIED
JOINTLY OR SEPARATELY?
As a general rule, when 2 or more accused are jointly charged
with an offense, they should be tried jointly
However, the court in its discretion and upon motion of the
prosecutor or any accused, may order separate trial for one of the
accused
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED IN THE TRIAL OF
THE OTHER ACCUSED IF A SEPARATE TRIAL IS GRANTED?
When a separate trial is demanded and granted, it is the duty of
the prosecution to repeat and produce all its evidence at each and
every trial, unless it has been agreed by the parties that the
evidence for the prosecution wouldnt have to be repeated at the
second trial and all the accused had been present during the
presentation of the evidence of the prosecution and their attorney
had the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses for the
prosecution
X IS A PUBLIC OFFICER. HE WAS CHARGED WITH MALVERSATION
OF PUBLIC FUNDS IN CONSPIRACY WITH Y, A CIVILIAN. SHOULD
THEY BOTH BE TRIED IN SANDIGANBAYAN?
Yes
In case private individuals are charged as co-principals,
accomplices, or accessories with public officers, they shall be tried
jointly with said public officers in the proper courts which shall
exercise exclusive jurisdiction over them.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The court will require the prosecution to present evidence and the
sworn statement of the proposed state witness at a hearing in
order to support the discharge
The court will determine if the requisites of giving the discharge
are present. Evidence adduced in support of the discharged shall
automatically form part of the trial
If the court is satisfied, it will discharge the state witness. The
discharge is equivalent to an acquittal, unless the witness later
fails or refuses to testify
The court denies the motion for discharge, his sworn statement
shall be inadmissible as evidence
(e) Said accused has not at any time been convicted of any offense
involving moral turpitude.
can
be
substantially
WHAT
IS
WITNESS?
STATE
In
some cases, HOWEVER, the SC held that the
prosecution is not
required
to present
all of its
other
evidence before
discharged.
The accused
may
be discharged
at
any time before
the defendants have entered upon their defense.
IS A HEARING OF THE MOTION TO DISCHARGE MANDATORY?
So long as the motion is able to receive evidence for and against
the discharge of an accused to become a state witness, its
subsequent order granting or denying the motion for discharge is
in order notwithstanding the lack of actual hearing on the motion
MORE
THAN
ONE
ACCUSED
WHO
CAN
BE
BE
DISCHARGED
AS
STATE
WHAT
IS
AN
IRREGULAR
DISCHARGE?
Irregular discharge is a discharge where one or all of the
conditions required for discharge didnt really exist
IF THE STATE WITNESS REFUSES TO TESTIFY, WILL HIS SWORN
STATEMENT BE ADMISSIBLE AGAINST HIM?
No, his sworn statement will not be admissible against him
Otherwise, it violates his right against self-incrimination
LECTURE
NOTES
(JUSTICE
SABIO):
The accused must first be charged before he can be discharged as
a state witness.
There is a difference between a witness of the state and a state
witness. If you are a state witness, you are originally part of the
crime. If you are a witness for the state, you are not originally
part of the crime.
The section contemplates that the information is already filed, the
accused has been arraigned, there is trial and the prosecution
hasnt rested its case.
Sec. 18. Discharge of accused operates as acquittal. The order
indicated in the preceding section shall amount to an acquittal of
the discharged accused and shall be a bar to future prosecution for
the same offense, unless the accused fails or refuses to testify
against his
co-accused in
accordance with
his
sworn
statement constituting the basis for his discharge.
WHAT
ARE
THE
EFFECTS
OF
THE
DISCHARGE?
1. Evidence in support of the discharge forms part of the trial. But if
the court denies the motion to discharge, his sworn statement
shall be inadmissible as evidence
2. Discharge of the accused operates as an ACQUITTAL and bar to
further prosecution for the same offense, except if he fails or
refuses to testify against his co-accused in accordance with his
sworn statement constituting the basis of the discharge. In this
case, he ca n be prosecu ted again and his admis sion can b e used
against him.
In such case, the court shall commit the accused to answer for the
proper offense and dismiss the original case upon the filing of the
proper information.
BE
EXAMPLES
OF
FOR
ANY
OTHER
Sec. 21. Exclusion of the public. The judge may, motu proprio,
exclude the public from the courtroom if the evidence to be
produced during the trial is offensive to decency or public morals.
He may also, on motion of the accused, exclude the public from the
trial except court personnel and the counsel of the parties.
WHEN CAN THE PUBLIC BE EXCLUDED FROM THE
TRIAL?
1. If the evidence to be produced during the trial is offensive to
decency or public morals
2. On motion of the accused, exclude the public from the trial except
court personnel and the counsel of the parties
Sec. 22. Consolidation of trials of related offenses. Charges for
offenses founded on the same facts or forming part of a series of
offenses of similar character may be tried jointly at the discretion
of the court.
WHEN CAN DIFFERENT OFFENSES BE TRIED
JOINTLY?
When the offenses are founded on the same facts or from part of
a series of offenses of similar character, the court has the
discretion to consolidate and try them jointly
WHAT
IS
THE
CONSOLIDATION?
PURPOSE
OF
case. The prosecution may oppose the motion within a nonextendible period of five (5) days from its receipt.
If leave of court is granted, the accused shall file the demurrer to
evidence within a non-extendible period of ten (10) days
from notice. The prosecution may oppose the demurrer to
evidence within a similar period from its receipt.
FILE
DEMURRER
TO
The
prosecution
shall have 5 days within which
his grounds
for such
to oppose the
motion
If the motion is granted, the accused shall file
the demurrer to
evidence
within 10
days
from the
notice
of granttoof
The prosecution
may
oppose
demurrer
evidence within 10
days from its receipt of the demurrer
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF FILING THE DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE
WITH LEAVE OF COURT?
The effect of its filing is that if the court grants the demurrer, the
case will be dismissed
If the court denies the demurrer to evidence filed with leave of
court, the accused may still adduce evidence on his behalf
CASE
BE
Pageto9inform
1 9 1 of
IS
A
VERBAL
JUDGMENT
VALID?
No, a verbal judgment is incomplete because it doesnt contain
findings of fact, and it is not signed by the judge
It may however be corrected by putting it in writing and in the
prescribed form
When it is put in writing, it becomes a full blown judgment
WHAT
ARE
THE
CONTENTS
OF
THE
JUDGMENT?
1. If the judgment is of conviction, it shall state the following:
a. The legal qualification of the offense constituted by the
acts committed by the accused and the aggravating and
mitigating circumstances which attended the commission
b. The participation of the accused as principal, accomplice,
or accessory
c. The penalty imposed upon the accused
d. The civil liability or damages, if any, unless the
enforcement of the civil liability has been reserved or
waived by the offended party.
2. If the judgment is of acquittal
a. Whether the evidence of the prosecution absolutely failed
to prove the guilt of the accused or merely failed to
proved it beyond reasonable doubt
b. If the act or omission from which the civil liability might
arise doesnt exist
IS
AN
ERRONEOUS
JUDGMENT
VALID?
Yes. An error in judgment will not invalidate a decision, so long
as it conforms with the requirements of the law
BE
INCREASED
ON
WHAT
ARE
NOMINAL
DAMAGES?
Nominal damages are awarded in recognition of a violation of a
right of the plaintiff when no actual damage was done to him
Under article 2221 of the CC, these are damages recoverable in
order to vindicate or recognize the rights of the plaintiff which has
been violated or invaded by the defendant
For example, if the offense charged is rape and the offense proved
is acts of lasciviousness, the accused can only be convicted of acts
of lasciviousness
If the offense charged is less serious physical injuries and the
offense proved is serious physical injuries, then the defendant
should only be convicted of the offense charged
Parole
Motion for new trial or reconsideration
Suspension of sentence
ARE THE INSTANCES WHEN JUDGMENT MAY BE
PROMULGATED DESPITE THE ABSENCE OF ACCUSED?
1. When the accused has been convicted of a light offense.
Judgment may be promulgated in front of the counsel or
representative of the accused
2. When the trial was held in absentia because either the accused
jumped bail or escaped confinement
To
clarify, the case of Quizon v. CA
2.
THE
COURT
DENY
THE
APPLICATION
FOR
1.
NO. After the period of probation, the court has to order the final
discharge of the probationer upon finding that he has fulfilled the
terms and conditions of his probation.
Only upon issuance of this order is the case terminated.
WHAT
IS
THE
EFFECT
OF
THE
FINAL
DISCHARGE?
IT shall operate to restore the probationer to all civil rights lost or
suspended as a result of his conviction
He is also discharged fully of his liability for any fine imposed as
to
the offense for which probation was granted
RULE 121 - NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION
Section 1. New trial or reconsideration. At any time before a
judgment of conviction becomes final, the court may, on motion of
the accused or at its own instance but with the consent of the
accused, grant a new trial or reconsideration.
WHAT
ARE
THE
REQUISITES
FOR
THE
MOTION
FOR
RECONSIDERATION UNDER THIS RULE?
TO FILE A MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION, THE FOLLOWING ARE THE
REQUISITES:
1. There must be judgment of conviction
2. Such judgment hasnt become final
3. The motion must be at the instance of the accused or by the court
motu proprio, with the consent of the accused
WHAT IS THE EFFECT IF NUMBERS 2 AND 3 OF THE
REQUISITES ABOVE ARE NOT ATTENDANT?
The motion should be denied outright
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A NEW
TRIAL?
It is to temper the severity of a judgment or prevent the failure of
justice
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN A NEW TRIAL AND RECONSIDERATION
NEW TRIAL
MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION
Reopens the case after judgment Doesnt open the case for further
has been rendered, in order to allow proceedings
reception of new evidence and
further proceedings
The court is merely asked to
reconsider its finding of law in order
Only proper after rendition or to make them comformable to the
promulgation of judgment
law applicable to the case
Miscarriage of justice
act
Sec. 2. Grounds for a new trial. The court shall grant a new trial
on any of the following grounds:
(a) That errors of law or irregularities prejudicial to the
substantial
rights of the accused have been committed during the
trial;
(b) That new and material evidence has been discovered which the
accused could not with reasonable diligence have discovered and
produced at the trial and which if introduced and admitted would
probably change the judgment.
WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR A NEW
TRIAL?
A PARTY MAY MOVE FOR NEW TRIAL ON THE FOLLOWING
GROUNDS:
1. Errors of law or irregularities prejudicial to the substantial rights
of the accused have been committed during the trial
2. That new and material evidence has been discovered which the
accused couldnt with reasonable diligence have discovered and
BETWEEN
RECANTATION
AND
AFFIDAVIT
OF
RECANTATION
A witness who previously gave a
testimony subsequently declares
that his statement were not true
AFFIDAVIT OF DESISTANCE
The complainant states that he
didnt really intend to institute the
case and he is no longer interested
in testifying or prosecuting
Ground
for
reconsideration.
The
court
shall
WHAT
ARE
THE
GROUNDS
RECONSIDERATION?
Errors of law and fact in the judgment
FOR
HOW
1
RTC
MTC, from a case decided in its original jurisdiction
File a notice of appeal with the MTC and
serve a copy of the notice to the adverse
party
2
CA
RTC in the exercise of its original jurisdiction for an
imposed
penalty
less than reclusion perpetua,
life imprisonment and death
File a notice of appeal with the RTC and
serve a copy of the notice to the adverse
party
3
CA
RTC in the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction
File a petition for review with the CA in
accordance with Rule
42
4
CA
RTC where the penalty imposed
is
reclusion
perpetua
or
life
imprisonment,
or
where a lesser penalty is imposed on offenses
committed on the same
File a notice of appeal with the RTC and
CA
SC
SC
SC
occasion
or
which arose out
of
the
same
occurrence that
gave rise
to the offense
punishable
by
death,
reclusion
RTC
where
penalty imposed
is death
All other
appeals, except
the two cases
above
Sandiganbayan
Sandiganbayan
in
its original
jurisdiction
where penalty
imposed is death
By automatic
review
Petition for
review under
Rule 45
Petition for
review under
Rule
45
By
automatic
review
SC
Sandiganbayan
File a notice of
in
its original
appeal
jurisdiction
where penalty is
imposed
is life
imprisonment
10
SC
Sandiganbayan
File a notice of
in its appellate appeal
jurisdiction
where
penalty
imposed is
death, reclusion
perpetua, or life
imprisonment
*These changes took place in the case of People v. Mateo, ponente was
Justice Vitug.
*WASNT THIS TANTAMOUNT TO THE COURT CHANGING THE
CONSTITUTION?
No. There is no amendment to the Constitution. The SC is mandated by
the Constitution anyhow to adopt rules of procedure. This is not a
substantive right but only procedural. The accused is given another level
to review his case. He is placed in a better position.
APPEAL
Sec. 9. Appeal to the Regional Trial Courts. (a) Within five (5)
days from perfection of the appeal, the clerk of court shall
transmit the original record to the appropriate Regional Trial
Court.
(b) Upon receipt of the complete record of the case, transcripts
and exhibits, the clerk of court of the Regional Trial Court shall
notify the parties of such fact.
(c) Within fifteen (15) days from receipt of said notice, the
parties may submit memoranda or briefs, or may be required by
the Regional Trial Court to do so. After the submission of such
memoranda or briefs, or upon the expiration of the period to file
the same, the Regional Trial Court shall decide the case on the
basis of the entire record of the case and of such memoranda or
briefs as may have been filed.
DISTINGUISH
A
BRIEF
MEMORANDUM
BRIEF
A complete statement of facts of the
case
Appellants brief: contents
1. Title of the case
2. Crime charged
3. Material datesto find out
if appeal was made within
reglementary period
a. When copy
of
judgment
is
received
b.
When appeal was
made
4. Facts upon which judgment
was based
5. Decision being appealed
from
6. Arguments in support of
appeal
7. Prayer
Appellees brief: counterstatement
of facts
FROM
A
MEMORANDUM
Summary that the party would
make at the last minute; lays down
the principles and authorities
Sometimes a case is won through a
memorandum
Disadvantage in the appellate court
cannot observe the demeanor of
the witness
Findings of fact of the trial
court are given greater
weight
Usually the appellate court
sustains the trial court
Counsel of the appellant
must highlight the error
guilt
Sec. 10. Transmission of records in case of death penalty. In all
cases where the death penalty is imposed by the trial court, the
records shall be forwarded to the Supreme Court for automatic
review and judgment within five (5) days after the fifteenth (15)
day following the promulgation of the judgment or notice of denial
of a motion for new trial or reconsideration. The transcript shall
also be forwarded within ten (10) days after the filing thereof by
the stenographic reporter.
Sec. 11. Effect of appeal by any of several accused. (a) An appeal
taken by one or more of several accused shall not affect those who
did not appeal, except insofar as the judgment of the appellate
court is favorable and applicable to the latter.
(b) The appeal of the offended party from the civil aspect shall
not affect the criminal aspect of the judgment or order appealed
from.
(c) Upon perfection of the appeal, the execution of the judgment
or final order appealed from shall be stayed as to the appealing
party.
A AND B WERE CONVICTED OF MURDER. ONLY A APPEALED FROM
THE
CONVICTION.
SHOULD THE
DECISION OF
THE
APPELLATE COURT BIND B?
It depends.
If the decision of the appellate court should be beneficial to B,
then it should affect him
If the decision would not benefit him, it shouldnt bind him
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF THE APPEAL BY THE OFFENDED PARTY OF
THE CIVIL ASPECT OF THE JUDGMENT ON THE CRIMINAL ASPECT?
Nothing
Sec. 12. Withdrawal of appeal. - Notwithstanding perfection of the
appeal, the Regional Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial Court,
Municipal Trial Court in Cities, Municipal Trial Court, or Municipal
Circuit Trial Court, as the case may be, may allow the appellant to
withdraw his appeal before the record has been forwarded by the
clerk of court to the proper appellate court as provided in
section 8, in which case, the judgment shall become final. The
Regional Trial Court may also, in its discretion, allow the
appellant from the judgment
WHAT
IS
SUMMARY
PROCEDURE?
Procedure wherein the court decides the case through the
evidence and affidavits presented by the parties
RESOLUTION OF THE COURT EN BANC DATED OCTOBER 15,
1991
PROVIDING FOR THE REVISED RULE ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE
FOR METROPOLITAN TRIAL COURTS, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS
IN
CITIES, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS AND MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT
TRIAL COURTS.
I. Applicability
Section 1.
Scope. This rule shall govern the summary
procedure in the Metropolitan Trial Courts, the Municipal Trial
Courts in Cities, the Municipal Trial Courts, and the Municipal
Circuit Trial Courts in the following cases falling within their
jurisdiction:
B. Criminal Cases:
(1) Violations of traffic laws, rules and
regulations; (2) Violations of the rental law;
(3)
Violations
ordinances;
of
municipal
or
city
(4) All other criminal cases where the penalty prescribed by law
for the offense charged is imprisonment not exceeding six months,
or a fine not exceeding (P1,000.00), or both, irrespective of other
imposable penalties, accessory or otherwise, or of the civil liability
arising therefrom: Provided, however, that in offenses involving
damage to property through criminal negligence, this Rule shall
govern where the imposable fine does not exceed ten thousand
pesos (P10,000.00).
This Rule shall not apply to a civil case where the plaintiffs cause
of action is pleaded in the same complaint with another cause
of action subject to the ordinary procedure; nor to a criminal case
where the offense charged is necessarily related to another
criminal case subject to the ordinary procedure.
Sec.
COMMON
for
bill
of
for
relief
from
party
(l) Interventions.
WHAT PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS ARE PROHIBITED IN CASES
GOVERNED BY SUMMARY PROCEDURE?
The following are not allowed
1. A motion to dismiss the complaint or to quash the complaint or
information on the ground of lack of jurisdiction over the subject
matter, or failure to refer the case to the Lupon
2. Motion for bill of particulars
3. Motion for new trial, or for reconsideration of a judgment, or for
reopening of trial
4. Petition for relief from judgment
5. Motion for extension of time to file pleading, affidavits or other
paper
6. Memoranda
7. Petition for certiorari, mandamus, or prohibition against any
interlocutory order issued by the courts
8. Motion to declare the defendant in default
9. Dilatory motions for postponement
10. Reply
11. Third-party complaints
12. Interventions
Sec.
20.
Affidavits. The affidavits required to be submitted
under this Rule shall state only facts of direct personal knowledge
of the affiants which are admissible in evidence, and shall show
their competence to testify to the matters stated therein.
A violation of this requirement may subject the party or the
counsel who submits the same to disciplinary action, and shall be
cause to expunge the inadmissible affidavit or portion thereof
from the record.
WHAT IS REQUIRED IN THE SUBMISSION OF AFFIDAVITS IN A
SUMMARY PROCEEDING?
The affidavits required to be submitted under this Rule shall state
only facts of direct personal knowledge of the affiants which are
admissible in evidence, and shall show their competence to testify
to the matters stated therein.
Sec.
21.
Appeal. The judgment or final order shall be
appealable to the appropriate Regional Trial Court which shall
decide the same in accordance with Section 22 of Batas Pambansa
Blg. 129. The decision of the Regional Trial Court in civil cases
governed by this Rule, including forcible entry and unlawful
detainer, shall be immediately executory, without prejudice to a
further appeal that may be taken therefrom. Section 10 of Rule
70 shall be deemed repealed.
Sec.
22.
Applicability of the regular rules. The regular
procedure prescribed in the Rules of Court shall apply to the
special cases herein provided for in a suppletory capacity insofar
as they are not inconsistent herewith.
RULE 124 - PROCEDURE IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
Section 1. Title of the case. In all criminal cases appealed to the
Court of Appeals, the party appealing the case shall be called the
"appellant" and the adverse party the "appellee," but the title of
the case shall remain as it was in the court of origin.
Sec. 2. Appointment of counsel de officio for the accused. If it
appears from the record of the case as transmitted that (a) the
accused is confined in prison, (b) is without counsel de parte on
appeal, or (c) has signed the notice of appeal himself, ask the clerk
of court of the Court of Appeals shall designate a counsel de
officio.
An appellant who is not confined in prison may, upon request, be
assigned a counsel de officio within ten (10) days from receipt of
the notice to file brief and he establishes his right thereto.
Sec. 3. When brief for appellant to be filed. Within thirty
(30) days from receipt by the appellant or his counsel of the notice
from the clerk of court of the Court of Appeals that the
evidence, oral and documentary, is already attached to the record,
the appellant shall file seven (7) copies of his brief with the clerk
of court which shall be accompanied by proof of service of two (2)
copies thereof upon the appellee.
Sec. 4. When brief for appellee to be filed; reply brief of the
appellant. Within thirty (30) days from receipt of the brief of the
appellant, the appellee shall file seven (7) copies of the brief of
the
4.
DISTINGUISH
MODIFY
AND
REVISE
MODIFY
REVISE
The appellate court bases its The decision of the trial court judge
modification on errors in the facts or is revised merely on the manner it
laws of the case
is written
OF
CRIMINAL
RESOLUTION
Acting on the recommendation of the Committee on Revision of the
Rules of Court submitting for this Court's consideration and
approval the Proposed Amendments to the Revised Rules of
xxx
September
2004.
28,
and
Chico-Nazario,
JJ.,
on
(b) Where the judgment also imposes a lesser penalty for offenses
committed on the same occasion or which arose out of the same
occurrence that gave rise to the more severe offense for which the
penalty of death is imposed, and the accused appeals, the appeal
shall be included in the case certified for review to, the Supreme
Court.
(c) In cases where the Court of Appeals imposes reclusion
perpetua, life imprisonment or a lesser penalty, it shall render and
enter judgment imposing such penalty. The judgment may be
THE CA IS
PURELY
Sec. 14. Motion for new trial. At any time after the appeal from
the lower court has been perfected and before the judgment of the
Court of Appeals convicting the appellant becomes final, the latter
may move for a new trial on the ground of newly-discovered
evidence material to his defense. The motion shall conform with
the provisions of section 4, Rule 121.
CAN THE CA CONDUCT A NEW
TRIAL?
Yes, the ground for new trial is based on newly-discovered
evidence and the motion shall conform with the provisions of
Section 4, Rule 121
WHAT
IS
NEWLY-DISCOVERED
EVIDENCE?
This is material evidence that can change the outcome of the
judgment when admitted
WHEN
SHOULD
DISCOVERED?
THE
NEWLY-DISCOVERED
EVIDENCE
BE
Sec. 17. Judgment transmitted and filed in trial court. When the
entry of judgment of the Court of Appeals is issued, a certified
true copy of the judgment shall be attached to the original record
which shall be remanded to the clerk of the court from which the
appeal was taken.
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE AFTER THE JUDGMENT OF THE CA HAS
BECOME FINAL?
When the judgment of the CA becomes final, a certified true copy
of the judgment shall be attached to the original record which
shall be remanded to the clerk of the court from which the appeal
was taken.
Sec. 18. Application of certain rules in civil procedure to criminal
cases. The provisions of Rules 42, 44 to 46 and 48 to 56 relating
to procedure in the Court of Appeals and in the Supreme Court in
original and appealed civil cases shall be applied to criminal cases
insofar as they are applicable and not inconsistent with the
provision of this Rule.
RULE 125 - PROCEDURE IN THE SUPREME COURT
Section 1. Uniform Procedure. Unless otherwise provided by the
Constitution or by law, the procedure in the Supreme Court in
original and in appealed cases shall be the same as in the Court of
Appeals.
HOW
MANY
VOTES
ARE
NEEDED?
The rule is that the majority is needed to decide a case en banc
An exception is that when all are not present, majority of all those
present/who constitute a quorum and actually participated in the
deliberations.
o
There must be a quorum
o
Majority of those who participated and voted shouldnt be
less than 5
Division of 7: majority not less than 5; division of 5: majority not
less than 3; division of 3: unanimous decision, if the unanimous
decision couldnt be obtained, 2 justices must be temporarily
assigned to the division by raffle
Sec. 2. Review of decisions of the Court of Appeals. The
procedure for the review by the Supreme Court of decisions
in
SEARCH
OR
SEIZURE
Facts
and circumstances that
would
lead and
a reasonable
discreet
prudent man to
believecommitted
that thereand
hasthe
been
a
crime
things
and objects
connected
the
crime
committed
are in to
the
place
to because
searched
3.
Probable
in the issuance of a
warrant
of arrest
Facts
and circumstances that
would
engender
a that
well-a crime
grounded
belief
has been
committed
and the
person
to be
arrested committed
it
WHER
WARR
of
the
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
WHAT
IS
THE
PURPOSE
FOR
THE
PARTICULARITY
OF
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLACE TO BE SEARCHED AND THE THINGS
TO BE SEIZED?
The evident purpose and intent of this requirement is to limit the
things to be seized to those, and only those, particularly
described
in the search warrantto leave officers of the law with no
discretion regarding what articles they should seize, to the end
that unreasonable searches and seizures may not be committed,
that abuses may not be committed.
Sec. 5. Examination of complainant; record. The judge must,
before issuing the warrant, personally examine in the form of
searching questions and answers, in writing and under oath, the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce on facts
personally known to them and attach to the record their sworn
statements, together with the affidavits submitted.
WHEN IS THE AFFIDAVIT OR TESTIMONY OF THE WITNESS
SAID TO BE BASED ON PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE?
The test is whether perjury could be charged against the witness
WHAT ARE THE REQUISITES OF THE PERSONAL EXAMINATION
THAT THE JUDGE MUST CONDUCT BEFORE ISSUING THE SEARCH
WARRANT?
1. The judge must examine the witness personally
2. The examination must be under oath
3. The examination must be reduced into writing in the form of
searching questions and answers
Sec. 6. Issuance and form of search warrant. If the judge is
satisfied of the existence of facts upon which the application is
based or that there is probable cause to believe that they exist, he
shall issue the warrant, which must be substantially in the form
prescribed by these Rules.
WHAT
IS
A
SCATTER
SHOT
WARRANT?
It is a warrant of arrest that is issued for more than one offense
It is void for the law requires that a warrant of arrest should only
be issued in connection with one specific offense
NOTE: The two witness rule only applies in the absence of the lawful
occupants of the premises searched
PEACE OFFICERS RAIDED A HOUSE, WHICH WAS SUSPECTED TO
BE A FACTORY FOR ILLEGAL DRUGS.
DURING THE RAID,
8
CHINESEMEN WERE FOUND INSIDE WHO COULDNT SPEAK
ENGLISH OR FILIPINO. THE CHINESE WERE LOCKED INSIDE A
ROOM AND TWO WITNESSES WHO WERE NOT OCCUPANTS WERE
USED WHILE SEARCHING THE HOUSE AND SEIZING THE
PROHIBITED
DRUGS.
VALID?
No.
The two-witness rule can only apply when there is absence of the
lawful occupants of the premises searched.
In this case, they locked the occupants in a room while doing the
search and seizure and used 2 witnesses who werent the
occupants of the premises.
Sec. 9. Time of making search. The warrant must direct that it be
served in the day time, unless the affidavit asserts that the
property is on the person or in the place ordered to be searched, in
which case a direction may be inserted that it be served at any
time of the day or night.
WHEN
SHOULD
THE
SEARCH
WARRANT
BE
EXECUTED?
If possible, it should be executed during the daytime
But in certain cases, such as when the things seized are mobile or
are in the person of the accused, it can be served during nighttime
Sec. 10. Validity of search warrant. A search warrant shall
be valid for ten (10) days from its date. Thereafter, it shall be void.
Accused seeks the reversal of his conviction for violating the Dangerous
Drugs Act. He was found guilty of selling marijuana leaves to a police
officer in an entrapment operation.
HELD:
There is no doubt that the warrantless search incidental to a lawful arrest
authorizes the arresting officer to make a search upon the person of the
person arrested. Hence, in a buy-bust operation conducted to entrap a
drug-pusher, the law enforcement agents may seized the marked money
found on the person of the pusher immediately after the arrest even
without arrest or search warrants. Furthermore, it may extend beyond to
include the premises or surroundings under his immediate control.
PEOPLE V. BURGOS - 144 SCRA 1
FACTS:
Due to an information given by a person, who allegedly was being forcibly
recruited by accused to the NPA, the members of the Constabulary went to
the house of accused, asked about his firearm and documents connected
to subversive activities. Accused pointed to where his firearm was as well
as his other documents allegedly.
HELD:
The right of the person to be secure against any unreasonable seizure of
his body and any deprivation of liberty is a most basic and fundamental
one. The statute or rule, which allows exceptions to the requirement of
warrants of arrest is strictly construed. Any exception must clearly fall
within the situations when securing a warrant would be absurd or is
manifestly unnecessary as provided by the Rule. We cannot liberally
construe the rule on arrests without warrant or extend its application
beyond the cases specifically provided by law. To do so would infringe
upon personal liberty and set back a basic right so often violated and so
deserving of full protection.
WHO SHOULD GIVE CONSENT TO A WARRANTLESS SEARCH AND
WHAT ARE THE REQUISITES?
Only the person whose right may be violated can give the
consent; it is a personal right that cannot be availed of by third
parties. The requisites are:
1. The person has knowledge of his right against the search
2. He freely and intelligently gives his consent in spite of such
knowledge
WHAT ARE THE REQUISITES FOR THE PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE TO
APPLY?
1.
2.
3.
4.
MOVES
FOR
THE
SUSPENSION
OF
THE
PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION. VALID AND PROPER?
No, the preliminary investigation is of different nature from
deciding on whether to grant the motion to quash the warrant
The result of one will not affect the other. One deals on probable
cause on whether there are facts and circumstances that would
engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been committed
and the accused is probably guilty thereof. The other deals on
whether the things and objects were seized legally or not.
IS
THE
MULTI-FACTOR
BALANCING
accused
is
about
to
abscond
from
the
the
accused
resides
outside
the
NO TE S