MTT Nov 2016

VOLUME 15
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Vol. 15
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NOVEMBER 2016
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Herbert and Shrikantha S Rao
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Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 10, October 2016
Editorial Board
Vol. 15 No. 11 November 2016
Contents
Chairman
S Satish Kumar
Editorial Advisory Committee
S Usha
N Balashanmugam
S Arumugasamy
B R Mohanraj
Dr. C K Srinivasa, Honorary Member
Technical Paper Review Panel
K K Rajagopal
M Chellamalai
V Shanmugaraj
V G Yoganath
S V Mansur
Editor
Mallikarjun G
Editorial Assistants
Shashi Rekha N
Mala RC
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Technical Papers
Role of nanocharacterization in dentistry

Sarmistha Dhan, Ashish Varade and Aloysius Daniel
Corrosion and metallurgical characteristics of AZ31B

magnesium alloy under NaCl environment
D Thirumalaikumarasamy, K Shanmugam,
V Balasubramanian and S Sree Sabari
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Manufacturing Technology Today (MTT) (ISSN: 0972-7396), a monthly technical journal from
Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI), is in the 15th (Fifteenth) year of publication.
The journal covers technical articles/papers, manufacturing technology abstracts, patent abstracts,
calendar of forthcoming events, technology trends in manufacturing related areas, select bibliographies
on subject and standards, vintage machine, IPR related information.
Technical articles discussing various aspects of Manufacturing Technology

including innovations in the field, original research work being carried
out, experimental investigations with results, actual industrial practices,
case studies on problem solving are invited for publication.
The abstract of the proposed paper may please be E-mailed to: mtt.cmti@nic.in
Guidelines to be followed by the authors while submitting the full paper

after approval of the abstract
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Every article is to be provided with an abstract in one paragraph, not exceeding 150 words.
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All subheadings are to be numbered as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,..2.1, 2.2, 2.3, etc.
All sub-subheadings are to be numbered as 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13etc.
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Select Object on the Text section of the Insert tab and then select MathType/Equation Editor in
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13. All references are to be listed at the end of the article and are to be serially numbered.
Format for providing the references:

Journals: Giviniash, M; Woolley, NH; Rowe, WB: Useful coolant flow rate in grinding,
InternationalJournal ofMachine Tools & Manufacture, vol. 44, no. 6, 2004, 629-636
Books: Suchy, I; Magee, J; Watkins, KG: Handbook of Die Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998
14. Three hard copies of the full paper are to be submitted accompanied by a soft copy of the full paper in a
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Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2016
Review Paper
ROLE OF NANOCHARACTERIZATION IN DENTISTRY

Sarmistha Dhan, 2Ashish Varade and 3Aloysius Daniel
1*
1, 2, 3
Scientist, Nano Manufacturing Technology Centre, Central Manufacturing Technology Institute,

Tumkur Road, Yeshwanthpur, Bengaluru, Karnataka
*
E-mail: sarmistha.cmti@gov.in
Abstract: Nanotechnology has rapidly expanded into all areas of science. Nanocharcterization
techniques are being widely used to support research & development activities on dentistry.
Nanocharacterization in dentistry would allow proper understanding of oral diseases and,
its treatment, at molecular and cellular levels, which would eventually increase the success
of prevention and treatment. Replacement of existing dentinal materials is one of the
main challenges for centuries in terms of the selection of good prosthetic materials that
can withstand the adverse conditions of the oral environment. The properties of a
prosthetic material should be at par with the physical properties of a tooth. Various
State-of-the-art equipments like Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Confocal Microscope, Stereo
Microscope, Nanoindenter, Rheometer and Optical Profiler are being widely used as
characterization tool in dental research.
Keywords: Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Dental Tubules,
Endodontics, Periodontics, Stereo Microscope, Nanoindenter
1. INTRODUCTION
Oral diseases are major public health problemsdue
to their high incidence and prevalence across
the globe. Dentistry is mostly involved in the
study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of
diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral
cavity, structures and tissues, particularly in the
maxillofacial, jaw and facial, area. Oral health
gets affected due to various reasons. Research
in dentistry is concerned with diagnosing,
treating and preventing oral and dental diseases,
relieving pain, preserving and improving dental
health. The majority of dental treatments are
carried out to prevent or treat the two most
common oral diseases which are dental
caries(tooth decay) andperiodontal disease(gum
disease or pyorrhea). Common treatments involve
therestoration of teeth,extractionof teeth,scaling
and root planning and endodontic root
canaltreatment.
With the advent of nanotechnology, various
sophisticated nanocharacterization equipments
were invented to analyse cause of various diseases
at nanoscale. This has also led to researches in

dentistry at nanoscale [1]. This paper describes
various nanocharacterization techniques useful for
researches in dentistry.
2. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM)

AFM, a scanning probe microscopy technique,
uses a sharp tip in the form of a cantilever to scan
the surface in a very small area and generate a 3D
image of the topography with a sub nanometre
resolution. AFM helps to determine the surface
roughness, step heights and height distributions
of a sample surface. AFM is an important tool
to study the effect of demineralisation on the
dentine structure due to various external agents
like soft drinks, toothpastes etc on the surface
of a tooth. Dentine hypersensitivity can occur
when there is exposure of the surface of the root.
AFM can be used to get a 3D image of dentinal
tubules, which would help in studying the cause
of sensitivity. A special construction of AFM
scanner, Fluid force microscopy module, enables
Biological samples to be observed in liquid
environment. Dentin of human teeth is a vital
Review Paper
hydrated tissue which is strongly sensitive to

dehydration and drying. SEM Sample preparation
techniques lead to dehydration and drying of the
sample. Hence, AFM is a better option to image
Dentine of human teeth in liquid environment.
Contact mode AFM can be used to study the
surface of orthodontic wires obtained in vivo
after clinical treatment. Further, AFM can be
used in many other areas of dental research
like for fractographic investigations where the
mode of fracture mechanism of composites
could be studied. AFM is recognised as the only
microscopy to date that can achieve nanometre
resolution on dentine samples under native
conditions such as liquid environment [2].
AFM technique, which is complementary to Optomagnetic spectroscopy (OMS) method, diseases
such as dental caries, periodontitis and oral
cancer can be quantified based on morphological,
biophysical and biochemical nanoscale properties
of oral cavity surfaces [3].
3. NANOINDENTER
Nanoindenter is the state-of-the-art equipment
with cutting edge technology to measure the
mechanical properties (Hardness & Modulus) of
thin films, coatings & bulk materials in nanoscale.
Nanoindenter also known as Depth-sensing
indentation (DSI) or Instrumented indentation
testing (IIT) is extensively used for evaluating the
mechanical properties of human teeth samples.
Studies like effect of diseases on the hardness
of teeth and, how hardness of teeth is being
affected by our lifestyle, have been carried out
in the recent past. Mechanical properties of
dental restorative materials can be determined
by Nanoindentation and, this information can be
used in the development of tooth fillings having
the mechanical characteristics of a real tooth.
Nanoindentation equipments unique feedback
response to control load precisely helps us
to determine the mechanical properties at
nanoscale. Nanoindentation can also be used
Fig 1. AFM Image of Tubules in Human Teeth (50 m x 50 m)
Fig 2 (a). Modulus Vs. Displacement into the Surface, (b) Hardness Vs. Displacement into the Surface and
(c) Load Vs. Displacement Curve Obtained in by Nanoindentation Test on a Human Teeth Sample
4
Review Paper
to perform scratch test to study the scratch and

wear resistance of tooth and filling materials [4, 5].
A Nanoindentation Analysis can be helpful
to understand effect of diseases specially
diabetes (where blood sugar level can affect
tooth health) in mechanical properties on human
tooth enamels (Fig. 2). From the study it was
observed that hardness and modulus of tooth
enamels clearly degrades for the diabetic patients.
4. CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY
Confocal Microscopy is an excellent optical
microscopy technique, which is based on the
principle of confocal imaging. It is an invaluable
tool for high-resolution microscopy for getting a
good 3D topographic image, with a high vertical
resolution (10 nm approx.) and, lateral resolution
of (200 nm approx.). Confocal microscopy uses

two modes namely white light and monochromatic
laser for imaging. Imaging with laser further
improves its resolution due to no chromatic
aberration. Confocal microscopes are being
employed in dentistry for more than two
decades. It is mostly used to measure the Surface
Roughness of polished tooth samples, gap
between teeth and the filled material files
structure analysis, teeth hole structure analysis
with inserting files into the teeth, penetrated
dye length in dye penetration test and, teeth
structure length after filling the material into
the teeth etc. With an increase in the speed
of scanning and the operating system the
scope of application of confocal systems has
widened in dentistry. Confocal microscopy has
been used to study the penetration properties
of restorative materials [6]. Confocal laser
Fig 3. Confocal Microscope Image of Tubules in Human Teeth (64m x 64m)
Fig 4. Confocal Microscope Teeth Structure Analysis after Filling the Material into the Teeth (1.28 mm x1.28 mm)
Review Paper
scanning microscopy (CLSM) has been also used

to visualize tooth plaques non-destructively with
a vitality staining technique. It offers a sensitive,
non-destructive technique for demonstrating
mineral changes in carious dentin [7].
Some investigators use this equipment for
collecting observational data regarding the
functional behaviour of dental tissues on
the application of both slow-moving cutting
instruments, which emulate chisels and high speed
instruments, such as rotary burs, air-propelled
abrasive particles and soft powder slurries. It can
play a significant role in the clinical evaluation
of oral lesions, real-time identification of
tumours margins and, monitoring of response to
therapeutic treatment in addition to real-time
evaluation of cutting tools in dentistry.
5. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Electron microscopy is a specialized field of
science that uses a beam of electrons as a probe
for imaging of the specimen. It works in vacuum
conditions and focuses electron beam and
magnifies images with the help of electromagnetic
lenses. SEM generates image by scanning
secondary electrons generated from the specimen.
Depending on the requirement the specimens
can be magnified between 50 to 12, 00,000
times. Point-to-point resolution that can be
achieved using best optical microscopy is limited
to 0.2 m whereas in SEM, the resolution is down
to 2 nm. SEM imaging plays a very important role
in dentistry as the dental tissues and materials
tend to be having light colours or white which
limits the usage of optical microscopes.Electron
microscopy has been used widely for various
researches in the areas in dentistry of endodontics,
periodontics and implant.

In endodontics, SEM is used mainly to evaluate
bacterial leakage within the root canal, bacterial
biofilm formation [8] and also to evaluate
fracture patterns regarding root posts and filling
cements. Topographic analysis of the dentin
surface after different rotary instruments and
techniques is also a common purpose of study
[9, 10]. The study of dentinal tubules morphology
and topography after the smear layer removal
was studied under the SEM and, Fig. 5 represents
the topography of the tubules. The SEM imaging
technique is used for the qualification and
quantification of the surface morphology with
varied type of acid, its concentration and etching
time, before and after treatment. This technique
can also be applied for qualifying the smear layer
removal followed with qualification of different
root canal fillers by very precisely measuring the
distance between the filling material and the
dentinal wall.
6. RHEOMETER
Rheometer is an instrument to study the
deformation and flow characteristics of matter.
It can be used to measure viscosity of dental
materials that are manipulated in fluid state in oral
cavity and for wax flow studies. Rheological study
of dental waxes which are used extensively in
dentistry can be carried out. Dentists are subjected
to manipulate materials which flow or deform
when subjected to stress [11]. Autopolymerisation
is the polymerization process occurs automatically
without need of initiation such as external
heat for setting the resin. Autopolymerisation
resin is used in dentistry to repair denture and
fabricate dental restoration parts. An increased
rate of viscosity of the resin is very crucial
characteristics for autopolymerisation, which can
be measured through Rheometer [12].
7. STEREO MICROSCOPE
Fig 5. SEM Imaging of Dentinal Tubules

with Optimized Gold Coating
6
A stereo model is an optical microscope that

functions at a low magnification. It works by using
two separate optical paths instead of just one.
The two objectives and two eyepieces provide the
eyes with slightly different viewing angles. This
feature makes it ideal for examining surfaces of
solid materials. It also lends itself well to sorting
and dissecting. It uses reflected, or episcopic,
illumination to light up specimens. That means it
utilizes light that is naturally reflected from the
object. This is ideal when dealing with thick or
Review Paper
Fig 6. Stereo-Microscope Imaging of Cross Sectioned Tooth (using Low speed Diamond saw)
followed with (a) Imaging of the Root Canal Filler Material & (b) Imaging
of the Die Penetration along with the Area Measurement
Fig 7. Stereo-Microscope Imaging of Cross Sectioned Tooth without Damage followed with
(a) Qualification of Root Canal Filling & (b) Imaging and Measurement
of the Gap between the Mould and the Acrylic Cap
opaque samples. The advantage of the low power

stereo-microscope with a large depth of field
and a wide field of view facilitates examination
of specimens, where it is necessary to show
features in relation to surrounding structures
simultaneously with those at different levels.
Following are some of the case studies which
explain the application of stereo-microscope
imaging in dentistry:
Apart from above mentioned nanocharacterization
techniques, other equipments that can support
research in dentistry are Raman spectroscope and
optical profiler. Sample preparation equipments
like low speed diamond saw, diamond wire saw,
disc grinder etc aids in sample preparation which

is very much useful to modify raw dental samples
into characterizable one.
8. SUMMARY
Nanocharacterization using cutting edge high
precision technology equipments plays a crucial
role in various researches related to dentistry.
Equipments viz. AFM, Electron microscopes,
Nanoindenter, Confocal Microscopes have
become crucial supporting equipments for various
researches in dentistry. Real time assessment of
demineralization and remineralisation processes
within the enamel, dentine hard tissues, Imaging
Review Paper
of dental tubules, qualification of root canal

filling by microscopy and imaging of die penetration
etc., can be carried out using appropriate
microscopy
techniques.
Nanoindentation
technique helps to evaluate nanoscale mechanical
properties of tooth enamels. Rheometer on
the other hand is a useful tool to find the flow
properties of waxes and resins used in dentistry.
In conclusion, nanocharacterization equipments
plays an important role in discovering the cause
of a dental health problem and validating a
treatment procedure to gaining a thorough
knowledge of the properties of materials for
selecting appropriate material for the use in
dentistry, especially as restorative materials.
In the limitless scope of nanocharacterization
in dentistry this paper covers some of the areas
of nanocharacterization. In future, the scope of
nanocharacterization in dentistry will increase
further with the development of nanotechnology
in dentistry in the emerging areas of bioscience
in dentistry such as bio-nano materials, dental
bio materials, bio sensors, stem cells, genetic
engineering and nano robotic etc.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Some of the works showed above were carried
out at Nano material characterization laboratory
of Nano Manufacturing Technology Centre
(NMTC) at Central Manufacturing Technology
Institute (CMTI). We hereby acknowledge
Mrs. Shishuma D.S and Mr. Neeraj Kumar for
providing valuable characterization data. We
are grateful to Shri. Prakash Vinod, HOD, NMTC,
CMTI, for his cordial support, valuable information
and guidance. We express our sincere thanks to
Shri. N. Balashanmugham, Joint Director, CMTI,
for his inspiring advice, immense help and whole
hearted support. And at the end we express our
deep sense of gratitude to Shri. S. Satish Kumar,
Director In-Charge, CMTI, for facilitating the work.
10. REFERENCES
1. Sharma, S; Cross, SE; Hsueh, C; Wali, RP; Stieg,
AZ; Gimzewski, JK: Nanocharacterization
in Dentistry, 'Int. J. Mol. Sci'., vol. 11, 2010,
2523-2545.
3. Grga, Djurica; Marjanovi, M; Hut, I;

Deletovi, B; Djuro Koruga, Dental Calculus
Nanocharacterization, 'Serbian dental journal',
vol. 59, no.3, 2012, 154-157
4. Anthony C Fischer-Cripps: Nanoindentation,
3rd ed., Springer LLC, New York, 2011.
5. Oliver, WC; Pharr, GM: Measurement of
hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented
indentation: Advances in understanding and
refinements to methodology, 'J. Mater. Res.',
vol. 19, no. 1, 2004, 3-19.
6. Marzuki, AF; Masudi, SM: Confocal laser
scanning microscopy study of dentinal tubules
in dental caries stained with alizarin red.
Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2008; 3: 2-6.
7. Nair, BJ; Sivakumar, TT; Joseph, AP; Varun, BR;
Mony, V: Special Section: Dentistry Reviews
- Confocal microscopy Confocal microscopy,
Health sciences, 2012, 1 (3): JS004A
8. Wang, W; Tao, R; Tong, Z; Ding, Y; Kuang,
R; Zhai, S: Effect of a novel antimicrobial
peptide chrysophsin-1 on oral pathogens and
Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Peptides 2012;
33 (2): 212-9.
9. Agrawal, VS; Kapoor, S: An in vitro scanning
electron microscopic study comparing the
efficacy of passive ultrasonic and syringe
irrigation methods using sodium hypochlorite
in removal of debris from the root canal
system. J Ir Dent Assoc. 2012; 58(3): 156-61.
10. Kuga, MC; Campos, EA; Faria-Jnior, NB;
S, MV; Sinohara, AL: Efficacy of NiTi rotary
instruments in removing calcium hydroxide
dressing residues from root canal walls. Braz
Oral Res 2012; 26(1):19-23.
11. McMillan, LC: Aspects of the rheology of the
dental waxes, PhD Thesis, University of Hong
Kong, June, 1998.
12. Ogawa, T; Tanaka, M; Matsuya, S; Aizawa,
S; Koyano, K: Setting characteristics of
five autopolymerizing resins measured by
an oscillating Rheometer, 'The Journal of
prosthetic dentistry', vol. 85, no. 2, 170-175
2. Kubinek, R; Zapletalova, Z; Vujtek, M; Novotn,

R; Kolarova, H; Chmelickova, H: Examination
of dentin surface using AFM and SEM,
Modern Research and Educational Topics in
Microscopy, 2007, 593-598.
8
Technical Paper
CORROSION AND METALLURGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF AZ31B MAGNESIUM ALLOY UNDER NaCl ENVIRONMENT
D Thirumalaikumarasamy, 2K Shanmugam, 3V Balasubramanian and 4S Sree Sabari
Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3Professor, 4Research Scholar

Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University,
Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
E-mail: tkumarasamy412@gmail.com,
thirumalaikumarasamy.d.12750@annamalaiuniversity.ac.in
Abstract: An investigation was carried out to quantify and characterize the corrosion
behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy. The specimens were underwent immersion, salt spray,
pitting and galvanic corrosion tests in order to quantify and characterize the corrosion rates
of the AZ31B specimens with the influence of different pH values, chloride ion concentration
and the corrosion time. An attempt was also made to develop an empirical relationship to
predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy. Three factors, five level, central composite
rotatable design matrix was used to minimize the number of experimental conditions.
Response surface methodology was used to develop the relationship. The developed
relationship can be effectively used to predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy
at 95 % confidence level. The results show that the corrosion rate was higher in salt
spray corrosion tests than the immersion, pitting and galvanic corrosion tests.
Keywords: AZ31B Magnesium Alloy, Response Surface Methodology, Corrosion Rate
1. INTRODUCTION
Magnesium alloys are considered as good
candidates for many structural components of
automobile, aerospace and military industries
to satisfy the demand for weight reduction,
improving fuel efficiency and reducing greenhouse
gas emissions [1]. In addition, magnesium
alloys (AZ31) are attractive increasingly for their
combination of outstanding properties such as
low density, high specific strength and stiffness
and high mechanical damping capability [2, 3].
Magnesium has good castability, machinability
and easy recycling ability. Furthermore, it can also
be used in the communication and electronics
industry for good electromagnetic shielding
characteristics [4]. More recently the usage of
magnesium alloy has increased gradually as
magnesium alloy has the potential to replace
aluminum and some plastics in a variety of
applications in the automotive and aerospace
industries. However, the corrosion resistances
of the Mg-based alloys are generally inadequate
due to the low standard electrochemical potential
or free corrosion potential -2.37 V compared
to the SHE (Standard Hydrogen Electrode) [5] and

this limits the wide range of applications for Mg
and its alloys. Therefore, the studies of corrosion
behavior of magnesium alloys are important in
active media to choose the best optimum corrosion
parameters for various service applications.
It aims to facilitate research directed at Mg alloy
development and at understanding corrosion
of Mg alloy and its friction stir welds in service
applications to ensure such research is as effective
as possible, where the pH value, chloride ion
concentration and corrosion time as the corrosion
parameters. This research focused a comparison
among immersion corrosion, salt spray corrosion,
pitting corrosion and galvanic corrosion, which
are the four main techniques for the corrosion
studies in an effort to expose the magnesium alloy
to environments similar to those environments
experienced for service applications.
The galvanic couples formed by the second phase
particles and the matrix are the main source
of the localized corrosion of magnesium alloys
[6]. The corrosion of AZ31 magnesium alloy in
Technical Paper
simulated acid rain solution is controlled by the

rate of anodic dissolution and hydrogen evolution,
and the corrosion rate of AZ31 increases with
increasing concentration of chloride ion [7].
The corrosion attack of Mg and its alloy in dilute
chloride solutions depends on both Al content
and alloy microstructure [8]. Yingwei song et
al. [9], investigated the effect of second phases
on the corrosion behaviour of wrought Mg-ZnY-Zr alloy and they found that the increase of
exposure time, the second phases can promote
the corrosion rate significantly and cause pitting
corrosion. Rajan Ambat et al. [10], studied the
evaluation of micro structural effects on corrosion
behaviour of AZ91D magnesium alloy and they
reported that size and morphology of b phase and
coring were found to have significant influence
on corrosion behavior of AZ91D alloy. Pardo et
al. [11], explored the influence of microstructure
and composition on the corrosion behaviour
of Mg/Al alloys in chloride media and it was
found that the aluminium enrichment on the
corroded surface for the magnesium alloy, and the
-phase (Mg17Al12), which acted as a barrier for
the corrosion progress for the magnesium alloys.
The corrosion product consisted of magnesium
hydroxide, fallen particles and magnesium
aluminium oxide; the amount of each component
was found to be a function of chloride ion
concentration and pH [12].
From the literature reviews [6-12], it is understood
that most of the published information on
corrosion behaviour of Mg alloys were focused
on general corrosion of magnesium alloys.
Moreover, there is no literature available related
to comparative study of corrosion behaviour
of magnesium alloys under immersion, salt
fog, potentiodynamic polarization and galvanic
corrosion test in NaCl solution. Hence, the present
investigation was carried out to investigate the
Table 1(a): Chemical Composition (wt. %)
of AZ31B Mg Alloy
Al
Mn
Zn
Mg
3.0
0.20
1.0
Balance
occurrence of corrosion quantitatively and the

corrosion characterization of AZ31B magnesium
alloy for service applications with the propitious to
study the effect of pH value, chloride ion
concentration and corrosion time on corrosion rate
of AZ31B magnesium alloy specimens.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
2.1 Test Materials
The base material, AZ31B magnesium alloy used
in this investigation was an extruded cylindrical
rod of 16 mm diameter. The chemical composition
and mechanical properties of the base material
are presented in Table 1(a) and (b), respectively.
The specimens were cut to the dimensions of 16
mm 4 mm to evaluate the corrosion rate. The
corrosion test specimens were ground with 500#,
800#, 1200#, 1500# grit SiC paper washed with
distilled water and dried by warm flowing air.
The optical micrograph of base metal is shown
in Fig.1 (a) and it basically contains coarse grains
along with the appreciable amount of sub-grains.
Fig.1 (b) shows scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) image of base metal. It contains coarser
grains with Mg17Al12 intermetallic compounds. The
Mg17Al12 intermetallic compounds are quite coarse
and the distribution is non-uniform in the base
metal. In the base metal, the size and distribution
of precipitates are not-uniform throughout the
magnesium matrix. The precipitates are the
grains of Al8Mn5 and Mg17All2 are bigger and
scattered in a non-uniform manner. The
presence of the Al8Mn5 and Mg17All2 was confirmed
from the examination using EDS and XRD
analysis as shown in Fig. 1 (c) and (d).
Plasma spraying of the alumina powder was
carried out using an APS system 40 kW IGBT-based
Plasmatron (Make: Ion Arc Technologies, India;
Model: APSSII). Before spraying, the substrate
was grit blasted with corundum at a pressure
of 4.2 bars and cleaned with ethanol to remove
any remaining dust or grease from the surface.
Deposition was performed using argon and
nitrogen as plasma forming gases. The necessary
number of spraying passes was carried out to
obtain a ceramic layer thickness of 240 m.
Table 1(b): Mechanical Properties of the Base Metal
10
Yield strength
(MPa)
Ultimate tensile strength

(MPa)
Elongation
(%)
Hardness (Hv) at
0.05 kg load
171
215
14.7
69.3
Technical Paper
(a)&(b) Micrographs of Base Metal
Element
Weight %
Atomic %
MgK
95.68
92.10
AlK
3.10
5.17
MnK
0.24
2.47
ZnK
0.98
0.27
Total
100.00
(c) EDS Analysis
(d) XRD Analysis

Fig 1. Characterization of the AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
2.2 Finding the Limits of Corrosion Test

Parameters
From the literature [7, 8 and 9], the predominant
factors that have a greater influence on corrosion
behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy are identified.
Based on the literature studies and systematic
experimental works were conducted using

trial and error method (runs). They are: (i) pH
value of the solution, (ii) exposure time and (iii)
chloride ion concentration. Large numbers of
trial experiments were conducted to identify
the feasible testing conditions using AZ31B
magnesium alloy.
11
Technical Paper
2.3 Experimental Design Matrix

Owing to a wide range of factors, the use of
three factors and central composite rotatable
design matrix was chosen to minimize number
of experiments. The assay conditions for the
reaction parameters were taken at zero level
(center point) and one level (+1 and (1). The design
was extended up to a (axial point) of 1.68.
The center values for variables were carried out
at least six times for the estimation of error and
single runs for each of the other combinations;
twenty runs were done in a totally random order.
The design would consist of the eight corner
points of the 23cube, the six star points, and m
center points [13]. The star points would have
a = 8^ (1/4) = 1.682. Design matrix consisting
of 20 sets of coded conditions (comprising a
full replication three factorial of 8 points, six
corner points and six centre points) was chosen
in this investigation. Table 2 represents the
ranges of factors considered, and Table 3, shows
the 20 sets of coded and actual values used to
conduct the experiments. For the convenience
of recording and processing experimental data,
the upper and lower levels of the factors were
coded here as +1.682 and -1.682 respectively.
The coded values of any intermediate value could
be calculated using following relationship
Xi = 1.682 [2X (Xmax - Xmin)] / (Xmax - Xmin)......... (1)
where,
Xi is the required coded value of a variable X and
X is any value of the variable from Xmin to Xmax ;
Xmin is the lower level of the variable;
Xmax is the upper level of the variable.
2.4 Corrosion Testing

The corrosion behaviour of AZ31B magnesium
alloy specimens were characterized by four
different corrosion tests like immersion corrosion,

salt spray corrosion, pitting corrosion and
galvanic corrosion tests. Solution of NaCl with
concentrations of 0.2M, 0.36M, 0.6M, 0.84M,
and 1M were prepared and the pH value of
the solution was used as pH 3, pH 4.82, pH 7.5, pH
10.18, & pH 12 with concentrated HCl and NaOH
respectively for all the four tests. As the corrosion
rate of magnesium alloys were extremely high,
the corrosion tests were performed for smaller
time durations of 1, 2.62, 5, 7.38 and 9 hours. The
working surface for the corrosion evaluation were
(for immersion corrosion, hydrogen gas collection,
salt fog, potentiodynamic polarisation curves,
galvanic corrosion) were mechanically ground to
1200 grit SiC paper, washed with distilled water
and dried with warm flowing air.
The immersion corrosion testing was enhanced
as per the ASTM norms G-31 and evaluating the
corrosion tested specimen with the method as
per ASTM G1. The corrosion rate was measured
using weight loss method. The salt spray corrosion
tests method consists of exposing the specimens
in a salt spray chamber as per ASTM B 117
standards and evaluating the corrosion tested
specimen with the method as per ASTM G1-03.
The pitting corrosion testing was carried out as
per ASTM G5. Electrochemical polarization
tests were performed using a potentiostat GILL
AC interfaced to a personal computer. All the
potentials referred in this paper are with respect to
SCE. A platinum foil served as a counter electrode.
The electrodes for this purpose were prepared
by connecting a wire to one side of the sample
that was covered with cold setting resin.
Prior to polarization experiments, the free
corrosion potential (FCP) was monitored and the
experiments were begun after stabilization of
FCP. All the results were triplicate so as to ensure
reproducibility of the test results. The specimens
were exposed and a polarizations scan was
carried out towards more noble values at
a rate 18 mV/min. The scan scope was set
from -2000 mV to 0 mV vs. OCP (Open Circuit
Table 2: Important Factors and their Levels
Sl.No.
Factor
pH value
Exposure time
Cl- Concentration
12
Unit
Notation
Levels
-1.682
-1
+1
+1.682
4.82
7.5
10.18
12
hours (h)
2.62
7.38
Mole(M)
0.2
0.36
0.6
0.84
Technical Paper
Potential). All electrochemical tests were

conducted in triplicates in order to ensure
the reproducibility of results. The corrosion
potential was developed and observed from the
open circuit potential.. The corrosion current
density (icorr) was estimated at the intersection
point of extrapolated cathodic polarization curve
and the horizontal line drawn at zero current
potential. The galvanic currents flowing between
equal areas of plasma sprayed alumina coated
AZ31B magnesium alloy coupled with AZ31B
magnesium alloy base metal were obtained by
the zero resistance ammeter (ZRA) technique. The
ZRA experiments were performed, which pure
samples of equal areas were kept at a distance of
6 mm. When the mixed potential theory was
applied to the individual reactions, the
coupled corrosion rates were icorr (PA/PA)
for AZ31B magnesium alloy base metal and
icorr (CZ/CZ) for plasma sprayed alumina
coatings
on
AZ31B
magnesium
alloy.
Thus the current icorr (PA/CZ) was the galvanic
current which can be measured by a (ZRA)
Zero Resistance Ammeter. Also it was assumed
that the current distributed uniformly across
the area used in this calculation.
2.5 Corrosion Rate Measurement

The simplest and most fundamental measurement
of the corrosion rate is the metal weight loss
rate, W (mg/cm2/d). This can be converted
to an average corrosion rate (mm/y) using
[14, 15, 16, 17]
Corrosion rate (weight loss measurements)
CRw=
mm/yr. (2)
where,
w = weight loss in grams.
A = surface area of the specimen in cm2
D = density of the material, 1.74 g/cm3
T = corrosion time in hours.
In the overall corrosion reaction of pure Mg, one
molecule of hydrogen is evolved for each atom of
corroded Mg. One mol (i.e. 24.31 g) of Mg metal
corrodes for each mol (i.e. 22.4 L) of hydrogen
gas produced. Therefore, the hydrogen evolution
rate, VH (ml/cm2/d), is related to the metallic
weight loss rate, W, using [18]
W = 1.085 VH mm/yr . (3)
The corresponding corrosion rate, CRH, is evaluated

by substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (2) to give
CRH = 2.279 VH mm/yr .. (4)
For Mg corrosion, there is excellent agreement
between the corrosion rate measured by the weight
loss rate and that evaluated from the hydrogen
evolution rate. In the pitting corrosion test and
galvanic corrosion tests for measuring the corrosion
rate, the corrosion current density icorr (mA/cm2) is
estimated from the Potentio-dynamic polarization
curve, and icorr is related to the average corrosion
rate using [19] Corrosion rate (Potentiodynamic
polarization & ZRA measurements).
CRi = 22.85 icorr mm/yr (5)
From the literature review, it was observed that,
why this electrochemical technique might not
give reliable values for Mg corrosion. Nevertheless
the electrochemical technique of polarization
test is widely used for the evaluation of the
corrosion of Mg alloys, at least partly, because
it is a quick and easy technique. Therefore it is
useful to review the literature on this technique
for Mg alloys. It is useful to have quantitative
measures of the quality of the corrosion rate
evaluated by the potentiodynamic polarization
technique. The corrosion rate results for all the
corrosion tests was recorded in the Table 3.
2.6 Metallography
Micro structural examination of the corroded
specimens was carried out using a light optical
microscope (Make: Meiji, Japan; Model: MIL-7100)
equipped with an image analyzing software
(Metal Vison Version 6).) The exposed specimen
surface was prepared for the micro examination
with minor polish. The corrosion test specimens
were polished in disc polishing machine for
scratch free surfaces. To determine the depth
and diameter of the pit, the exposed specimens
were cut in cross sectional, the corrosion products
were removed, then the specimens were covered
with cold setting resin and the surface was
observed at 200X magnification.
3. DEVELOPING AN EMPIRICAL
RELATIONSHIP
The response surface methodology (RSM)
approach was adopted in this study because of its
following advantages: (1) the ability to evaluate
the effects of interactions between tested
13
Technical Paper
Table 3: Design Matrix and Experimental Test Results
Input parameters
(Coded Values)
Corrosion rate (mm/yr)
Expt. No
pH
Time (h)
Cl- (M)
Immersion
corrosion test
Salt spray
corrosion test
Pitting
corrosion
test
Galvanic
corrosion test
4.62
2.62
0.36
6.34
14.72
3.99
0.048
10.18
2.62
0.36
4.64
10.32
2.55
0.031
4.82
7.38
0.36
4.63
11.89
3.39
0.034
10.18
7.38
0.36
3.99
8.99
2.14
0.011
4.82
2.62
0.84
9.60
15.82
4.56
0.058
10.18
2.62
0.84
5.62
11.31
4.25
0.035
4.82
7.38
0.84
8.43
12.92
5.19
0.052
10.18
7.38
0.84
6.65
10.75
3.76
0.032
0.60
6.62
17.98
6.45
0.061
10
12
0.60
4.02
8.89
5.01
0.022
11
7.5
0.60
6.24
11.28
5.24
0.064
12
7.5
0.60
4.38
8.54
5.34
0.029
13
7.5
0.20
4.48
8.69
4.26
0.024
14
7.5
8.95
15.29
6.93
0.054
15
7.5
0.60
5.97
9.82
5.02
0.043
16
7.5
0.60
5.97
9.89
5.01
0.046
17
7.5
0.60
5.96
9.89
5.00
0.043
18
7.5
0.60
5.96
9.89
5.00
0.043
19
7.5
0.60
5.96
9.89
5.00
0.043
20
7.5
0.60
5.96
9.89
5.00
0.043
parameters; (2) the benefit of limiting the

number of actual experiments to be carried out,
in comparison to a classical approach for the
same number of estimated parameters [20].
In the present investigation, to correlate the
potentiodynamic polarization tests parameters
and the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy, a
14
second order quadratic model was developed. The

response (corrosion rate of AZ31B) is a function of
pH values (P), exposure time (T) and chloride ion
concentration (C) and it could be expressed as,
Corrosion rate = f (P, T, C).. (6)
Technical Paper
C2 are significant model terms for pitting corrosion

test and P, T, C, TC, T2 are significant model terms
for galvanic corrosion test. All this indicated an
excellent suitability of the regression model.
3.1 Checking the Adequacy of the Model

The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique was
used to find the significant main and interaction
factors. The results of second order response
surface model fitting as Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) for all the four corrosion tests are given
in the Table 4. The determination coefficient (r2)
indicates the goodness of fit for the model. Values
of Prob > F less than 0.0500 indicated model
terms were significant. In this case P, T, C, PT,
TC, T2 are significant model terms for immersion
corrosion test; P, T, C, P2, C2 are the significant model
terms for salt spray corrosion test; P, T, C, PT, TC,
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 3, shows the corrosion rate of all the four
corrosion tests. This data shows that the weight loss
evaluated from immersion and salt spray corrosion
tests agrees within an error of 10% with the rate
independently measured from hydrogen evolution
for both the tests. The hydrogen evolution was
measured and found that the corrosion initiated
Table 4: ANOVA Test Results
Immersion corrosion
test
Source
Salt spray corrosion

test
Pitting
corrosion test
Galvanic
corrosion test
F value
p-value
Prob>F
F value
p-value
Prob>F
F value
p-value
Prob>F
F value
p-value
Prob>F
Model
29.32*
<0.0001
27.14*
<0.0001
37.56*
<0.0001
27.68* <0.0001
27.8*
0.0004
91.08*
<0.0001
74.98*
<0.0001
92.93* <0.0001
196.20*
<0.0001
10.39*
0.0092
28.45*
0.0003
10.63*
10.84*
0.0080
115.32*
<0.0001
197.07*
<0.0001
117.14* <0.0001
PT
6.55*
0.0287
4.61
0.0579
7.55*
0.0208
4.68
0.0558
PC
0.99
0.3462
4.66
0.0565
3.56
0.0890
4.74
0.0548
TC
4.94
0.0508
5.59*
0.0399
15.65*
0.0028
5.68*
0.0386
P2
2.40
0.1534
5.32*
0.0440
0.13
0.7387
2.84
0.1239
T2
12.24*
0.0058
3.49
0.0917
0.85
0.3808
6.52*
0.0288
C2
0.58
0.4687
0.92
0.3635
19.57*
0.0014
3.09
0.1094
0.0086
Lack of Fit
0.1239
0.2895
0.1314
0.1808
Std. Dev.
0.53
0.66
0.43
3.14 x 10-3
Mean
5.78
11.47
0.44
0.038
R2
0.9515
0.9754
0.9810
0.9718
Adj. R2
0.8994
0.9441
0.9302
0.9362
Pred. R2
0.6417
0.8178
0.7637
0.7749
* Values of Prob > F less than 0.0500 indicate that the model terms are significant
15
Technical Paper
as localized corrosion at some sites on the

surface and subsequently expanded over the
whole surface. The hydrogen evolution, after an
initiation time of several hours, increased linearly
with exposure time. The advance of the corrosion
over the surface of AZ31B was slower, although
the corrosion also initiated as localized corrosion.
The hydrogen evolution, after an initiation time
of several hours, increased with exposure time.
For most alloys, the rate of hydrogen evolution
initially increased with increasing exposure time,
which is attributed to corrosion occurring over
increasing fractions of the surface as was observed.
The possibility of galvanic corrosion occurrence
was investigated using zero resistance ammetry
techniques in order to measure the galvanic
couple potential and galvanic couple current
densities between couple electrodes. The couple
electrodes were selected in two categories:
identical electrodes which were the connection
of two identical electrodes from coated zone,
named CZ/CZ and identical electrodes of from
parent alloy named PA/PA. Another couple
electrode set up was selected from two
non-identical electrodes, one from coated zone
and the other from parent alloy, which is named
here as PA/CZ. All the galvanic measurements
were carried out at room temperature. The reason
of choosing identical couple electrodes was to
compare the measured current density of these
couples and the current density which is measured
from two non-identical electrodes. Bearing in
mind that theoretically there is no driving force
for galvanic corrosion occurrence between two
identical electrodes where two electrodes are
completely identical from the morphological
point of view and chemical composition. Any
difference between the two electrodes due to
chemical composition or morphology can cause
a galvanic cell formation leads to generation of
current from anode of the cell to the cathode.
From the above tests result, the difference in the
corrosion potential between the PA/PA and CZ/
CZ is found to be -90mV, providing the results
that the couple seems to be galvanically corrosive
resistant.. From the obtained results, the corrosion
rates of galvanic couple was in the range of 0.030.06 mm/yr, which is quite negligible and shows
excellent property of corrosion resistant as per
corrosion hand books and guides. So, the galvanic
couple can be suitable for good applications [21].
On a note on microstructure, all second phases
have the tendency to cause micro-acceleration
of the corrosion of the alpha-Mg matrix [22], so
16
a multi-phase alloy has typically a corrosion rate

greater than that of pure Mg. The second phase
can provide a barrier effect if it is essentially
continuous and has a lower corrosion rate than
the alpha-Mg matrix; otherwise there is the
tendency for the corrosion rate to be accelerated,
even for second phase particles as small [23].
It was observed that, Mg alloys like AZ31B, the
corrosion is caused by the beta phase accelerating
the corrosion of the adjacent Mg alpha phase.
The acceleration of the overall corrosion rate
can be by a factor of 020 [24]. It was found that
the mechanical properties and the corrosion
resistance of plasma sprayed alumina coatings
on Mg alloys are higher or equivalent to the base
material from the literature [25]. The corrosion
resistance in the coating was higher than in the
base material.
4.1 Effect of pH on Corrosion Rate

As it can see that, both immersion and salt spray
corrosion tests shows a linear trend towards
weight loss. But, on comparing the weight loss
between the two tests, interestingly salt spray
corrosion tests posses greater weight loss than the
immersion corrosion tests. However, some recent
literature, proved that, immersion corrosion tests
posses greater weight loss. But in this case, the
salt spray corrosion tests having greater weight
loss when compared with immersion corrosion
tests. This is due to the spraying effect, where
non recylcling of solution were done. This means
inorder to maintain a proper functional results,
the spraying was done without recycle the
solution thereafter [26]. It is suspected that, the
weight loss is the removing magnesium from
the surfaces. However, due to the aggressiveness
of the solution, the welds loss more magnesium.
On comparison, the corrosion rates among the
four corrosion tested specimen were represented
as bar diagram in the Fig. 2. It was found that, the
corrosion rates obtained from the four corrosion
tests was in the order of salt spray corrosion test
> Immersion corrosion test > Potentiodynamic
polarization test > Galvanic corrosion tests.
There is a substantial increase in the pH of the
solution during its exposure causing alkalization
or basification of the solution with the increase of
reactivity and time. On the other hand, exposure
conditions of potentiodynamic polarization
test prevails the continuous presence of water,
resulted in the removal of corrosion by-products
and the removal of surrounding magnesium,
meaning that the pit area would decreased in
Technical Paper
Fig 2. Comparative Estimation of Corrosion Rate with Respect to pH Value
the exposed surface of the specimen during

polarization test. First, the removal of the corrosion
products on the exposed surface of polarization
test would reduce the ability to of the pits to
continue growing, as the corrosion products trap
chloride ions within the pits.
Fig. 3 shows the effect of pH on pit morphology
of the corroded specimen exposed in 0.6M
concentration of NaCl for 5 hours with different pH
values of pH 3, pH 7.5 and pH 12 for immersion
corrosion tests and salt spray corrosion tests.
During salt spray testing and immersion corrosion
tests, the density of the pit formed in exposing
lower pH (acidic) solution is quite high, comparing
with the neutral and alkaline solution. It was
observed that the matrix shows the pitting marks
and the pitting corrosion that has taken place at
the alloy microstructure. The particles are Mn-Al
compound (Precipitate) and fragmented Mg17Al12
precipitated along the magnesium matrix. The
numbers of pits were more in the specimens
when it is immersed or sprayed with the solution
of low pH. Hence the corrosion rate increases
with the decrease in pH value.
Fig. 4 shows the effect of pH on pit morphology
of the corroded specimen exposed in 0.6M
concentration of NaCl for 5 hours with different
pH values of pH 3, pH 7.5 and pH 12 for pitting

corrosion tests and galvanic corrosion tests. During
polarization test, the grain boundaries of the
specimen get attacked and its gravity varies with
the parameters used in the experiment. Corrosion
tends to be concentrated in the area adjacent to
the grain boundary until eventually the grain may
be undercut and fall out [27]. It was observed
from the pit morphological observation of galvanic
corrosion specimen (anodic), the density of the pit
formed in exposing lower pH (acidic) solution is
quite high, comparing with the neutral and alkaline
solution in the anodic specimen. In corroded
specimens, the grain boundaries get attacked and
its gravity varies with the parameters used in the
experiment. Fewer pits were found in the base
metal since it was cathodic to the anodic coated
AZ31B alloy. In anode, the anodic dissolution
is under activation control. Thus, the cathodic
specimen was less attacked throughout the tests.
4.2 Effect of Chloride Ion Concentration on

Corrosion Rate
as bar diagram in the Fig. 5. This is consistent with
the detailing of the protective layer. With the
increase of chloride ion concentration, the initial
17
Technical Paper
Fig 3. Effect of pH on Pit Morphology for Immersion Corrosion Tests and Salt Spray Corrosion Tests
Pitting Corrosion Test
Galvanic Corrosion Test
18
Technical Paper
Fig 4. Effect of pH on Pit Morphology for Pitting Corrosion Tests and Galvanic Corrosion Tests
19
Technical Paper
Fig 5. Comparative Estimation of Corrosion Rate with Respect to Chloride Ion Concentration
protective layer changed into soluble MgCl2

layer for salt spray corrosion and Mg(OH)Cl2
for immersion corrosion and electrochemical
corrosion. The corrosion rate was quite higher in
salt spray corrosion test than the immersion and
polarization test. It states that, the MgCl2 was
highly soluble compared to Mg(OH)Cl2.
Fig. 6 shows the effect of chloride ion concentration
on pit morphology of the corroded specimen
exposed in pH 7.5 for 5 hours with different
chloride ion concentration of 0.2M, 0.6Mand
1M immersion corrosion tests and salt spray
corrosion tests. During salt spray testing, it showed
that the alloy exhibited a rise in corrosion rate
with the increase in Cl- concentration and thus
the change of Cl- concentration affected the
corrosion rate much more in higher concentration
solutions than that in lower concentration
solutions. When more Cl- in NaCl solution promoted
the corrosion, the corrosive intermediate (Cl-)
would be rapidly transferred through the outer
layer and reached the substrate of the alloy
surface. Hence, the corrosion rate was increased.
While in immersion corrosion tests, the specimen
exhibited a rise in corrosion rate with increase
in Cl- concentration and thus the change of Cl20
concentration affected the corrosion rate much

more in higher concentration solutions than that
in lower concentration solutions. But the rising
rate of corrosion with the increase of chloride
ion concentration was reduced in both immersion
and polarization tests.
Fig. 7 shows the effect of chloride ion concentration
exposed in pH 7.5 for 5 hours with different
chloride ion concentration of 0.2M, 0.6Mand 1M
pitting corrosion tests and galvanic corrosion tests.
During pitting corrosion tests, the chloride ion
tends to be concentrated inside the pit causing
anodic dissolution of magnesium, not the surface
of the substrate. Thus the rising rate of corrosion
was reduced with the increase in chloride ion
concentration. As the microscopic view, the rising
of corrosion rate was reduces with the increase
of the chloride ion concentration leads to the
conclusion that the -phase was more stable in
NaCl solution and was more inert to corrosion;
the -phase was itself, however, an effective
cathode. Thus, the rising rate of the corrosion
was reduced with the increase of chloride ion
concentration. Chloride ions were aggressive
for magnesium.
Concerning about the pit
Technical Paper
Fig 6. Effect of Chloride Ion Concentration on Pit Morphology for

Immersion Corrosion Tests and Salt Spray Corrosion Tests
21
Technical Paper
Fig 7. Effect of Chloride Ion Concentration Pit Morphology for Pitting Corrosion Tests
and Galvanic Corrosion Tests
22
Technical Paper
Fig 8. Comparative Estimation of Corrosion Rate with respect to Corrosion Time
characteristics, more number of pits were

observed in the specimen exposed to immersion
and polarization test than the salt spray test. This
can be explained by the exposure environment.
The exposed surfaces during immersion and
polarization test were continuously exposed to
dissolved chloride ions, meaning new pits could
form at any point. The ability of the pits to form
whenever desired on the polarized surfaces means
that depth would not be affected. However,
because pits could only form during chloride ion
exposure period on the salt spray surfaces, the
time separating the exposure would be a major
determining force in pit depth. The chloride ions
are more aggressive to the magnesium alloys.
Since increase in the chloride ion concentration
enhance the corrosion behavior in all the four
corrosion tests. It was obvious from the observation
of pit number densities, which increases with
the increase in chloride ions.
During galvanic corrosion tests, the pit morphology
described that the pit formation depends on the
change in the chloride ion concentration of the
solution. Here, with the increase of chloride ion
concentration of the solution, the density of the
pit increases. Thus, corrosion rate to be increased
with increasing chloride ion concentration. The
anodic specimen exhibited a rise in corrosion
rate with increase in Cl- concentration and thus
the change of Cl- concentration affected the

corrosion rate much more in higher concentration
solutions than that in lower concentration
solutions. When more Cl- in NaCl solution
promoted the corrosion, the corrosive intermediate
(Cl- ) would be rapidly transferred through the
outer layer and reached the substrate of the
alloy surface. Hence, the corrosion rate was
increased [28].
4.3 Effect of Corrosion Time on Corrosion Rate

as bar diagram in the Fig. 8. With the increase
of corrosion time the corrosion rate decreases
for the specimens undergone four corrosion
tests. It proved that the protective layer made
a predominant role to strike against corrosion
with the increment of time. The corrosion rate
seems higher in salt spray corrosion test due to
the spraying effect, while in exposed condition,
the protective layer formed during immersion
and polarization test was enhanced by the
alkalization of the solution.
Fig. 9 & Fig.10 shows the effect of corrosion time
exposed in pH 7.5 with chloride ion concentration
23
Technical Paper
Fig 9. Effect of Corrosion Time on Pit Morphology for Immersion Corrosion Tests
and Salt Spray Corrosion Tests
24
Technical Paper
Fig 10. Effect of Corrosion Time on Pit Morphology for Pitting Corrosion Tests
and Galvanic Corrosion Tests
25
Technical Paper
of 0.6M NaCl exposed 1h, 5h and 9h immersion,

salt spray and pitting, galvanic corrosion tests.
The mode of microstructural features was
comparatively same during corrosion testing
for immersion, salt spray, pitting and galvanic
corrosion tests as its corrosion time taken into
an account. The specimens possess grain and
quite a lot of particles were distributed along
the grain boundary. In this case, phase particles
cannot be easily destroyed and, with the increase
of corrosion time, the quantity of phases in
the exposed surface would increase and finally
play the role of corrosion barrier [29]. Although,
there are some grains of phase still being
corroded, most of the remaining phase grains
are protected under the phase barrier, so the
corrosion rate decreased with the increase in
corrosion time. Thus the corrosion morphology
of the alloy was predominantly controlled by
the phase distribution [30]. As seeing the pit
number density, both the tested specimen begins
decline in its count of the pits. The distance
between the pits were increased, meaning that,
the pit area was highly protected with the
magnesium hydroxide layer, and also, uninhibited
by general corrosion removing magnesium
surrounding the pit. It results an increase in
hydrogen evolution with the increasing corrosion
time, which tends to increase the concentration
of insoluble corrosion products Mg(OH)2. The
insoluble corrosion products on the surface of
the alloy could slow down the corrosion rate
for all the four corrosion tests. On comparison
among the four corrosion tests, the corrosion
mechanisms seem identical for different corrosion
tests underwent forAZ31B specimens. This helps to
find an easier corrosion resistant method to
suppress the corrosion of magnesium alloy.
5. CONCLUSIONS
From the corrosion survey, finally the following
quantitative and characterization inference were
observed on AZ31B magnesium alloy;
1. The corrosion rate was higher in salt spray
corrosion tests than the immersion, pitting
and galvanic corrosion tests. This is due to
the fact; there is a substantial increase in the
pH during immersion, pitting and galvanic
corrosion test as the specimen exposed
throughout the test. But, in salt spray test, the
electrolyte was freshly used and not recycled.
Therefore it eliminates the basification/
alkalization in the solution.
2. The corrosion rate was decreased with
26
increasing pH value due to the formation

hydroxide layer, which in turns restrain the
corrosion further. It was observed that, low
corrosion rate was found in alkaline conditions
in all the four corrosion tests. So it was
suggested that AZ31B magnesium alloy welds
hold a best service applications in alkaline
environment.
3. It results an increase in hydrogen evolution
with the increasing corrosion time, which
tended to increase the concentration of OHions thereby increasing fraction of the surface
was observed, which is the insoluble corrosion
products Mg(OH)2. The insoluble corrosion
products on the surface of the alloy could
slow down the corrosion rate for all the four
corrosion tests.
4. The chloride ions are more aggressive to
the magnesium alloys. Since increase in
the chloride ion concentration enhance the
corrosion behavior in all the four corrosion
tests. It was obvious from the observation of
pit number densities, which increases with the
increase in chloride ions.
5. The corrosion rate was differs in four different
tests. However, a slight variation in between
the immersion and the pitting corrosion tests,
since it possesses same mode of corrosion and
found
with respect to the order as Salt
spray corrosion tests > Immersion corrosion
tests > Pitting
corrosion tests > Galvanic
corrosion tests.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to record their sincere thanks
to Mr. R. Selvendiran, Technical Assistant,
Corrosion testing laboratory, Department of
Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University
for his help in carrying out this investigation.
Authors also wish to thank Mr. N. Sairaman and
Mr. John of project assistants, CEMAJOR for
their help and support. The technical support of
Dr A. K. Lakshminarayanan, Associate Professor,
SSN College of Engineering, Chennai during
the course of this work is gratefully acknowledged.
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Dr. Thirumalaikumarasamy D is working as Assistant Professor, Department

of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India.
He obtained his Ph.D. He has 10 years of teaching experience. He has
published his research papers in National and International Journals.
His research interest includes Surface Engineering, Corrosion.
(E-mail: tkumarasamy412@gmail.com)
Dr. Shanmugam K is working as Associate Professor, Department of
Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India.
He has 15 years of teaching experience. He has published his research papers in
National and International Journals and Conferences. His research interest
includes Metal Joining Technology and Surface Engineering. He has received
the Register Viswanathan Iyer Best Ph.D Thesis award at the Convocation held at
Annamalai University on 4/10/2006. (E-mail: drshanmugam67@gmail.com)
Dr. Balasubramanian V is working as Prof., Dept of Manufacturing Engg,
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India. He graduated from Govt
College of Engg, Salem, University of Madras in 1989 and obtained his post
graduation from College of Engg Guindy, Anna University, Chennai in 1992.
He obtained his Ph.D from Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM),
Chennai in 2000. He has 23 years of teaching experience and 18 years of
research experience. He has published more than 300 papers in
SCOPUS indexed Journals and supervised 18 Ph.D scholars. His
research interest includes Materials Joining, Surface Engineering and
Nanomaterials. He has completed various Sponsored R & D projects
from many agencies such as AICTE, UGC, DST, DRDO, ARMREB, DAE, NRB
& ARDB, Ministry of Environment & Forest. He has receipient of
'Distinguished Researcher Award' from Annamalai University during 2007.
(E-mail: visvabalu@yahoo.com)
S. Sree Sabari, is pursuing PhD from Annamalai University, Centre for Materials
Joining & Research (CEMAJOR), Department of Manufacturing Engineering.
He has published his research papers in National and International Journals. He
is recipient of D & H Secheron Award for the best paper presentation for the
paper titled Effect of post weld heat treatment on microstructural characteristics
and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA2519 T87 aluminium alloy
joints in International Welding Congress 2013 held at Delhi. His research interest
includes Welding Technology, Material Science and Numerical modeling.
(Email: sreesabaridec2006@yahoo.co.in)
28
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26 Jan - 01 Feb 2017
IMTEX 2017
Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (BIEC)
10th Mile, Tumkur Road, Madavara Post
Dasanapura Hobli, Bangalore - 562 123
Contact:
IMTMA (Indian Machine Tool Manufactuers
Association), 10th Mile, Tumkur Road
Bangalore
Tel: +91 80-6624 6600 Fax: +91 80-66246661
Email: info@biec.in
Web: www.biec.in

11 - 15 Feb 2017
SVUM 2017 International Trade Show- 3rd Ed.
Saurashtra Vepar Udyog Mahamandal (SVUM),
NSIC Campus, Aji Vasahat, 80 Ft. Road, Rajkot
Contact:
Saurashtra Vepar Udyog Mahamandal (SVUM),
304, Rajkot, Sardarnagar Main Road,
Rajkot- 360001, Gujarat
Tel: 0281 2481118, +919904708552
Email: inquiry.svum@gmail.com
Web: http://www.svumshow.com/

17 - 20 Feb 2017
6th MachAutoExpo - 2017: An Exhibition on
Machine Tools & Automation Technology
Glada Ground Chandigarh Road Ludhiana
Contact:
Chandigarh - Pardeep Singh : +91-95920 48030
Delhi - Sagar Kumar (Lalan) : +91-95406 44722
Udan Media & Communication Pvt Ltd., 2nd Floor,
BM Complex, Kalsi Nagar,
Dholewal G.T. Road, Ludhiana
Tel: Mobile : +91-98153 98154, +91-98153-96350,
Web: www.udan.in
INTERNATIONAL

17 - 20 Nov 2016
International exhibition for machine tools,
industrial tools, welding and cutting equipment
CICC Cairo International Convention Center,
El Nasr Rd., 11757 Cairo, Egypt
Contact:
International Fairs Group
10 Fok, El Motawaset, Osman Towers, Maadi
11757 Cairo, Egypt
Tel: +20 (0)2 25247996 Fax: +20 (0)2 25264499
Email: ifg@access.com.eg Web: www.ifg-eg.com

17 - 22 Nov 2016
Japan international machine tool fair
Tokyo Big Sight, 3-21-1 Ariake Kotu-ku,
Tokyo, Japan
Contact:
Jimtof Fair Management, 3-11-1 Ariake Koto
1350063 Tokyo, Japan
Tel: +81 (0)3 55301333 Fax: +81 (0)3 55301222
Email: jimtof@tokyo-bigsight.co.jp
Web: www.jimtof.org

22 - 25 Nov 2016
International fair for hydraulics and pneumatics
IEC - International Exhibition Center,
15 Brovarskoy Ave, 02660 Kiev, Ukraine
Contact:
International Exhibition Centre Inc.
15, Brovarsky Ave, 02660 Kiev, Ukraine
Tel: +38 (0)44 2011161 Fax: +38 (0)44 2011157
Email: reklama@iec-expo.com.ua
Web: iec-expo.com.ua

23 - 25 Nov 2016
International Exhibition of Mechanical Engineering
and Automation
Baluan Sholak Sports Palace, 44, Abai Avenue,
050022 Almaty, Kazakhstan
Contact:
Catexpo
Kazybek bi Masanchi str,117/86
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Email: info@catexpo.kz
Web: www.catexpo.kz

23 - 26 Nov 2016
International exhibition of machinery and tools
Exponor - Feira Internacional do Porto,
33
Events
Avenida Doutor Antnio Macedo, 4454515 Leca da

Palmeira, Porto, Portugal
Contact:
Exponor Oporto International Fair
Avenida Doutor Antnio Macedo
4450-617 Leca da Palmeira, Portugal
Tel: +351 (2)29 981400
Fax: +351 (2)29 981482
Email: info@exponor.pt
Web: www.exponor.pt

23 - 26 Nov 2016
International Trade Fair for Machine Tools and
Metalworking Machinery
BITEC - Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition
Center, 88 Bangna-Trad Road, Bang Na, 10260
Bangkok, Bangkok , Thailand
Contact:
Reed Tradex
32nd fl., Sathorn Nakorn Tower, 100/68-69 North
Sathon Road Silom, 10500 Bangkok, Thailand
Tel: +66 (0)2 6867299
Fax: +66 (0)2 6867288
Email: rtdx@reedtradex.co.th

23 - 27 Nov 2016
International Machine Tool Show
GTIEC - Greater Taichung International Expo Center,
No 161, Gaotie 5th Rd., Wuri District, Taichung,
Taiwan
Contact:
Taiwan Machine Tool & Accessory Builders Ass.
3F, No.27, 37th Road, Taichung Industrial Park
40768 Taichung, Taiwan
Tel: +886 (4) 23507584
Fax: +886 (4) 23501596
Email: annchen@tmba.org.tw
Web: www.tmba.org.tw

30 Nov - 03 Dec 2016
International exhibition of machinery and plant
engineering
Jakarta International Expo, Arena PRJ Kemayoran,
14410 Jakarta, Java, Indonesia
Contact:
PT Pamerindo Indonesia
Deutsche Bank Building, 13th Floor, Jl. Imam Bonjol
80, 10310 Jakarta, Indonesia
Tel: +62 (0)21 3162001
Fax: +62 (0)21 31619812
Email: info@pamerindo.com
Web: www.pamerindo.com
34

01 - 03 Dec 2016
International Exhibition for Industrial production,
engineering and automation
International Exhibition Centre Kipsala,
Kipsalas 8-153, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
Contact:
Fair organizer, Exhibition Company BT 1
Kipsalas iela 8, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
Tel: +371 67065000
Fax: +371 67065001
Email: info@bt1.lv
Web: www.bt1.lv

07 - 09 Dec 2016
International Trade Fair for engineering and
metalworking
OAO Kazan Fair Exhibition Center,
8, Orenburgsky trakt, 420059 Kazan, Tatarstan,
Russian Federation
Contact:
OAO Kazanskaja FAIR, Orenburg-Trakt, 8
420059 Kazan, Russian Federation
Tel: +7 (8)43 5705106
Fax: +7 (8)43 5705111
Email: expokazan@mail.ru
Web: www.volgazdravexpo.ru

07 - 10 Dec 2016
International Exhibition on Metalworking and
Welding Technology
SECC Saigon Exhibition & Convention Center,
Nguyen Van Linh Parkway, Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam
Contact:
Vietnam Advertisement & Fair Exhibition
Bien Phong Newspaper Bldg., 40A Hang Bai Str.,
Hoan Kiem Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel: +84 (4)39 365566
Fax: +84 (4)39 365568
Email: project1@vietfair.vn
Web: www.vietfair.com.vn

08 - 11 Dec 2016
Trade fair for metal processing
Bursa International Fair and Congress Center,
Yalova Yolu 4.km (Buttim Yani), 16250 Bursa,
Turkey
Contact:
Tyap Fairs and Exhibitions Organization Inc.
4. Km Buttim Yani Yalova Yolu
16250 Bursa, Turkey
Tel: +90 (0)224 2115081 Fax: +90 (0)224 2112216
Email: tuyapbursa@tuyap.com.tr
Web: www.tuyap.com.tr
Abstracts
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS
COATING & FINISHING
36
CAD/CAM/CAE
37
FORMING
37
HYDRO FORMING
37
SHEET METAL WORKING
38
HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS
38
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
38
JOINING & ASSEMBLY
40
MACHINE ELEMENTS & MECHANISMS
41
MACHINE TOOL ACCESSORIES
42
MACHINE TOOLS
43
MACHINING
45
35
Abstracts
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS

COATING & FINISHING
110880 Estimation of magnetic and rheological
properties of MR polishing fluid and their effects
on magnetic field assisted finishing process
Das, Manas; Jain, VK; Ghoshdastidar, PS [Int J of
Precision Technology, v 4, n 3-4, 2014, Starting
Page 247, Pages 21] The finishing efficiency in
magnetic field assisted finishing (MFAF) process
mainly depends on the rheological properties
of magnetorheological (MR) polishing medium.
A detailed rheological study of MR polishing
fluid at different volume concentration of fluid
constituents and magnetic field is conducted
to predict their contribution on yield stress
and viscosity. Magnetic field has the highest
contribution followed by carbonyl iron particles
(CIPs) concentration to the yield stress and
viscosity. It is observed that Herschel-Bulkley
model better fits the rheological data than other
two models. Also, it has been found that when
total solid contents of MR polishing fluid exceeds
more than 35%, there is a decrease in the yield
stress. From magnetic characterisation, it is
observed that saturation magnetisation increases
with CIP concentration and decreases with
abrasive concentration. The surface finish of
stainless steel workpiece improves with an
increase in the yield stress and viscosity at higher
magnetic field and CIP concentration.
110881 Fabrication of Small Pore-Size Nickel
Foams Using Electroless Plating of Solid-State
Foamed Immiscible Polymer Blends
Sundarram, Sriharsha S; Jiang,
Wei; Li, Wei [J of Manufacturing
Sci & Engg: ASME Trans,
v 136, n 2, Apr 2014, Starting
Page 021002, Pages 7] A novel
fabrication process of small poresize nickel foams has been
developed
using
electroless
plating of solid-state foamed
immiscible
polymer
blends.
Ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) and
polystyrene (PS) were meltblended with extrusion to obtain a
dual
phase
cocontinuous
morphology. Gas saturation and
36
foaming studies were performed to determine

appropriate process conditions for foaming of the
two-phase material. Open-celled polymer
templates were obtained by extracting the PS
phase with dichloromethane (DCM). The templates
were subsequently used for nickel foam plating in
ethanol-based electroless plating solutions. Nickel
foams with pore sizes on the level of tens of
micrometers and porosity above 90% were
fabricated. It was found that gas concentration
and foaming temperature were major process
variables significantly affecting the foam porosity.
Foaming allowed faster PS extraction and higher
porosity of the nickel plating templates. Because of
the small pore size, ethanol-based solutions need
to be used to ensure the infiltration of plating
solutions. The developed process is a bulk
method and can be used for large-scale fabrication
of small pore-size nickel foams with high porosity.
110882 Polymer/CeO2Fe3O4 multicomponent
coreshell particles for high-efficiency magneticfield-assisted polishing processes
Junji
Murata,
Yoshihito Ueno,
Koushi Yodogawa,
Takahito Sugiura
[Int J of Machine
Tools & Manufacture, v 101, FEB 2016, Starting
Page 28, Pages 7] Novel multicomponent core
shell particles have been developed for use in highefficiency
magnetic-field-assisted
polishing
processes. The coreshell particles consist of core
polymer particles covered by a shell composed of
magnetic particles and abrasive grains. The particle
preparation process involves agitation of the
particle mixture in a dry ambient atmosphere with
an appropriate controlled temperature, which is a
simple and low-cost technique compared with the
conventional sintering and granulation process
used for the preparation of magnetic abrasives.
Although the prepared polymer/CeO2Fe3O4
multicomponent coreshell particles exhibit
inferior glass-polishing performance compared to
CeO2 abrasives without an applied magnetic field,
they reveal a markedly higher removal rate in the
presence of the magnetic field than that exhibited
by conventional abrasives and mixed compounds
(Fe3O4 and CeO2). Furthermore, polishing using
Abstracts
the coreshell particles with the magnetic field

shows the potential to achieve a superior material
surface quality compared to conventional polishing.
CAD/CAM/CAE
110883 Adaptive Bayesian Sequential Sampling
Approach for Global Metamodeling
Haitao Liu, Shengli Xu, Ying Ma, Xudong Chen and
Xiaofang Wang [Journal of Mechanical Design,
v 138, n 1, Jan 2016, Starting Page 011404,
Pages 12] Computer simulations have been
increasingly used to study physical problems in
various fields. To relieve computational budgets,
the cheap-to-run metamodels, constructed from
finite experiment points in the design space using
the design of computer experiments (DOE), are
employed to replace the costly simulation models.
A key issue related to DOE is designing sequential
computer experiments to achieve an accurate
metamodel with as few points as possible. This
article investigates the performance of current
Bayesian sampling approaches and proposes an
adaptive maximum entropy (AME) approach.
In the proposed approach, the leave-one-out
(LOO) cross-validation error estimates the error
information in an easy way, the local space-filling
exploration strategy avoids the clustering problem,
and the search pattern from global to local
improves the sampling efficiency. A comparison
study of six examples with different types of initial
points demonstrated that the AME approach is
very promising for global metamodeling.
FORMING
110884 Analytical Method for Prediction of
Limiting Drawing Ratio For Redrawing Stages of
Axisymmetric Deep Drawn Components
Fazli, Ali; Arezoo, Behrooz [J
of Manufacturing Sci &
Engg:ASME Trans, v 136, n 2,
Apr 2014, Starting Page
021012, Pages 10] In this
paper, an analytical method
for estimating the limiting
drawing ratio (LDR) of the
redrawing stages in deep drawing process of
axisymmetric components is represented. In this
method, the effects of parameters of blankholder
arc, die arc, and punch arc region are taken into
account for the analytical determination of LDR.
The presented method can predict the limiting
drawing ratio for redrawing with/without

intermediate annealing processes. The results
are compared to numerical results and
experimental results reported in the literature and
also industrial results reported in handbooks. It is
shown that the presented method is in good
agreement with the experimental and numerical
results. Using the presented method, the effect of
some process parameters on the LDR is
investigated. It is shown that process parameters
such as, coefficient of friction, strain hardening
exponent, normal plastic anisotropy ratio, ratio of
die arc radius to blank thickness and ratio of
blank thickness to diameter has significant effect
on the LDR. The effect of intermediate annealing
process is also examined.
HYDRO FORMING
110885 Determination of the Active Medium
Temperature in Media Based Press Hardening
Processes
Drossel, Welf-Guntram;
Pierschel, Norbert; Paul,
Alexander;
Katzfu,
Klaus; Demuth, Rico [J of
Manufacturing Sci &
Engg: ASME Trans,
v 136, n 2, Apr 2014, Starting Page 021013,
Pages 8] Safety, lightweight design, and reduction
of emissions are terms which are key issues in
modern vehicle construction. These challenges can
be met by new lightweight design strategies, e.g.,
by using lightweight materials and high-strength
steels as well as innovative forming technologies
such as media based press hardening (MBPH).
MBPH as a sub-production technique of
hydroforming is a tempered internal high-pressure
forming process of closed profiles, which this
article is about, or sheet metals by gaseous media.
Due to the high process requirements (internal
pressure up to 70MPa and temperatures up to
1000 C), it has not been possible to measure the
temperature curve of the active medium in a
reliable way until now. The aim of the research
project described in this article was to develop
an innovative measuring instrument to determine
the gas temperature curve with a measuring
frequency of at least 1 Hz. Analytical and
numerical calculations have indicated that the
active medium has a significant influence on the
thermodynamic of the forming process. The
finite element analysis (FEA) of the heat flow
37
Abstracts
during the forming process has indicated that the

influence of the gas on the cooling process of the
work piece is about 15% of the total influence of
the tool. Consequently, the active medium in
media based press hardening processes is an
important thermal influencing factor. Experiments
have confirmed that it is possible to determine the
calculated curve of the gas temperature and
maximum temperatures of the active media up to
500C. The findings of these studies make a
significant contribution to identifying and
analyzing the complete temperature balance in
tempered active media based forming processes.
SHEET METAL WORKING

110886 Edge Fracture Prediction of Traditional
and Advanced Trimming Processes for AA6111-T4
Sheets
Hu, XH; Choi, KS; Sun, X;
Golovashchenko, SF [J of
Manufacturing Sci &
Engg:ASME Trans, v 136,
n 2, Apr 2014, Starting
Page 021016, Pages 11]
This work examines the
traditional and advanced trimming of AA6111-T4
aluminum sheets with finite element simulations.
The Rice-Tracy damage model is used for the
simulation with damage parameters estimated
from experimental observation of grain aspect
ratio near the fracture surface of trimmed parts.
Fine meshes at the shearing zone, adaptive
meshing, and adaptive contact techniques are
used to accurately capture the contact interactions
between the sharp corner of the trimming tools
and the blank to be trimmed. To the knowledge of
the authors, these are the first trimming
simulations that can predict the effects of shearing
clearance on burr heights with quantitative
accuracy for AA6111-T4 aluminum sheets. In
addition, the models have also accurately
reproduced the crack initiation site as well as burr
and sliver formation mechanisms observed
experimentally.
HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS

110887 Novel Pressure-Resistant Oil-Immersed
Proportional Actuator for Electrohydraulic
Proportional Control Valve
Ding, Chuan; Ding, Fan; Zhou, Xing; Liu, Shuo;
Yang, Canjun [J of Mechanical Design, v 135,
38
n 12, Dec 2013, Starting Page 125001, Pages 5]

This paper presents a novel pressure-resistant oilimmersed proportional actuator with a magnetic
grid magnetic-isolated ring (MGMR) on its singlepiece sleeve. A two-dimensional finite element
method is used to establish the model and
analyze the static and dynamic performance. The
experimental and simulation results agree well
with each other and verify the static and dynamic
performance characteristics of this proportional
actuator. The results indicate that the actuator can
produce 15N force output when the ampere turns
is 450AT in 2.2-mm wide working stroke; the rising
step response time and the falling step response
time are 24 and 17ms, respectively, and the
frequency response (3dB) is 25Hz. Consequently,
its applications to electrohydraulic proportional/
servo valve are acceptable.
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
110888 Analyzing the Tradeoffs Between
Economies of Scale, Time-Value of Money, and
Flexibility in Design Under Uncertainty: Study of
Centralized Versus Decentralized Waste-to-Energy
Systems
Michel-Alexandre Cardin and Junfei Hu [Journal of
Mechanical Design, v 138, n 1, Jan 2016, Starting
Page 011401, Pages 11] This paper presents and
applies a simulation-based methodology to assess
the value of flexible decentralized engineering
systems design (i.e., the ability to flexibly expand
the capacity in multiple sites over time and space)
under uncertainty. This work differs from others
by analyzing explicitly the tradeoffs between
economies of scale (EoS)which favors designing
large capacity upfront to reduce unit cost and
accommodate high anticipated demandand
the time value of moneywhich favors deferring
capacity investments to the future and deploying
smaller modules to reduce unit cost. The study
aims to identify the best strategies to design
and deploy the capacity of complex engineered
systems over time and improve their economic
lifecycle performance in the face of uncertainty
by exploiting the idea of flexibility. This study is
illustrated using a waste-to-energy (WTE) system
operated in Singapore. The results show that
a decentralized design with the real option to
expand the capacity in different locations and times
improves the expected net present value (ENPV)
by more than 30% under the condition of EoS
=0.8 and discount rate =8%, as compared to
Abstracts
a fixed centralized design. The results also indicate

that a flexible decentralized design outperforms
other rigid designs under certain circumstances
since it not only reduces transportation costs but
also takes advantage of flexibility, such as deferring
investment and avoiding unnecessary capacity
deployment. The modeling framework and results
help designers and managers better compare
centralized and decentralized design alternatives
facing significant uncertainty. The proposed
method helps them analyze the value of flexibility
(VOF) in small-scale urban environments, while
considering explicitly the tradeoffs between EoS
and the time-value of money.
110889 Random Process Metamodel Approach
for Time-Dependent Reliability
D o r i n
Drignei, Igor
Baseski,
Zissimos P. Mourelatos and Ervisa Kosova [Journal
of Mechanical Design, v 138, n 1, Jan 2016,
Starting Page 011403, Pages 9] A new
metamodeling approach is proposed to characterize
the output (response) random process of a dynamic
system with random variables, excited by input
random processes. The metamodel is then
used to efficiently estimate the time-dependent
reliability. The input random processes are
decomposed using principal components, and a
few simulations are used to estimate the
distributions of the decomposition coefficients. A
similar decomposition is performed on the output
random process. A Kriging model is then built
between the input and output decomposition
coefficients and is used subsequently to quantify
the output random process. The innovation of our
approach is that the system input is not
deterministic but random. We establish, therefore,
a surrogate model between the input and output
random processes. To achieve this goal, we use an
integral expression of the total probability theorem
to estimate the marginal distribution of the output
decomposition coefficients. The integral is
efficiently estimated using a Monte Carlo (MC)
approach which simulates from a mixture of
sampling distributions with equal mixing
probabilities. The quantified output random
process is finally used to estimate the time
dependent probability of failure. The proposed
method is illustrated with a corroding beam
example.
110890 Refinement of the Thermal Press Curing
Process for Advanced Composites

Kuppers, Jaron; Walczyk,
Daniel [J of Manufacturing Sci
& Engg:ASME Trans, v 136,
n 2,
Apr 2014, Starting
Thermal press curing (TPC) is
an alternative process to
autoclaving for consolidating
and curing thermoset and
thermoplastic prepreg composite parts by pressing
them between a heated curing mold and a
customized rubber-faced base mold that are
engineered to provide uniform temperature and
pressure conditions. A study was performed with a
kayak paddle part made from eight plies of woven
carbon/epoxy prepreg material and formed by
double diaphragm forming (DDF). The study
expounds on the narrow body of TPC knowledge
around three main objectives: (1) to
experimentally compare TPC cured parts to a
benchmark autoclave process using a realistic
part shape with fine geometrical details, (2) to
evaluate the necessity of vacuum bagging of
TPC cured parts, and (3) to characterize the
robustness/sensitivities of pressure application
during the TPC process by varying both the
total pressure applied to the base mold and the
location the hydraulic press ram applied pressure
to the base mold. Maximum temperature and
pressure variations around the target levels over
the entire clamped tool surface were measured
as 5.0C and 5.5%, respectively, both of which
were
well
within
the
manufacturers
recommendations. The TPC part had fewer defects,
was generally thinner, and had a higher fiber
volume fraction than a comparable autoclaved
part. Little difference was observed between the
TPC parts made with and without vacuum bagging.
Parts with too little pressure (90%) resulted in
more thickness variation and defects than too
much pressure (110%). Finally, TPC parts exhibit
some thickness variation, as expected, when ram
force is applied off the center of pressure (COP).
110891 Effects of Contact Force Model and Size
Distribution on Microsized Granular Packing
Dou, Xin; Mao, Yijin; Zhang, Yuwen [J of
Manufacturing Sci & Engg:ASME Trans, v 136,
n 2, Apr 2014, Starting Page 021003, Pages 9]
Granular packing of microsized particles with
different size distributions and contact force
models is studied using discrete element
method (DEM). Three kinds of size distributions,
39
Abstracts
monosized, uniform, and Gaussian, with mean

diameter of 50, 60, and 70m are studied. Two
aspects of microscale particle packing issues
are addressed: one is the importance of van der
Waals force when the particle size approaching
to microscale, the other one is the structure
variation caused by different contact force models.
The results indicate that compared with contact
force, the van der Waals force contributes very
insignificantly to the final packing structure. The
packing structures obtained using two different
force models are similar to each other. The effects
of particle size and its distribution on the packing
structure are more significant than the force model.
110892 On Measuring Engineering Risk Attitudes
Bossuyt, Douglas L Van; Dong, Andy; Tumer, Irem
Y; Carvalho, Lucila [J of Mechanical Design, v 135,
n 12, Dec 2013, Starting Page 121001, Pages 13]
Risk management is a critical part of engineering
practice in industry. Yet, the attitudes of engineers
toward risk remain unknown and are not
measured. This paper presents the development
of a psychometric scale, the engineering-domainspecific risk-taking (E-DOSPERT) test, to measure
engineers risk aversion and risk seeking attitudes.
Consistent with a similar psychometric scale to
assess general risk attitudes, engineering risk
attitude is not single domain and is not consistent
across domains. Engineers have different risk
attitudes toward five identified domains of
engineering risk: processes, procedures and
practices; engineering ethics; training; product
functionality and design; and legal issues.
Psychometric risk profiling with E-DOSPERT
provides companies a standard to assess
domain-specific engineering risk attitude within
organizations and across organizations. It
provides engineering educators a standard to
assess the understanding of engineering students
to the types of risks they would encounter in
professional practice and their personal attitude
toward responding to those risks. Appropriate
interventions can then be implemented to
shape risk attitudes as appropriate. Risk-based
design decisions can also be shaped by a better
understanding of engineer and customer risk
attitude. Understanding engineers risk attitudes
is crucial in interpreting how individual engineers
will respond to risk in their engineering activities
and the numerous design decisions they make
across the various domains of engineering risk
found in professional practice.
40
JOINING & ASSEMBLY

110893 Measurement of Tool-Workpiece
Interface Temperature Distribution in Friction Stir
Welding
Fehrenbacher,
Axel;
Schmale, Joshua R;
Zinn,
Michael
R;
Pfefferkorn, Frank E [J
of Manufacturing Sci &
Engg: ASME Trans,
v 136, n 2, Apr 2014,
Starting Page 021009,
Pages 8] The objective of this work is to develop
an improved temperature measurement system
for friction stir welding (FSW). FSW is a solid-state
joining process enabling welds with excellent
metallurgical and mechanical properties, as well
as significant energy consumption and cost
savings compared to traditional fusion welding
processes. The measurement of temperatures
during FSW is needed for process monitoring,
heat transfer model verification and process
control, but current methods have limitations due
to their restricted spatial and temporal resolution.
Previous work showed that temperatures at
the tool shoulder-workpiece interface can be
measured and utilized for closed-loop control of
temperature. Adding an additional thermocouple
at the tool pin-workpiece interface and
performing a calibration of the measurement to
gain better insight into the temperature distribution
in the weld zone improved the method. Both
thermocouples were placed in through holes right
at the interface of tool so that the sheaths are in
direct contact with the workpiece material. This
measurement
strategy
reveals
dynamic
temperature variations at the shoulder and the
pin within a single rotation of the tool in real-time.
It was found that the highest temperatures
are at the shoulder interface between the
advancing side and the trailing edge of the tool,
closer to the advancing side. The temperature
distribution was mostly affected by travel speed
and the temperature difference within one tool
rotation was found to be between 10C and 50C,
depending on the process parameters. The
dynamic temperature measurements obtained
with the current system are of unmatched
resolution, fast, and reliable and are likely to be of
interest for both fundamental studies and
process control of FSW.
Abstracts
110894 Numerical and Experimental Study of

Temperature Field for Double Electrode Gas Metal
Arc Welding
Shi, Yu;
Han, Rihong;
Huang, Jiankang; Yan, Shao
[J of Manufacturing Sci &
Engg: ASME Trans, v 136,
n 2, Apr 2014, Starting
Based on the features of
double electrode gas metal arc welding (DEGMAW), a new hybrid heat-source model for DEGMAW was proposed. Using this heat-source
model, the temperature fields of DE-GMAW with
different welding parameters were simulated.
According to the simulation results with different
welding parameters, the influence of welding
parameters to the heat input to base metal in
DE-GMAW were analyzed. To verify the rationality
of the hybrid heat-source model of DE-GMAW,
the simulation results of the temperature field
were compared with the experimental results with
same welding parameters. The research results
indicate that under the same total current, the
heat input to base metal decrease gradually with
the increase of by-pass current. In addition, the
closer to the welding line from the measured
point the greater decrease rate of the heat input
to base metal. By the study and comparison of
the thermal cycle curve of measured points, the
simulation results were in good agreement
with the experimental results. These results
indicate that the calculated temperature field is
accurate and the hybrid heat-source model is
rational.
110895 Combined Temperature and Force Control
for Robotic Friction Stir Welding
Fehrenbacher, Axel; Smith, Christopher B; Duffie,
Neil A; Ferrier, Nicola J; Pfefferkorn, Frank E; Zinn,
Michael R [J of Manufacturing Sci & Engg:ASME
Trans, v 136, n 2, Apr 2014, Starting Page 021007,
Pages 15] Use of robotic friction stir welding (FSW)
has gained in popularity as robotic systems can
accommodate more complex part geometries
while providing high applied tool forces required for
proper weld formation. However, even the largest
robotic FSW systems suffer from high compliance
as compared to most custom engineered FSW
machines or modified computer numerical control
(CNC) mills. The increased compliance of robotic
FSW systems can significantly alter the process
dynamics such that control of traditional weld
parameters, including plunge depth, is more
difficult. To address this, closed-loop control of

plunge force has been proposed and implemented
on a number of systems. However, due to process
parameter and condition variations commonly
found in a production environment, force control
can lead to oscillatory or unstable conditions and
can, in extreme cases, cause the tool to plunge
through the workpiece. To address the issues
associated with robotic force control, the use of
simultaneous tool interface temperature control
has been proposed. In this paper, we describe
the development and evaluation of a closed-loop
control system for robotic friction stir welding that
simultaneously controls plunge force and tool
interface temperature by varying spindle speed and
commanded vertical tool position. The controller
was implemented on an industrial robotic FSW
system. The system is equipped with a custom
real-time wireless temperature measurement
system and a force dynamometer. In support of
controller development, a linear process model
has been developed that captures the dynamic
relations between the process inputs and outputs.
Process validation identification experiments
were performed and it was found that the
interface temperature is affected by both spindle
speed and commanded vertical tool position while
axial force is affected primarily by commanded
vertical tool position. The combined control system
was shown to possess good command tracking
and disturbance rejection characteristics. Axial
force and interface temperature was successfully
maintained during both thermal and geometric
disturbances, and thus weld quality can be
maintained for a variety of conditions in which
each control strategy applied independently
could fail. Finally, it was shown through the use
of the control process model, that the attainable
closed-loop bandwidth is primarily limited by
the inherent compliance of the robotic system,
as compared to most custom engineered FSW
machines, where instrumentation delay is the
primary limiting factor. These limitations did not
prevent the implementation of the control system,
but are merely observations that we were able to
work around.
MACHINE ELEMENTS &

MECHANISMS
110896 Static Load Distribution and Axial Stiffness
in a Planetary Roller Screw Mechanism
Folly Abevi, Alain Daidie, Michel Chaussumier and
41
Abstracts
Marc Sartor [Journal of Mechanical Design, v 138,

n 1, Jan 2016, Starting Page 012301, Pages 11] In
this paper, an original approach is proposed to
calculate the static load distribution and the axial
stiffness of a planetary roller screw (PRS)
mechanism. Assuming that the external loading is
shared equally over an arbitrary number of rollers,
only a sector of the system is represented to save
on computing time. The approach consists in using
a structure of bars, beams, and nonlinear springs
to model the different components of the
mechanism and their interactions. This nonlinear
model describes the details of the mechanism
and captures the shape of the nut as well as the
bending deformation of the roller. All materials
are assumed to operate in the elastic range. The
load distribution and the axial stiffness are
determined in three specific configurations of the
system for both compressive and tensile loads.
Further, the influence of the shape of the nut is
studied in the case of the inverted PRS. The results
obtained from this approach are also compared
to those computed with a three-dimensional
finite-element (3D FE) model. Finally, since the
calculations appear to be very accurate, a
parametric study is conducted to show the
impact of the bending of the roller on the load
distribution.
110897 Comparing Strategies for Topologic
and Parametric Rule Application in Automated
Computational Design Synthesis
Corinna Knigseder and Kristina Shea [Journal of
Mechanical Design, v 138, n 1, Jan 2016, Starting
Page 011102, Pages 12] Graph grammars are
used for computational design synthesis (CDS)
in which engineering knowledge is formalized
using graphs to represent designs and rules that
describe their transformation. Most engineering
tasks require both topologic and parametric rules
to generate designs. The research presented in
this paper compares different strategies for rule
application to combine topologic and parametric
rules during automated design synthesis driven
by a search process. The presented strategies are
compared considering quantity and quality of the
generated designs. The effect of the strategies, the
42
selected search algorithm, and the initial design,

from which the synthesis is started, are analyzed
for two case studies: gearbox synthesis and bicycle
frame synthesis. Results show that the effect of
the strategy is dependent on the design task.
Recommendations are given on which strategies to
use for which design task.
MACHINE TOOL ACCESSORIES

110898 Design, Modeling, and Experimental
Validation of a Novel Infinitely Variable
Transmission Based on Scotch Yoke Systems
X. F. Wang and W. D.
Zhu
[Journal
of
Mechanical
Design,
v 138, n 1, Jan 2016,
Starting Page 015001,
Pages 8] A novel
infinitely
variable
transmission
(IVT)
based on scotch yoke
systems is designed to
provide a continuously
varied output-to-input
speed ratio from zero to
a specified value. By changing the crank length
of scotch yoke systems, the speed ratio of the IVT
can be continuously adjusted. The IVT consists
of a pair of noncircular gears and two modules:
an input-control module and a motion conversion
module. The input-control module employs
two planetary gear sets to combine the input
speed of the IVT with the control speed from the
stepper motor that changes the crank length of
scotch yoke systems. The motion conversion
module employs two scotch yoke systems to
convert the combined speeds from the inputcontrol module to translational speeds of yokes,
and the translational speeds are converted to
output speeds through rackpinions. The speed
ratio between the output of the motion
conversion module and the input of the inputcontrol module has a shape of a sinusoidal-like
wave, which generates instantaneous variations.
Use of scotch yoke systems provides a benefit to
isolate the interaction between the crank length
and the shape of the speed ratio, and a pair of
noncircular gears can be used to eliminate the
instantaneous variations of the speed ratio for all
crank lengths. A prototype of the IVT was built and
instrumented, and its kinematic behavior was
experimentally validated. A driving test was
Abstracts
conducted to examine the performance of the IVT
MACHINE TOOLS
110899 Identification of different geometric error
models and definitions for the rotary axis of fiveaxis machine tools
Shuang Ding, Xiaodiao Huang, Chunjian Yu, Xiangyu
Liu [Int J of Machine Tools & Manufacture, v 100,
JAN 2016, Starting Page 1, Pages 6] Geometric
errors are the major error sources of machine
tools. Different geometric error models have been
used in published studies according to the different
definitions of geometric errors of the rotary axis.
This is considerably dangerous as it makes the
definition of geometric errors ambiguous and may
reduce the effect of geometric error identification
and compensation. This phenomenon has not
been noticed yet. In this paper, another two
used geometric error models of rotary axis are
firstly introduced and analyzed, named as Error
first model and Motion first model. These two
models were both verified correctly by an example.
After a detailed comparison, errors identified with
these two models are discovered to have a certain
relationship. Error first model is preferred for
the modeling and definition of geometric errors
of rotary axis. An experiment has been conducted
on a 5-axis machine tool to demonstrate the
correctness of our research. The results show
that the identified geometric errors of rotary axis
according to the two error models are greatly
different and deserved to be concerned.
110900 Uniform expression model for volumetric
errors of machine tools
Zhenya He, Jianzhong
Fu, Xianmin Zhang,
Hongyao Shen [Int J of
Machine
Tools
&
Manufacture, v 100,
JAN 2016, Starting
Page 93, Pages 12] This
paper proposes a new method, a Self-adaptive
Mathematical Expression Model (SMEM), to
describe volumetric errors of machine tools based
on Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS). The
NURBS parameters of expression model were
optimized by an improved Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Simulation method was adopted to verify the
effectiveness of the parameter optimization
method of the SMEM, and the measurement
experiment and machining experiment with error
compensation based on the SMEM were

conducted on a five-axis machining center
with a titling rotary table. It was found that the
SMEM can be used to uniformly express the
position-dependant error parameters. Compared
with the traditional methods, which adopt largely
discrete database tables or polynomial method,
the presented method is more concise, accurate
and robust. In addition, volumetric errors of
any position among the workspace of the machine
tools can be quickly obtained by searching the
SMEM of error parameters. And volumetric error
of tool paths and the actual surface of the
machining parts also can be expressed by the
SMEM. The accuracy of the linear measured paths
can have a great improvement of 70.63% with
error compensation based on the SMEM. The
accuracy of the parts predicted machining
precision using the SMEM was 76.34%, and the
surface profile error of the part can be improved
significantly, up to 61.29%, when the SMEM was
used for error compensation. Therefore, the
expression model established in this study is
feasible and robust, and could be used to express
error parameters and volumetric errors. Moreover,
it could be used to predict machining precision of
part before machining and provide the basis for
error compensation.
110901 Hybrid additive and subtractive machine
tools Research and industrial developments
Joseph
M.
Flynn, Alborz
Shokrani,
Stephen
T.
Newman, Vimal
Dhokia [Int J of
Machine Tools
& Manufacture,
v 101,
FEB
2016, Starting Page 79, Pages 23] By
synergistically combining additive and subtractive
processes within a single workstation, the relative
merits of each process may be harnessed. This
facilitates the manufacture of internal, overhanging
and high aspect ratio features with desirable
geometric accuracy and surface characteristics.
The ability to work, measure and then rework
material enables the reincarnation and repair of
damaged,
high-value
components.
These
techniques present significant opportunities to
improve material utilisation, part complexity and
quality management in functional parts.
43
Abstracts
The number of single platform workstations

for hybrid additive and subtractive processes
(WHASPs) is increasing. Many of these integrate
additive directed energy deposition (DED) with
subtractive CNC machining within a highly mobile
multi-axis machine tool. Advanced numerical
control (NC), and computer aided design (CAD),
manufacture (CAM) and inspection (CAI) help to
govern the process.
rotary axes indexation and in a volumetric region of

a few millimetres. The effect of a compensation
strategy is then validated by comparing the surface
mismatch
value
for
compensated
and
uncompensated slots.
110903 Modeling and compensation of volumetric
errors for five-axis machine tools
This research reviews and critically discusses

salient published literature relating to the
development of WHASPs, and identifies future
avenues for research and development. It reports
on state-of-the-art WHASP systems, identifying
key traits and research gaps. Finally, a future
vision for WHASPs and other hybrid machine tools
is presented based upon emerging trends and
future opportunities within this research area.
110902 Validation of volumetric error
compensation for a five-axis machine using
surface mismatch producing tests and on-machine
touch probing
Givi, Mehrdad; Mayer,
JRR [Int J of Machine
Tools & Manufacture, v
87, Dec 2014, Starting
Page 89, Pages 7] In
order
to
validate
volumetric
error
compensation methods for five-axis machine
tools, the machining of test parts has been
proposed. For such tests, a coordinate measuring
machine (CMM) or other external measurement,
outside of the machine tool, is required to
measure the accuracy of the machined part. In this
paper, a series of machining tests are proposed to
validate a compensation strategy and compare the
machining accuracy before and after the
compensation
using
only
on-machine
measurements. The basis of the tests is to
machine slots, each completed using two different
rotary axes indexations of the CNC machine tool.
Using directional derivatives of the volumetric
errors, it is possible to verify that a surface
mismatch is produced between the two halves of
the same slot in the presence of specific machine
geometric errors. The mismatch at the both sides
of the slot, which materializes the machine
volumetric errors is measured using touch probing
by the erroneous machine itself and with high
accuracy since the measurement of both slot
halves can be conducted using a single set of
44
Sitong Xiang, Yusuf Altintas [Int J of Machine Tools

& Manufacture, v 101,
FEB 2016, Starting
Page 65, Pages 14] This article proposes a method
to measure, model and compensate both
geometrically dependent and independent
volumetric errors of five-axis, serial CNC machine
tools. The forward and inverse kinematics of the
machine tool are modeled using the screw theory,
and the 41 errors of all 5 axes are represented by
error motion twists. The component errors of
translational drives have been measured with a
laser interferometer, and the errors of two rotary
drives have been identified with ballbar
measurements. The complete volumetric error
model of a five-axis machine has been modeled in
the machines coordinate system and proven
experimentally. The volumetric errors are mapped
to the part coordinates along the tool path, and
compensated using the kinematic model of the
machine. The compensation strategy has been
demonstrated on a five-axis machine tool
controlled by an industrial CNC with a limited
freedom, as well as by a Virtual CNC which allows
the incorporation of compensating all 41 errors.
110904 Feed speed scheduling method for parts
with rapidly varied geometric feature based on
drive constraint of NC machine tool
Jia, Zhenyuan; Wang, Ling;
Ma, Jianwei; Zhao, Kai;
Liu, Wei [Int J of Machine
Tools & Manufacture,
v 87, Dec 2014, Starting
Page 73, Pages 16] As
Abstracts
the existence of rapidly varied geometric feature

and during the NC manufacturing process of this
kind of parts, the actual moving speed of the
workbench of the NC machine tool cannot reach
the feed speed set in the NC program timely due to
the drive constraint of NC machine tool.
Furthermore, the machine tool would vibrate
violently with the drive constraint when employing
the constant machining parameter to process the
parts with rapidly varied geometric feature, which
seriously restricts the improvement of processing
this kind of parts with high quality and high
efficiency. In order to manufacture such parts with
high quality and high efficiency, a sub-regional
processing method with variable machining
parameters is proposed. Firstly, the generation
mechanism of the machining error is studied, and
its mathematical model is built. Then the change
rule of the machining error influenced by the
curvature and the NC programmed feed speed is
found out. Finally, taking the drive constraint and
the machining error requirement into account, the
relationship between the programmed feed speed
and the curvature is established, and the
corresponding programmed feed speeds to
different curvatures are obtained. Taking the NC
machining of the edge line of spiral microstrip
antenna, which is an equiangular spiral, for
example, the experiment results show that
compared with the machining result with constant
machining parameter, the maximum machining
error of the sub-regional processing method with
variable machining parameters decreases by
35.51% and the average value of the machining
error decreases by 46.65%. For another example,
the clover rose line is machined and the processing
quality is also improved. This study proves that the
method distributing the programmed feed
speeds based on the curvature variation can
improve the machining precision and ensure
processing efficiency, and provides an effective
method to manufacture parts with rapidly varied
geometric feature.
110905 Development and implementation of
a NURBS interpolator with smooth feedrate
scheduling for CNC machine tools
Liu, Min; Huang, Yu; Yin, Ling; Guo, JianWen; Shao,
XinYu; Zhang, GuoJun [Int J of Machine Tools &
Manufacture, v 87,
Dec 2014, Starting Page
1, Pages 15] Parametric interpolation for NonUniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curve has
become more important than ever before in the
control of CNC machine tools. An effective NURBS
interpolator not only can obtain accurate contour

trajectories, but also have smooth dynamics
performance. This paper proposes a numerically
efficient NURBS interpolation scheme which
consists of two stages namely preprocessing and
interpolating. In the stage of pre-processing, the
parameter interval is split into several blocks at
breakpoints and an iterative numerical quadrature
method is applied for each block. By means
of the iterative quadrature method, the initial
parameter intervals of each block are divided into
several subintervals according to the arc length
approximation error. Meanwhile, the curvature of
each knot and the cubic polynomial coefficients
of each subinterval are obtained. Then the critical
points with large curvature of each block are
found from the candidate points and the tolerated
speed of each critical point is calculated according
to the constraints of chord error and centripetal
acceleration. Hence, the feedrate scheduling based
on the S-shaped acceleration profile for each block
can be preplanned via the approximate arc length
of each subinterval, the tolerated speed of each
critical point and kinematics characteristics such
as acceleration/deceleration and jerk limits of
the machine tools. In the stage of interpolating,
the parameter of the next interpolation point
can be calculated directly using the cumulative
arc length and the cubic polynomial coefficients
of each subinterval. Finally, a series of numerical
simulations and real machining experiments are
conducted, and the simulation and experimental
results have showed the good performance of the
proposed NURBS interpolator both in efficiency
and accuracy.
MACHINING
110906 State-of-the-art in surface integrity in
machining of nickel-based super alloys
A.
Thakur,
S.
Gangopadhyay [Int
J of Machine Tools
& Manufacture,
v 100, JAN 2016,
Starting Page 25,
Pages 30] Nickelbased super alloys
are gaining more significance, now-a-days, with
extensive applications in aerospace, marine,
nuclear reactor and chemical industries. Several
characteristics including superior mechanical and
chemical properties at elevated temperature, high
45
Abstracts
toughness and ductility, high melting point,

excellent resistance to corrosion, thermal shocks,
thermal fatigue and erosion are primarily
responsible for wide domain of application.
Nevertheless, machined surface integrity of nickelbased super alloys is a critical aspect which
influences functional performance including
fatigue life of the component. This review paper
presents state-of-the-art on various surface
integrity characteristics during machining of nickelbased super alloys. Influence of various cutting
parameters, cutting environment, coating, wear
and edge geometry of cutting tools on different
features of surface integrity has been critically
explained. These characteristics encompass surface
roughness, defects (surface cavities, metal debris,
plucking, smeared material, redeposited material,
cracked carbide particles, feed marks, grooves and
laps), metallurgical aspects in the form of surface
and
sub-surface
microstructure
phase
transformation, dynamic recrystallisation and grain
refinement and mechanical characteristics such as
work hardening and residual stress. Microstructural
modification of deformed layer, profile of residual
stresses and their influence on fatigue durability
have been given significant emphasis. Future
research endeavour might focus on development
of new grades, advanced processing techniques of
the same to ensure their superior stability of
microstructure and thermo-mechanical properties
along with advanced manufacturing processes
like additive manufacturing to achieve highest
level of fatigue durability of safety critical
components while maintaining acceptable surface
integrity and productivity.
110907 Theoretical Assessment of Surface Defect
Machining and Hot Machining of Nanocrystalline
Silicon Carbide
Goel, Saurav;
Rashid, Waleed Bin; Luo,
Xichun;
Agrawal, Anupam; Jain, VK [J of
Manufacturing Sci & Engg:ASME Trans,
v 136, n 2, Apr 2014, Starting Page 021015, Pages
12] In this paper, a newly proposed machining
method named surface defect machining (SDM)
was explored for machining of nanocrystalline
beta silicon carbide (3C-SiC) at 300K using MD
simulation. The results were compared with
isothermal high temperature machining at 1200K
under the same machining parameters, emulating
ductile mode micro laser assisted machining
(-LAM) and with conventional cutting at 300K. In
the SDM simulation, surface defects were generated
46
on the top of the (010) surface of the 3C-SiC work

piece prior to cutting, and the workpiece was then
cut along the 100 direction using a single point
diamond cutting tool at a cutting speed of 10m/s.
Cutting forces, subsurface deformation layer depth,
temperature in the shear zone, shear plane angle
and friction coefficient were used to characterize
the response of the workpiece. Simulation results
showed that SDM provides a unique advantage
of decreased shear plane angle which eases the
shearing action. This in turn causes an increased
value of average coefficient of friction in contrast
to the isothermal cutting (carried at 1200K) and
normal cutting (carried at 300K). The increase of
friction coefficient, however, was found to aid the
cutting action of the tool due to an intermittent
dropping in the cutting forces, lowering stresses
on the cutting tool and reduced operational
temperature. Analysis shows that the introduction
of surface defects prior to conventional machining
can be a viable choice for machining a wide
range of ceramics, hard steels and composites
compared to hot machining.
110908 Application of Bayesian Inference to
Milling Force Modeling
Karandikar, Jaydeep M; Schmitz, Tony L; Abbas,
Ali E [J of Manufacturing Sci & Engg:ASME Trans,
v 136, n 2, Apr 2014, Starting Page 021017,
Pages 12] This paper describes the application of
Bayesian inference to the identification of force
coefficients in milling. Mechanistic cutting force
coefficients have been traditionally determined by
performing a linear regression to the mean force
values measured over a range of feed per tooth
values. This linear regression method, however,
yields a deterministic result for each coefficient and
requires testing at several feed per tooth values to
obtain a high level of confidence in the regression
analysis. Bayesian inference, on the other hand,
provides a systematic and formal way of updating
beliefs when new information is available while
incorporating uncertainty. In this work, mean
force data is used to update the prior probability
distributions (initial beliefs) of force coefficients
using the Metropolis-Hastings (MH) algorithm
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach.
Experiments are performed at different radial
depths of cut to determine the corresponding
force coefficients using both methods and the
results are compared
Standards
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY: STANDARDS ON CORROSION

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Technology Trends

Walter has introduced a completely new
type of loading system for new machines of the
types Helitronic Mini Power, Helitronic Diamond
Evolution and Helitronic Essential. The new spacesaving and cost-effective automation solution Top
loader is integrated directly into the machine
therefore, requiring no additional floor space and
no restriction of the working envelope of the
machine.
New Benchmark for Steel Machining

Walter introduces a new solid carbide highperformance milling cutter for steel machining:
The MC341 Supreme. The initial offering will have
six dimensions in the diameter range of 620 mm.
The new milling cutter is an absolute specialist
when it comes to ISO P materials (secondary
application ISO M) and combines proven features
with new properties: The optimised cutting edge
microgeometry ensures improved operational
smoothness and a longer tool life. Back cutting
prevents whitness marks from forming on the
surface othe cutting depth.

One new feature is Walters own WK40TZ
grade which is applied in a special coating process.
It allows for extremely high abrasion resistance,
smooth, homogenous surface, excellent layer
hardness and a high modulus of elasticity, resulting
in a considerably longer tool life.

The Top loader is equipped with a
swivelling arm with a single gripper and uses
the standard WALTER robot pallets - one for the
blanks and one for finished tools. Depending on
the tool diameter, these pallets can be loaded
with up to 500 tools. A tool change takes only
27 seconds. The set-up of the tool pallets is
completed automatically through an electrical
teaching routine (patent pending) for ease of use
and simplicity of changeover.
Inventor Sees Great Future

for Cobots in India

The combination of both a highperformance coating and a proven geometry makes
the MC341 Supreme a new benchmark in steel
machining, particularly for tasks requiring high
cutting speeds when machining large batch sizes.
The milling cutters can be used for all machining
operations, both dry and wet, and are impressive
due to their soft cutting action, excellent chip
transport and performance increases of up to
100%.
For more info, visit http://www.walter-tools.com
New Loading System from Walter

Universal Robots, a Danish robot
manufacturer that pioneered collaborative robots
discussed the future of co-bots in India and
accessibility to such technology that could bring
about a revolution in various industries.

The event was graced by Esben stergaard,
Chief Technology Officer of Universal Robots (also
the inventor and founder of the Company) and
Pradeep David, General Manager, India.

Evolution has been evident in the past
and we thrive to nurture it and take it to the next
step with human robot collaboration. Collaborative
robotic technology can be used to benefit all
49
Technology Trends
aspects of task-based businesses irrespective of

their size. Our robot arms are advanced tools
that can be used by all levels of production staff
to help increase productivity, reduce injury and
boost morale.

With a Universal Robots robot arm,
you can automate and streamline repetitive or
potentially unsafe processes, so staff can be
assigned to jobs that provide them with new
challenges. We are delighted to be able to provide
the platform required for the Indian market
for increasing productivity, quality, and market
competitiveness. Our collaborative robots will
help to ease out processes in task driven
industries like manufacturing, assembly and
food processing, said Esben stergaard, Chief
Technology Officer, Universal Robots.

Co-bots are designed to work with humans
and assist them with a variety of tasks which
help to automate and streamline repetitive and
potentially unsafe processes thus, ensuring safe
work environment while increasing productivity
and efficiency. With the small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) set to grow, they are eager to
adopt this technology.

To ensure the success and adaptability of
co-bots, a study was conducted by MIT researchers
at a BMW factory, where it was seen and
analyzed that teams made of humans and robots
collaborating efficiently can be around 85% more
productive than teams made of either humans
or robots alone. Also, the cooperative process
reduced human idle time by virtue of its pacesetting ability.

Since 2003 Universal Robots has grown
over 13 years from introducing the idea of creating
a light robot that would be user friendly for the
industries. The company has seen the evolution
of robot arms from the UR3, UR5 and UR10,
which are built for respective payloads of 3kg, 5kg
and 10kg.

The global collaborative robots market
was valued at $128 Million in 2014 and is likely to
reach $ 1 Billion by 2019, growing at a CAGR of
50.88%.

80% of the UR robots worldwide operate
with no safety guarding (after risk assessment)
right beside human operators. The safety system
of our robots are approved and certified by TUV
(German Inspection Association)

Universal Robots has been servicing clients
in India such as Mahindra, TVS, TATA Consultancy
Services, Siemens, Bajaj, BOSCH, Renault,
Hindustan Unilever Limited, GE, Calvin Klein to
name a few. The companies have readily adopted
the technology and Universal Robots has sold
close to 100 Units of Co-bots (collaborative robots)
till date.

Pradeep David, General Manager,
Universal Robots (India) further added, Our
three different collaborative robots are easily
integrated into existing production environments.
With six articulation points, and a wide scope
of flexibility, the collaborative robot arms are
designed to mimic the range of motion of a
human arm.

The latest collaborative robot technology
should be available to all businesses. The
nominal investment cost is quickly recovered
as our robotic arms have an average payback
period of just six months. The need of advanced
robotics is required for accessibility to anybody
who wants to increase productivity while
maintaining high safety standards. We are
growing our channel partner strength in all major
locations of the country and will continue to
expand our network in the coming years. With
the government also supporting the growth
of industries and sectors, the demand and
requirement for this technology is growing.
(https://www.universal-robots.com/)
"Don't tell people how to do

things, tell them what to do and
let them surprise you with their
results"
50
-George S Patton
Patent Abstracts
Patent Abstracts on Magnesium Alloy and Corrosion

JP2016132827 (A) 7/25/2016
Surface treatment of magnesium or magnesium
alloy having effect on corrosion resistance
Inventor: NOGAMI OSAMU
Applicant: MIKASA SANGYO KK
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method
for surface-treating magnesium or magnesium
alloy easily subjected to corrosion by the lowest
potential, capable of performing chemical
conversion treatment without a harmful
material, such as a chromium based material by
a simple method without having a complicated
manufacturing step, such as adding two or
more kinds of chemical conversion solutions
in various chemical product treatment, anodic
oxidation treatment and plating treatment, etc..
SOLUTION: The method for surface-treating
magnesium or magnesium alloy includes surfacetreating magnesium and alloy thereof having
corrosion-resistance by immersion into a mixed
solution of alkoxide having an alkoxy group
with metal salt, preferably metal salt having a
trivalent ion.
CN105779836 (A) 7/20/2016
Anti-corrosion
magnesium
alloy
and
preparation method thereof
Inventor: LI XIANGGUANG; WANG DEXI; YU
KAISHENG; CHEN CHUNXI; YU DAN; AO SIHAI;
WANG CHANGMING; CHENG GUODONG;
LI WEI; LIANG YILONG
Applicant: GUIZHOU AEROSPACE FENGHUA PREC
EQUIPMENT CO LTD
The invention provides an anti-corrosion
magnesium alloy and a manufacturing technology
thereof and belongs to the technical field of
materials. The magnesium alloy is prepared from,
by weight, 1-1.2% of rare elements, 1-2.5% of Al,
0.8-1.5% of Mn, 0.01-0.03% of V, 0.001-0.01% of
Fe, 0.001-0.01% of Cu, 0.001-0.01% of Ni, 0.0010.01% of Sb, 0.001-0.01% of Sn, 0.1-0.5% of Ca and
the balance Mg. The manufacturing technology
includes the steps of smelting and pouring
under protection of inert gas. The magnesium
alloy shows good comprehensive mechanical
properties and can be machined into structural
components in various shapes and thicknesses.
Meanwhile, element selection and the matching
ratio are reasonable, and the magnesium alloy
has good corrosion resistance and can meet
requirements of various use environments.
CN105648431 (A) 6/8/2016

Method for preparing super-hydrophobic
corrosion-resistant film layers on magnesium
alloy surfaces
Inventor: LIANG XIAOHONG; ZHAO XUAN; QIU
GUOFEI; JIA XIAOMING
Applicant: TAIYUAN UNIV OF TECH
The invention discloses a method for preparing
super-hydrophobic corrosion-resistant film layers
on magnesium alloy surfaces, and belongs to the
field of surface modification for metal materials.
The method includes steps of pre-treating the
magnesium alloy surfaces, carrying out acid
pickling on the magnesium alloy surfaces by the
aid of acetic acid, carrying out hydrothermal
treatment on the magnesium alloy surfaces in
sodium dodecyl sulfate and NaOH mixed aqueous
solution and drying the magnesium alloy surfaces;
ultimately acquiring the super-hydrophobic
corrosion-resistant film layers on the magnesium
alloy surfaces. The super-hydrophobic corrosionresistant film layers are of micro/nano multilevel
structures. The corrosion resistance of magnesium
alloy is subjected to electrochemical tests before
and after super-hydrophobic treatment is carried
out on the magnesium alloy, and the corrosion
resistance of the magnesium alloy is obviously
improved by the super-hydrophobic corrosionresistant film layers as discovered by means of
comparison,. The method has the advantages that
the method has low requirements on the shapes
and sizes of the surfaces of the magnesium alloy,
equipment is simple, raw materials are low in cost,
treatment procedures are easy to implement,
and the super-hydrophobic corrosion-resistant
film layers can be prepared at one step; the water
wettability of the magnesium alloy surfaces can be
greatly deteriorated by films prepared by the aid of
the method, accordingly, the corrosion resistance
of the magnesium alloy can be improved, the
self-cleaning capacity of the magnesium alloy
surfaces can be improved to a great extent, and
the application fields of the magnesium alloy can
be expanded.
CN105624494 (A) 6/1/2016
Anti-corrosion
wrought
magnesium
alloy containing rare earth elements and
manufacturing method of anti-corrosion
wrought magnesium alloy
Inventor: QIU XIN; MENG JIAN; YIN FEI; CHEN
LIANZHOU; LYU HENGLIN; NIU XIAODONG;
51
Patent Abstracts
LI ZHIPING; SUN WEI; JIANG TINGHUI

Applicant: YANGZHOU HONGFU ALUMINIUM IND
CO LTD; CHANGCHUN INST OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
CHINESE ACAD OF SCIENCES; THE HONG KONG
POLYTECHNIC UNIV
The invention discloses anti-corrosion wrought
magnesium alloy containing rare earth elements
and a manufacturing method of the anti-corrosion
wrought magnesium alloy and relates to the
technical field of magnesium alloy production. The
anti-corrosion wrought magnesium alloy includes,
by mass percentage, 8.3%-9.2% of Al, 0.5%-0.8%
of Zn, 0.1-%-0.3% of Mn, 0.8%-1.5% of LRE, 0.2%0.6% of HRE and the balance Mg and inevitable
impurity elements, wherein the LRE represents the
light rare earth elements, and the HRE represents
the heavy rare earth elements. A magnesium alloy
ingot is manufactured through a semi-continuous
casting method, the ingot is turned into a round
ingot after being subjected to solution treatment,
and then the round ingot is subjected to hot
extrusion. The manufactured magnesium alloy is
subjected to a 5% NaCl neutral salt spray test at
the temperature of 35 DEG C for 100 hours, the
corrosion rate is 0.01684 mg/cm<2>/d, and the
anti-corrosion wrought magnesium alloy is highanti-corrosion wrought magnesium alloy with the
low rare earth content.
CN105603484 (A) 5/25/2016
Coating capable of improving surface corrosion
resistance and biocompatibility of medical
magnesium and magnesium alloy and preparing
method of coating
Inventor: GUAN SHAOKANG; MEI DI; FENG
YASHAN; ZHU SHIJIE; WANG JUN; WANG LIGUO;
WANG YANHUA
Applicant: UNIV ZHENGZHOU
The invention provides a coating capable of
improving the surface corrosion resistance and
biocompatibility of medical magnesium and
magnesium alloy and a preparing method of
the coating. An electrolyte is composed of an
aqueous solution containing Zn2+ salt, Ca2+
salt, H2PO4- salt and NaNO3. The zinc-calciumphosphate-containing coating good in coverage
is prepared on the surfaces of magnesium and
magnesium alloy with the electrolyte through an
electrochemical deposition method. The coating
belongs to non-stoichiometric CaZn2(PO4)2.2H2O
coatings, and has the significant advantages that
degradation can be achieved while the corrosion
resistance of a magnesium matrix is improved,
and the degradability of the matrix cannot be
changed by the coating. Meanwhile, Zn2+ can be
released in the degrading process of the coating,
52
differentiation of osteoblast can be promoted, the

activity of osteoclast can be restrained, and thus
the biocompatibility of the matrix is also improved.
Thus, the coating has good application prospects
when applied to magnesium alloy bone implanting
medical instruments.
CN105602372 (A) 5/25/2016
Magnesium alloy surface protective highhardness corrosion resistance composite
coating and preparation method thereof
Inventor: YOU GUOQIANG; YAN PENG; DUAN
PINGAN; ZHANG HENG
Applicant: UNIV CHONGQING
The invention discloses a magnesium alloy surface
protective high-hardness corrosion resistance
composite coating and a preparation method
thereof. The composite coating is prepared from
nanometer cubic boron nitride particles and an
organic coating, wherein the mass percent of the
nanometer cubic boron nitride particles is 1-20wt%.
The preparation method of the composite coating
comprises the steps that the nanometer cubic boron
nitride is placed into a water solution containing
a dispersing agent, and mechanical stirring and
ultrasonic dispersion are carried out for 0.5-2
h; then the dispersed water solution containing
the nanometer cubic boron nitride is added into
the organic coating, the mixture is mechanically
stirred to be uniform and ultrasonically dispersed
for 0.5-2 h, and therefore the composite coating is
obtained; after the coating is prepared, the surface
of a magnesium alloy part which is conventionally
pretreated is coated with the composite coating
through a conventional spraying method. A coating
layer obtained through the composite coating has
high wear resistance and corrosion resistance.
CN105506534 (A) 4/20/2016
Preparation process for corrosion-resistant
aluminum coating with conductive performance
on magnesium alloy surface
Inventor: ZHANG XIAOJIAN; WANG ZHENXUAN;
BIAN YANFEI; SHANG XUE
Applicant: NO 54 INST OF CHINA ELECTRONICS
SCIENCE & TECH GROUP
The invention discloses a preparation process
for a corrosion-resistant aluminum coating with
conductive performance on a magnesium alloy
surface, and the preparation process is mainly used
for solving the problem that a coating prepared by
a current aluminum coating spraying preparation
technology is relatively low in corrosion resistance.
The preparation process comprises the following
steps: carrying out sand blasting treatment on the
aluminum alloy surface; selecting aluminum alloy
Patent Abstracts
powder, wherein the grain size of the aluminum

alloy powder is 325-425 mu m, excellent mobility
is guaranteed, an aluminum coating is prepared by
adopting a plasma spraying mode, the thickness
of the coating is controlled within 0.05-0.3mm,
and porosity is controlled to be lower than 3%;
uniformly coating an aluminum colloid containing
a permeation-promoter on the surface of the
aluminum coating before thermal treatment, and
then carrying out vacuum thermal treatment on
the aluminum colloid, wherein process parameters
are controlled as follows: a temperature of 410-430
DEG C, time of 90-150 minutes, and a uniform and
continuous transition layer is formed between
a basal body and the coating; and carrying out
alkaline washing and acid washing on the surface
of the coating, carrying out chemical oxidization
treatment on the surface of the coating, wherein
the surface of the coating is in continuous and
uniform dark yellow. According to the preparation
process, on the basis of preparing the aluminum
coating with relatively high quality, improvement
measures for corrosion resistance are carried out
on the coating, so that the corrosion resistance
of the integral aluminum alloy aluminum coating
is improved, and the conductive performance is
guaranteed.
CN105506410 (A) 4/20/2016
Corrosion-resistant
aluminum-magnesiummanganese alloy
Inventor: YANG XINGHAI; SONG FACAI
Applicant: CHUZHOU PINCHENG METAL PRODUCTS
CO LTD
The invention discloses a corrosion-resistant
aluminum-magnesium-manganese alloy. The
corrosion-resistant
aluminum-magnesiummanganese alloy comprises the following
components in percentage by mass: 3.8-4.5% of
magnesium, 1.6-2.7% of manganese, 0.5-1.9%
of zinc, 0.65-1.22% of manganese, 0.5-1.3% of
molybdenum, 0.7-2.1% of titanium, 0.05-0.26% of
niobium, 0.1-0.31% of technetium, 0.12-0.27% of
beryllium and the balance of aluminum. Through
the reasonable ratio of components of the raw
materials, the corrosion-resistant aluminummagnesium-manganese alloy with high corrosion
effect is produced.
CN105483684 (A) 4/13/2016
Corrosion resistance processing method for
surface of magnesium alloy or aluminum alloy
Inventor: LI XIANGGUANG; YU DAN; YU KAISHENG;
AO SIHAI; XIE YI; CHEN CHUNXI; CHEN YIN; WANG
CHANGMING
Applicant: GUIZHOU AEROSPACE FENGHUA PREC
EQUIPMENT CO LTD
The invention relates to a corrosion resistance
processing method for the surface of a magnesium
alloy or an aluminum alloy. Ultrasonic cleaning
processing of the alloy is carried out by using an
acetone and ethanol solution, so that oil stains
and loose oxides which are on the surface of the
alloy are cleaned away; then insulation treatment
is carried out with the existence of the acetone
and ethanol solution; then the alloy is immersed
into a cerium salt transformation liquid containing
dissolved organic silicon, so that a protective film
containing silicon and cerium is formed on the
surface; clear water washing and low-temperature
drying are adopted, so that the protective film
formed on the surface of the alloy is smooth and
free from looseness; then the alloy is processed
inside the chamber of a high-temperature liquid
oxygen carbon sulphur co-penetration furnace,
so that an oxygen carbon sulphur co-penetration
layer is formed on the surface of the alloy; and the
alloy is dipped into the cerium salt transformation
liquid containing dissolved organic silicon with the
existence of the acetone and ethanol solution,
so that the protective film containing silicon and
cerium can be effectively combined with the oxygen
carbon sulphur co-penetration layer perfectly,
stratification phenomena of the surface layer are
reduced, a double-layer protective film layer is
formed on the surface of the alloy, the resistance
to corrosion of the alloy is enhanced, and the wearresisting property of the alloy is improved.
CN105479030 (A) 4/13/2016
Active anti-corrosion SnZn base brazing filler
metal, manufacturing method thereof and
low-temperature ultrasonic brazing method
of ceramic and/or composite material and
aluminum and magnesium alloy
Inventor: CHEN XIAOGUANG; XU; GUO WEIBING;
YAN JIUCHUN; YU HANCHEN
Applicant: HARBIN INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY
The invention provides active anti-corrosion SnZn
base brazing filler metal and an active anti-corrosion
SnZn base brazing filler metal low-temperature
ultrasonic brazing method of ceramic and/or a
composite material and aluminum and magnesium
alloy and belongs to the technical field of brazing
of ceramics and ceramic base composite materials.
The active anti-corrosion SnZn base brazing filler
metal and the method aim at solving the problem
that brazing can be conducted only under the
high temperature and weld cracks are generated
due to residual heat stress formed in the cooling
process by means of the existing ceramic and/or
ceramic-based composite material connection
53
Patent Abstracts
technology. The active anti-corrosion SnZn base

brazing filler metal is composed of Sn, Zn, Al, Ag
and misch metal (RE). The manufacturing method
includes the steps that a muffle furnace is heated,
Ar gas is injected into the muffle furnace, Ag in
a crucible is heated to be molten, Zn, Al, Sn and
the misch metal are added in sequence, and the
temperature is kept for 30 minutes. The brazing
method includes the steps that pressure is applied,
an ultrasonic tool head is directly pressed to a
workpiece to be welded in a clamping tool to
be heated to 270 DEG C to 300 DEG C under the
atmosphere environment, and ultrasonic brazing
is conducted. The active anti-corrosion SnZn base
brazing filler metal and the method are used for
connection of ceramic, sapphires, silicon wafers,
glass, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, composite
materials containing ceramic particles and the like
through ultrasonic brazing, wherein the composite
materials comprises aluminum alloy containing
the ceramic particles, magnesium alloy containing
the ceramic particles, titanium alloy containing the
ceramic particles and the like.
CN105437660 (A) 3/30/2016
Corrosion-resistant
insulated
aluminummagnesium alloy plate
Inventor & Applicant: XIA HEMING
The present invention relates to the technical
field of metal plates, and in particular relates to
a corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy metal plate
including an aluminum-magnesium alloy plate
body, the surface of the aluminum-magnesium alloy
plate body is coated with a PVC fire-retardant layer,
the PVC fire-retardant layer is externally provided
with an anti-corrosion layer, the anti-corrosion
layer is externally covered with an insulating
layer, and the lower surface of the aluminummagnesium alloy plate body is provided with a
protective film. The corrosion-resistant insulated
aluminum-magnesium alloy plate can well play
fire-retardant and insulating effects, plays a better
anti-corrosion effect due to the arrangement of the
anti-corrosion layer, and can be transported or can
effectively play a protection role before use due to
the arrangement of the protective film.
CN105401033 (A) 3/16/2016
High strength and toughness anti-corrosion
biomedical magnesium alloy
Inventor & Applicant: LIU YANPING; XU
CHUNXIANG; ZHANG JINSHAN; ZONG XIMEI; YANG
WENFU; YAN PEIWEN; NIE KAIBO; PAN SHAOPENG;
CHENG WEILI; WANG WENXIAN
The invention discloses a high strength and
toughness anti-corrosion biomedical magnesium
54
alloy capable of being degraded in an organism

and a preparation method of the magnesium alloy
and belongs to the field of biological materials.
The biomedical magnesium alloy comprises the
following chemical components in percentage by
mass: 4.00-7.00% of Sn, 0.50-5.00% of Ca, 0.300.70% of Zr and Mg in balancing amount. A cast
ingot is manufactured by a gas-shielded resistance
furnace smelting technology and then is subjected
to homogenization treatment and secondary hot
extrusion deformation to obtain uniform and fine
Mg2Sn, CaMgSn and Mg2Ca secondary phase,
which are scattered on a magnesium matrix, and
thus the biomedical magnesium alloy which has the
best strength, toughness and corrosion resistance
and can be degraded completely is obtained. The
biomedical magnesium alloy can be used in the
medical fields of cardiovascular interventional
therapy, endosteal implantation and the like.
CN105401030 (A) 3/16/2016
Anti-corrosion
titanium-magnesium
alloy
material
Inventor: WANG JIANFEI
Applicant: TAICANG JIEGONG PREC METAL MAT CO
LTD
The invention provides an anti-corrosion titaniummagnesium alloy material. The anti-corrosion
titanium-magnesium alloy material comprises, by
weight, 35-60 parts of magnesium, 15-35 parts
of titanium, 5-12 parts of aluminum, 0.5-3 parts
of cadmium, 0.5-2 parts of yttrium, 2-6 parts
of zinc, 1-5 parts of silicon and 0.3-2 parts of
cobalt. According to the anti-corrosion titaniummagnesium alloy material, the titanium materials,
the magnesium materials and the nano-metallic
materials are combined, so that the corrosion
resistance of the alloy material is effectively
improved, and the service life is significantly
prolonged; meanwhile, the hardness and the
strength of the alloy material are improved, the
anti-impact property is improved, and therefore
the anti-corrosion titanium-magnesium alloy
material has broad market prospects.
CN105369256 (A) 3/2/2016
Magnesium alloy corrosion inhibitor in car
cooling liquid and application of magnesium
alloy corrosion inhibitor
Inventor: GONG MIN; YANG JUN; ZHENG XINGWEN;
ZHANG LINGDAN
Applicant: SICHUAN UNIV OF SCIENCE & ENG
The invention relates to the technical field
of corrosion prevention of metal materials,
in particular to a magnesium alloy corrosion
inhibitor in car cooling liquid. According to the
Patent Abstracts
magnesium alloy corrosion inhibitor, diammonium

hydrogen phosphate and sodium lignin sulfonate
are adopted to be compounded according to the
proportion of 1:1. Organic matter and inorganic
matter are compounded, and by means of the
synergistic effect of corrosion inhibition matter, it
is proven that the corrosion inhibition efficiency
reaches up to 93.16% through an electrochemical
performance test at the temperature of 25 C. Due
to the fact that sodium lignin sulfonate is organic
matter low in price, wide in source and free of
pollution, sodium lignin sulfonate and organic
matter of diammonium hydrogen phosphate are
subjected to organic matter and inorganic matter
compounding, and the good synergistic effect is
achieved. The compounded corrosion inhibitor
has the good corrosion inhibition effect at normal
temperature and high temperature, it is proven
that the corrosion inhibition efficiency reaches
up to 93.16% through the electrochemical
performance test at the temperature of 25 C,
and it is proven that the corrosion inhibition
efficiency reaches up to 99.38% through an
electrochemical performance test at the
temperature of 88 C. The corrosion inhibitor has
excellent corrosion resistance in the car cooling
liquid for magnesium alloy.
CN105365300 (A) 3/2/2016
Aluminum-magnesium
alloy
plate
with
characteristics of compression resistance and
corrosion resistance
Inventor & Applicant: XIA HEMING
The present invention relates to the technical
field of metal plates, especially to an aluminummagnesium alloy plate with characteristics of
compression resistance and high temperature
resistance. The aluminum-magnesium alloy plate
comprises an aluminum-magnesium alloy plate
body, wherein the aluminum-magnesium alloy
plate body is provided with plural of mutuallystaggered compression resistance firm strips,
a high temperature resistance paint layer is
coated on the surface of the aluminummagnesium alloy plate body, an epoxy resin
anticorrosion layer is arranged on the surface of
the high temperature resistance paint layer, and a
protection film is arranged below the aluminummagnesium alloy plate body. According to the
present invention, the aluminum-magnesium
alloy plate has characteristics of efficient
compression resistance and efficient hightemperature resistance, is provided with the
epoxy resin anticorrosion layer so as to provide
the good anticorrosion effect, and is provided with
the protection film so as to effectively provide
the protection effect during transportation or

before use.
CN105296981 (A) 2/3/2016
Method for corrosion resistance of magnesium
and magnesium alloy
Inventor & Applicant: HUANG ZHONGBO
The invention relates to a method for corrosion
resistance of magnesium and magnesium alloy.
Phosphate solution with a concentration of
40-55% is prepared, to-be-treated magnesium
and magnesium alloy are placed in the solution
and pass through nitrogen of 5-10 MPa for 36-60
h under the sealing conditions; the surface
of to-be-treated is heated through steam,
the heating temperature is 80-180 DEG C, and the
heating time is 10-20 h.
CN105296972 (A) 2/3/2016
Method for preparing magnesium lithium alloy
high-anti-corrosion chemical nickel-plating
layer
Inventor: FENG LI; CUI QINGXIN; BAI JINGYING;
JIANG WENWU; LI JIAFENG; GUAN HONGWEI;
WANG XUGUANG; YANG TIESHAN; LI SIZHEN; CAO
KENING
Applicant: BEIJING SATELLITE MFG FACTORY
The invention relates to a method for preparing
a magnesium lithium alloy high-anti-corrosion
chemical nickel-plating layer, in particular to
a method for preparing a high-anti-corrosion
chemical nickel-plating layer anti-corrosive
conductive coating applied to the surface of
magnesium lithium alloy, and belongs to the
technical field of magnesium lithium alloy surface
protection. The method for alkaline etching by
adopting pyrophosphate solution is adopted,
oil stain on the surface of a part, especially on a
complex area of the part, is effectively removed,
the matrix surface is further roughened, and the
bonding strength between the coating and the
matrix is improved. After the alkaline etching, the
surface of the matrix is roughened evenly and
has no obvious corrosion trace, and over etching
to magnesium matrix caused by a conventional
acid etching process is avoided effectively. The
activation is performed by adopting hydrofluoric
acid, the activation film layer compactness
control on the surface of the magnesium lithium
alloy is achieved through activation temperature
and activation time parameter control, and thus
chemical nickel-plating rate control is achieved.
KR20160011136 (A) 1/29/2016
Magnesium alloy having improved corrosion
resistance and method for manufacturing
magnesium alloy member using the same
55
Patent Abstracts
Inventor: YIM CHANG DONG; YOU BONG SUN; KIM

HA SIK; MOON BYOUNG GI; KIM YOUNG MIN; PARK
SUNG HYUK; BAE JUN HO
Applicant: KOREA MACH & MATERIALS INST
The present invention relates to a magnesium alloy
having improved corrosion resistance comprising:
2.0-10.0 wt% of aluminum (Al), 0-3.0 wt% of zinc
(Zn), 0.1-1.0 wt% of calcium (Ca), 0.05-1.0 wt% of
yttrium (Y), and 0-1.0 wt% of manganese (Mn).
According to the present invention, the magnesium
alloy contains predetermined content of calcium
(Ca) and yttrium (Y) having similar elongation to
a commercial Mg-Al-Zn magnesium alloy while
significantly improving corrosion resistance; thus
the alloy being able to be used for materials for
next generation vehicles which requires high
corrosion resistance and high elongation.
CN105239134 (A) 1/13/2016
Method for improving corrosion resistance of
magnesium alloy anode oxide film layer
Inventor: HAN BAOJUN; HUANG ZHIJUAN; YANG
YANG; GU DONGDONG; PENG GUANGHUAI; FANG
LING; YANG CHUBIN
Applicant: GANNAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY
The invention discloses a method for improving
corrosion resistance of a magnesium alloy anode
oxide film layer. Graphene is added in ethanol to
obtain graphene dispersion liquid of 5-45 mg/L;
nanometer rare earth oxide particles are added in
de-ionized water; each liter of de-ionized water is
added with glycol of 5-20 ml to obtain suspension
solution of the nanometer rare earth oxide particles
of 1-15 g/L; the suspension solution is added in the
graphene dispersion liquid for ultrasonic mixing by
0.5-1.0 h to obtain mixed dispersion liquid; and each
liter of the mixed dispersion liquid is added with
sodium hydroxide of 10-90 g and sodium silicate
of 30-120 g to obtain mixed solution. The mixed
solution serves as anodic oxidation electrolyte,
and a pretreated magnesium alloy workpiece
serves as an anode to perform the anodic oxidation
treatment to obtain a graphene and nanometer
rare earth oxide particle composite modified
magnesium alloy anode oxide film layer; and the
film layer is excellent in corrosion resistance, and
solves the problem of weak corrosion resistance of
the magnesium alloy anode oxide film layer.
CN204825051 (U) 12/2/2015
Improve magnesium alloy surfaces corrosion
resisting propertys device
Inventor: WANG HONGFENG; LI JIN; WANG JIANLI;
HUANG YUCHEN; SONG WEIWEI
Applicant: UNIV HUANGSHAN
The utility model provides an improve magnesium
56
alloy surfaces corrosion resisting propertys device,

characterized by it includes riding wheel I, riding
wheel II, steel conveyor belt, work piece room,
corrosion resistance powder spray room, laser
sintering room and grind the room, the steel
conveyor belt around the dress go up and pass in
proper order the work piece room at riding wheel I
and riding wheel II, the corrosion resistance powder
sprays room, laser sintering room and grinding
room, completed workpieces transport, corrosion
resistance powder spraying, laser sintering and
surface grinding to improve magnesium alloy
surfaces corrosion resisting property. The utility
model discloses simple structure, it is convenient
to make, can improve more than the magnesium
alloy surfaces corrosion resisting property 50%.
CN105112822 (A) 12/2/2015
Anti-corrosion
magnesium-vanadium
strontium alloy material and preparation
method thereof
Inventor: PENG XIAORU
Applicant: SUZHOU FASITE INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY CO LTD
The invention discloses an anti-corrosion
magnesium-vanadium-strontium alloy material
and a preparation method thereof. The anticorrosion magnesium-vanadium-strontium alloy
material is composed of, by weight, 40-58 parts
of magnesium powder, 21-38 parts of vanadium
powder, 18-40 parts of strontium powder, 3-16
parts of graphite fibers, 5-10 parts of boron fibers,
1-8 parts of pulverized fuel ash powder, 1-5 parts of
cerium powder, 1-5 parts of calcium oxide powder
and 1-10 parts of additive powder. The invention
further discloses the preparation method for the
anti-corrosion
magnesium-vanadium-strontium
alloy material. The preparation method is simple
and convenient to operate; the prepared anticorrosion magnesium-vanadium-strontium alloy
material is good in anti-corrosion property; the
shortage of ordinary magnesium alloy is corrected;
the application fields of magnesium alloy materials
can be broadened.
CN105088038 (A) 11/25/2015
Corrosion-resistant magnesium alloy with high
thermal conductivity and preparation method
thereof
Inventor: LI DEJIANG; LI LI; ZHANG YUBI; ZENG
XIAOQIN; DING WENJIANG
Applicant: UNIV SHANGHAI JIAOTONG
The invention discloses a corrosion-resistant
magnesium alloy with high thermal conductivity.
The magnesium alloy consists of the following
components: 1.5-1.6wt% of Sm, 0.3.-2.5wt% of
Patent Abstracts
Mn, 0.5-3wt% of Zn, 0.001-1.2wt% of Ca, and the

balance of Mg. The magnesium alloy is prepared
by taking an Mg-Sm intermediate alloy, an Mg-Mn
intermediate alloy, pure Zn ingot, an Mg-Ca
intermediate alloy and pure magnesium ingot as
raw materials. Under a condition of 20 DEG C, the
magnesium alloy disclosed by the invention has
thermal conductivity greater than 100W/(m.K),
has a corrosion rate smaller than 1mg/cm<2>.D
in a 72-hour standard neutral salt spray test, has
casting ingot tensile strength greater than 190
MPa, has yield strength greater than 130MPa and
has ductility greater than 7%.
CN105063627 (A) 11/18/2015
Environment-friendly
magnesium
alloy
corrosion inhibitor and preparation method
thereof
Inventor: CAI LIANGHUA
Applicant: CHONGQING HUARUI STANDARD
COMPONENT MFG CO LTD
The invention discloses an environment-friendly
magnesium alloy corrosion inhibitor. The
environment-friendly magnesium alloy corrosion
inhibitor comprises, by mass, 20 parts to 35 parts
of ficus virens leaves, 5 parts to 7 parts of propolis
and 50 parts to 70 parts of talcum powder. The
ficus virens leaves, the propolis and the talcum
powder are natural matter and are harmless
to the environment and human bodies. The
environment-friendly magnesium alloy corrosion
inhibitor contains compounds of organic acid,
amino acid, flavonoid, alcohol, phenol, aldehyde,
ketone, ester and ether, and powder with good
isolating performance, can form a protecting layer
on the surface of magnesium alloy to prevent
corrosive media from making contact with the
magnesium alloy and has good corrosion inhibition
performance.
WO2015161636 (A1) 10/29/2015
Anti-corrosion magnesium alloy communication
device and preparation method thereof
Inventor: MU JUNWEI; CAO JIANLING; WANG HUA
Applicant: HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
Provided is an anti-corrosion magnesium alloy
communication device, which uses a magnesium
alloy casting as a housing, the surfaces of the
housing are provided with a surface pre-treatment
layer and at least an anti-corrosive layer; the surface
pre-treatment layer is a chemical conversion film
or a magnesium-containing oxide film with a
porous structure; and the anti-corrosive layer is
a coating layer. Also provided is an anti-corrosion
magnesium alloy communication device, the
housing comprises an upper housing and a lower
housing abutting to each other, the gap of the

abutting is provided with a sealing joint strip, the
sealing joint strip is arranged on the gap and fills the
gap. Provided is an anti-corrosion magnesium alloy
communication device, the housing is provided
with a magnesium alloy body, and a dissimilar
metal connecting with the magnesium alloy body,
the surfaces of the magnesium alloy body and
the dissimilar metal as well as the connection
of the two are provided with a sealing layer or a
sealing joint strip or a coating layer, the sealing
layer or the sealing joint strip or the coating layer
is used to isolate the magnesium alloy body from
the outside, the dissimilar metal is provided with
a exposed conductive part, the conductive part
is used to form a grounding connection with the
outside. Also provided is a method for preparing
an anti-corrosion magnesium alloy communication
device.
WO2015152426 (A1) 10/8/2015
Corrosion-resistant magnesium alloy forged
wheel and manufacturing method thereof
Inventor: SONEZAKI HIZASHI; MATSUMURA
TAKEKI; NAMBA SHINJI; KAYAMOTO ATSUSHI; YAO
MICHIYASU
Applicant: BBS JAPAN CO LTD; MILLION CHEMICALS
CO LTD
[Problem] To provide a magnesium alloy forged
wheel that is extremely lightweight and that
achieves improved corrosion resistance such as
hot water resistance and rust prevention, and a
method for manufacturing this wheel. [Solution] A
corrosion-resistant magnesium alloy forged wheel
provided with a chemical conversion coating layer
formed on the magnesium alloy forged material,
the chemical conversion coating layer containing
calcium, manganese, and phosphorous, and a
primer layer formed on the chemical conversion
coating layer, wherein the magnesium alloy forged
wheel is characterized in that the magnesium alloy
forged material contains magnesium particles
having an average crystal particle size of 80 m or
less on the surface, the weight ratio of the adhered
amounts of calcium/manganese contained in the
chemical conversion coating layer is 0.40 to 0.60,
and the primer layer is formed from an epoxyresin-based primer coating containing an epoxy
resin having a weight-average molecular weight of
30,000 or less and containing 5.0 wt.% or less of a
rust-preventive pigment.
57
IPR News
A - Z Definitions of Intellectual Property Terminology

Continued from MTT October 2016 issue....
USTR
United States Trade Representative
utility patent
may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers any
new, useful, and nonobvious process, machine, article
of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new
and useful improvement thereof.
utility patent application
protect useful processes, machines, articles of
manufacture, and compositions of matter.
W
WCT - WIPOCopyright Treaty
window close
time period after which a utility patent (that issues
from an application filed on or after 12 December
1980) expires if a maintenance fee has not been paid.
A petition must be filed along with the appropriate
fees to reinstate an expired patent.
window open
time period when a maintenance fee can be paid with or
without a surcharge.
WINS
Windows Internet Naming Service
WIPO
World Intellectual Property Organization
an intergovernmental organization of the United
Nations system. WIPO is responsible for the promotion
of the protection of intellectual property throughout
the world and for the administration of various
multilateral treaties dealing with the legal and
administrative aspects of intellectual property.
withdrawn claim
a non-elected claim
Withdrawn is the status identifier that should be
used for claims that were not elected (chosen by the
applicant to remain under consideration)in response to
a restriction requirement.
Further, an appellant (one who is appealing an
examiners final rejection to the Board of Patent
Appeals and Interferences) may withdraw some of
the appealed claims, resulting in cancellation of
thewithdrawn claims
withdrawn patent
an allowed application for patent in which the
applicant files correspondence to withdraw the patent
from issue; thus preventing it from issuing on the
patent issue date. The printed document is sometimes
available on the day of publication, but is later retracted
and will not be available in the patent database.
No copy of the patent document will appear on the
official USPTO web site.
word mark
a type oftrademarkcomprised of text
58
workflow
the flow of work
Workflow diagrams are a formal way to identify
procedural steps and the logic employed in a process used
to complete a task or job.Workflow diagramsinclude
each interim step and product(s); the direction of
movement through the process (indicated by arrows);
decision points, alternative processes and repeated
steps, and dependencies (steps or processes that must
be completed before, during or after completion of a
particular step); and can include the estimated time
required for each step, who performs or reviews each
step, and resource requirements. Depending on the
type of workflowdiagramming method used, the start
and end points of each interim step may be listed
separately or the entire process step can be indicated by
a single notation.
workflow incoming amendment IFW
from Public PAIR/IFW - designates the point in time
when an amendment is received in the Office and the
paper scanning process may be started at the USPTO;
does not indicate whether scanning has actually started.
WPPT
WIPOPerformances and Phonograms Treaty
WTO
World Trade Organization
X
X patent
In the 46 years prior to the Great Fire of 1836, the
United States government had issued about 10,000
patents. Most of these could never be revived again,
but Congress acted to restore those records that could
be reconstructed from private files and reproduce
models which were deemed critical. Patents whose
records were not restored were cancelled. There
were a total of 2,845 patents restored, most of which
were eventually given a number beginning with X.
All patents after the date of the establishment of the
Patent Office in July 1836 were numbered as a new
series (without the X), beginning with a new Patent No.
1 to John Ruggles. A small number of the new series
patents had been destroyed in the Great Fire but they
were quickly recovered from their owners records.
X files bear numbers that range from X000001 to
X011280.X0000001is the first patent, issued to Samuel
Hopkins in 1790.
XML
eXtensible Markup Language - a subset of SGML,
or standard generalized markup language; a
structured language that facilitates the standardized
representation of format and representation and
organization of data in an automated environment,
such as the use of a browser on a webpage
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Technical Paper
A COMPACT XY FLEXURE-BASED NANOPOSITIONING STAGE

FOR SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPE (SPM)
Narendra Reddy T, 2Vithun S N, 3Prakash Vinod, 4Mervin Herbert and 5Shrikantha S Rao
Scientist, Nano Manufacturning Technology Centre(NMTC), CMTI, Bangalore

Professor, Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal
1
E-mail: narendra.cmti@nic.in
1,2,3
4,5
Abstract: Nanotechnology has been growing rapidly in most of the applications related to
semi-conductor devices, health care, consumer goods, medicine and bio-technology.
Nanopositioning systems are the sub-systems of nanotechnology equipments such as
nanofabrication, nano-measurements and optical focusing systems. This paper is mainly
focused on the development of compact XY flexure based mechanism for Scanning Probe
Microscopes (SPM). The work includes design, manufacturing and testing of flexure based
nanopositioning system. The developed nano-positioning stage is tested in open-loop
operation for linearity and cross axis motions of the compliant mechanism. The sources of
motion errors in a nanopositioning system include actuator non-linearity, creep,
structural vibrations of flexure mechanism and thermal drift are minimized using closed
loop operation. The compact XY system has been tested for dynamic motion and the
measured bandwidth of the positioning system shows that it can be used for scanning probe
microscope (SPM) application.
Keywords: Compliant Mechanism, Flexure, Nano-Positioning System, Piezo-Based Systems,
Capacitive Sensors, Closed Loop System
1. LITERATURE REVIEW
Nanotechnology has been growing rapidly in most
of the applications related to semi-conductor
devices, health care, consumer goods, medicine
and bio-technology. Nanotechnology has been
expanded its applications from computer
disks, semiconductor devices, medicine and
biotechnology so on. Nanopositioning systems are
the sub-systems of nanotechnology equipments
such as nanofabrication, nano-measurements
and optical focusing systems. The nanopositioning
systems are micro-scale3 mechatronic systems
which are capable of nanometric precision,
accuracy, and resolution, and are useful for
scanning probe based microscopy, manipulation,
and manufacturing. Flexure mechanisms are the
most common bearing choice for nanopositioning
systems due to the advantage that they provide
like low friction and backlash in their motion.
In order to meet the positioning requirements
of nanotechnology such as micro manufacturing
to scanning probe microscopes, nanopositioning
capabilities with nano-metric accuracies with high

speed motions are required. In-order to achieve
fine motions of nano-positioning stage, a complaint
mechanism coupled with piezo-actuators and
capacitive sensors integrated in a closed loop
operation are used.
The flexure-based stages are used as nanopositioning systems because they have several
advantages including high resolutions, compact
size, quick dynamics, and simple mechanical
structure. The major drawback of flexure-based
piezo-stage is small range of motion. In order
to overcome this drawback, most conventional
flexure based nano-positioning stages use serial
combinations of motion guide with amplification
mechanism. The serial combination makes the
size of the stage large and limits the small scale
requirements.
The most challenge is not only in the creation
of a multi-axis flexure mechanism with higher
range of motion with minimum unwanted motion
in other axes.
Technical Paper
Won-jong Kim et al (2008) proposed maglev stage

planar flexure mechanism design. The geometric
which is capable of positioning the resolutions
parameters for the two flexure module are kept
down to few nanometers over a planar travel
identical or as close as possible to provide an even
range of several millimeters. A novel actuation
comparison.
scheme was developed for the compact design
of the stage that enables six-axis force generation
Shunli Xiao et al. (2011) illustrate about novel
with just three permanent magnets. There are
compliant flexure-based totally decoupled
three laser interferometers and three capacitance
XY micro-positioning stage which is driven by
sensors to sense the six-axis position/rotation
electromagnetic actuators, employing double
of the platen. A lead-lag compensator was
parallelogram flexures and four contactless
designed and implemented to control each axis.
electromagnetic force actuators
A nonlinear model of the force was developed
by electromagnetic analysis, and input current
Many researchers have tried to develop a
linearization was applied to cancel the nonlinearity
nanopositioning stage having with higher resonant
of the actuators over the extended travel range.
frequency, minimum parasitic motion errors and
Various experiments were conducted to test
higher motion range.
positioning and loading capabilities.
CMTI (Central Manufacturing Technology Institute), an R&D organisation for machine tools,
production
engineering,
manufacturing
systems2.
is poised,
as ever,
to play a vital roleAND
in ushering
Brian J. Kenton
et al. (2010)
illustrateand
threeDESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
in
leading
edge
technologies
for
manufacturing
engineering
industries
in
today's
competitive
axis serial-kinematic nano positioning stage
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF
environment.
It has the state-of-the-art
and
trained and highly skilled
manpower to
developed
for high-bandwidth
applicationsequipment
such
NANOPOSITIONING
SYSTEM
as meet
videothe
rate
SPM.requirements
The performance
of the nano
future
of industries.
positioning stage is evaluated and the measured
outcome
of the Equipment
literature and
survey,
Design & Development - Machine Tools, SPM's,Based
SpecialonTest
& Inspection
dominant resonances in the fast and slow scanning
parallelogram
flexure
based
mechanism
is
used
for
Manufacturing
Systems.
directions
are 24.2
and 6.0 kHz, respectively,
the development of nanopositioning stage.
which
are in good
agreement
with CNC,
the CAM,
FEA CIM, Pre-production trial runs and customization.
Manufacturing
Engineering
- Tooling,
predictions.
The
lateral
and
vertical
positioning
TheProactive
design ofMaintenance
the XY stage
is shown in Figure1
Maintenance Engineering - Condition based Predictive,
Techniques.
range of the prototype stage is approximately 99
below,
the
orientation
of
the four
2
Development - Concept to physical realization of products on fast track
using chains
Rapid is
mRapid
and Product
1 m, respectively.
arranged in a way such that the prismatic joints are
prototyping with selective laser sintering technology.
Georg
Karl J- et
al. (2006)
illustrate
design in the areas
Table1:
Specifications
the Proposed
NanoSchitter
Technology
Providing
services
to Industries
of Nano
Materials,ofNano
Machining,
and
modeling
of
a
High-Speed
Scanner
for
Nanopositioning
Stage
Nano Metrology, Nano Products, Design and Development of Nano
Products and
Nano Control
Atomic Force Microscopy .The lowest resonance
Systems, of
Nano
Nano
Metrology,
Mechanical Systems
Laboratory,
Parameters
Specifications
frequency
this Fabrication
scanner is and
above
22 kHz.
The Micro Electro
X Optical
and Y Laboratory.
scan ranges are 13 micrometers and
Ranges of motion (XY)
65 x 65 m
theTesting
Z range
is 4.3 Tools,
micrometers.
The focus
of
- Machine
Accessories....
Fluid Power
Servo Hydraulics, Oil Quality Analysis, Noise &
Resolution (XY)
2nm
this
contribution is on the vertical positioning
Vibration.
Repeatability
3nm
direction of the scanner, being the crucial axis of
Metallurgy
andhighest
Material
Control - Chemical
and Metallurgical Analysis and Consulting.
motion
with the
bandwidth
and precision
Resonant Frequency
460 Hz
Technical Information
Bibliographic
Databases,
requirements
for gentle -imaging
with the
atomic Value Added Patent Information Search reports.
Stiffness
1.4 N/m
force
He proposed
a designin with
a
Ultramicroscope.
Precision Engineering
- Precision
the Nanometer
Range, Design and Development of Ultra
simplified mathematical model of a high-speed
Maximum load
100 grams
Precision Machines, Metrology, Calibration, Laser Interferometry......
scanner for an atomic force microscope. The model
Trainingfrom
- Setting
up Advanced
obtained
first principles
givesTraining
a good Institutions
basis for on turn-key basis. Corporate training, In-house
and customized
training programmes
Manufacturing
Technology related topics.
implementing
a model-based
controlleronfor
better
control
performance
and
an
observer
for
more
Publication - Manufacturing Technology Today a monthly periodical incorporating several innovative
accurate conversion of the control action into the
features.
topography signal.
CMTI Membership is open to Machine Tool Manufacturers & Users
S. H. Patil et al. (2012) proposed a Planar flexural

mechanisms which are best suitable candidate for
Tel.
: +91 80
22188
360scanning
/ 363
high precision,
high
speed
applications.
The standard
parallelogram and double
Mob.
: 09449842685
parallelogram
flexure
module are used as a
Fax
: +91 80
23370428
constraint
building
block
and its force-displacement
Email : mtt.cmti@nic.in
characteristics
are
employed
mathematically for
Website : www.cmti-india.net
predicting the performance characteristics of
4
Fig 1. Solid Model of XY Nanopositioning Stage

MTT Nov 2016

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A compact XY flexure-based nanopositioning stage for

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Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI)

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 10, October 2016

Vol. 15 No. 11 November 2016

Role of nanocharacterization in dentistry

Corrosion and metallurgical characteristics of AZ31B

Select Bibliography: Corrosion

Manufacturing Technology Abstracts

Select Bibliography of Standards: Corrosion

Patent Abstracts: Magnesium Alloy and Corrosion

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Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2016

ROLE OF NANOCHARACTERIZATION IN DENTISTRY

Scientist, Nano Manufacturing Technology Centre, Central Manufacturing Technology Institute,

at nanoscale. This has also led to researches in

2. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM)

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2016

hydrated tissue which is strongly sensitive to

Fig 1. AFM Image of Tubules in Human Teeth (50 m x 50 m)

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2016

to perform scratch test to study the scratch and

of (200 nm approx.). Confocal microscopy uses

Fig 3. Confocal Microscope Image of Tubules in Human Teeth (64m x 64m)

scanning microscopy (CLSM) has been also used

periodontics and implant.

Fig 5. SEM Imaging of Dentinal Tubules

A stereo model is an optical microscope that

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2016

opaque samples. The advantage of the low power

disc grinder etc aids in sample preparation which

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2016

of dental tubules, qualification of root canal

3. Grga, Djurica; Marjanovi, M; Hut, I;

2. Kubinek, R; Zapletalova, Z; Vujtek, M; Novotn,

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2016

CORROSION AND METALLURGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3Professor, 4Research Scholar

to the SHE (Standard Hydrogen Electrode) [5] and

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2016

simulated acid rain solution is controlled by the

occurrence of corrosion quantitatively and the

Table 1(b): Mechanical Properties of the Base Metal

Ultimate tensile strength

Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol. 15, No. 11, November 2016

(a)&(b) Micrographs of Base Metal