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RETROFITTING REINFORCED

CONCRETE FRAME
STRUCTURES
Prachand Man Pradhan, PhD
Act. Head, Department of Civil & Geomatics
Engineering,
Kathmandu University

21 June, 2015

Introduction

RC Buildings are Popular in Nepal


But most are seismically vulnerable
Basic Reasons
Design done by Arch./Er. not formally trained
in EQRD & construction.
Masons involved in construction unaware
about EQRD technology.

Big EQ can cause structure damage/collapse


Large loss of life/property

Vulnerable bldgs need strengthening


RETROFITING ~ strengthening later
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Need of Retrofitting
Retrofitting may be done:
Before an EQ to prevent future damage
After an EQ to strengthen and repair the
damaged components

Retrofitting is cheaper than new


construction
If the retrofitting cost is more than 35%
of building cost -> better to demolish

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What kind of structs. need retrofit?


Structures designed with old codes
Structures designed with new codes but
deficient in design and construction,
Important bldgs whose service is essential
after EQ, [hospitals, w/s, monumental,

schools etc.]

Purpose altered buildings,


Buildings which resisted past EQ (become
weak)
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Criteria of Retrofitting
Technical Criteria
Upgrading the lateral
strength of structure
Shear wall
Jacketing
grouting

Increasing ductility
and strength

General Criteria
Cost/Benefit analysis
Available material &
workmanship
Aesthetics
Architectural Identity
Duration of project

Bracing
EDU
Base isolation
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Principles of Retrofitting

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removal of irregularities and asymmetry


increasing the strength and stiffness
enhancement of deformation capacity (or
ductility), &
earthquake demand reduction by Baseisolation or supplemental energy
dissipation (EDU)

Retrofitting RC
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Materials for retrofitting


Cement-grouts mixed with admixtures
Concrete need at least 5 MPa stronger
Polymers (FRP) CFRP, SFRP, GFRP etc.
Epoxy stronger than concrete
Base isolations (Elastomeric rubber or
neoprene pads)~ costly
Supplemental EDU (braces which work as
viscous dampers) ~ costly

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Methods
Jacketing of beams, columns using FRP,
steel plates or reinforcement.
Over-laying or under-laying of slabs~
shotcretes or FRP
Introducing shear walls wherever required,
configuring new plan
Use of viscous dampers diagonally in the
frames (EDU)
Use of Base isolators (rubber pads) in
footing
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Jacketing columns with steel

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Contd Column Jacketing

100mm
100

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ContdColumn Jacketing

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FRP Strengthening of Columns

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Plate Bonding of beams

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Beam under-laying

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Slab over-laying/under-laying

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Shear Keys in Hollow slab

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FRP on slab

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Base Isolation

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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Desi gn Concept : Lectur e 25: Retroffiting & Base-Isolation

18
22/25

Configuring new plan

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Increasing lateral load resistance


Bracings

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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Desi gn Concept : Lectur e 25: Retroffiting & Base-Isolation

11/25

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New Shear wall connection

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Guidelines for retrofitting


IS 15988:2013 Seismic Evaluation and
strengthening of existing RC BuildingsGuidelines

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How the retrofit design is


done?

The structure is re-modeled and analyzed


for its existing condition regardless of
damage
Area of steel is calculated for columns and
beams
The calculated steel area are compared
with the structural drawing of existing
building
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Contd
If the steel is insufficient in old building,
additional steel is provided with sufficient
jacketing in columns and beams.
If walls are cracked with bricks crushed,
cement grout with admixture is provided
Beams may be FRP wrapped or steel
jacketed.
If footing size is found insufficient (for
settlement), then area of footing is
increased
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Contd

If settlement is seen, mass on floors are to


be reduced
If floors are found soft, additional walls are
provided
If beam is cracked with hairlines, epoxy
grout is sufficient.
If slab is cracked, epoxy grouting or FRP
can be provided
Mixes of concrete and mortar shall be
advised as per need
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Photo & drawing sources


Guidelines for Retrofitting of buildings, UNDP, India
Agarwal, P., Shrikhande, M., Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures, Prentice Hall of India P. Ltd.
Paul, D.K., Singh, Y., Ruhela, M.K., Guidelines for
Earthquake Resistance Buildings, Department of
Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee.
IS 15988:2013
2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design concept, Lecture 25
Sources from internet

The
End.

THANK YOU.

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