IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 24, NO.

3, SEPTEMBER 2009

725

Control Strategies for Battery Energy Storage

for Wind Farm Dispatching
Sercan Teleke, Student Member, IEEE, Mesut E. Baran, Senior Member, IEEE, Alex Q. Huang, Fellow, IEEE,
Subhashish Bhattacharya, Member, IEEE, and Loren Anderson

AbstractIntegrating a battery energy storage system (BESS)

with a large wind farm can smooth out the intermittent power from
the wind farm. This paper focuses on development of a control
strategy for optimal use of the BESS for this purpose. The paper
considers a conventional feedback-based control scheme with revisions to incorporate the operating constraints of the BESS, such
as state of charge limits, charge/discharge rate, and lifetime. The
goal of the control is to have the BESS provide as much smoothing
as possible so that the wind farm can be dispatched on an hourly
basis based on the forecasted wind conditions. The effectiveness of
this control strategy has been tested by using an actual wind farm
data. Finally, it is shown that the control strategy is very important
in determining the proper BESS size needed for this application.

gies consist of the cost of these technologies, and operation and

maintenance requirements [7].
Since a large-scale BESS is rather expensive, adopting a control strategy for optimal use of the BESS becomes a critical design issue. This paper focuses on this problem. The next section
investigates the basic control design issues, such as BESS type
and its operating constraints, and the storage capacity needed
to smooth the intermittent power output of a wind farm so that
the wind farm can be dispatched on an hourly basis. Section III
introduces the proposed control scheme for this purpose. Test
results are given in Section IV.

Index TermsBattery energy storage system (BESS), control,

dispatchability, wind energy.

II. ENERGY STORAGE FOR WIND POWER

I. INTRODUCTION
N RECENT years, wind energy has shown a rapid growth
as a clean and inexhaustible energy source all around the
world [1], [2]. However, as the penetration levels increase, it
is of considerable concern that a fluctuating power output of
wind farms will affect operation of interconnected grids [3],
especially weak power systems. Such cases may require some
measures to smooth the output fluctuation to have a reliable
power system [4].
Recent advances in electric energy storage technologies provide an opportunity of using energy storage to address the wind
energy intermittency [5]. Electric energy can be stored electromagnetically, electrochemically, kinetically, or as potential
energy. Two factors characterize the application of an energy
storage technology. One is the amount of energy that can be
stored in the device and the other is the rate at which energy can
be transferred into or out of the storage device. These factors depend mainly on the characteristic of the storage device itself [6].
A variety of storage technologies are available, which are
capable of smoothing out the unpredictable fluctuating power
output of the wind farms. Some of these storage technologies
are supercapacitors, superconducting magnetic energy storage,
flywheels, batteries, compressed air energy storage, and hydropumped storage. The basic issues with these storage technolo-

Manuscript received June 13, 2008; revised September 30, 2008. First published June 10, 2009; current version published August 21, 2009. Paper no.
TEC-00217-2008.
S. Teleke, M. E. Baran, A. Q. Huang, and S. Bhattacharya are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), North Carolina State
University in Raleigh, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA (e-mail: steleke@ncsu.edu;
baran@ncsu.edu).
L. Anderson is with Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR 97232
USA.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2009.2016000

Wind energy has many benefits, but high penetration of wind

power can introduce technical challenges and issues, including grid interconnection, power quality, reliability, protection,
generation dispatch, and control. Fig. 1 shows the typical power
output profile of a large wind farm (50 MW capacity). The figure
shows that the power output can have steep rises, sudden drops
during the day. Integrating such a highly intermittent power resource into a power grid, especially into a weak part of the grid
can pose serious challenges [8]. The main challenges with wind
farm integration and energy storage can be listed as follows:
1) Intermittency: The ability of a utility to change the power
output of a generating unit as the load changes is the
basis of economic dispatch [9]. For a wind farm to be
dispatchable like the other conventional generation units,
its output should be regulated at a desired dispatchability
level.
2) Ramp rates: Another issue with the large amount of
wind generation is the fast power ramps of the wind
farm output, both positive and negative [10]. These ramps
should be limited in order to integrate the large amount
of generation to the grid, minimize the high-cost ancillary
service requirements, and reduce the impact on system
reliability [7].
3) Limiting wind farm power output: Large-scale wind power
may cause congestion on the transmission lines that carry
wind power (for example, when a large wind farm is integrated to a weak part of a system [1]), and hence, the
power output of the wind farm may have to be curtailed
to prevent congestion [11].
A. BESS for Wind Farms
Fig. 2 illustrates the use of BESS to compensate for the
intermittent power output of the wind farm. The BESS is

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Fig. 1.

Typical wind farm power output.

Fig. 2.

BESS integration at a wind farm.

connected to the system at the point of common coupling and

is charged/discharged through a power converter to smooth the
net power injected to the system.
As indicated before, recently emerging BESS technologies
have potential for this application [2], [5]. Recent efforts mainly
focus on demonstrating the feasibility of new technologies, as
wind farm application puts quite challenging requirements on
the BESS performance. To illustrate these challenges, consider
the actual wind farm profile in Fig. 1. To determine the BESS
needed for an hourly dispatch, consider that we can forecast
the average wind power output for the next hour with 90%
accuracy [10], and hence, we need a BESS that can compensate
the differences between this dispatch level and the actual power
output. Fig. 3(a) shows this power difference and (b) shows the
energy required. Assuming that the BESS is ideal, i.e., it can
store this required power, this figure indicates that we need a
BESS of size 17 MWh with a charge/discharge period varying
between 5 and 20 min and a converter rating of 18 MVA.
Since the BESS size is quite large, recent new BESS technology demonstration projects focused on smoothing the intermittent power output of a wind farm rather than regulating for
dispatchability [2], as this will require smaller BESS size. Since
the size determines the cost of the BESS, it becomes imperative that the control methods for the BESS should be tailored to
minimize the BESS size needed.

Fig. 3. Power and energy ratings for ideal BESS. (a) Power variations
dP = P se t P w in d (in megawatts). (b) Energy required for dispatch (in
megawatthours).

TELEKE et al.: CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE FOR WIND FARM DISPATCHING

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

727

Thevenin battery model.

Fig. 6.

Proposed control scheme for BESS.

Fig. 7.

Control block diagram of STATCOM with BESS [23].

Third-order battery model [16].

Another important issue regarding the BESS control is the

state of the charge (SOC) of the BESS. It can easily be shown
that the BESS can easily be depleted or overcharged if we
do not take additional control action [2]. As it is not desired
to deplete or overcharge the battery, the SOC of the battery
should be kept within proper limits (i.e., between 30% and
70%) and need to be determined accurately for the controller
operation.
BESS usually has quite nonlinear characteristics. Hence, its
proper representation in the controller becomes another challenge. The simplest and commonly used model of a battery consists of a constant internal resistance in series with an ideal voltage source [12], [13]. Another commonly used battery model,
namely, Thevenin battery model [14], [15], consists of an ideal
no-load battery voltage, series internal resistance in series with
parallel combination of overvoltage resistance and capacitance
seen in Fig. 4.
Recently, more realistic models have been proposed to take
into account the nonlinear parameters [13], [14]. These models characterized the battery internal resistance, self-discharge
resistance, and overcharge resistance; and separated the charging and discharging process. In this study, one of these improved models, a third-order model developed by Ceraolo
and coworkers [16], [17], has been considered for accurate representation of battery charge/discharge characteristics
and estimating the SOC of the battery. Fig. 5 shows the
model.

In this model, the main branch (containing the elements Em,

R1, C1, and R2) approximates the battery charge/discharge dynamics, the parasitic branch (containing Rp and Ep) accounts
for the self-discharge, and R0 approximates the overcharge resistance. As the figure indicates, most of the resistive elements
are nonlinear, current-dependent, and are determined empirically [18]. For this study, the parameters were taken from [16],
which are derived for a flooded leadacid battery with a capacity
of 500 Ah.
III. BESS CONTROL FOR WIND FARM DISPATCH
Some of the BESS applications for wind farms involve a
simple scheme to charge and discharge the BESS, such as storing
excess power if the wind power output exceeds a threshold [11],
[19], [20].
In [2], a washout filter-based scheme is adopted to smooth
out short-term power fluctuations of a wind farm with vanadium
redox-flow batteries (VRB) as energy storage. Similarly, in [21],
washout filter is used for an off-shore wind farm application with
supercapacitors for the energy storage.
In [22], prediction of the wind farm power output have been
proposed to be used in BESS control in order to limit the maximum ramp rate of the wind farm power output.
A. Control Scheme
Since the goal here is to use the BESS to smooth the net
power to be supplied to the system over a given time period
an hour for hourly dispatchwe need a new control scheme.

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Fig. 8. Smoothing of wind farm power with BESS. P re f : desired set point; P w in d : wind power; P to ta l : net injected power; P to ta l with ideal BESS: net injected
power with ideal BESS model (in megawatts).

The control scheme we have developed is based on the controller design of [2], which uses the SOC as a feedback signal in order to keep the SOC of the battery within proper
limits.
This basic control scheme, however, needs to be enhanced in
order to address the other constraints pointed out before. Fig. 6
shows the proposed control scheme. This controller is designed
to charge/discharge the BESS through a STATCOM. Hence, the
controller serves as the outer loop controller, and provides the
set point, which is the current set point ib ess in Fig. 7, to
the inner controller of STATCOM [23].
Note that we want the controller to act as a regulator and
control the BESS to compensate for the fluctuations of the wind
farm power Pwind during the dispatching period. Hence, the
main input to the controller, Pset , is the desired set point, i.e.,
desired power dispatch level for the given hour. A good choice
for Pset is the hourly average of the estimated wind farm output
for the next hour, as recent advances in wind foresting can
estimate Pset reasonably well, with an rms error of 10% [24],
[25].
As Fig. 6 shows, a rate limiter is put after the input to prevent
overshooting when Pset is changed and also to limit the ramp
rate of the total power output. The filtered desired set point Pref
is then subtracted from the actual wind farm power output Pwind
to get Po , which indicates the amount of power the BESS should
compensate.
Po is then combined with the other feedback signal that indicates the SOC of the BESS. We used the BESS model in Fig. 5
to estimate the SOC by using the procedure proposed in [17].
This feedback loop ensures that the battery SOC remains within
its desired limits. In this feedback loop, offset = M C (where
C is the BESS capacity in MWh and M is SOC margin rate),
and = (C 2 C M )/(T PW F ) (where PW F is the rated
output of the wind farm in megawatts). Hence, the design parameters for the controller are smoothing time constant T and
SOC margin rate M .
Finally, an upper and lower limit block is utilized for the
power converter ratings and the combined signal Pb ess is then

fed into a PI controller to determine the reference current signal

for the inner controller.
B. Controller Tuning
Two main controller parametersthe smoothing time constant T and SOC margin rate M are determined by using the
guidelines given in [2]. The guidelines suggest a time constant
of T C/PW F for smoothing case, but since our case is for
dispatchability, this formula may not be optimal and needs to
be tuned depending on the size of the BESS. For example, for
10 MWh BESS, T is varied between 0.1 and 0.25 h, and it
is found that 0.2 is the highest value that we can have while
keeping the SOC within the desired limits.
As proposed in [2], the SOC margin rate M is selected as 0.3
(i.e., to keep SOC of the BESS within 30%70%). Furthermore,
1 MW/min rate limit is set for the rate limiter. To rate the
STATCOM that charges/discharges the BESS, Fig. 3(a) is used,
as it shows the expected power compensation from the ideal
BESS. As this figure indicates, most of the power profile is
within 10 MW; hence, a 10 MVA STATCOM will be a good
choice.
Since this control scheme tries to keep the SOC of the BESS
within limits while trying to dispatch the wind farm power output, the dispatchability will depend on the capacity of the BESS.
Hence, based on the preliminary study assuming ideal BESS
[Fig. 3(b)], two BESS sizes are considered: 10 and 20 MWh.
Such a BESS can be build with existing batteries, even with
leadacid batteries, by taking the individual units in series and
parallel to get the desired voltage and energy rating. For example, to realize the 10 MWh BESS with a dc voltage of 2 kV
(chosen to facilitate STATCOM design), we need to connect
937 leadacid batteries of 2.135 V in series to get the desired
voltage, and connect ten of these series strings in parallel to obtain the desired energy rating, which results in a total number of
9370 batteries. This BESS design is used in the simulations, and
it is assumed that the BESS has a battery management system
that provides both the voltage and current balance among the
batteries.

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Fig. 9. 10 Megawatthour BESS performance with SOC feedback. (a) SOC of the battery. (b) DC link voltage (per unit). (c) Power injected by the BESS (in
megawatts). (d) Current profile of the BESS (in kiloamperes).

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

To verify the effectiveness of the control strategy and determine the BESS size needed for an hourly dispatch, several simulations are made using power system computer-aided design

(PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including dc (EMTDC)

with the controller and BESS model explained before.
For assessment, actual power data from a 50 MW wind
farm are used for Pwind (Fig. 1). The set point Pset for
hourly dispatching is obtained by taking the actual next hour

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Fig. 10. Power deviations in net power supplied P to ta l around the desired set point P re f with 10 MWh BESS. (a) Power deviations dP = P re f P to ta l (in
megawatts). (b) Histogram of power deviations.

average of Pwind and adding 10% noise to it. The controller then
charges/discharges the BESS based on this set point. Note that
the BESS is charged/discharged through a STATCOM, which
is much faster than the BESS; hence, the power output of the
BESS through STATCOM is approximately Pb ess in Fig. 6, as
the losses in STATCOM are quite small. Therefore, in the simulations, STATCOM is represented as a unity gain, and hence,
Pb ess obtained from the controller output is combined directly
with Pwind to get the total injected power to the grid, Ptotal .
Using this model, one-week-long simulations were made in
PSCAD/EMTDC with a time step of 1 s.
As indicated in the previous section, based on preliminary
studies assuming ideal BESS, two BESS sizes have been considered. Simulation results for 10 MWh BESS are given in
Figs. 8 and 9. The smoothing time constant T for the controller
for this case is set to 0.2 h, as described before.
Fig. 8 shows the Pref , Pwind , and the net power injected
Ptotal = Pwind + Pb ess , with ideal BESS model and actual
BESS model during a day when the wind farm power output
increases from 0 to 50 MW. It is seen that the total injected
power follows the desired set points in general; although large
deviations occur from time to time with actual BESS when wind
power has sudden severe drop or rise.
Fig. 8 also shows that the ideal BESS has better performance
than the practical onethe ideal BESS follows the set point
much closer. To help explain the difference, the SOC of the
actual and ideal BESSs are given in Fig. 9(a). As the figure
shows, when the wind power drops severely (for example, after
hour 135 in the figure), the energy needs to be provided by the
BESS increases considerably. With ideal BESS, this required
energy can be provided without severe drop in the SOC, as seen
in Fig. 9(a); however, due to the losses with the actual BESS, its
SOC drops more than the ideal one, and hence, it cannot provide
the required energy during the large energy demand.
Fig. 9(b) shows that SOC feedback control also helps to keep
the battery voltage within acceptable limits (+10/15% of rated

voltage) during the weekly period. The power output profile of

the BESS in Fig. 9(c) indicates that the output of the BESS is
limited to 10 MW, as desired.
The current profile of the BESS in Fig. 9(d) indicates the
charge/discharge current levels and cycle frequency. This figure
indicates that the maximum charge/discharge current is 5 kA,
with a maximum rate of 40 A/s. Hence, the maximum discharge
current that one battery will see is around 500 A, which is about
the 1 C discharge rate of the leadacid battery considered. The
figure also shows that the charge/discharge cycle is approximately every 10 min; but most of the time charging/discharging
is partial and shallow.
Note that by limiting the SOC to be between 30% and 70%,
the deep discharge/charge cycles have been minimized in order
to extend the lifetime of the battery. Hence, the new leadacid
batteries with extended life cycles, or new type batteries such
as flow or NaS with high-discharge-cycling capability [26] are
feasible candidates for this application.
To assess the effectiveness of dispatchability provided by the
BESS, the difference between the total output and the desired
set points is determined. This difference dP = Pref Ptotal is
given in Fig. 10(a), and Fig. 10(b) shows the corresponding
histogram. As these figures indicate, although most of the time
the deviations are within 2.5 MW, larger deviations do occur
occasionally. Assuming that the deviations of 2.5 MW are
acceptable, we can assign a performance index PI for this case
as follows:


(1)
PI =
Nx |dPx |
which sums the unacceptable power deviations that are higher
than 2.5 MW. In this equation, Nx represents the number of
occurrence of the deviations. The index for this case using the
histogram of Fig. 10(b) is 121.
To further reduce the variations, a larger size of 20 MWh is
also considered. Fig. 11 shows the histogram of power deviations with this new BESS size. The PI for this case drops to 35,

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731

Finally, note that this paper focuses on design of a BESS for

facilitating dispatching of a wind farm. Hence, this paper provides the engineering data needed for economic assessment
of deploying such a BESS in practice for a wind farm.
REFERENCES

Fig. 11.

Histogram of power deviations with 20 MWh BESS.

which indicates that the decrease is in an order of magnitude

when the BESS size is increased from 10 to 20 MWh.
Note that even this large size BESS is not enough to eliminate the deviations completely, although we would need only
17 MWh BESS if the BESS were ideal, as shown in the previous
section. The main factor for the difference is the efficiency of
the actual BESS. The BESS model used in this study has an
efficiency of 75%, which is typical for a conventional leadacid
battery. Hence, new types of batteries such as flow batteries with
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SOC of the BESS between 30% and 70% in this control scheme,
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factor that increases the required practical BESS size.
V. CONCLUSION
This study explores the control design issues related to a
BESS to be integrated with a wind farm so that the wind farm can
be dispatched on an hourly basis like a conventional generator. A
control scheme has been proposed for this purpose. Simulations
performed using an actual wind farm data and a realistic BESS
model indicate that the performance of this basic control scheme
is good: it tracks the desired dispatch set points reasonably close
while keeping SOC of BESS within desired limits.
The study also shows that the size and the efficiency of the
BESS are other important parameters that contribute to the
dispatching performance. Finally, it is shown that the BESS
charge/discharge frequency is relatively high in this application,
and hence, new type of batteries with high charge/discharge cycling rates would be needed for this application.
The control strategy considered makes a compromise in that
it limits the full utilization of the BESS capacity in order to
extend the lifetime of the BESS. Hence, as the results show,
we need a large size BESSabout 20%30% of the wind farm
capacityto have an effective and smooth dispatch profile.

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Sercan Teleke (S08) was born in Ankara, Turkey,

in 1983. He received the B.S. degree in electrical and
electronics engineering from Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, in 2005, and the M.S. degree in
electric power engineering from Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden, in 2006. He
is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at North Carolina State University,
Raleigh.
His current research interests include areas of
power electronics applications to power systems,
wind energy, and energy storage.

Mesut E. Baran (S87M88SM05) received the

Ph.D. degree from the University of California,
Berkeley, in 1988.
He is currently a Professor with North Carolina
State University, Raleigh. His current research interests include distribution and transmission system
analysis and control, integration of renewable energy resources, and utility applications of powerelectronics-based devices.

Alex Q. Huang (S91M94SM96F05) received the Ph.D. degree from

Cambridge University, Cambridge, U.K., in 1992.
Since 1983, he has been involved in the development of modern power semiconductor devices and power integrated circuits. From 1992 to 1994, he was
a Research Fellow at Magdalene College, Cambridge. From 1994 to 2004, he
was a Professor in Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. Since 2004, he
has been the Alcoa Professor of Electrical Engineering at North Carolina State
University, Raleigh. His current research interests include utility power electronics, power management microsystems, and power semiconductor devices.

Subhashish Bhattacharya (M85) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 2003.
From 1994 to 1996, he was with York International Corporation. From 1996
to 1998, he was a Consultant to Soft Switching Technologies (SST). From 1998
to 2005, he was with the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and Power
Quality Division, Siemens Power Transmission and Distribution. Since August
2005, he has been an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. His current
research interests include FACTS, utility applications of power electronics such
as custom power and power quality issues, active filters, high-power converters,
and converter control techniques.

Loren Anderson received the B.S. degree from Oregon State University,
Corvallis, in 1980.
He is currently the Principal High Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC) and
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Engineer at Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Vancouver, WA. He has vast experience working on HVDC
systems. His current research interests include HVDC control design, equipment maintenance, and failure analysis.