HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of the University of Kerala

By
SUBIN.CK. (13401053)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BARTON HILL
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
2016

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled HOUSEHPLD WATER
TREATMENT is a bonafide record of the seminar done by SUBIN CK
(13401053), 7th semester student of Department of Civil Engineering, Government
Engineering College, Barton Hill towards the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of the
University of Kerala during the academic year 2016-2017.

Guided by

Head of the Department

ARUN V M

Dr. JAYA V

Assistant Professor

Head of department

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

Govt. Engineering College

Govt. Engineering College

Barton Hill, TVPM

Barton Hill, TVPM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to each individual associated directly
or indirectly with the successful completion of my seminar. First and foremost, I
wish to record my sincere gratitude to management of this college and to Dr.
Shaji Senadhipan, principal for making available library and other facilities
needed to prepare this report.
I would like to take this opportunity to especially thank my guide, ARUN VM,
Assistant professor of Civil Engineering Government Engineering College Barton
Hill, Trivandrum, for his valuable guidance and suggestions during this seminar
work.
I am thankful to our Staff Advisors Dr. Jiji Anna Varughese and Asst.
Prof. Sunil C Behanan, for the valuable guidance and suggestions offered during
the course of the seminar and also in preparing this report.
My sincere thanks are expressed here to the entire faculty of the Department of
Civil Engineering and to my parents and all friends for their help and support.
Above all, I thank Lord Almighty whose invisible hand guided me through the
course of this work.

SUBIN CK

ABSTRACT
Water is important for the existence of life. Water can be used for drinking,
cleaning, cooking etc. Water can be derived from many sources such as
groundwater, surface water, rainwater etc. The water derived from these sources
has many impurities. The impurities include pathogens (disease causing
organisms), harmful chemicals(fertilizers and pesticides), contaminants which
affect the physical properties of water such as taste, smell, color etc. These
impurities make the water unsafe for drinking purposes. Straining, aeration,
disinfection, storage and settlement, solar disinfection are the usual water
treatment methods. This report will discuss about the various treatment methods
which make the water suitable for drinking or to make potable water from the
polluted water which can be applied at the household level. There exist several
large treatment plants in each community which is effective. But treating the water
at the house will make everyone independent thereby reducing the total cost. Slow
sand filter, simple up flow rapid sand filter, charcoal filter and ceramic filter are
the other effective methods to treat the polluted water. These methods are cost
effective and simple which can adopt in each of ours home. The household water
treatment will reduce the diseases such as diarrhea which causes by unsafe
drinking water. The efficiency and economy of household water treatment will
empower the nation with health and wealth.

KEYWORDS : Household water treatment methods

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................1
2. WATER TREATMENT.......................................................................................2
3. THE MAIN SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER..............................................2
4. IMPURITIES IN DRINKING WATER...............................................................3
5. CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT METHODS...................................4
5.1. STRAINING..................................................................................................4
5.2. AERATION...................................................................................................5
5.3. STORAGE AND SEDIMENTATION..........................................................6
6. INNOVATIVE HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT METHODS.................7
6.1 HOUSEHOLD SLOWSAND FILTER (HSSF).............................................7
6.2 CONSTRUCTION OF A SIMPLE HSSF (ATLEAST 50L PER DAY)........7
6.2.1 WORKING..............................................................................................9
6.2.2 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF HSSF WITH FLOW
CONTROL........................................................................................................9
6.2.3 COST ANALYSIS OF HSSF.................................................................11
6.2.4 ACTORS AND THEIR ROLES............................................................12
6.2.5 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS.........................................................12
6.2.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HSSF.........................12
6.3 HOUSEHOLD CERAMIC FILTER............................................................13
6.3.1 MANUFACTURING OF CERAMIC SILVER LINED FILTER (CSF)
.........................................................................................................................13
6.3.2 MECHANISM OF FILTRATION.........................................................15
6.3.3 EFFECTIVENESS OF CSF..................................................................17
6.3.4 COST ANALYSIS.................................................................................18
6.3.5 ADVANTAGES OF CSF.......................................................................18
6.3.6 DISADVANTAGES OF CSF................................................................18
7. CONCLUSION..................................................................................................19
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................20
2

LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES

Figure 1 showing straining action...........................................................................5
Figure 2 showing aeration tray.................................................................................6
Figure 3 showing storage and sedimentation...........................................................6
Figure 4 showing simple slow sand filter.................................................................8
Figure 5 showing practical application of a simple hssf..........................................8
Figure 6 Showing hssf with flow control...............................................................10
Figure 7 showing practical application of hssf with flow control..........................10
Figure 8 showing removal of E coli at different flow rate at different depths.......11
Figure 9 showing turbidity removal at different depths.........................................11
Figure 10 showing parts of household ceramic filter.............................................14
Figure 11 showing a CSF.......................................................................................15
Figure 12 showing types of pores..........................................................................15
Figure 13 showing mechanism of filtration...........................................................17
Figure 14 showing the variation of hardness.........................................................17
Figure 15 showing comparison of color of input and output water.......................18
TABLE 1. SHOWING EFFECTIVENESS OF HSSF AND CSF.........................19

1. INTRODUCTION
Lack of access to safe drinking-water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene are
main contributors to the 1.8 million deaths caused by diarrheal disease each year.
Providing safe and reliable water services to the 1.1 billion people who currently
lack access to improved water sources is an essential long-term goal that will yield
great health and economic benefits. Improved water, sanitation and hygiene will
also contribute to the millennium development goals (MDG) for poverty
reduction, nutrition, childhood survival, school attendance, gender equity and
environmental sustainability (UN Millennium Project, 2013). Securing safe
drinking water at the household level, however, requires more than investments in
water supply infrastructure, which are expensive, require long timeframes, and do
not always reach those with the greatest need. Water treatment technologies that
can be used at the household level are immediate cost-effective alternatives that
can improve the water quality of those in most need. To date, the use of household
water treatment technologies, however, requires substantial behavior change.
Interventions that promote water treatment and safe storage at the household level
have not been very successful in changing consumers perceptions and behaviors.
For those who have access to sufficient quantities of water but whose water is of
poor or uncertain microbiological quality, an alternative is to treat their water at
home. Treating water at the household level or other point of use also reduces the
risk of water born disease arising from recontamination during collection,
transport, and use in the home, a well-known cause of water-quality degradation.
Evidence has shown that treating water at the household level is effective in
improving the microbiological quality of drinking water 9and in preventing
diarrheal disease. Household water treatment (HWT) does not improve access to
water supplies (except by rendering previously unusable supplies safe) or increase
the quantity of water used in the home, both of which are necessary for optimal
health, domestic hygiene, economic benefits, and other benefits.

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2. WATER TREATMENT
Water treatment is any process that makes water more acceptable for a specific
end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river
flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses including being safely
returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants or reduces
their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.

3. THE MAIN SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER

Ground water: The importance of groundwater for the existence of
human society cannot be overemphasized. Groundwater is the major
source of drinking water in both urban and rural India. Besides, it is an
important source of water for the agricultural and the industrial sector.
Water utilization projections for 2000 put the groundwater usage at about
50%. Being an important and integral part of the hydrological cycle, its
availability depends on the rainfall and recharge conditions. Till recently it
had been considered a dependable source of uncontaminated water. India
has vast ground water resources. The average rainfall over the country is
about 110 cm as a whole and this rainfall over India's area of 328 million
hectares gives a total precipitation of 3700 billion cubic metres. Only 22
per cent of this total rainfall percolates under the ground. Of this total
amount about 430 billion cubic metre reaches up to the upper surface of
the soil. Remaining 384 billion cubic metre reaches the pervious strata
which could be obtained by digging the well. But only 70 percent of this
amount can be exploited economically.

Surface water: India has vast ground water resources. The average
rainfall over the country is about 110 cm as a whole and this rainfall over
India's area of 328 million hectares gives a total precipitation of 3700
billion cubic metres. Only 22 per cent of this total rainfall percolates under
the ground. Of this total amount about 430 billion cubic metre reaches
upto the upper surface of the soil. Remaining 384 billion cubic metre
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reaches the pervious strata which could be obtained by digging the well.
But only 70 percent of this amount can be exploited economically.

Rainwater: Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of

rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater
can be collected from rivers or roofs, and in many places the water
collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir
with percolation, or collected from dew or fog with nets or other tools. Its
uses include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with
proper treatment, and indoor heating for houses etc. The harvested water
can also be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other
purposes such as groundwater recharge.

4. IMPURITIES IN DRINKING WATER

Pathogens: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms including eggs or

larvae of parasitic worms; bacteria; amoebas; and viruses. Even though
bacteria, viruses, protozoa and cyanobacteria are tiny, their presence can be
felt quite quickly and, if they are pathogenic, they can become a serious
threat to the health of a community if they are able to contaminate a
drinking-water supply. Pathogenic micro-organisms generally occur in
water supplies that have been contaminated by human and/or animal
waste. The ones that affect humans can very quickly multiply inside us and
give us gastrointestinal illnesses meaning vomiting and diarrhea. In
spring 1984 the water supply to a New Zealand town was contaminated by
sewage overflowing from a leaking pump-station. Contaminated water was
spread throughout the town. About 3500 people became sick (vomiting
and diarrhoea), and a few were hospitalised.

Chemicals: Chemical contaminants are elements or compounds. These

contaminants may be naturally occurring or man-made. Examples of

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chemical contaminants include nitrogen, bleach, salts, pesticides, metals,

toxins produced by bacteria, and human or animal drugs.

Physical: (i)Colour: Yellowish thing indicates the presence of chromium

and appreciable amount of organic matter. Yellowish red colour indicates
the presence of iron , while red brown color indicates the presence of peaty
matter.
(ii) Turbidity: It is due to the colloidal , extremely fine suspension such as
clay, slit ,finely divided matters(organic and inorganic) micro- organisms
like plankton etc.
(iii)Taste: It is due to the presence of dissolved mineral in water produces
taste, but not odor. Bitter taste can be due to the presence of iron,
aluminium, manganese, sulphate or excess of lime. Soapy taste can be due
to the presence of large amount of sodium bi carbonate. Brackish taste is
due to the presence of unusual amount of salts. Potable Taste is due to the
presence of dissolved gases and minerals like nitrates in water.
(iv)Odour: It is in water due to undesirable for domestic as well as
industrial purposes.

5. CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT METHODS

5.1. STRAINING
Pouring turbid (cloudy) water through a piece of fine, clean cotton cloth will often
remove a certain amount of the suspended solids If the cloth is dirty ,additional
pollutants may be introduced. Purpose-made monofilament filter cloths can be
used in areas where guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) is endemic. Such cloths
are effective in straining out the copepods in the water. These tiny water creatures
act as intermediate hosts for the larvae which transmit the disease. Some guineaworm eradication projects supply a large-diameter drinking straw with a filter
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mesh on one end so that copepods are strained out when water is sucked up the
straw.

Figure 1 showing straining action [1]

5.2. AERATION
Aeration increases the air content of water; it reduces the concentration of volatile
substances, such as hydrogen sulphide, which affect the odour or taste of water,
and oxidizes iron and manganese prior to settlement or filtration. Dissolved air is
also important for the effective performance of slow sand filters but there may
already be sufficient oxygen in surface waters. You can achieve aeration on a
small scale by rapidly shaking a vessel part-full of water. Aerate larger volumes of
water by allowing them to trickle through one or more well-ventilated , perforated
trays containing small stones.

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Figure 2 showing aeration tray [1]

5.3. STORAGE AND SEDIMENTATION

The quality of raw water can be improved considerably by storage. During
storage, non-colloidal, suspended particles slowly settle to the bottom of a storage
tank, and solar radiation will kill some of the harmful organisms in the water.
Schistosoma larvae, for example, will die after storage for at least 48 hours. In
contrast, colloidal particles remain in suspension .The smaller the suspended
particles, the longer the water needs to be retained in the reservoir.

Figure 3 showing storage and sedimentation [1]

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6. INNOVATIVE HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT

METHODS
6.1 HOUSEHOLD SLOWSAND FILTER (HSSF)
Slow sand filtration was the first water treatment process introduced to improve
the quality of surface water in Europe and North America and soon proved to
provide protection against cholera and typhoid. It has remained a suitable
treatment technology throughout the world and is recognized as particularly
appropriate for application in developing countries by reason of the simplicity of
design and construction and the ease of operation and maintenance. In areas where
land is available, slow sand filtration is a low-cost water treatment process which
can be operated and maintained by a trained member of the local community. No
other available water treatment technology, excluding disinfection , can produce
as safe a drinking water and provide as great a protection of public health.
Pretreatment processes for highly turbid surface waters are available and allow
wider application of slow sand filtration in tropical areas. Other minor
disadvantages are generally outweighed by the advantages and some developing
countries have already taken advantage of the technology in their water supply
programmes. There is still a lack of awareness of the benefits to be gained from
increasing application of slow sand filtration in many developing countries and
the objective of this booklet is to draw attention to facts about this appropriate
technology and encourage more countries to take advantage of its simplicity and
low cost.
6.2 CONSTRUCTION OF A SIMPLE HSSF (ATLEAST 50L PER DAY)
Clean a watertight 200 liter container and disinfect it with bleaching powder.
Make sure the container did not contain toxic materials .Drill a hole to of the
way down from the top of the container for the valve or tap. The hole should be
sized for the fitting on the tap.(For example , if the tap has a 12 mm fitting, the
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hole should be 12 mm wide). Fit the tap to the hole and fix it in place with hardsetting putty. If a brick container is used, the valve can be cemented within the
wall .Prepare the flexible water collecting pipe. Drill or punch many small holes
in the first 35 cm of the hosepipe, seal the end, and form it into a ring on the
bottom of the container with the holes facing downward .Connect the top of the
hosepipe (the end with no holes) to the tap. Seal the pipefittings with hose clamps
or wire .Place a layer of clean gravel 7cm deep on the bottom of the barrel to
cover the water-collecting pipe. Cover the gravel with fine cloth and fill the barrel
with clean river sand to about 10 cm below the tap. Then cover the sand with a
second fine cloth .Make a cover for the container, with a hole in it to pour water
through. Place a flat rock or dish under the hole to prevent disturbing the sand
when water is poured in .Flush the filter with water. Once the filter is cleaned, it is
ready to use.

Figure 4 showing simple slow sand filter [2]

Figure 5 showing practical application of a simple hssf [2]

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6.2.1 WORKING
In slow sand filtration the water passes slowly (e.g. flow velocity of 0.1 to 0.2m/h)
downwards, through a bed of fine sand. For the filter to perform well there should
be no sudden changes in the flow rate and the water should not be very turbid
(cloudy with suspended solids), or the filter will quickly become blocked. Good
slow sand filters can produce good quality drinking- water. There are a number of
processes which improve the water quality as it pass through the filter, but
pathogens are mainly removed in the very top layer of the filter bed where a
biological film (called the schmutzdecke) builds up. In a well-designed and welloperated filter this films trains out bacteria. Deeper in the sand bed bacteria that
pass through the schmutzdecke are killed by other micro-organisms, or they
become attached to particles of sand until they die. The schmutzdecke takes time
to become effective, so water needs to flow though a new filter for at least a week
before the filter will work efficiently .The raw water should contain a fair amount
of oxygen to promote the useful biological activity both in the schmutzdecke and
further down into the filter bed .After a period of use, the material filtered out of
the water blocks the surface of the sand and reduces the flow rate to an
unacceptable level. When this happens the filter is drained to expose the sand ,and
the top 15 to 20mm of the bed is carefully removed. When the filter is restarted, it
takes a few days before the schmutzdecke builds up again to provide good quality
water so, during this period, the water should not be used for potabe purposes.
6.2.2 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF HSSF WITH FLOW CONTROL
With a household slow sand filter, water is passed slowly downwards through a
bed of sand, where it is treated by a combination of biological, physical and
chemical processes. Fine particles in the water are filtered out by the sand, while
microorganisms grow on top of the sand filter and feed on bacteria, viruses and
organic matter in the water. The filter can be made of clean 200-litresteel barrels
connected by hoses. The system consists of a raw-water supply tank, a filter tank
and a clean water tank. A floating weir (that can be made of a bowl, two small
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tubes and a hose)in the supply tank maintains a constant flow of water to the top
of the filter tank ,where it is purified by passing downwards through a 4560-cm
bed of washed sand and a 5-cm layer of fine gravel. The water flows through the
sand at about 0.1 m/hour. Water drains from the bottom layer of the filter tank via
a perforated tube and is led to a clean water-storage tank. To prevent oxidation of
the steel barrels, they must be treated with cement mortar, or any safe protective
paint. Instead of steel barrels, tanks of ferro-cement and other materials can also
be used. All tanks should be protected with lids.

Figure 6 Showing hssf with flow control [2]

Figure 7 showing practical application of hssf with flow control [2]

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Figure 8 showing removal of E coli at different flow rate at different depths [5]

Figure 9 showing turbidity removal at different depths [5]

6.2.3 COST ANALYSIS OF HSSF
Initial cost including the labor charge = Rs. 3000
Maintenance cost per 3 month

= Rs. 500

Total cost for 1 year

= Rs. 5000

Yield of HSSF

= 380L per day

Yield for one year

= 138700L

Quantity of water treated for Rs. 1

= 28L

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6.2.4 ACTORS AND THEIR ROLES

6.2.5 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

6.2.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HSSF

Advantages
Cost effective
Proven reduction of protozoa and most bacteria
Simplicity of use and acceptability
Visual improvement of water
Production of sufficient quantity of water for all household uses
Long life span ( >10yrs)
One time installation with minimum requirements
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 Local production
Disadvantages
Water quality drops if the flow rate through the filter is too high
Not as effective against viruses
No chlorine residual protection thus can lead to contamination
Routine cleaning can harm the bio layer and reduce effectiveness
When water quality is very poor harmful and bad tasting products
like ammonia may be formed in the lower layers of the filter
Excessive turbidity (>30NTU) in the raw water leads to clogging of
filter
6.3 HOUSEHOLD CERAMIC FILTER
Locally manufactured ceramic filters have traditionally been used throughout the
world to treat household water. Currently, the most widely implemented HWTS
ceramic filter is the Potters for Peace design, which is flower pot shaped, holds
about 8-10 liters of water, and sits inside a plastic or ceramic receptacle. The
filters are produced locally at ceramics facilities, and then impregnated with
colloidal silver to ensure complete removal of bacteria in treated water and
prevent growth of bacteria within the filter itself. Numerous other locally-made
and commercial HWTS ceramic filters are widely available in developed and
developing countries. Ceramic filtration is most appropriate in areas where there
is capacity for quality ceramics filter production, a distribution network
for replacement of broken parts, and user training on how to correctly maintain
and use the filter.

6.3.1 MANUFACTURING OF CERAMIC SILVER LINED FILTER (CSF)

The manufacturing process of CSF begins by grinding dry clay in a hammer mill
and sieving it through a screen mesh (2 mm). Sieved sawdust (3 mm)is added to
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the clay and mixed either by hand or in a mixer. Then, water is slowly added to the
mixture followed by another mixture period to obtain a homogenous consistency.
The clay/sawdust/water mixture is pressed into shape by a hydraulic press with
purpose-built moulds . Now the shape of the filter is obtained and the filter is
marked with a unique code. Before the filters can be fired in an oven the filters
have to dry for 4 to 21 days, depending on the weather. Once the filters are
completely dry they are fired in the oven at approximately 900 C for a period
between 6 and 9 hours. Afterwards, the filters are left to cool until they reach
room temperature. Once cool, the filters are soaked in water for 24hours and
tested for their clean water flux, which must be between 1 and 2 litres per hour.
Filters that do not meet this requirement are destroyed. Next, a mixture of water
and colloidal silver is prepared; 2 mL of colloidal silver at 3.2% is added to 250
mL of water. When the filter is dry it is dipped into the solution. Finally the filter
is assembled to a complete water treatment system.

Figure 10 showing parts of household ceramic filter [3]

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Figure 11 showing a CSF [6]

6.3.2 MECHANISM OF FILTRATION
The porosity of the filter is the fraction of the volume that is occupied by pore or
void space. In the case of ceramic filters it is important to distinguish several types
of void space; one which forms a continuous phase within the porous medium,
called interconnected or effective pore space, and another which consists of
isolated pores . The isolated pores cannot contribute to the flux across the filter.
Dead-end pores are interconnected from one side only; the contribution of these
pores to the flux is temporarily. It should be noted that the dead-end pores can also
be connected to the interconnected pores, but as long as the route of these pores is
a dead-end it will not contribute to the flux. When the filter is filled with water all
pores connected to the inside will fill with water, including the dead-end pores.
This will result in a delay before a steady-state discharge of the filter is reached.

Figure 12 showing types of pores [3]

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The overall removal of impurities associated with the process of filtration, is done
by a combination of different phenomena: (i) mechanical screening, (ii)
sedimentation, (iii)adsorption, (iv) chemical and (v) biological activity
Mechanical screening is the purifying process that includes removing the particles
of suspended matter that are too large to pass through the pores of the filter
material. Clogging of the filter element will reduce pore sizes and, theoretically at
least, the screening efficiency will increase in time.
Sedimentation removes particulate suspended matter of finer sizes than the pore
openings by precipitation upon the surface of the clay material. Due to the larger
density of the suspended matter than water it will follow a different path resulting
from gravitational force.
Diffusion is the random motion of particles caused by collision with surrounding
molecules, which could eventually lead to adsorption to the filter material.
Adsorption is an important purifying action, removing finely divided suspended
matter as well as colloidal and molecular dissolved impurities. The forces of
adsorption, however, exert their influence over extremely short distances only, not
more than 0.01 to 1 m, while the water film surrounding the filter material has a
much greater thickness. This means that purification by adsorption is only
possible in combination with a second mechanism to bring the particle in the
immediate vicinity of the clay surface. Many of these transport mechanisms are
present in the flowing water: gravity, inertia20, diffusion, hydrodynamic forces
and turbulence.
Chemical activity is the process in which dissolved impurities are either broken
down in to simpler, less harmful substances, or converted into insoluble
compound after which straining, sedimentation and adsorption may remove them
from the flowing water. Biological activity is the action of microorganisms, living
in and on the filter element. The bacteria present in the raw water are adsorbed on
the filter material, where they multiply selectively, feeding on the inorganic and
organic matter deposited here. This food is partly oxidised to provide the energy
these bacteria need for their living processes (dissimilation) and partly converted
into cell material for their growth (assimilation).
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Figure 13 showing mechanism of filtration [3]

6.3.3 EFFECTIVENESS OF CSF
The effectiveness of ceramic filters at removing bacteria, viruses, and protozoa
depends on the production quality of the ceramic filter. Most ceramic filters are
effective at removing most of the larger protozoal and bacterial organisms, but not
at removing the smaller viral organisms. Studies have shown removal of bacterial
pathogens in water filtered through high quality locally-produced and imported
ceramic filters in developing countries. A 60-70% reduction in diarrheal disease
incidence has been documented in users of these filters. Studies have also shown
significant bacterial contamination when poor- quality locally produced filters are
used, or the receptacle is contaminated at the household level. Because of the lack
of residual protection, it is important that users be trained to properly care for and
maintain the ceramic filter and receptacle.

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Figure 14 showing the variation of hardness [3]

Figure 15 showing comparison of color of input and output water [3]

6.3.4 COST ANALYSIS
Total cost including maintenance and initial cost for 2 year = Rs 2000
Yield = 20 L per day
Total yield for two year = 14600 L
Total amount of filtered water for rs 1 = 7.3 L
6.3.5 ADVANTAGES OF CSF
Proven reduction of bacteria and protozoa in water
Acceptability to users because of the simplicity of use
Cost effective
Longer life span
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 Proven reduction of diarrheal disease in users

6.3.6 DISADVANTAGES OF CSF
Less effective against viruses
At low flow rate 1 to 3 litres per hour in non turbid water
Variability in quality control of locally produced filters
Regular maintenance required
Lack of residual protection which leads to recontamination

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TABLE 1. SHOWING EFFECTIVENESS OF HSSF AND CSF

IMPURITIES

HSSF

CSF

IS LIMITS

Fe

Moderate

Nil

0.3 mg/l

Arsenic

Moderate

Less

0.05 mg/l

Turbidity

High

Very high

1 NTU

Mn

Moderate

Moderate

0.10mg/l

Fluoride

Nil

less

1.5 mg/l

7. CONCLUSION
The global burden of morbidity and mortality from water borne diseases is great.
Diarrheal disease alone is a major contributor of morbidity and mortality in many
countries; indeed, India has the worlds highest rate of under age-five mortality
from diarrheal disease. Unclean drinking water is one route by which the
pathogens associated with diarrhea are transmitted. While India has expanded its
populations access to improved water sources in the last decade, improved water
sources do not necessarily equal clean drinking water . While safe ,clean drinking
water piped into every home is the ultimate goal, the realization of this goal may
be decades off. In the interim, point of use household water treatment systems are
a viable alternative to empower otherwise water-disenfranchised people to have
access to clean water.
Household water treatment method provides us with clean , safe and tasty
drinking water and by using household treatment methods the diseases due to
unsafe drinking water can be reduced to a very high extent. The impurities such as
fluoride, arsenic, iron, manganese, can be prevented by the slow sand and ceramic
filters. Also this household treatment method is very useful in poor developing
countries. In many countries the rural development programmes are held by the
government about the importance of household water treatment. In India it is very
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useful because the cost for treating water is very much less .We get approximately
20L for rupees one. Including this fact our government should take necessary
steps to spread the idea and importance of household water treatment to make a
healthy nation.

REFERENCES
[1] J.K Mwabi, F.E Adeyemo (2013) , Household water treatment systems ,
department of environmental , water and science , Thswane university of
technology , South Africa.
[2] Daniele S Lantagne , Robert Quick (2011), Household water treatment
and safe storage options in developing contries , International journal of
environmental engineering
[3] Paul A Berg , Corvallis , Oregon (2010) , New water treatment system
for developing world , World environmental and water resources congress ,
ASCE
[4] Thomas Brick , Beryl Primrose (2009), Water contamination : household
treatment practices and implications for water safety and enteric infections,
International journal of hygiene and environmental health.
[5] Jason Thomas ,Alfred Brial (2007), Efficiency of slow sand filter in
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[6] www.neeri.res.in
[7] IS 10500 : 2012

Department of Civil Engineering

21
TVM

GEC, Bartonhill