Colegio de Dagupan

Free Elective 3 Principles of Teaching

School of Information and Technology Education
Module 2: Elements of Teaching

The Learner
The learner is an embodied spirit. He is a union of a sentient body and a
rational soul. His body experiences sensations and feel s pleasure and pain. His soul
is the principle of spiritual acts, the source of intellectual abstraction, self-reflection,
and free rational volition.
The fundamental Equipment of the Learner
All learners are equipped with the cognitive and appetitive faculties. They differ
however in the degree to which they are utilized and expressed on account of the
learners abilities, aptitudes, interests, values and attitudes and home background.
A. Cognitive Faculties of the learner includes the following:

Five senses
Instincts
Imagination
Memory
Intellect

B. The Learners Appetitive Faculties are:

Feelings and Emotions

Will

Factors that contribute to the differences among learners.

1. Ability
The students native ability dictates the prospects of success in any
purposeful activity. It determines their capacity to understand and assimilate
information for their own use and application.
As to their mental ability, students can be categorized into superior,
above average and below average. A wide range in their intelligence is a factor to
consider in planning instruction.
2. Aptitude
Aptitude refers to the students innate talent or gift. It indicates a natural
capacity to learn certain skills.
1

Colegio de Dagupan
Free Elective 3 Principles of Teaching
School of Information and Technology Education
Module 2: Elements of Teaching
3. Interests
Learners vary in activities that are undertaken due to a strong appeal or
attraction.
4. Family and Cultural Background
Students who come from different socioeconomic background manifest a
wide range of behavior due to differences in upbringing practices.
5. Attitudes
Students have a unique way of thinking and reacting. Confronted with
the same situation in the learning environment each one would react differently
depending on their personal characteristics. Attitude refers to an individuals
perspective and disposition.
Some positive attitudes are:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Curiousity
Responsibility
Creativity
Persistence

Gardners Multiple Intelligence (MI) Theory

With Howard Gardners Theory on multiple intelligence, the concept of the
learners intelligence has gone beyond linguistic and mathematical intelligence. There
are other seven intelligences other than linguistic and mathematical. Refer to table 1.
Disposition/Intellig
ence
Verbal Linguistic
Intelligence

LogicalMathematical
Intelligence

Sensitivity to:
Sounds, meanings,
structures and
styles of language

Speaking, writing,
listening, reading

Patterns, numbers
and numerical
data, causes and
effects, objective

Finding patterns,
making
calculations,
forming and testing

Inclination to:
Ability to:
Speak effectively
(teacher, religious
leader, politician) or
write effectively
(poet, journalist,
novelist, copywriter,
editor)
Work effectively
with numbers
(accountant,
statistician,
2

Colegio de Dagupan
Free Elective 3 Principles of Teaching
School of Information and Technology Education
Module 2: Elements of Teaching
and quantitative
reasoning

hypothesis, using
the scientific
method, deductive
and inductive
reasoning

economist) and
reasons effectively
(engineer, scientist,
computer
programmer)

Spatial Intelligence

Colors, shapes,
visual puzzles,
symmetry, lines,
images

Representing ideas
visually, creating
mental images,
noticing visual
details, drawing
and sketching

Create visually
(artist,
photographer,
engineer, decorator)
and visualize
accurately (tour
guide, scout,
ranger)

Bodily-Kinesthetic
Intelligence

Touch, movement
physical self,
athleticism

Activities requiring
strength, speed,
flexibility, hand-eye
coordination and
balance

Use the hands to fix

or create
(mechanic, surgeon,
carpenter, sculptor,
mason) and use the
body expressively
(dancer, athlete,
actor)

Musical Intelligence

Tone, beat, tempo,

melody pitch,
sound

Listening, singing,
playing an
instrument

Create music (song

writer, composer,
musician,
conductor) and
analyze music
(music critic)

Interpersonal
Intelligence

Body language,
moods, voice,
feelings

Noticing and
responding to other
peoples feelings
and personalities

Work with people

(administrators,
managers,
consultants,
teachers) and help
people identify and
overcome problems
(therapists,
psychologists)

Intrapersonal
Intelligence

Ones own
strengths,
weaknesses, goals,

Setting goals,
assessing personal
abilities and

Meditate, reflect,
exhibit selfdiscipline, maintain
3

Colegio de Dagupan
Free Elective 3 Principles of Teaching
School of Information and Technology Education
Module 2: Elements of Teaching
and desires

liabilities,
monitoring ones
own thinking

composure, and get

the most out of
oneself

Naturalist
Intelligence

Natural objects,
plants, animals,
naturally occurring
patterns, ecological
issues

Identifying and
classifying living
things and natural
objects

Analyze ecological
and natural
situations and data
(ecologist and
rangers), learn from
living things
(zoologists,
botanists,
veterinarian) and
work in natural
settings (hunter,
scout)

Existentialist
Intelligence

big picture of
existence; why are
we here

Sensitivity to deep
questions about
human existence,
such as the
meaning of life why
do we die, and how
did we get here

Reflect on the
meaning of human
existence

Table 1. Intelligence as Dispositions

Learning Styles
Another factor that makes your students differ from one another is learning
style. Dunn and Dunn present different learning styles according to five groups of
stimuli.
A Summary of these element are the following:
1. Environmental. Refers to these elements: lighting, sound, temperature, and
seating arrangement.
2. Emotional. It includes motivation, persistence, responsibility, and structure.
3. Sociological. Represents elements related to how individuals learn in
association with other people.

Colegio de Dagupan
Free Elective 3 Principles of Teaching
School of Information and Technology Education
Module 2: Elements of Teaching
4. Physiological. The elements in this strand are: perceptual, time-of-day energy
levels, intake, and mobility.
5. Psychological. Correspond to the following types of psychological processing:
hemispheric, impulsive or reflective, and global versus analytic.
Silver also cites four different learning styles. Refer to table 2.
Disposition/Style

Sensitivity to:

Inclination for:

Ability to:

Sensing-Thinking

Acts
Details
Physical actions
Steps

Remembering
Describing
Manipulating
ordering

Gaps/flaws
Questions
Patterns
Ideas

Analyzing
Testing/proving
Examining
Connecting

Organize
Report
Build
Plan and carry out
projects
Argue
Research
Develop theories
Explain

Hunches
Images
Possibilities
Inspiration

Predicting/speculating
Imagining
Generating ideas
Developing insights

MASTERY

Intuitive-Thinking
UNDERSTANDING

Intuitive-Feeling
SELF_EXPRESSSIVE

Sensing-Feeling
INTERPERSONAL

Feelings
People
Gut reactions
Experiences

Supporting
Personalizing
Expressing emotions
Learning from
experience
Table 2. Styles as Disposition

Develop original
solutions
Think
metaphorically
Articulate ideas
Express and
create
Build trust and
rapport
Empathize
Respond
Teach