2012/11/29

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Introduction
Mutual Inductance
Energy in a Coupled Circuit
Linear Transformers
Ideal Transformers
Applications

Introduction
Conductively coupled circuit means that one loop
affects the neighboring loop through current
conduction.
Magnetically coupled circuit means that two loops,
with or without contacts between them, affect each
other through the magnetic field generated by one of
them.
Based on the concept of magnetic coupling, the
transformer is designed for stepping up or down ac
voltages or currents.

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Magnetic Flux

B
dA

BdA
S

where
is the magnetic flux
B is the magnetic field
S is the surface area
denotes dot product
dA is the infinitesimal vector

Self Inductance
An inductor :
inductance L

N turns
For each turn, the induced volatge is
d
v1T
(Faradays' s Law)
dt
For N turns, the induced volatge is
d
ddi
di
v N
N
L
dt
di dt
dt
d
L N
(self - inductance)
di

v_1T
+

v_1T
+

v_1T

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Mutual Inductance (1/5)

self - inductances L1

Coil 1 :
N1 turns

self - inductances L2

Coil 2 :
N 2 turns

Assuming no current in coil 2,

the flux generated by coil 1 is

1
11 (only coil 1)
12 (both coils)
v1 N1

d
d di
di
1
N1 1 1 L1 1
dt
di1 dt
dt

where L1 N1
v2 N 2

d
1
di1

d
d di
di
12
N 2 12 1 M 21 1
dt
di1 dt
dt

The mutual - inductance of

coil 2 with respect to coil 1 is
d
M 21 N 2 12
di1
The open - circuit mutual voltage is
v2 M 21

di1
dt

Mutual Inductance (2/5)

self - inductances L1

Coil 1 :
N1 turns

self - inductances L2

Coil 2 :
N 2 turns

Assuming no current in coil 1,

the flux generated by coil 2 is
2 22 (only coil 2) 21 (both coils)
v2 N 2

d2
d di
di
N 2 2 2 L2 2
dt
di2 dt
dt

where L2 N 2

d2
di2

d
d di
di
v1 N1 21 N1 21 2 M 12 2
dt
di2 dt
dt

The mutual - inductance of

coil 1with respect to coil 2 is
d
M 12 N1 21 (M 21 )
di2
The open - circuit mutual voltage is
v1 M 12

di2
dt

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Mutual Inductance (3/5)

We will see that M12 = M21 = M.
Mutual coupling only exists when the inductors or
coils are in close proximity, and the circuits are driven
by time-varying sources.
Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to
induce a voltage across a neighboring inductor,
measured in henrys (H).
The dot convention states that a
current entering the dotted terminal
induces a positive polarity of the
mutual voltage at the dotted terminal
of the second coil.

i1
+
di
v2 M 1
dt
_

Mutual Inductance (4/5)

i1 induces
11 and
12 ,

1
i2 induces 21 and 22 . v1 N1 dt N1

21
1 (
11
12 )
2
22 )
12 (
21

v2 N 2

d (

d
di
di
11
12 )
N1 21 L1 1 M 12 2
dt
dt
dt
dt

d2
d (21 22 )
d
di
di
N 2
N 2 12 L2 2 M 21 1
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

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Mutual Inductance (5/5)

i1

i1
+

di
v2 M 1
dt

v2 M

i2

i2

v1 M

di2
dt

di1
dt

v1 M

di2
dt

Series-Aiding Connection
11
12
21

+ v1 _
di
di
M 12
dt
dt
di
di
v2 L2 M 21
dt
dt
v v1 v2

+ v2 _

22

v1 L1

di
di
di
di
M 12 L2 M 21
dt
dt
dt
dt
di

L1 L2 M 12 M 21
dt
L1

But M 12 M 21 M ,
di
v
L1 L2 2 M
dt
Leq L1 L2 2 M

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Series-Opposing Connection
11
12
21

+ v1 _
di
di
M 12
dt
dt
di
di
v2 L2 M 21
dt
dt
v v1 v2

+ v2 _

22

v1 L1

di
di
di
di
M 12 L2 M 21
dt
dt
dt
dt
di

L1 L2 M 12 M 21
dt
L1

But M 12 M 21 M ,
di
v
L1 L2 2M
dt
Leq L1 L2 2M

Circuit Model for Coupled Inductors

di1
di
M 2
dt
dt
di
di
v2 M 1 L2 2
dt
dt
v1 L1

V1 jL1I1 jMI 2
V2 jMI1 jL2I 2

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Example 1
_

+
_

+
_

Applying KVL to mesh 1 gives

Substituting (1b) into (1a) gives
12 (j 4 j 5)I1 j 3I 2 0 (1a)
12
I2
2.9114.04
4 j
Applying KVL to mesh 2 gives
I1 (2 j 4)I 2 13.0149.39
( j 6 12)I 2 j 3I1 0
12 j 6
I1
I 2 (2 j 4)I 2
j3

(1b)

Example 2
+
+

From (1a) and (1b) we get

Applying KVL to mesh 1 gives

100 (4 j 3)I1 j 6(I1 I 2 ) j 2I 2 0
(4 j3)I1 j8I 2 100

(1a)

Applying KVL to mesh 2 gives

j 6(I 2 I1 ) j 2I 2 j8I 2 5I 2 j 2(I 2 I1 ) 0
j8I1 (5 j18)I 2 0

(1b)

I1
4 j3 j8
100

j8 5 j18
I 2 0

I1 20.33.5
I 2 8.69319

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Energy in a Coupled Circuit (1/4)

To find the stored energy as i1 I1 and i2 I 2 :
Step I : i2 0, i1 increases from 0 to I1.
p1 (t ) i1v1 i1 L1

di1
dt

I1
1
w1
p1dt L1 i1di1 L1 I12
0
2
Step II : i1 I1 , i2 increases from 0 to I 2 .

p2 (t ) i1v1 i2v2 I1M 12

di2
di
i2 L2 2
dt
dt

I2

I2

w2
p2 dt M 12 I1 di2 L2 i2 di2

i2

II
i1

1
M 12 I1 I 2 L2 I 22
2
1
1
w w1 w2 L1 I12 L2 I 22 M 12 I1 I 2
2
2

I2
I1
t

Energy in a Coupled Circuit (2/4)

The analysis process can be changed as
Step I : i1 0, i2 increases from 0 to I 2 .
1
w1 L2 I 22
2
Step II : i2 I 2 , i1 increases from 0 to I1.
1
w2 M 21 I1I 2 L1I12
2
1
1
w w1 w2 L1I12 L2 I 22 M 21I1 I 2
2
2
But the total energy must equal to the
former case.
M 12 M 21 M

i2

II
i1

I2
I1
t

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Energy in a Coupled Circuit (3/4)

1
1
w L1i12 L2i22 Mi1i2
2
2

1
1
w L1i12 L2i22 Mi1i2
2
2

Energy in a Coupled Circuit (4/4)

For any current assignments, the
instantaneous energy stored is given as
1
1
w L1i12 L2i22 Mi1i2 0
2
2
i1
w 1
1
Let x , f ( x) 2 L1 x 2 L2 Mx 0
i2
i2 2
2
To find the minimum f ( x),
df ( x)
M
L1 x M 0 xmin
dx
L1
1 M2 1
M2
f ( xmin ) L1 2 L2
2
L1 2
L1
1 M2

L2 0
2
L1

Alternative proof :

d (

11
12 )
L1 N1
di
1

d (21 22 )
L2 N 2
di2

d
d
M 12 N1 21 M 21 N 2 12
di
di1

M 12 M 21
d
d21
12

L1L2
d (

22 )
11
12 ) d (
21

21
12
1

22
11
12 21
M 2 L1L2

M 2 L1 L2

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Coupling Coefficient
The coupling coefficient k is
defined as
k

M
L1 L2

(0 k 1)

or M k L1 L2

k 12 21

21 22
11
12
k 1 means perfect coupling.

22 0
11

Coupling vs. Winding Style

Loosely coupled
k < 0.5

Tightly coupled
k > 0.5

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Example
Q : Find k and the energy stored in the
coupled inductors at t 1 s.
Sol : k

M
2.5

0.56
L1 L2
20

For mesh 1,
(10 j 20)I1 j10I 2 6030 (1a)
For mesh 2,
j10I1 ( j16 j 4)I 2 0

v 60 cos(4t 30
)V

4 rad/s

(1b)

I 3.90519.4

1
I 2 3.254160.6
)
i1 3.905 cos(4t 19.4

i2 3.254 cos(4t 160.6

)

i1 (1) 3.389, i2 (1) 2.824

1
1
w L1i12 L2i22 Mi1i2 20.73 J
2
2

Linear Transformers
R1 and R2
are winding
resistances.

Zin

Applying mesh analysis gives

V ( R1 jL1 )I1 jMI 2 (1)
jMI1 ( jL2 R2 Z L )I 2 0 (2)
V
But Z in
I1

2 M 2
Z in R1 jL1
R2 jL2 Z L

ZP

ZR

Z : primary impedance
where P
Z R : reflected impedance

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T (or Y) Equivalent Circuit

V1 jL1

V2

jM

jL1
jM

V1 j( La Lc )

V2

jLc

jM
I1

jL2
I2

jM j( La Lc )

jL2
jLc

jLc
I1

j( Lb Lc )
I2

La L1 M

Lb L2 M
j( Lb Lc )
L M
c
jLc

(or ) Equivalent Circuit

M
L2
I1 jK jK
V1

L1
I 2 M
V2

jK jK

where K L1 L2 M 2
L2
jK

1
1

I
1 jLA jLC

I2

jLC

1
M 1

jK jLA jLC

L1
1

jK
j

LC

V1

jLC

1
1
V2

jLB jLC

L
1
A L2 M

K
jLC

L
1
1 B L1 M

jLB jLC
L K
C

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Ideal Transformers (1/3)

2
1

v1 N1

d
dt

v2 N 2

d
dt

1. Coils have very large reactance. (L1, L2, M ~ )

2. Coupling coefficient is equal to unity. (k = 1)
3. Primary and secondary are lossless.
(series resistances R1= R2= 0)

Ideal Transformers (2/3)

V1 jL1I1 jMI 2

V2 jMI1 jL2 I 2

(1a)
(1b)

From (1a),
I1
V1 jMI 2 jL1 (1c)
Substituting 1(c) into (1b) gives
M2
M
V2 V1
L2 L
jI 2
L1
1

For perfect coupling,

k 1 or M L1 L2
V2

L1 L2
L
V1 2 V1 nV1
L1
L1

where n is called the turns ratio.

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Ideal Transformers (3/3)

d
d
, v2 N 2
dt
dt
v
N
V2 N 2
2 2 n or
n
v1 N1
V1 N1
v1 N1

The transformer is lossless v1i1 v2i2

i2 v1 1
I
V 1
2 1
i1 v2 n
I1 V2 n

More Comments (1/2)

d
d
, v2 N 2
dt
dt
L1 , L2 N1 , N 2
v1 N1

For finite voltages, we have

d v1
0
dt N1
The net stored energy approaches zero.
Absorbed power Supplied power
v1i1 v2i2 (Lossless)

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More Comments (2/2)

The stored energy must be finite.
1
1
w L1i12 L2i22 L1L2 i1i2
2
2
1 2 L2 2
L2
L1
i

2
i1i2
1
2

2
L
L
1
1

1
L
L1
i1 2 i2

2
L1

i1

L2
2w
i2
0 (L1 )
L1
L1

i2
L
1
1
i1
L2 n

Types of Transformers
When n = 1, we generally call the transformer an
isolation transformer.
If n > 1 , we have a step-up transformer (V2 > V1).
If n < 1 , we have a step-down transformer (V2 < V1).

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Impedance Transformation
V2 N 2
n
V

V1 N1

V 2
1 n
I
N
1
2 1

I1 nI 2

I1 N 2 n
The complex power in the primary is
V
*
S1 V1I1* 2
nI 2 V2 I *2 S 2
n
The complex power supplied to the
primary is delivered to the secondary
without loss.
The transformer is lossless!

Zin

The input impedance as seen

by the source is
V V n 1 V
Z in 1 2 2 2
I1
nI 2
n I2
Z
Z in 2L (reflected impedance)
n
Useful for impedance matching!

How to make a transformer ideal?

Zin

2 M 2
Zin R1 jL1
R2 jL2 Z L
If R1 R2 0 and M L1 L2

2 M 2
Zin jL1
jL2 Z L

jL1Z L 2 L1 L2 2 L1 L2
Z L jL2

jL1Z L
jL2 Z L

L2
L2 Z L for 0
Z in

jL1Z L L1Z L Z L

2
jL2
L2
n

where n

L2
: the turns ratio
L1

L
For a desired n , L1 22
n

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Impedance Matching

Linear network

The condition for maximum

power transfer is :
Z L
*
n 2 Z Th : complex Z L
R
2L Z Th : Z L RL j 0
n

Ideal Transformer Circuit (1/3)

Linear network 1

Linear network 2

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Ideal Transformer Circuit (2/3)

1

I1 nI 2

V
V1 2

V V n 1 V
Z Th 1 2 2 2
I1
nI 2
n I2

I1 0 I 2
V
VTh V1 2
n
V
s2
n

Z
22
n

Ideal Transformer Circuit (3/3)

c

Equivalent 1:

Equivalent 2:

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Applications of Transformers
To step up or step down voltage and current (useful
for power transmission and distribution).
To isolate one portion of a circuit from another.
As an impedance matching device for maximum
power transfer.
Frequency-selective circuits.

Applications: Circuit Isolation

When the relationship between
the two networks is unknown,
any improper direct connection
may lead to circuit failure.

This connection style can

prevent circuit failure.

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Applications: DC Isolation

Only ac signal can pass, dc signal is blocked.

Applications: Load Matching

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Applications: Power Distribution

21