?

*
@Yw$
+VY ( Status%)x %$
+( Space( )ykY f
?VY
~*Z 9Y f}g
? 7VYX
c*
g sZx~g tVY
~y 0*
2 zY f
;gE-BZgzZDZg
$Z x(x H19zgg ZD
{gG{ Z 9g
$Z
?VYy
M CY9zg| l,
{Z 9BwJ#
i5
gzZC
V!*
iFYf}(,
}(,
+Z]Z%{Z9ZIYq
Z
-Z}gZZ~gu
?Z6,
[{uH~yZy
MVY{c*
ik
HFyZ:%wV"zD

YHwJZkZo?TD6,

C?sZ

sg@*
/
]!*
g!*

],P~][Z155mY2014]r
# ~:VY
{z{Zp
162mY2014]~@*
YHqgYf#
Zag~ZD
155mY2014]~DtZYfgzZKV)]ZZF,
{c*
i~qgz
H
5" bh
G
M %br

# ~gzZ|xiZsZ4b3E
+
.
]
52m?gzZc*r
# ~yqzr
# **
gqxH
Y{
?VY
~*Z 9Y f}g

Z 9}C
x2 zY f x Hx(} (,} (,~y 0*
Hg6,wZkZ L \ M

x(x HtgzZ]
.)kg Zt z!*
VzZ ?N Y} 9zg\ M [\ M
/Z Z ? VY

g}x ZBx ZZzx Ztztzf}g7#

}
.+` Z nZ Ze
$D%x Zf
]!*
t Hx6,g CZ f ]!*
wP x ZY f~kZ:%i]q Z sZ ]z
! x H{zqX : ; 9zgg ZD
{gG s{ Z 9g
$Z x Hg } (, q
-Z M ~ D}g
-Z Vzg Z Z ~g uXZz bhZ ~ m,
q
Z {zX Y y!*
iF,
gzZ _ ! zg Zg
Z]1]Z%g "BkZ{ c*
ik
HF g
$Z x HyZ]Z%gzZ { Z 9ZlZ F,**
+IY
IE
"
45F
X {)z{)z$J~V EjG
4],
gI ZZ{ ;g
j ` }
BY fv ?vy
z',
ZzvZ
E
G
D6,N~g (ZpLZ {zY f}g
sZxkZ sZ Cc*
*
c*
g {z & ~ sZq
-Z
1

} (,Z Zz {g Z
/~9zgg ZD
{gG ~ ~, ZX ] t IYq
-Z gzZX t q
-Z~
i 5~}g Z ZZM~g u) ~g u !*
#
MKgzZ ? YyvZIZ zg Z(,

x Zg M e
$
$.]1g " v {# ,k
,
Z { ;gg Z0
+
: ; 9zg| l,
x Zg M e
$.Z }
7{ M6,
x ZZ
~DRcg7g }g Z Z ~g uhgKgLZg
$Z p
p H sZ {7 ~ z yZZ kZyZ i Zg Zz6," *gzZ ~i *" kZ D
sz^~#
}
.+izgz
z!*
VzZY f?ZVY2 zY f wZ~
C
H:%i]q Z ]?VYy
M D 76,y!*
iJ
-e
$Dsw ` Z 6,VzyZ L{z
{zX X7 ZzvZ~q)y7vZIZ zgv ? YgzZ ZY f{C
S ZyZ~q
-!
:E
XE
ZY fZK
M k!3 `g ZpX ~ wq Z\ M Y fZ<
L RZ BNY fyZ Y
[ T
6`g ZpwV" ~qc*
gz]Z Y fA
$kyZ~ p7Zz wZjZ
[WyZ c*
g Z

#
Z ~g7ZLZgzZ c*
wyyZ [tzZ]| **
gzZy%Z]| **

VC3gzZ Vg {h
+]
.qY f!3 `g Zp :%wV" Y =ZzLgzZ 7zg
yZdZyZ]ZyZ}Z Vzg0
+ZgzZmZyZ]ZZgzZ]%ZyZZ!*
g EZ@ 3gzZ `g Zpqg7 Z n

z{z
t X !*
gzZ !*
!3z `g Zpq !*
h!3 `g Zp }
Y fX iz

Z zgt 6,T, gz
',kZX6,L~g (Zp LZL ~i *" =Z
Zg Zpt 7
nl w', Z~x vZtX sz^~
)
Zz+ izgz
gzZ9
t z$7Z: Zqz',M yZgzZzlyZ c*
#
ZJ
-S y M
~}g !*
4Z 7
o ^e n _jm # ] n f o ] u] m$]  c*
nV ZzvZvZ
C
#
ZkZ
# ] $ ^ n ] i ^ ^^v] ^$] m Fn e i % j$] n ] ^r] f vm ]
e
$.t ZX X XV Zzt Z~{ ZgvZV Zz#
}
.Y fy M
273:2 n e
fjm $ $ # ] n f o ] ] m m$]YH: yZt 4kZ yZ
2

 n $ $ vm n e q] $ p] ? $ ^& ] ]
X CYRe~{ k
HSg7n ntyZ 263 262:2 n u o' # ] p] f jm$
F ] n ] # ^e + m ^$] ^ m p$^ pF ] ^e j F ] _fi ] ! m$] ^ m%^m5
] p m # ] ] f ^$ o oF m ] j e] e ^^ h] i n ] % %
264:2m F]

~+]c*
gzgw]c*
gzY f
i: DwZ: D ;7B; M +Y fyZgzZY fg Zpq]{z
n ^ n # ] ^ F q f ] X Zg "^"
yZ y M
D
F $ j ] ^] ] ] ^ ] ^ e q kf q ]^ $  ^ n # ] ] ] ^
^ F $
n^ (7] 1,^ 82 (7n (nf] e] (ne] Y fy M
36:22 i $
X H7
~}%ij zZ
dY[
ggzZ_g ZzD[ Zt 7]i YZ ;B; c*
wZX Y f{zt
X 7
lp{z6,
5 ZgL~g (ZpkZ6,
LLZvx{ztX

~ + ]c*
gzg w ]c*
gzyZ + #
}
.yZyZ Y fyZ
sZC
gzZ ~g Z)f #
Z kZ g wq lpgzZ wZ %w]Z rg rg x]5z^ * Z
? gx t
c*
g ~g HX ~g Z)f Z#

D YD
M z7+.
$
IY
c*
gh
+]
.C
*Y fxE
$Zzg I ~ Vz[VY { c*
e
i6,gZzg 76,g Z2 z Y f~ [
g6pwZ
c*
g6,
] Y fZgzZ W,
Zm{Y f ]q
-Zz!*
xi Zw_xi Ze
$h
+]
.F,
x
v*gzZy*zygzZy 0*
1 ggzi
/Y fgw_v gs',
tCgCgp C0*
DkZ Z7D
c*
g +tzz~
CkZX 7wq]g VzY f ~
3

X IY7q
H4" 0

+
i CZ f V7
c*
g<
e
$h
+]
.~ Z[f
+x ZC46,
u G
c*
g ;g7=g f M GVY GZ E<Xw_vZ
<X n
vX CwEZ~ V#
}
. ! G}i a &\g- J
- 1796 Z E
pg
wq]gt ~xsZvZ:Z D |
# z
GC
~ \g- ` M 4G ZZ
+Y %
" 7Za Z
5H
G
g zgV wq]g 7Z'
Vzo]Zz) ~ Zi M F,
b 3E
p
X
G
{z D .
$Y C 46,
u G
0xEgzZ D~z * s
c*
gh
+]
.
M gzZ [Rationalism]
ZX nY Hy ~ y!*
i c*
gkZgzZ nF,
Z Zg76,V e [Empiricism]
bsgzZsDC
*.
$ ZX bsZgzZ [Suprem Knowledge]xZZ
G
4Z mG
] G
5G3E
0xE] c
q
-Z b ~,zg VZX *
@Y 36,6,e
yZ b ~ D Natural Philospher ] s 7VZ b
z kZ
q
-Z 7,pbX B
~ ~,p[Science was part of Philosophy] zb
b,VY 1wp 3 Zg CZ b [Philosophy of Science]b,
MZ, .
$X @*
F,
Z 7Zg7 6,g
~ T YY J 7,~ what is enlightenment y*kZ6,,
[Enlightened wzg z
87e
$Z@ yZgzZ @*
g Z + Zkz 6,gZz kZ

y W Zg f Yg {wD@*
7qgag KZyzg0
+Z LZ {zC
gzZ Modren]
X 7wzg {z @*
qgkz
Social Theory A Historical

[ Allex Callinicos a ] zg

X <_e
$h
+]
.gzZxsZ[r
# wD Z;
/
}g c*
7,
Introduction
Ya

Bb{zZ
# QA
$]D
**
: c*
**
D: e
fz]
Z Yq] bB LZ {z A
$ bD
/Z~q
4

Behavierial

V- zg ` Z'

KZ b ~k
,
$ : { [ Db [Z }p Humanties

Islamic sciences Y fI e
$h
+]
.qxEIa *
@Y c*
zg xEyZ science
X Cg Z WxEyZ
c*
g Z} 7b yZ
G
?
g Hh G
0xEs$
+
BxsZ
mLZ[f ZxsZBD[h
+]
.C
{zZXg D ~kZt [fxsZ
H4
V;zg D
+yZ: @*
7t~[f{)zb 1G7sZbsZbsZ @*
C

X C~]Y
G
H
G
0xEh
+]
.\WZ
# Y7 }C
q
-Zq
-~ k;gE- F
5.' ZgpWz6,x H
gt 6,gdH D sZB
xEh
+]
.x gzZ Absolute xsZVY ?i
G
sZ b ZtHgzZ
g6,gx [Hh oBTg s$
+ changeableoG
0
? $
Yt
g~
M
M
Z}uzq
-ZxEZb[f~ sZ Z =q
-Z +t |
G
@Y c*
0*
7 [Compartlization of Knowledge] yDg
~ =q
-ZG
0xEx ~ xsZX *
z yW
Z y;',gzZ yZp
p6,xEx X
~zq {],
Z Z6,D; {],
Z x gzZ @*
Y
X @*
gg r<
L
[t 7t
# I yZy Z Z sZ
( sZ usZ~ V1 }
} ],
ZZZ kZD{],
Z X @*
qZ xEx {],
Z Z[8<
L gzZ ZkzXN W~ ]5Z
t)l~
CkZ H7xsZh
+]
.)g f}g Z Z LZ~k%ZZZ',
YZ eX 7Zgz kZgzZC
!*
D{],
Z {],
Zq
-Z CZ DC
ZxEZg ~z)gzZ%V7
kzgzZxE[<
b
City of

V
KZgzZ Z}
.~ g @*
| y zt Xce 7 Z ~ D{],
Z }uz

ZZ ZwZ 0
+
igzZ j Vz Z ] Z Vz Z Z City of man gzZ God
xi Zx **
Z c*
{ SqgzZ 4 !*
sZ6,xE; {],
Zx )g fy kZ r
#
5

X Y`g {} ],
ZC
0
+
i [Religious Thinking]I
~:tzg 9*
*wJ]Z Zg aY f
~: *
@YH qgsY f+a Z
Z { D ~g t ZIY! Z ZiJu
C
r
# ~6,
CwZ kZ
]5LZ {z Zi Z =gzZDy
KZ vZ {7 ~ Z Zi Zg F,:
~ Zi W
ZV7_ Z Z7` Z gyWy
KZ
Zg { Z',
(C
gzZV **
]50
+
i}
q
-Z ]Z Z

sg *
@/t wZ r
# ~154m2014m] ~X ce *
*
kZ CF,
Z ~g7 6,g =z D? {z *
@Y ? s7,~ ZVY DZg
/ C ,$7w+ Z kZgzZ Z q Z ~X D bkZ ~ ] k
,
wZ
7c*
@*
F,
Z6,g =zD{z Y Z7$Og6,?
CVhLZ
sg @*
+'
h
155m2014] ~YHwJZ }7i Z )
sq
-Z yZX

)x e
$g/ KtZ xk!*
ygzZ K V)]Z Z F,
{ c*
i~qgz
6,Z tzg 9~yZl{~gZX<
L zyW
Dtx kZy
gzZ c*
V
~<
L zyW
+ Zg7 t],]s~l^^[Zp155mY 2014] cexg
Y f+akZ C7,]gz g ~ yZ
Hc*
hga Z}g ]5X g
Vz
{zS#
Z ~]i YZ Zug 162mY 2014l^^~X *
@YH qgs
g
[Z} Z C
7~gz **
ya$i9}6,y Z}wJ]Z Z
]+yZ wZtr
# ~162m] *
@Y H qgsY f+a Z
X oxymoronbVZ
G
4
4Z G
X
3 ] G3E
0xE] G
5G3E
G
4Z D D] G3E
4Z KZ G
(Physics)] G
5G3E
0xEgzZy. Zz!*
]!*
t
4Z D
X Y7 Z (Metaphysics)] G
5G3E
6

[ KZ Gilbert RistX a **
b Z F,
gzZ ~ Zi M ~ V'x gzZ ~
KZ g @*~g7
Y M 7 z b Z F,
~ g @*
H "
$U*
V Zjx ~ History of Development
4Z d
<
46,*gzZ Sophists
] Z C G
5G3E
$ g @*
KZ b Z
xZ x~ 0
+
ig F,
V yZ Z E<X7<Z46,* }d
$
KZ g @*
X Q7e
$Zzg ZI>
z
zgzZ=g f M
G
=g f w]y
W7[Science, Art & Craft] G
0xEzy.
G
V7{zG
0 xE~ Zi M ~ Zi M {o M',
D (z] *ZZ}okZ {o6
G
G
4Z e
+pG
0xEx VYXVG
0xE] G
5G3E
$
7[End in themselves]7MZ &

G
G
0xE~
c*
g]g ZsZsZ ZMean to an end=g f w

n **
F,
y W y W ]y
WwgzZ **
$z~ 6,<]Z NZ ]*ZZZ

X bw{ k
HgzZ **
e~wqC

MI
MI
_Z 5!
~ t :Z<] ZZ )g f kZ=g f 7pc*
g D 5!
afgzZ f /Z<Z 7D[]1vz yZyKw x Z

X }sZ [Determination]x yZ[Tool/Mean]=g fg g 0WxE[x

7wt **
-! f
${z17w[ft yZn
e
pgf { c*
i [f**
:Z}
.sp1~]g: g [God]Z}
.VyZn
pgg [Reality]|gzZ
G
7yZZ6,}o~ Zi W{zYXzG
0xEyZz!*
kZX 7=g f wg Z}
.gzZ
X n
pg
6,gxz [t Y7ZpzLzgzZ z
tunyZgzZxE]Zp z~ Zi W
gh
+]
.[f,yZX Y! l` W{ i Z0
+Z kZ ^
,6,x } (, **
- X
H 8 1 1 1 ] kn%nu o 1 oe mq qV
$ZzX ZztZ
x ]@D
+
6,
x **
]hVE**
- z!*
f q 0!} (,
ZX 1a 6n` ^m 1
7

ZX M
h{ n ]6,x **
] {z Z $g }W ]y
KZ {zH7
]{ n]: ; W: F,
: q ~ Zi WV,Z: 7ykZVyZ W C1j
X 7{0
+
ii { yZK7" WgzZX
A+F
G
F

.
!g g 0*
{[g Z [7q
-Za
yq
-Z
A.F+F
G
ay
0*
wq
-Z [365{[g Z [7q
-Z

kZ *
@Y 0
+
ii[Highly Higenic]: ZqdZe
$.& 0
+
iih
+]
.[fh
+]
.

Z {z~[fy4[vX0
+
iiZ 0*
c*
g ez}ng Z
M5G
5e ~ xsZ X @*
" wEZ V G
E
wEZ 4gzZ 9gz
@*
7wEZe a
X 7{ i Z0
+ZkZ H7kZp [uz
D Y [Toilet]Y sZ
M ai Z',z w1% 0*
M^zZ: Zizg W[g Z] [g Z ] ~ !*
W *
wEZ a s n gzZ s 0*{ N` 4t % 0*
/Z
wEZa4: Zizg v[g Z ] 0*
{ 25X ZkZ ]EZvgzZ
W3 .X
A+F
X 30 wEZg ZlX 0*
~q
-Z g ga0*
{ [g Z G.F[7q
-Z~ y q
-Z ,
A+F
WV 0*
ttwZ?]gzg ZlX 0*
~wq
-Z p[{[g ZG.F[7q
-Z
Z W V 0*
Z 0*
~z }i a q
-Z 6,0*
~gz a & * X
*:gz 7.
wZ R [fh
+]
.6,giZXn R Hygenic
',
i
nk\ u Zz W~c^
,
7&
+ZgzZ }- e
/
z6,e
$h
+]
. * kZX Y% k\
Anti

MuZ}Y m
CZ D
* YX 0
+
iiyZ jY m
CZsgzZs

7*t yZ VY Bad Consumer sg [ Zy

v } kZ } Consumer
6,
^]y
WQgk
,
Dx b
)q
-Z~* {z
A 73 *ayZ(H]y
W
g
}ikZn
pg {o * ~$
+Z ___g tZ
A a
gzZ ( EBEZ ): {{*a: Zzg
0
+
i]6,
}ikZgzZ ____yZZyZZI ZgzZ * kZgsp~3}ia
A
{ c*
i yZ m,
/ * { c*

i yZ { c*
i yZ Wg j 0
+
i { Ga X
8

{ c*
ik
Hg ZD
]c*
gzx kZbz{*akZg (ZVhyZ Y7~g ]y
W
" b)x ` W B
bg6,
ZgzZ xx : Zg Ztu{z C7twZkZuh
+]
.1
,6,0
+
i { [

g v ` q
-Z
]z H]g Z hz )"
$ ~g izg
X @*
W[s[ZVhyZV 1Y$}itBg (ZZ
$
X~Y m
CZs n *kZ
uZgp Cg{{)z|zgLsZuZgp\
WX P7ayz~y[

g
Q 7 v W y F F~ y [

g Z t kZ ___ 7]gz &
XSgf(,
WwEZ**
Z~C
gzZWa~q)X wZH [Polution] W
"x C
5H
G
{z Z *
@Y H * kZ~ Vz~tX W Cb 3E
0
+
i
u{ Za e
$h
+]
.t X Tg { c*
i ]gz bz k0*
yZ 7g DLbz}
wZ[f !*
Zuh
+]
.X Sgg D scarcity bz g @*
gzZ]
x Zg W]Zg yW
q]a~VzsZgzZ~* Z $g ZzZa
yZ :gzZ n
pg 7Z ] Zt a V Zzp
pg yZZ6,~g Ztu1a x ygzZ a
X Z~ W x ]ZgyZ
# @*
zV6,
#I
t

I4
gJ.nG
W ;g0*
VY6,
Z0*
B K~._+C
k

N Y /g !*
Z g * ( **
~g7 'gz Q T ) VggzZ ]
EH
4]
7 ; EG3 Z } (,
~kZ ? W V 0*
Qt wZXN Y w$
+
":
5H
G
gzZb 3E
L kZgzZ Y +Q n}B F,
~g J
-k',
g ZD
q
-Z { c*
i { c*
i *t
E
45J"
t=} (,ZN Yala0
+
i}g (}uz c*
Ct kZikZ xi ZsZ E
G3H
{z___V]q HV;zH
kZM
hv6,
y W}iy
KZ[g Z] W
p: VY Plante}g (}ikZ Ov~Vzg ( bZ 7.
g6,]!*
kZ
}W]g Z {kZ{ x : Zg ZtuV[ Zy

F,
gzZ Yc*

xzn"
$U*
gzZw!xxf: gzZ 1Y: c*
VYsp~(yj6,q
-ZaV
KZ
X x Z
x
x Z X ] ~}g !*
V'~The Collaps [ KZ Z e e
Hf nd
$ Inca k%ZkZ 3}uzq
-Zv 5:3Z
# ___Z6,
~gp

KZ
Vzg g p LZ nt y
KZh
+]
.X q~ V F)g f Vzg *Z6, V,Z nt X

VZgz y
KZh
+]
.X ~ w Vzg Zzg LZ kq
-Z y
KZ *X ;gq~ V P )g f

! f { c*
ig g ng Z {kZ]g]V; e
$h
+]
.Z V0x w~
X g Y~!sx ZZ *d
$
Consumer

p a Zy

zz Z kZ o S 0*
y 0*
gzZ * ~g7
z kZ

Hygenic Life 0
+
i: ZqtVYyDg (Cleaning)"6,x **
yz d
$gzZ Culture

} h Wn6,e } (,K !*
W Mega Cities } (,Z
# [fq #

V N Y ~Vy 0*
\W` WX Za b)
\ W KZvV;z 7x Cc*
X @*
W7Zh}Dx OZp
]g @*
r [+F,
Z6,q} h The Waste[ ME Zh` W
Za ~wq
-Zy
KZh
+]
.Z h AH7Za Zh Z L6,
gZV'x * c*
Cg z ZZgzZV Zj
g g Planates } OzkZa 1} h{ Za Planate g Z {q
-Z {z @*

{ x : Zg ZtugzZ Vxg7g :
L Z } h ? N W Vt t wZ
MI
~ !*
W~(,
ZX',
Z',
V25* ~ !*
Wc Z 5! **
Y| (,
{ c*
iu ~ !*
W:
L Z ngzZ Culture

Disposable

Za xi Zyg e t ;g Y c*
VYV~ !*
W~g7t wZX }x ux
~ !*
WJ *J
-Y 2015 Z e e __i g Z bzx ~VzP___aF,
X{
Zzl
gzZ y /g f
$g7g DRV;z y~ V t wZ e 7(Z ~ Vz
___e 7y
KZV V0x
X N 3uZgp6(q
-Z X 7]gz
10

@*
cg lp VzC
B3 Zg W h
+]
.pgzZ
) !*
K+F,S
QugigzZ 0
+
igi
WZ] Zg VZggzZ lw4 F,__%
gzZ s]1{ c*
i

c*
g ___ a
kZ @*
~/m{q
-Zx x t~g66,W~Vz ~!~ !*
WZ CJ
-Vzs
nq
-Z {zCc*
C
]Z
# X%tmZk Mass Education( 1)tiZ%
X7 Zzl
~y 0*
` WX 7;Zzl
**
3~ VX N*
^{z nx u! f
}7I *
*g (Zc Z0
+{ !*
WLZ {z 1t xsZ [ft D Y wjZ a

CW,
O~ Zi W x eyZb4cg7g DRg Y Zz|z LZVZ~V
IY x t Cc*
{z VY : { W6, ~h !*
k ` I z|z L J 7, ] Z
___ c k ( 2)% Zuzt k
',
isVz V Z Dg ZrZ1

( 3)%ZN WiZ%~/~ !*
WgzZ} (,
~kZ
kZ [Urbanization/Town Planning]) y N*
gzZc^
,g Z Mega Cities} (,
s Z x ~ V- !*
W Kg[ Zy
5 Md
$x Y c*
6,
C]4~ !*
W t
:~ !*
W+Z L~
KZ g @*
07~ ;d
$
$BZ ~ V- !*
WhZ ~_
VY Mass Violence6,e } (,~Vz( 4) W%a ~kZx C4gzZVz} (,
Mass W%V Zv0*
( 5)~gkZ Za {
t
W Z 8{{z
/#LZC

( t z~ ~g/a t LZ C

Z~ e
$g/ Particepation
wY w Y 0 ~g z kz mwC
x p Politicsof Rights
xi ZDZQ C
xi ZDe
$g/gzZ ~g Ztu k
zze
$g/x : Zg Ztu
BvC
pCzF,
gzZe
$g/x : Zg Ztu:
L Z b)
46,x
MI
x
c*
g 0*5! D Y x ]Z Y I #Z g WUv }uz
~ ___ Z D ]YZy
Z C]ZW',] ZWg V { gtVY N ~ c Z

746,`
't c Z y
a]c*
gzVgzZ]gz
Vz
11

%~~VzyLggzZVc ZX g^bzyZ! gzZ`

'tx a 146,
tu
H0X 46,x #t pX X h

+]
.gzZ ~g Ztut ~yZ a kZ $
V7v W
c*
Z t S Z WVv o}g7 bzx gzZ Zx g izg~c Z
tuV Z{ Za ~g Ztutqg6,bz}g ! gzZyt`
' ;g Y
E
G
458# Ix ~y
CY 46,x CY G
WD Za Z CY e
$g/~g Z
7p t
# IyZ1 ;gg
/
gz kZ Zy 0*
D sv
A
$ *
@YWxi Z{7gzZ
X
b6Z`h
+]
.:
L Z yZd0*
[Modren hygenic jh
+]
.VZy:
L +F,
+ 0*
h
~*
[Foods bevereges, Car &

Vzg gzZ s
# ( ]!*
z yZ+ gzZ Cleaning processes]

X g7{0*
Y~ ~0*
6,
yZ Tourism Industries]
g ZD
Z~ ~g g q
-ZX k| 7,[ **
Blue Gold @
*
wEZ~g 0*
{ c*
i

]gz 0*
{sag X Lg7.
wEZwEZ @*
wEZ 0*
{
X WV 0*
Z
0*
VyZ @*
0*
{ V1g Z)g fV& 0*
gzZ ]!*
zs
# (yZ+
M$i,g @*
wZq
-Z'kZ Le **
7a
Z{ztX fh
+]
.X YiX
Enviorment

V
z wj Mg {z g 7L ~g Z tu ZX : Za X C w kZ '

[ }gZgT
$**
. k%Z s W C1j qz{ Friendly Industries
x kZib){ Za Vzg Ztu6,x !ZkZp [ Zq
-Z An Inconvierient Truth
Zz~Vzy
/ZX,7uF,
xi Z%- +
HH7)g fi: Zg Ztuw ZO8{
0
+
ig F,
# 1YiMg ~y 0*
Z
X 0*
Y ~0*
6,wEZ4gz

n
aGNP,GDP,HDI,GNIV~V&ag ZzZa gzZg ZzZa Zx~
6 g ZzZa TC7ti, Z~g Ztu___Lg7ykZ W] ZZbkZ
12

: Zg Ztuu+C
x Z Y ugZ ~tutugzZ Y^ I Production Cycle
~g ZzZa gzZ YZh
+'
~g ZzZa D7 bkZi W n ;x
wEZag ZzZa V0V {g V0*
# X 7e%Z~wEZ0*
Z
Zx
xi Z w_)x : Zg Ztu1 (,gzZ t ~ w gN t 0*
* ~g7X F,
a 0*
y
KZ
t
@*
W7}x h 3Z a
kZ c_ 8{kZ W~
Cs ( {)z xi Z Dxc
ZkZ Inevetablet Z',k
,
/**Z +4

z!*
VZy
x x t n
pg
V wV+4uZzg Y Zzg AZI *~ *
z kZ y 0*
q7ux Zuz
~ [f yk LZ C
V @*
[x ` W%Vzg Z Zx : Zg Ztug !*
zg 85
Lg u 6Zi&
+!*
-^Lg tu ___tuCZ
VYD6,
2
y
@*
7yk
eg ^i
+D~g nzH
@*
7Cash Purchase~g Zh
+y

~[fD ~
hzk \WZ
# D o~ kZ ~ Vzg Z Z C1 ___ tux CZ vgzZ C6,n
qC

X 7usZu! fX CF,
ukZ By6,
2
gzZ,~g tu~Lg
@y
~r~!~C
y 0*
gzZ ~r7~(,

*6,
y!*
~r|z ~(,

~ *
C1 2
Lg u 6Z Vzg Z Z: Zg Ztu ]ot @*
g !*
zg 9zg V17V1g Z: Zizg ~
u}g 1 g~ y 0*
Z~ ~, Zg !*
zg }_s g Zi !*%gZ Vzg Z Z
uy 0*
qg Y 6,5 Zg C[f @Wi Z0
+Zt
# IyZ VZ
~u
) ZgiX hZz
) Zgi` W~ !*
WkkZ u+F,
o *%<
g ZzZa \ M~]ZW',
F,
#
i 5~uV M3Z Y{g7 W
~V&si 5[ Z~* ~g7X D%v N Y ]Z M',
:gz C
Service Sector] }
.%( 3)%( 2)
) Zgi%( 1)

v q
-Z ~k%ZV
Z #
i 5~
) Zgi V *
@Y kZ ux
E
E
C
i HOGMF{sp6,gCQt DZa O{ c*
ik
HF ]c*
gz k%Z1D
) Zgi
X :
L V- g F$x gzZ ~[fYYH7{ i Z0
+Z kZ
C~kzugzZV~ Z
Z { c*
i
gzZ~gi]~ Z
Z
~ Cc*
F,
x
13

7ayZx Dx : v
@*
7X g izg~VzZzgDg izg" !*
QX ~g izg" pv 7**
Z
g izg ~g Z)f
c*
g 7X ~g izg" s
# Zg
yZp7Xt ~ V'Zzg e7iJ
- R Zo *gzZX Z Za }
X ]g e
$. Vz
t Dg !*
zg CZ f CZ v 8 5` W a kZ su+F,
o * uy 0*
p {0
+? p V eu! fh
+]
.p puC
!*
6 Cg Z Zx : Zg Ztu

NV e[fJ
-ZuKZX ]gzsgzZ^s7 b & Z u~g "Z
X ]gz%$
+eLZg4z]
.g7: Zg ZtuZgzZg
zg ZYZg :q
- **
s Wc^
, sZ
Zq
-Z~ ekZ Y 1970gzZ qz zg Z Y Zg Z Z e q
- xsZ! fxE
[}g Z Z b~[~:M%Z~
5^ sZs M ^kXZ DZ {g Z Z
G
Value Nutral~g ZZ)G
0xEh
+]
. VrZ g ez **
{zK 46,
u
',
i
4Z yZxEyZ
5G3E
~g xsZ yZ^ [Metaphysical Foundations]] Z C G
vZ wg yZ ];vZ wg Z e vZ wg~xsZ~}g !*
[ $
g~T
]C
cg ]c*
C
vZ wg y *Z vZ wg yZ b
gzZ xE[~ S
Qg zZ: x Z
g gzZ ]t g&
+Y yZ b
KZug I]Z f kZv!*
f n V7J
-V- [ $
g ]Z f y k\Z
Hc*
Z
/J
-A
$Z%
KZ
p kZ
\vZ
g y
**
g ]!*
Z S
QZ[ $
g ]Z f g @*
ZJ
-V
Xg
**
kZ H qz {)zk Z Z e zg Z Y Zg Z e/ ~g xsZ xE! f
~g)sZgzZ c*

~+W,
O[fVgzZ [4} (,
hZzVrsZxsZ
~h
+zYX F,
! ! b &Z xsZ Z 0*
gZ
.
**
~qgz6,g~g[ZgzZ6,g
7ZX sz^~ *{nxsZnU0*
UZgzZ6,
Y Zvypgtg Z e f
Zg
~[f7Z Y Zg7 2 ~,Z: Y^7B[fxsZ%b & Z xsZ
14

xsZxE! fZX @*
YHwJ6,RyZZZ C7WL6,/ZX /Z{z CW7b & Z.
q
XnYXV! bkZ~w @*
]gzh
e{ ^
,Ydui Z q
-x **

G
G
C-!x
7W6,G
0xEh
+]
.e
$h
+]
.g EZ[f\WJ
-~h
+zY uV + E
Z D.
'gzZY Zgz W/Z y.zxEx kZ C /Z
c*
g Zg EZY A
G
G
C-! Z Lgp!*
C-!x

c*
gh
+]
.kZ+ E
[f Lg BxsZsVzW+ E
{? jZ+Zw) y{ZuX g x Z9

bg
+ o
/{ i- g q
gO%Z yZ aZ eXg D7fz@*
Ig ZMZzxE~g EZgzZgg Z',
qg EZ~ VLZ
Z 6',
~g ZC
Z eX c*
K
M F,
k%Zx Zg7 kz&
+Z6,
$Z@yZgJ
e
-x D%
z sm,
z6,gr
# ~X !*
zZg g z Z e (g c*
ih
+
Q
X 6Z)#
Cg f
Zgy{+Z

c*
g|iZ C/Z
c*
g: Zg ZtuX Zt vZ {
!*
)lxi Zz6,
g +4gzZ ~g Z',V

{ c*
ix { c*
i)g f work ethics] Z x ce **
~]y
W x **
6,
gC~ V [x~]y
Wzg[ x~*VY{ c*
i
K{+x **
V Zz]G6,
Vzg Z- { ] g0
+Z]g q Gz6,
Z YZg \

sV**
gzZ ] Y Z%Z\W6,Vzg Z- al
z6,Zzt gT
~g ZzW c ZX D Y
X A
z
**
"
$U*
6,
g b: eD
# Q
Z
zkZ]DD"
$U*
b` M<
L zy M
gzZxEZzg LZy
~xZ( iwg._g bh
+]
.c*
Y{z
( 2)X: Yc*
g Z
=g Z<
( 1)X t~gz'*
! n<
~$
+ZgzZX 9q
-Z
ZZ y<
( 4)X ]Z!*
{zN Yg Z
: pt]Z ( 3)X: s =X I{o
T e "Y xsZ6,g wZ 4Z wzZ ~ [ kZ 3 3g F,
kZp n }B F,
ZZ
YI45F
5kGE" &xZgzZxZD()X
]c*
yZ LZyJwZ(g Zz( 174mc Zk ; E
X [!*
~y
W ~z0
+
y(]a]X 1qg
15

G
C-!p
+ {z Z Y}B iC
xsZ ;g YJ
- ` Z +
$Y+ E
kZ?Y36,
+6,
: ic*
Y36,
6,
i+?: ic*
+ y: etwZ}._i
]~(,
ZzspkZ c*
;gsp6,
g~lp: i~q HtwZZ
Z?gm$
+
6,
%$
+
cg Z !*
r%xsZH ?gzZc*
: ip c*
xsZH]{zw$
+
: i
: i6: itskZ c*
**
Y M BB0
+
i Chz L s
Z ~ + ]Z~
. n kZ Y c*
e<
L z yW
~ iC
$
+z Xk
,
i ]
gzZ Y Z7 Z {z Z +]Z~
. gzZY f Z {zX ]gz Z6,
C+]Z~
. 7]gz
X x`
h
+{ c*
iO

G4
wZ LZ L yZb[fH
/{E J/G
$U*
"
"b]Zz) Pardox G

<
6,T b: e nxsZ Zt kZ ? 7g
$u c*
$ M y M
e
Ln
7]gzy M
nb~ [f 7X [fX Zg t ;g Y H"
$U*
c*
;g Y 36,
+ LZy k\Z End in itselfgzZ Take forgranted upb
GG
6,
X q6,
LZg gxzkZ
mY fgzZ
c*
g 0*
]Z
iz ]w
kZ ~g Z',
FyZ0
+{Ct Zw~(,
a
~ Vz Zzg
kZ [ Z @*
t kZ [Social Boycott] Y kZyZ W kZ M
X
H{g !*
aVZp1CZzq
-Z {z[Z
HmV
KZ kZ6,
}i
6 Z)Y Y f 3g Zzgtzg (ZBVzg Z Z gzZ kg Z Y f
c*
g 0*
Structural t 0
F,
J e 4c*
gh
+]
.7V Zx 0*
y 0*
st1 ~g z ~g Y

X Problem
C746,
uxEI
c*
gh
+]
.
ay

Bzgq
-ZaxEI1 C ay

9zgV1g ZaxEbgzZb
c*
gh
+]
.C

[Modrenism] e
$h
+]
.gzZh
+]
.? $
46,
u

c*
g Z7DkZ {zYX C7

h
e zg g e
$Z@)g f Yg { kZ z g Ug Up Zi M q
-Z [Self]
KZ~
16

pt)g fgzZ Zi M t 7]gz H,

d
$ykZ Z 7]gz
Z Cg
/
V%
M F,
y lp)g fc*
zgzZwjZ ]Z f: t
8l3 Zg CZ
x ]Z f zygzZYz H,
~ V2c*
gh
+]
.x Z7 ]gz2g ZZ t Z d
$
@*
p6,q
-Z 6,R;gE- wjZ ? ]gz HVg Y fZ 7i{g Z Z
gzZeV1]xsZC
!*
gzZg0
+ZY sZ
M D]**
JZ~4gzZ ;gE- Z
# t wq kZ
Z Y: q {Z
+ ~ T **
W,
)y*Z
# D } 7,
X @*
B}py 0*
_gzZzg ZNkZgzZ z[
g^
) !*
+ x Zkg Z
y2 Z
]zd
$sZyf
, Hwq ] sZ yZ
HH} zuvq
-Z { E
+ ZI xsZVzg Z Zy 0*
g D
+]xsZ~;gE- wjZ Z{ i Z0
+Z kZn C7t
~` Zc
gzZ] Z',
g

{E
+ Z
X Hg

}g ao bZ~ Y sZ
M VjZ 4Z1 C ~ VjZ6', i

~g (Z c*i ~ ! f v gzZ ~ 6',

X } ],
Z Z z t * t + t D Y K
6,gSubjecty*q
-Z7nw+
M qzg0
+
i X (Compulsory/optional)
b g @*
7nr z
Z% ]xsZ~ V-gE- x * bTX X X w]
D YKqxEsZ~
qz%X D VZ E<X y*q
-Z b];gzZ]
Z rg !*
MxsZ;gE- sZDZ nZ7ewD%[ Z [ ZowD
g 7m g zK t 7g n
W x ZgzZ f *Z ~ Kg Zz
1Yc*
{,i
+
/
Z Yc*
x ZY f;gE-kZ~]
.)~ m,
?sm,
z6,
r
# ~?T e
4Z ;gE- C
& Yg Z *q
-Z] G3E
7 { M6,
x Z9
t{z c*
CZgZ e
.)x ~ y 0*
]
D7I **
M V g Z *h
+]
.g k0*
~ KZ E<X C m,
* s
]
.)kg Z ] > 2i ]vx g^ pgzZzx ZsgzZ skg Z
7a kZ ` Z {z C Z 9{ E
+ Zkg Z ZD7~g ] ;g^x t T
17

x : Zg g 7#
~ kZ x : Zg g { V 4
t xyZ D
: ; 9zg V1D M 76,
z LfZ ~g uZ~ y 0*
T @*
7)ug2 ]]_ ` Z~
gzZ Zz & yZ f ZJZU M ~g yfq
-Z~y 0*
yZ$
+ZpDwz{ Z 9
X
',
+t@*
7@*
L~n
kZ LZyftX @*
7ZzG
gyZ f ZT
~: yZ f Z~ Z7(Z L
yS0
+M x +F,
Jt }k
,
X z Z Zg qzg ZZ {zg Z !*
{z kn
{z yf {z
Z@*
yf Z7(Z L J
- ` M x Z ~g Z$c*
e
$.~{ Z 99zgg ZD
]b ~
/~ulg !*
L~ VzKVzg Z Z ~g uX m: i gzZ :K aJ 7,i ~ : yZ f Z~K
H{g

~]
.)Vp7x [ ZgzZV6,lg \ (Z x V;z CYZa wq]gtg r

X Z7Zz (ZJ
-` M
<X
m: yZ f Z Z E
HwZ yf
~@*
4z~ yZ f Z yf ~ ~g !*
s',c~Kq
-Z ~%~Y 1978
7p= yZ f Z {za kZ
H wZ r
# yf Zx} hz s yyfv
H 0*
',
)u
0: ^zg~ yZ f Z Lb) CZ f "
$ ~g F H Za ~
r
# ~ ] n
X y
KZ6,
R+F,
dZ ~g Z$c*
]<
tX ]g qzg Zg ZZtn
#
{0
+
i ,
H?}ikZ ~
g Z ] }
.~kZ1 x +F,
y M * bwZ e} Q } Q~]Z f kZ bV1~
: uZu~}g !*
~` Zg Z`xztzZi kZcetzZim{a !*

V1ZM
h ga ^ pbr
# s xzwgzZ: qg Y
zZ F,
x Zp ~Vypg M
h} yZ f Z: M
h}zh ~K:JZ p1M
h}
tvZ D H,
',

i H -',o Zg~
W 3~g ZaJ 7,i g
x : Zz~i : N$
+g 9 @*
D{g Z
/
6,
Ze
$.hgV 3nnVzt
~ 0
+
i KZ D Yhg.g !*
g !*a z c*
a~
# q g zgzZ D M ~
7 D Ya~
# q g c*
z yZgzzZ F,
zi g6V; q ~L~ ypg
18

 @*
yyZy
KZ S
QC
D 3V1QgzZD~ypg ~a+vZH,
t
X @*
7I9 s zZyZ
?VY 2 zY ftwZ~
C
Z {z Z] Z%g "gzZ J

-9zgg ZD
{ Z 9TZ xi 5~g uq
-Zt wZ
DDyZgzZY f
c*
gakZsVY ZZ 9Y fgzZ ;g VYgzZ D{ Z 9~g z!*

"T g46,
5H
G
6,

ux ~gzZxi ZsZ4b 3E
uDT
c*
g 7Ds7
#Zx kZ Y f
Y f Y M
h [Potential enemy] kZ L~wc*

c*
gh
+]
. }~} ],
Z gzZ yZ n
pg x Z!*
-Z ]c*
q
Zzgg ZZ}oyZZ
gzZ ~ Zi M L* ~sZ Sg C e F,
gzZ ]Zz)g Vz],
ZtugzZ ~ Zi M
~y
M M
h ^7Bq
-Z]Zgz ]y
MgzZ X ~ Zi M X $
7wJ6,g}oyZZ F,
g: c*
g {0
+
i{z C
!*
zq x kZ ZX k
B V'tY{g !*
gq
-Zs
X 7X
c*
gh
+]
.tY%c*
g
m
c*
g 0*
gzZkg ZY f
I**
46,
uYfJ
-uVzC
xiZb [{zm!*
Yf]
.)kgZ
c*
g 0*
~
zC

c*
gkZQYft17m,
YfZN Y|(,
]YZy
ZkZ
) !*
k
Z VY C7
mF
F6,
gKp
q
-Z
c*
ggzZYfXmZ
c*
gsZYftXTgD
Wz6,

$.~[Z1Z&~y
e
WIslamic Modernism in India & Pakistan[KZZm,
kZX}wg]_kZ nYfX yBVZj]g@*
Vhe
$.gzZ,
H
sZpY{gZZggzZHx**
kmmq o] 6n newYZeF,
zgZ[
{gZZgXX]FZjmYfgzZ
c*
g0*
xsZ~V1wZeX
ZjZ6,
qkZ~yZA
$%6,
qWZZ
+gzZ>Yf~Qg@*
_
]!*
Yfx!*
!*
X@*
V1yZ{iZ0
+Z!l]xZYfgzZ>x!*
!*
Xg_X
XDgeYf{z ~QTDzbxZyZyizH
gstgZz
c*
gsZ
M ~g2!*
iq
-ZYf1 7gZzYf
c*
g
19


/Z$
7~
w{gV
Z c*
yt~V1xT
c*
g+Zq
-Zt
) !*

X
HH7L~g@*
sZu/z!*

)X Z:`

V~
A\!*
V
yt
c*
gh
+
.Z~%Z@{t
]
c*
g?VYy
Mgl{}g6,
ZkZ
r
# g
$Z }(,q
-Z Z`Z6,ykZ M
h7sp<
Z w{gVZ c*

?:VY_',
$?gVY{6,
A
y~
w{gVZ 1Hc_ ',
|#

g}7z6,
ZkZ]u**
q
-Z 1j 6n` mfi ga ~y6|
+
<
$Y ~uz ~Zi M sp<

zC
C
gt
KZ~ M W +
$Yq
-Z
-Z? 7]iYZ %$
q
+<
gzZ ]iYZ %$
+<
twZ ?VY gY~0*
6,%$
+
xsZ ?;gDytX Yw$
+
7w{gVZ
1Yw$
+

<
zC
y~osZ
q
-ZskZ VrZ,gpYfX ? CaDxXXX
c*
gs Z H X c*

Xc*
iZ0
+ZVU}uzU
s,a
kZ1 y!*
q
-ZC
/ yt|#
~0*
6,
sp<
w{gVZ
M M VrZ~T{z @t=r.^g*4
CykZ7J
-|/
F,
e~<
{g(ZLZYw$
+
CZe
<
zTeZ
# {zHthtC
y 0*
g0*
]ZgS M ~]Zg|x
y{zX ~~Zi M ZD
+
gZ
C
~Vs}uzX Y~p
X @*
7,
7t
~pk
Z VYYzy
z
:~Zi M %$
+
~t
<
KZg
~gt
KZ~Zi M sp<
C
y*~]g!r
# ?}(,
q
-Z
Xst
KZgzZM M 0*
zgxsZVZyt|#
~
gEZt ~i<h
+]
.6,
x**
xsZtgZ<sZyt~7t?r
# ?
q
<
Cw+Z LZVrZReconstruction of Religionh
+]
.+ n~p
kZ\WZ
# @*
6,
gV7 ~ZiWZD
+
gZ<
Y 6,
gd Z

KZt
Dc_~\zg- ybT YlpwZ x`
ZD
+
gZ~xsZ By wZq
-Z<

~[ZkZhCZfZ7+c_< Z}
.t[Human Right]hZg<[
20

LZwZZBh<[_
KZht
KZgnLZ?
/Zy7V;z
}ikZqs~[ZwZkZyC
?7c*
zhg@*
Z}]g~VsZ
XxZw+ZI~zggt
KZDY
/
~
$E
{oe
$g/
H~g? @*
)F,
0G
wZt ~Zi M %$
+<
twZ~
C
[Article]+Z~gH ?]iYZgZ~Zi M~g? ]iYZ%$
+
c*
~0*
gkZ6,
gkZ0*
c*

gC
gzZC
c*
}
KZtgkZe
Z}
.
zgH 7VY ~ZiW%$
+

KZt<
1 ~Zi M %$
+
q
<
-ZC
~gkZ__[2Zc*
ys){ZgZZU6,
~ZiWgzZ){Zg
Z zgYgZkZGeneral Will){gZ
{z}Z
+Vc*
0*
xs
Z ttZ1 @*
Z
+Vc*
0*
tC
<
Vc*
0*
<
kZt$
7~i
~0*
6,
~ZiW~xkZY~ZiW7{z}Z
+Vc*
0*
t
KZ<
gZ~ZiWgzZ
xkZZZ~~ZiW
g}u6,
VZyZr
# ?X~ZiW': :__~0*
XH7
&t=y t7g Vu~zg!*
g~yLZ Zz]|
}]iYZ YBC
LZwJxsZ%KZVYzy
/Z^g*4X ;gh
+F,c*
;g
{g!*
z t
/ZwZZgzZ ~gt
KZ]iYZtqgZ
KZZ }
zy
~Zi Mt
Z 0*
~Zi M absolute kZt } ]iYZ zyZ^g*4 e **
eeZ
<
# r
# ~gzZw_?BtsZ ]iYZkZr
# ?H
7VY ~Zi M e
$ZsVzoe
$g/gzZ F,
]Zz)~ZiWtwZXw$
+

gt
KZ {z Hg6VxUNOX @*
' tC7? /Z /ZtVY ?
4yZgzZ F,
!*
6,
<
xgzZWwZgZZkZVY,**
~o LZZgzZ,t
q?c*
~ZiWtHX **

e
$g/gkZ?c*
~ZiWtHX *
*tgt

g s 0*
s?VYe
$g/tH __Wz__ge',
Z',
-Z~s UNO
q
Ht7[Absolute]e
$g/gzZ]Zz)tkZ {gV[Ze
$g/]Zz)?VY
21

XN C{zt
t
KZX]**
vy%/Zz]Z: kZ%|Zt
KZ
uF,
Vzo{)z e
$g/z ~Zi M s7X
c*
g ~pkZ Z qZ)nCZf q
-Z<

F,
]Zz)e
$g/~ZiW~t
KZ<
X~Zi M uF,
<
}oC
ZkZ7~Zi M
7yZZ **
yZZ 6,
yZX take for grantedt end in itselft.unquestionable}o
X gWWZjX0gegzZZgyYXYc*
O}gZ

/
cZ
} MgzZ,@*
~Zi M {oxiZw_{oIC

z]ZgxZzY0*
~* ZkZ } Suprem Good/Z}o~Zi M sxiZw_
Gzszc!*

zhzVY7q E6,
c*
6,
}uz~yZZgV7
]ZgxZkZ [FaithofFreedom]{o ~Zi M sZ]qZ:Z]qZxZwzw'
p kZ
c*
g}g(Zg(Z<
c*
c*
~0
+
iCZf KZ

/Zp
H

xiZw_ZgyY{a}o~Zi Mt

/Zg,@*
}o~Zi MgLZ{zp7
OV~* @*
YH VZ`
bTYc*
bkZV,Z q{z ( Z(,

X;gaZXwZZxiZw_x
Rawls, Derbenzg Z @
*
VZwZ6,
}oe
$g/~ Zi M

ZgyY:Yc*
bZ`
5#xi Zw_
[ KZZg yY Z (,
kZ *
@Y {oZ Wz { c*
i
~ * ` M & xi Z w_
$E
{7 xi Z w_ q D70G
: Z
/c : Z{: qg Y ~ Political Librealism
yZ T e *
*r0
+
i x +F,dZ kZ +
Gz 5#g ZZ } : Zg Ztuw_gzZ wg W
zt @*
X @*
Y c*
Z`
gzZVlbTce b bkZX
~g7 Bg" e
$.
X ::|wx w_gzZ
: 7,
p ZZg
That there are doctrines that rejects one or more democratic freedom is itself a
permanent fact of life, or seems so. This gives us the practical task of containing
them__like war and disease __ so that they do not overturn political justice [
John Rawls, Political Liberalism, New York : Columbia University Press, 2005,
22

p.64]

~g ZZ)xi Z w_ ;g C p{zp [De ontological] ~g ZZ)xi Z w_ @*

Zg yY
ZX
[Principles of Justice]w]ZgZgg ZZ kZgzZ Ontological~g ZZ {z 7
wg: Zg Ztuw_ce bK
M F,
u0
+
iKZ ._wg{yZgC
~}w_
* {z Zg Z}
.TX <
q
-Z xi Zw_~Vs}uzX !*
ZkZ<ZgzZ /Z

? Hxi Z w_ 0
+
i ._Z}
. y]!*
Z
# ._kZ
BTxsZ c*
xi Z w_{z { Zp @*
BgC
XgI6,VX6,x **
xsZ

/ZgzZ ? VY ~ Zi M a~ Zi MtwZX [Language Game]p Z {z7

bg
sZ~ Zi M {okZgzZ [fg Zb ~ Zi M ? VY s 7VY ~ Zi Mt a<

+
$
KZ g @*
~Vz! f N Ctr
# ~

HH**Tyrrany of Freedom~ Zi M+F,

?Y1y ~ Zi M^+F,
+? ~ Zi M tt? HkZ
$
~
c*
gw_h
+]
. qs s DyZ xi Zw_6, *Zg

oz7oz) ~ Zi Mt p Zi M ~ ~/ 0
+
i ._ V Zp Vzig M KZ C

Cxi Z w_Vc*
Zi MgzZ]Zp
V: s kZ V} M Principles of JusticeVzoyZZ ~
: qZg
This is because the purpose of the criminal law is to uphold basic natural duties
those which forbid us to injure other persons in their life and limb or to deprive
them of their liberty and property and punishments are to serve this end.
In a well ordered society there would be no need for the penal law except law
except insofar as the assurance problem made it necessary.
Since each person is free to plan his life as he pleases (so long as his intentions
are consistent with the principles of justice) unanimity concerning the standards
of rationality is not required. [John rawls: Chapter The Right and the Good
Contrasted, in Theory of Justice, Cambridge, Mass: The Belknap Press of
Harvard University Press, 1971. p.221]

:]g @*
QZgs W^gg{ogzZ ~ Zi Mgw_zA ~ Zi M 6,
{Zs<
V~[faZ
~g Ztu bT7~gz+
M 7 ~ yZ
Zg Z: s kZ ,@*
kZ} M
23

~ Zi M 6,kZ s ~ Zi M z wg: Zg Ztuz{z s<

Z Cg Z CZ~VgZ
^]g@*
t ~Zi M 6,<
~[fTg D"
$U*
t {Z({Zp+}g p 7
',
y
Z H ~QZgs M^gg-ygZkZc*
s',
^g*4F,
#
ygZ+Z
UCHR 6,,
M lkZ x **
Rafah vs Turky X ~igz st~
C

<
c*
g~g/0*
t
KZgzZ]Zz)~Zi M **
(Z$
7#
I~e
$g/ c*
gZ
^
,
Y',

sgzZs~Zi M+F,
z6,
[f~zgZZg yYX$
<
}7zgyF,
!*

is The Other

other a ~ kZ Z kZ self q
-Z '%
Z
zJ
-0
+
i CZf

E
4E
C+Ze*`
% E
5G
XgaY{z:gzY7Z6,

C<

~~Zi M ~ZZ yZgzZ Hell
{gzZ .Z
Y2016c8]ZgZ ~m,
Zx s]c*
Zzg ~gt, 7[]g

Zq

-Z*`
NY{zD7wJgZZ~g{z
/Z,g(ZgZZ[f{zV~C;gzZ~iu

]ZgZ~m,
ZxY2016ckgZZ~gt**

Z BVVYZz"7,
~Vj
Z H

Z nZ ZVz x ZgzZ #
g f qzy]
.) V ~ C^
,
*`
C;
m{ ]Zg qyZVY ;g w$
+
u}i yZ g w$
+[Land Scape] u~i ~g y
~g ZZ ) xi Z w_ t kZ { y Vzg f & yi gzZ w_
} 7~ Zi W6,x **
}o~ Zi Wx <
C
{z Z Ontological~g ZZ7Deontological
7nZ Z 6,xi Z w_1 nZ Z_6,kZ H xsZ <
7z z~ Zi Wt Y
]c*
Zzgg ZZw_ <
{ z J
-Z
# XJ
-ukZsX @*
Zg Z<
t xi Z<
Zxi Zw_q
LZ VZ LZ %KZ
q
-Z<
Zx tgzZ ~ Zi WZ: {ng @*
X N*
q
-Z xi Zw_ Zi M
gzZq
-Z',
Z',

<
~ Zi W6,

<
t
KZ 6,gZz~ T }g
/~g { c*
i QZg s W^g8 g ~ Zi W ~ Zi W6,{ Z s <
,@*
}o ~ Zi W{],
Z ~ Zi WI g
kZ<
Z xi Zw_<
t
KZ<
~ Zi W<
z <
@*
Z:}o]Zz)
[ ~g Z ZzgIgzZ ~g ZY)~ Zi Mw6,
}nLZxi Zw_ X 7~ Zi W!*
6,
{
E
4E
C+Z"
t kZ7[LxsZ _ F,
Z[{z]**
Z ~C; ~iu% E
5G
R,

24

Z_ ZzzukZ1 wJZ!*
7wJ~
qSq!*
gzZ!*
]Zt /Zt
1Z LgzZ H6,wZ kZ~ #
gz LZ V ~ * ~g7 $
7~z)e
$Z
X `s Z Z kZ~V1KZ
} c*
ih
+
ZgyYkCeg **
',
7
Zjt ~xi Zw_gzZxsZ ;gxi Z w_]!*
1 7',
Z',
y
HxsZ
[Second

f gzZ Z {z } /Z kZ kZ t x xi Z w_? t
H

g6,gZf xsZgg aO:gzzwJ{o ~ Zi M H{z @*

7
Z', Citizen]
}Z~xsZ 7~ Zi M g {0
+
i~xsZ s1^w_x z!*
kZ @*
~ Zi M
~ Zi M g {0
+
iB]Zh
+VZ~xsZXxi Zw_<
ZVZ {Zq~
g ZMZ Y{g0@f {z Y H7OZ1X
rg 7zg',
Z',
yZZ IZ6,}iuvZ {z vZ
OZ } 7t
KZ
c*
g
M ~g2 e
$g/ ~ Zi M Hxi Z w_ Y 7',
Z', V ~g (Z
7?k yZ
/c y] ~k
,
m{g
H (zhg: {0
+
iZ
/c {zzg
~ Zi M {z M
h7y] c*
y r
# !*
zZ [Z , yZJ
-8{ M ~y
MyZ
X xsZtgzZ xi Zw_t,]ZZ6,
gk
B
0ge:zg}o~ZiW
}~g/
M +Z Z 7]gz? ae
$g/w_
M q0g e
ZgX Y c*
OyZt s` yZ7]gzbVZ #xi Zw_}:Ixg~
: 7,
p ZZ 0g e bg

What Rawls is saying is that there is in a constitutional liberal democracy a

tradition of thought which it is our job to explore and see whether it can be
made coherent and consistent... We are not arguing for such a society. We take
for granted that today only a fool would not want to live in such a soceiety... If
one cannot see the benefits of living in a liberal constitutional democracy, if one
does not see the virtue of that .ideal, then I do not know how to convince him.
Tobe perfectly blunt,sometimes I am asked,when I goaround speaking for
Rawls, What do you say to an Adolf Hitler? the answer is [nothing]. You shoot
him. You do not try to reason with him. Reason hasno bearing on this question.
So I do not want to discuss it (Burton Derben on Rawls & Political Liberalism in
the cambridge companion to Rawls [ed.S.R.,Freeman] UK: Cambridge University
Press USA 2003 Page 328-329)

@*
VY~Zi MgzZ[f

25

sp._ sZ@Z { e
$h
+]
.p{z ;gY Hg6V 0
+
ix+F,
,
'Y * xiZ w_
~* kZXB
)gfX]Wizd{z[Education&Freedom]~ZiWgzZX gYZC
(Capital

u tu V gi Vz Zzg [Independent Economies]Vp [f

bZ!*
@*

gzZp)gfg+ bTX !*
',
z{nn ;Economy)

bVg+yZwjZ@*
,
Cid8{<
gzZ~Zi M {oxiZw_wjZh
+]
.
X@*
Yc*
C3Zg~gsZZ+aC
ywZwzA)gfy*
',z n ;xi Z w_
i
Z ZgzZ South [x k%Z\zg- 6',t ~ !*
x e
$h
+]
.%~ !*
',zn<
gzZp
(]u}Zzg #J
-zt
[f g
z ]Z Z [f ____ r
# ~ _____M
hY G 7Oh! } Zg Z }g Z Z
~ V- Zz c c Z ~ !*
',Vz Zzg)g fe
$g/gzZ uh
+]
.F,
]Z Z
f t
KZ<
Zh
+]
.X)**
& ykZt Hy # 7,{zX g Y
ngzZ BwJ{o ~ Zi M6,g~g))g fkZv
* @*
~a rz
f
[Zp
W1!*
~ VzgzZ &HVVZ0
+{ !*
M Zzg LZ
~kZX ,g Z Z}
.
wp{z
zkZ C w Cx zq~ !*
M} 8
H&
,Z ~ King of the castle E4G
Z D ~ 0
+
i ~g {z)g f ~
cg7g
c*
g v } J
-y
M~,Z Dx CZ v } ~M%Z~ qz~
H ~,zg VZ Workx X b x
C

]g x CZ f xi 5V
[ Dupre gzZ Delusion of Economics [ G.Rist ~ekZ @*
@*

I
s~ w~ ~,zg VZv~Z
W 5! t
# I%e
$.~ Nature & the limits of science

Human

yZ VYpuyZD~yx
XD Hv7 W Dx y 150c*
130
XDpx x LZv 7zkzux~yyZ0
+
i] c*
gzx

G4J
u -G& Zzgy 0*

Hc*
nZWZk
,
iz7
X ;g
M f CgCg ~y 0*

kZ}@x i
+Zw7 Z pZ * Z WX Yc*
L6,kZ{ i Z0
+Z kZ~wYg z ZZ
{z kZX
Hc*
eg kZ ~ i ~ 5 ZgX 7eg ! y 0*
k0*
TG WZk
,
iz {
26

% ~} ],
Zn
Lg u 6ZJLuh
+]
.X Y7WZk
,
iz G }@
} ~C
Y 19996,T u+F,
o * uy 0*
X Y7 { i Z0
+Z wZu
uV Y Z 7W,
O{g Z Z y 0*
yZd: Zg Ztu@Y 2007X Z 7,7W,
Z V- 0*

[Capital

uLg tX [Pure Traditional Economy] ug Zi !*

gzZ ~g ZZI Zzg
X 7Economy]

:]q Z :tu
zg Zi !*
Lg
]qZ Zz [Capital/Wealth]
zgzZtugzZ [Market & Bazzar]g Zi !*
gzZ Lg
4Z Zz
tg Z k i!*
's Zc*
*
*k6,
}uzq
-Z]qZyZh ] G
5G3E
XM
h W7~t
# ItX xi Z w_2
~g Ztue
$g/%t
~
C~ ] qZ yZ X
V Zz
V Zz~!x ig:ZMetro,Macro ~y 0*
W,
Zk
,
iuh
+]
.[Z b[fgzZM%Z
{ } ' tigX gx ~ ig:Z yZ [Z Zz ~!
z Dg !*
zg CZ v g
~ [f ;g Y @*
z~ ]g n Wx Cx DR s[Zxi Z yg e ~ ]g
kZ F
F6,]g t w'g !*
zg ` W~ y 0*
Y Zn y 0*
X {g]g
x LgzZLg u 6ZgzZx ~g Y gzZ cg7g Lg g !*
zg t 74 Vzg Zi !*
< c*
~
} (,
*gzZ [f10*
ZV Zz L ~ VD 3VK!*
sX C
!*
9zg V1g Z g !*
zg Lgx ]bu cg7g gzZ WLg g Zi !*
]g Zi W~{
q
#
-Z uIgzZ ]g @*
Zzg6,}i kZ y 0*
X 1 x CZVgzZG ~g Yg !*
zg } (,

;g6,iVzg Zi !*
I sZ Zzg%< x ~g Y Lg u 6Zg !*
zg ` M V
0*
K }Z
~g u0 ] ZgzZ wZ Vzg Zi !*
\
~ [q
-Z KZ kC eg **
',
Capital tu~ V'x uh
+]
.[f ~,g VZ6,wZ Zg Zi !*
u

kZ [fh
+]
. g g F,
X 7x ~gi gigzZLg Lg *g Zi !*
<gzZ
X
H{z1p
ud
$] Zzg~c Zkz7,
}g c*
{ nx *
(Helena Noberg);n H Vzo!fgzZ uh
+]
. h
+]
.xiZ w_e
$h
+]
.~ c Z
X<5~pZ}g]%=~ggzZ]
27

 ~* ~Xt
~}],
ZDgzZgmZ]h
+]
.y
KZ q
~% * ~ bq
-|
/ZZ yZ%gzZ [x z *
@Y 6[f _____**
Y 6[f
wDt gwJB
M gzZ]oe
$.~0
+
iC
C
b46,
*p d
$kZ[f
XxwJVgZs7
X
H0 gzZ kZ ~ * ~ @*
Y7g Z Z Z ~ DgzZ
4ZgzZ<
CG
5G3E
yZ]c*
ZzggzZ]g ZZd
$ g @*
yQ] pyZV V
c Z6,
gm{g itX CY6,
gC
f~wj ~{i[f
M F,
yZX **
xz] Z
z}i LZ b Zz
/wj LZV ;g"
$U*
S6,
V\Wx (h
+]
.VX ;gi Z0
+Z W,
Z { c*
i~
{z Z
# X ;gxz }@x
Zg { Z', ]]c*
Wg " ]ggzZ ] &g ZzZa ]KZ y W
7.
x ~ * K Z D
gzZ wEZbz LZ {z D rg wjZ
~y
WgzZ yZX Dg OZ ~ hZ gzZD Yrg x C
* D 0*
) Z

{zX Tg
X Ckz{0
+?LZZp
[f\WT 7q+Z ~x Zzgc ZZ
M F,
I ZzY~~Vg
Zz k
,
+g ~g uBwj gzZ ~g Z',KZ
5
X ~b Z
Z[fX CY0
{zY~: ._b Z [fC
x **
YgzZ
bKZ
[f IY {z}:q j C[f*J
-Z
# Z I Y* ~g7
+]
h
.X Le **
6,
* ~g7 1 CZ {z *
@Y (white man burden) 1 WCZX Le **
Cc*
wj CggzZ Vg )
,Vz(,
Vzg Z gV2z yZ0
+{ **
**
**
~ Z Z Z LZ a~ c Z U wjZ
j~z ]!*
z ] D; yZy qgzZ Dq{ H!*
WZ DqxE[
X *
@YH"
$U*
7DVh~ i ZzgyZxEw~x h

+]
.1Dq
LZaX ZQzq
-ZgzZx
/
zq
-Z V @*
x! l"7ZyZgz~1
@6,
gwV
28

{zX D { i Z0
+Z Z
Z C
gzZ Bt
yxg VYZ [Barley] zX ` "
{zX *
*Jm
6,V- h N bg Y m{ Y t 2 M
h|
# }7 Lg Lg
X HmDspyxgyZgzZ ~pgzZ*Zzg
kZX g a
gzZ gx ~ V Zzgy 0*
c Z ;
M ]g w_h
+]
.
xa n Y J
-V Zl
Vzg Y: [
7 y: n ~h !*
k~ V V ~
0
+
i] c*
gz7u7D x x tHX NGO'S

c*
#
cg7g DR?}yx
tX
gzZg " VyZgzZ CmJ
-0
+
i]c*
gz gZ x yZy
KZ Zzgh
+]
.X 7xia
yZh
+y
,q ]gz Vxg7g DR Yg Zi !*
gzZ b C7iyZgzZX ZIH
KZZ Z
8tV!*
y Zy
KZh
+]
.gzZ ]gzH
zgzZ Za Z
VgzZ`~ELZ**
VZ nkZ **
Zl
g Y**
B;LZ **
ZwY~!~yLZ |z
X
H(civilized)[v{z 7IY[ Z {zX @*Mx : Z **

e
$Zzgq
-Z h0
+
i kZ ~ a
0
+
i~c ZbVz*gzZV'Zzg
i{ c*
i D~bVh
+]
.X : ]gz ZZ )gzZZ 9'g qV17V1g Z nT
^q
-Z~{g y.+C
Vg )
,] ` W~c ZgzZ iVzZzgD
Vg )
, LZ~b Zz
/LZ ^i Zggz2 z%t ~Vd
$[ Z Wt Z
X @*
q6,
j+4
Yt{zX *
*x OZ ykgzZ} 0
+
i]c*
gzuZgpaLZ b YtVYqZ
ygzZX D YGg JgzZyzZ w3gzZ D Y D w3uc*

t CY ~BmBx !Z {0
+
i~ wj gzZ m q z X Dyb

KZ Cgx [
7 x
/g Z LZyZ D Y D} (,{zgzZ C gyZ]
.zV
X *
@YWgwEZ W,
bz!
29

 ZzqD ZzgkZ @*
2tzg ~i *"VzuzgzZg Z6,\WLZ OZ~yZDt
Vzuz~
M F,
g D
+kZX n
pgup{z _ 7[Loan/grant/aid]]Z

w_h
+]
.D bkZ @*
Za ` Z'
~pgzZ ~g ZpO` ]Z ZZ s
0} C1j : *
@Y c*
20}Y (8zg- ! fVX *
@Y c*
7~ VjZ
Vs}uzX Qb qC
gzZ Cx C
@*
7x
~} (Xt a
\W D7Za \WX D(consumer)sg q
-Zs\ WX D Y0xVxg7g \ M ~
gzZ ~g Z- g eVzZzg h
+y

g Zi !*
, q
{z @*
DZa aLZ (Capital)tus
X ~b Zz
/
LZ {zt ]!*
+F,
u **
k\Z D Y wVg 'Zzg a V
H0x {z wjZ~q
~V~uugzZD]Y y 0*
gzZ J
-g 0*
c Z ]g y.zxE
DwVg 'g " yZ { [fa
Wh
+]
.aVz ZzgX wq]g
i[gzZ [ h
+]
.t e**
wyZ% ZZ]Z2
gzZ XZ [f
]c*
Zzg y.xE LZ V !*
M LZ LZ g @*KZ
HH n w Z
X Y[fg (ZY )zxE! fgzZz Zz]Wg ZizZVg '
bz Cg ]**
Z ]m Vk1 ~ a
Vz7 Vg V] VY wj LZ [ Z V c Z
hC3 ZgyZ}g *[Z: D7kCs$
M
+~V Z{zx7~}g !*
]c*
Zzgg ZZ g @*
gzZ]g 'Dm{q
-ZakZpg C3 Zg}g *wVzg ZD
~V2ZggzZVZg ~0
+Zq
-Z Z 0) y
q
KZ ]]c*
Ww_h
+]
.0)]1j ]gz"gzZw
~~Vz0
+Z ge
$Z@kZX 4 YZ'7 ZzC1)q
-Z'ny
KZh
+]
.{g @*
Z{gzZ wj g @*
KZ
7g k
,
+F,
5
x
ZzY Z wq]gX
H{g 7m
[Soft

ZX Ch
+]
.B ~g^ 3,e
$. j
)e
$.x tX `
30

d
$VYX)g f [zZ l{gzZg DpdR6,x policy]
X @*
7eLd
$~uz%b
y*zy [~
CX wjZ 6,V [ZX W~ ; Y 1970! f~ VjZqZ
]: ~Vx gX x ~ ',p **
[ ZzYJ 7,
~
Zjc Z~kZ b
v~h
+]
.ZzZgzZUzZ V-gzZ Za
X 7
m 0
+
i x L ChzL Y Zz yZ DkZ _7, ~ wjZqZ
_7,[{g aV-',c*
yZk
,
Z ug c*
E {z YY tX {Z
+ i D~kZ: 7
[Barley]6
,12 000 X 3g7xL~ c Z VMg66,"7,[{k
,
VyZ {zX

X Y7 0]**
kVAZ ZzY`ggzZ Z
Eurocentric i~ M g V7 { z
Hc*
x **
T{z 7B c Z snt

i Zggz 0Univerasal knowledgec*

D] g"kZX 6,we Model of education
t Wg a [Planate]}g (}g7 C zF,
] +Z ! h
+]
.X g z ZZ
]c*
gzgzZq
-Z wj q
-Z ~*Z
# q{Z
+
zZq
-Z [Utopia] g
Vzg Z Z cg7g uZgp bq
-Z b bq
-ZV
X Vq
-Z !*
vgzZV V7 0
+
i
[Universal colonization] x Cc*
!*
M K Z **
2u0
+
iijbq
-Z **
)g f

X *
* [Colonize] x~ !*
M a!z {
V~fVgzZ
y Z7yv Y Zx~ ZZ c*
M!iwP~yZg Zz M q
-Zy
8
1
hz y ~ ZZ Z: yvY
/
yZ Y Z Cg}
}g ,g V;z y x t e(q
-Z {z VrZg(KZ KZ v
c*
M 7aU
V {z C]gz T *
@Y c*
Z(q
-Z y @*
7 Y yy ti
M :Zz}V KZ g {z bb 4',
i:g ah
e {z1 bb V @*
Y
D VDR WZg Zx
/Z x
/J}i~ X f 7b {g !*
z
31

P ~Q!*
{z I{z Z
# Y Z v y.6,
/
M LZ& B u~g EZ V7 gzZ ~g EZ V7V Y N Y t V w
+
i iV7 {[f ~ N*
[Universal]
H [Diversity] q[fkZ 0
kZ
c*
g } pV Zzg yZX Lg X s Z q [Uniformity] +
M 7 V ; z
X g u(yZgzZg YK]!*
z*bT}7a1zg
/~g Zzg Zz Lg 1N V\ M KZ ~ 0
+
i KZ
[Technic]~
T 8 ~ Zz~9zg| l,
wykZg izg M x
~&
+egzZg @*
vd
$Y7h
+y

-ZC
q
& M @*
! Igi C Mg
kZ [Z YwEZZ^C
X xq :gzZ g izgt ~9zg k 0*
+ Zz
KZ M x q
-Z Czx C Za Zh8 CY^ I~7ea
**
+y
h

X g Z F,
x kZgzZ7ZzTLg gzZtutX
8
" t ZVyZg ZzW {i!iy Z
#
~kZ
z m,
q
-Z}
wjZVYV7wjZV;z wZHwZ" Zg g W*
kZ ZzX ` \ M ]yZV Y]c*
Zzgg ZZ KZ M
h7a [vZ
*
@Y c*
$t V~VjZIgzZ } (,
iZ x c Z 7wjZ J
-Z~
kZD 3 Z Z D 376,yZp,q
-Za
~M z,:a}uz lzgpZ **
3 CZ
X Y
6,
q
-Z^Zz
3wj
-Zt
q
Hc*
m wj gzZ pm ;g Y H76,g DwJ.
6,g & D{z
h
+]
.gzZDt 7m',
Z',{g f 0
+
i Z* T D { [Abstract]~h
+
LZ Z Za ~ [f ~,g VZ ~"]g @*
m{q
-ZgzZ pm{gzZ d
$m{q
-Z
~ Zi W~ ZZ
KZ ;gg
Cd
$: *6,{ ~ Zh
+]
.q
-Z]z g ZZ } I Zzg ]g @*
zg @*
m{q
-Z y)F,
-Zh
+]
.
HHn-6,V Z}
.h
+]
.46,y
KZgzZ F,
46,]
kZ Z 1wJ)g f~qi *Vg Z@*
6,] gzZZ *x Zz
3 d
$
1zg n Zz
3x kZ 1t6,
gx Wq
-ZV6f[gzZx ~h
+
32

q ]c*
Zzg: ~g ZZ)W@x kZ kZgzZ q[f 7}u] Zz
~g7X CY~h
+'
]ZgwZzi Y0w zg zYYJ
-ukZZ
# Z0
+ZX `t x
a ~wq]g+ZgZh
+'
~(]ZgkZwZzi~!X Z
Z zt MuSgzZ *
Xgz0
+
igzZ !*
{zg| 7,

Universal gzZ yt p H**

yyk D Y sdZ Z
# a c Z

{z DqD
) Zgi {z
/Z bZ VWgt 7
/
g ZyZ ,qt X H~ ^ boxes
ZzgX _7,0Vo gzZV0~(,~(, (Pesticides)V Zzg } QgzZVz 36 ~g Q
kZ F
F6,[Import]]ZWg6,e } (,gzZ ~g Zh
+y
s~g
zF
F6,~g Zp~g

+]
.} ],
ZuZzgug Zpg UpyZ~
~[Capital Economy]utuh
Dpv 4b ~VzZzg $
Y7~g Z
/0
+
i%b gzZtuVsp
: ]gzb a0
+
i]c*
gzC]gzb aHs @*
! nY ZgzZ
v
~ ! f c*
C VZZ
# Helena Noberg X 7g Fq!*
v~ c Z
X ]!*
yZq
-ZZ ewh~g F~c ZX {gAA]yZ D Yk0*
Z e
I told them that in my country many people were so unhappy that they had to
see a doctor. Their mouths would drop open and they would stare i disbelief. It
was beyond their experience. A sence of deep rooted contentedness was
something they took for granted.

7c*
g)**
^ CZ- i
+g {zZ
# 7g~Y 1995~$
+Zg7 e Z',
! ! wq]g

~~ Zz~g7&~ !*
M Vk`{zyZgz^kZ H
X)**
^tXg
[Office] & y
KZh
+]
.VYVDZa a ]Zx
a: wh: Z e:

s $Z%BI$
7%0 e^%[Vehical] ~h Y7x %
a Zgz kZ ~{ Vkz V i"g @*
KZ {zYV Za a%x
agzZV
4
] z ~y
MgzZ WPgG]| WP\]|}Za %x
a._y M
9zg @*
q Y7
} (,
.
$zZ ; ng Z]Z}0
+
}0
l
+
g}0
+
6,
g YV1g Z~* ` M %x
a._g @*
X DZa %x
aj~a} (,
c*
C V,Z 1-zZ yZ ~+
$ZgC{)z ` V6,ygzZZ eHek`
33

-Zq
q
-ZSg Cx yJ
-]Zg ti Zg C!*
!*
VgV
qC
D Za j~aV Zz 0
+
i ~X Da {g !*
k]g
X .
**
yZ'!*
tay
KZh
+]
.
M%Zoh
+]
.[fh
+]
. 7~ ~c Z g Zg el
g Z(, [f@',
kZ
@*
C
2~ V- g Fg e &z C
~[fY7g 0
+
i%Z e wh ~g FV ZZa ~
qg Thraphist gzZ ];C

pzC
| 7,Habbits of the Heart [ szc @*
X @*
VZwZt~k
,
q
-Z KZ Kg Zg el
g Zg66,
ZgZ
Every body agrees it is absolutely wrong to refuse sick children medical help,but
no body agrees on how the doctor's bill is to be paid.

4E$Eg F C
t : {0*
~C
V0*
!% C hG
V;z ZZa ~d
$z g @*
Tg Zg el
gC

0
+
i ~ 7 +Z wq]g~ *p &| M q
-ZZ {z 1/ CZ f kZ
y
KZT q
-Z ~V, ZwV c Zq!*
v ` M ~V F Zz
+~]x gzZ
$
(x ux x V7 ~ *ay
KZ kZ ZJ
-]!*

KZ * ~g {z b kZ6,x **
E M xi Z w_pX s ~q=7 +F,
Mega LZp1 @
*
g Z VCx [f &/Z Z {zVY Le g U~ upd
$

X @*
7 tW: !e
$.xi Zyg e
76,
VzyZ {z @*
7BVz W Narratives
~ c Z __ **
Z z {0
+
i~ * ~g7 F,
: Zg Ztu Qh
+]
.~ ~,zg VZ { Zzgt
X wq$
+[Z1tgzZwqlpv ;g^! xe
$.J
-Y 1975
x
h
+]
. w$
+eVY 7Z V;z` W7d
$~c Z~Y 1975
4Z <
p
p6,+ YgzZ ',
KW @*
r$
+] Z C G
5G3E
]d
$C
* {z Ct
@*
W [f7 y Wz}iyZgzZ<
yZ c*
$qZ: e L**
d
]g Zz "
$[ZX N Yw$
+e
gzZ h
+]
.Z ._e LZJ
-qZ CWyZ ` WSJ
- Y w$
+: e
ggz "
$KZ)g f F,
[ ZgzZ d
$ Mg {z 1: e [f V,Z)g f c*
z
Xg d
${z[ Z c*
d
$"Z yZF,
Zq

{ c*
i
p Zzc Z` WX ~ c ZVx South[gzZ * ~
34

~ spVvz=g fc*
zgzZt Dgxz{ c*
i
*gzZd
$
]z'
W3]zZu Y\W w$
+eKW\Wh
+]
.
a\W~c ZX w$
+e1$
+gzZp ]c*
Zzgg ZZ] Zgw[Zp\W e
x ! fX {p c*
3{ ZZ e a kZVY g W1$
+ kZ {z N+
yZ~kZgzZ @*
VwEZbzV76,
RV* ~g7t ;g **
{ c*
i

]
d~u@ y 0*
X X6,
g Cg wj yZVz Z *
@Y c*
i Z0
+Z6,gbz
5O8FB; LZv` W~Vc ZgzZ]g
paLZ Y Zx ]c*
gz~
C7 D F
N Z DQN YWdZ{t1D p,qx ]gz w x {gzZD Za
[Real ugzZ 5Z' h
+]
.gzZ e
$h
+]
.XN YGWg ] c*
gzZx gzZ wze wZ |z

kzu c*
y
KZ~T C3[ Zp u M q
-Z)g fZh g
Economy]
[Universal

c^
,**
@ t 6,x **
E M Lg Zg 6,kZ gzZ x Z 9
~
X 7Z'
6,
RT/ Coloniozation]

Z ~
/e ~i Z Z ~ e Z8 ~ V-gE- {g VZ *'IYThree cups of Tea
VgzZ : ]i YZ yZVbwwjZj~VZzgIyZ]Y kZ~a
H{ M6,x kZ+q
-Z
kZ 7mkZ u] d
$
aVjZyZ yZ ZN Y M{z tVAwjZ~
v ~! Zzq~VyZ[ZX Z e M IYq
-Zx {z m7` O%Zx
h 3Z Vza
yZVgzZ g:|
0
+
iibzg ]c*
Zzgg ZZ yZ h
+]
.g
3Vzthg
A KZ gZg6,g~V VVV1g e!2k yZ7
- ; sVz
Z(,
e
$h
+]
.Bh
+y
t cg7g DRQN Y {gV;z~y
M {g/ h1 lp6,W~
KZwqgzZ LZ @*
g Z g @*
KZ
Zz wJZ ! x ~(,
gzZ)**
g
g n% J e ._V e[fpgzZ &S
Q?f +F,
+H]c*
$
Zzgg ZZ<
g @*
d
$
@*
g Z g @*
{z
Km{ xi Zyg e Lg { W
zC
g n Z Z 7C
kZgzZ @*
Y
gzZX @*
7ty
KZyZ g Z
[Dark Ages]ky

gzV ix ~,g VZgzZ

35

 h
+]
.J e 0H[Modrenism] e
$h
+]
.~ c Z___ @*
i M +
M
KZ gz zg
',
H0
#
+
iih
+]
.uh
+]
.
: 7,
~p ZHelena Noberg c ZZzgkZ 0*
This same pattern is being repeated in rural areas all over the South, where
millions of young people believe contemporary Western culture to be far
superior to their own. This is not surprising: looking as they do from the
outside, all they can see is the material side of the modern world the side in
which Western culture excels. They cannot so readily see the social or
psychological dimensions: the stress, the loneliness, the fear of growing old. Nor
can they see environmental decay, inflation, or unemployment. This leads
young Ladakhis to develop feelings of inferiority, to reject their own culture
wholesale, and at the same time to eagerly embrace the global monoculture.
They rush after the sunglasses, walkmans, and blue jeans not because they find
those jeans more attractive or comfortable but because they are symbols of
modern life.
Modern symbols have also contributed to an increase in aggression in Ladakh.
Young boys now see violence glamorized on the screen. From Western-style
films, they can easily get the impression that if they want to be modern, they
should smoke one cigarette after another, get a fast car, and race through the
countryside shooting people left and right.
WESTERN-STYLE EDUCATION
No one can deny the value of real education the widening and enrichment of
knowledge. But today in the Third World, education has become something
quite different. It isolates children from their culture and from nature, training
them instead to become narrow specialists in a Westernized urban environment.
This process has been particularly striking in Ladakh, where modern schooling
acts almost as a blindfold, preventing children from seeing the very context in
which they live. They leave school unable to use their own resources, unable to
function in their own world.
With the exception of religious training in the monasteries, Ladakhs traditional
culture had no separate process called education.Instead education was the
product of a persons intimate relationship with the community and the
ecosystem. Children learned from grandparents, family, and friends and from
the natural world.
Helping with the sowing, for instance, they would learn that on one side of the
village it was a little warmer, on the other side a little colder. From their own
experience children would come to distinguish different strains of barley and
the specific growing conditions each strain preferred. They learned how to
recognize and use even the tiniest wild plant, and how to pick out a particular
animal on a faraway mountain slope. They learned about connection, process,
and change, about the intricate web of fluctuating relationships in the natural
world around them.
For generation after generation, Ladakhis grew up learning how to provide
themselves with clothing and shelter: how to make shoes out of yak skin and
robes from the wool of sheep; how to build houses out of mud and stone.
36

Education was location-specific and nurtured an intimate relationship with the

living world. It gave children an intuitive awareness that allowed them, as they
grew older, to use resources in an effective and sustainable way.
None of that knowledge is provided in the modern school. Children are trained
to become specialists in a technological rather than an ecological society. School
is a place to forget traditional skills and, worse, to look down on them.
Western education first came to Ladakhi villages in the 1970s. Today there are
about two hundred schools. The basic curriculum is a poor imitation of that
taught in other parts of India, which itself is an imitation of British education.
There is almost nothing Ladakhi about it.
Once, while visiting a classroom in Leh, the capital, I saw a drawing in a
textbook of a childs bedroom that could have been in London or New York. It
showed a pile of neatly folded handkerchiefs on a four-poster bed and gave
instructions as to which drawer of the vanity unit to keep them in. Many other
schoolbooks were equally absurd and inappropriate. For homework in one
class, pupils were supposed to figure out the angle of incidence that the Leaning
Tower of Pisa makes with the ground. Another time they were struggling with
an English translation of The Iliad.
Most of the skills Ladakhi children learn in school will never be of real use to
them. In essence, they receive an inferior version of an education appropriate for
a New Yorker, a Parisian, or a Berliner. They learn from books written by people
who have never set foot in Ladakh, who know nothing about growing barley at
12,000 feet or about making houses out of sun-dried bricks.
This situation is not unique to Ladakh. In every corner of the world today, the
process called education is based on the same assumptions and the same
Eurocentric model. The focus is on faraway facts and figures, on "universal"
knowledge. The books propagate information that is believed to be appropriate
for the entire planet. But since the only knowledge that can be universally
applicable is far removed from specific ecosystems and cultures, what children
learn is essentially synthetic, divorced from its living context. If they go on to
higher education, they may learn about building houses, but these "houses" will
be the universal boxes of concrete and steel. So too, if they study agriculture,
they will learn about industrial farming: chemical fertilizers and pesticides;
large machinery and hybrid seeds. The Western educational system is making
us all poorer by teaching people around the world to use the same global
resources, ignoring those that the environment naturally provides. In this way,
Western-style
education creates artificial scarcity and induces competition.
In Ladakh and elsewhere, modern education not only ignores local resources
but, worse still, robs children of their self-esteem. Everything in school promotes
the Western model and, as a direct consequence, makes children think of
themselves and their traditions as inferior.
Western-style education pulls people away from agriculture and into the city,
where they become dependent on the money economy. Traditionally there was
no such thing as unemployment. But in the modern sector there is now intense
competition for a very limited number of paying jobs, principally in the
37

government. As a result, unemployment is already a serious problem.

Modern education has brought some obvious benefits, such as improvement in
the literacy rate. It has also enabled the Ladakhis to be more informed about the
forces at play in the world outside. In so doing, however, it has divided
Ladakhis from each other and the land and put them on the lowest rung of the
global economic ladder.
LOCAL ECONOMY VERSUS GLOBAL ECONOMY
When I first came to Ladakh the Western macroeconomy had not yet arrived,
and the local economy was still rooted in its own soils. Producers and
consumers were closely linked in a community-based economy. Two decades of
development in Ladakh, however, have led to a number of fundamental
changes, the most important of which is perhaps the new dependence on food
and energy from thousands of miles away.
The path toward globalization depends upon continuous government
investments. It requires the buildup of a large-scale industrial infrastructure that
includes roads, mass communications facilities, energy installations, and schools
for specialized education. Among other things, this heavily subsidized
infrastructure allows goods produced on a large scale and transported long
distances to be sold at artificially low prices in many cases at lower prices
than goods produced locally. In Ladakh, the Indian government is not only
paying for roads, schools, and energy installations but is also bringing in
subsidized food from Indias bread-basket, the Punjab. Ladakhs local economy
which has provided enough food for its people for two thousand years is now
being invaded by produce from industrial farms located on the other side of the
Himalayas. The food arriving in lorries by the ton is cheaper in the local bazaar
than food grown a five-minute walk away. For many Ladakhis, it is no longer
worthwhile to continue farming.
In Ladakh this same process affects not just food but a whole range of goods,
from clothes to household utensils
to building materials. Imports from distant parts of India can often be produced
and distributed at lower prices than goods produced locally again, because of
a heavily subsidized industrial infrastructure. The end result of the
long-distance transport of subsidized goods is that Ladakhs local economy is
being steadily dismantled, and with it goes the local community that was once
tied together by bonds of interdependence.
Conventional economists, of course, would dismiss these negative impacts,
which cannot be quantified as easily as the monetary transactions that are the
goal of economic development. They would also say that regions such as the
Punjab enjoy a "comparative advantage" over Ladakh in food production, and it
therefore makes economic sense for the Punjab to specialize in growing food,
while Ladakh specializes in some other product, and that each trade with the
other. But when distantly produced goods are heavily subsidized, often in
hidden ways, one cannot really talk about comparative advantage or, for that
matter, "free markets," "open competition in the setting of prices," or any of the
other principles by which economists and planners rationalize the changes they
advocate. In fact, one should instead talk about the unfair advantage that
38

industrial producers enjoy, thanks to a heavily subsidized infrastructure geared

toward large-scale, centralized production.
In the past, individual Ladakhis had real power, since political and economic
units were small, and each person was able to deal directly with the other
members of the community. Today, "development" is hooking people into
ever-larger political and economic units. In political terms, each Ladakhi has
become one of a national economy of eight hundred million, and, as part of the
global economy, one of about six billion.
In the traditional economy, everyone knew they had to depend directly on
family, friends, and neighbors. But in the new economic system, political and
economic interactions take a detour via an anonymous bureaucracy. The fabric
of local interdependence is disintegrating as the distance between people
increases. So too are traditional levels of tolerance and cooperation. This is
particularly true in the villages near Leh, where disputes and acrimony within
close-knit communities and even families have dramatically increased in the last
few years. I have even seen heated arguments over the allocation of irrigation
water, a procedure that had previously been managed smoothly within a
cooperative framework.[The Future of progress, Reflection on the Environment
and Development, Edward Goldsmith, Martin Khor, Helena- Hodge, Vandana
Shiva & Others, Published by Green books Ltd in association with The
International Society for Ecology & Culture]

@*
guilts7sin{k
H~!fh
+]
.
G
CYwEZ bZ Guilt ~];h
+]
.Z7g [Sin]{k
H]y
M ~G
0xE!fh
+]
.

gzZ {)z{)z]];XxEh
+]
.xkZgzZxiZw_3
A ]y
M Z}
.mkZgISinY
7Zg76,
]ZgbgzZ CWwgkz<
tYXD7 t]qZyZ
KZtg
<XCF,
(v!*
f)
7tZE
Z
J7,
7gJ
-Zu**
kZ^g*4
) !*
]5z^ KZY f x(zxHe
$.}g
Fedralist ig8X~ zg g2 z M M ~iyh
+]
.
c*
gh
+]
.q
-Z~t
KZgt

~iyg(Z
c*
gh
+]
.gzZxiZxiZw_X~:Letter of ToleranceuyY gzZPapers
tgt
KZ {z+
$Y~uz sZ+
$Y q
-Z
c*
gy 0*

g!*
X~

KZgOp
pg[Duail face]{nz 6 I z ko V2 Q w_=Z C
{
=r~Ry{ q)gfkZ VrZXHw_{q
-Z ._bzgZ t
XWBG@*
&}
~gzgZt
KZg`Z
39

V<xM MgzZ c*
{ 4!*
6,M M }g7 Y 1973ZgZ
{
~Ry{ q
ZgZ
}gZ
RV7
sZ M Ma c*
w Supra ConstitutionalM M !*
| (,
Mh
+'
=~zg Z ZI~z)~zg kZ x w_ sZ)
t
KZ `Z6,
yZg
W2ZbkZtJ
-Z
# X~ ~ Zi M Z D
+
g Zg Z Hx ZZ
zw'[ZNgzZ{k
H]y
MvZ~gkZ@*
7tsZgt~gz[Refutation/Denial]gZg
-6, KZ y
KZ yZ Z}
. y
KZ gt 7 wEZ }u bZ xZw
E
( Z}
.6,
}iYv!*
f
H
%Z}
. n Z fIX$ <
46,
M
+
KZ ] worship]

[Human

Xe7( Z}
.{zVY
H
%y
K
Z t|pXy
KZ
/
% Z}
.t ~ ,gVZ
/

% y
KZt [Z [ G o d c e n t r i c U n i v e r s e ] ]
$U*
"
qZZ [vZ1)**
yZ Z}
.y
KZg t
KZ [Humancentric]]
Zi MX{zZ%y
KZ~gt
KZ/Z%y
KZ~qZZ[YZ
tD
5~What is enlightenmenty*LZ .
$ { T z{[Z=gzZLZsgU
X6,
MZy*tX
,
$ :}gZkzgzZ{zy
.
KZwzg
X
:
zg g ~ge
$Z@{z} 7Ze Zkz~g0*
{zy
KZwzg q.
$
KZ{z @*
qgyzg0
+ZLZO C
!*
azg {z@*
7qg)gf ~tYg{ M a
aZay
KZkZsC
t
KZg0
+Zy
KZ7C
!*
y
KZzgY
8gzg

xgzZ ;g-6,]Zf KZ y
KZ~ VZ-ZT 6h
+]
.y
KZ Z
c*
gh
+]
.X ^
,Yx OV
g2 M M V2 w_ 0*
F t =r^g*4X ;ggZ S)gzZ nVzq
~Zi M ZD
+
gZC
7=9!*
M M~`u ._bzg tg/~g2t
KZ
X~yC
~h
+zY[~Zi Mt ZD
+
gZX
C :~~ZiWg(Z<
~
C
vZ
~:gY m
CZs~ZiWYZKZp\vZ
E
$gzZ+:ZZi M LZ{z c*
g(Ze0G
hV
KZ~]kZvZ~yZ{z
40

B yZsYZ~g7vZa*kZ|gt @*
k
g66,
hg+}uz
/Z{z
/c*
Z,
Xy593mY 2015yZ~:
+ CZr!*
Wzg Vg LZ sYZ KZpvZ t r
# ~Q
]z )gf 9LZ sYZ LZ p vZ c*
x O yZ HgZ VMgzZ Hg66,hg
~](v!*
f)~Z
~: xiwyW~ Zi MYZvZ
V Zz+ gzZN YbOu
/Z+
GyZux ZsVg
193mY 2014] ~:Hy Zwy[WvZwgN Yax
~:YZhg: {0
+
iu~[z
~:zOVx mZ}
.t
ys~b Z
/
kZgzZtq
q
-Z ( ~yW
gzZ]Zg ux Zy vZ )kZ
yZ~
* @*
c*
m{aZ [k
,
gzZa LZuZ \vZ
b
kZ kZ_ZKZ
Hc*
6, ZLZuZ OX N 0*
$Z@ gzZ ,{@x kZB
e
VgzZVz
~Vzuu kZ:gzZ,hg: {0
+
iuz
~kZBZ {Vz!*
X ,g#

~:Y{g7
u~[{k
,
J
b
-#

gwZt__ Y { ] V : Y{g u
: ~ [Z >k
,
Hy wZ r
b
# ~
YY7uz
~y;',
{zDt/Z gkZr
# ~gzZ s t
KZ
319mY 2013y;',
M
h)syZ Z}ux Zwg6,
T YYkZsuz
{zY
J
-#
h uz
HI r
# ~g ZFg **
r
# k1ZgzZ VrZ6,?
mY 2014] ~ Y{g 7~[Z >k
,
J
b
-#
uz
p~] z!*
kZ1 7
X D bkZ~] k
,
wZkZ 196 195
fZztZ x?ZmyX ZyB,~g7 t ~ 20[ !*
]Z
mq o ^m jrm X KZ$
+x W~[k
,
l X Hg6a
b
41

:gzZYYHy6a]vZ):6,
Z~[}iuOXZ e
$Z@ h]
}uz * yZX0
/
%Z xZxtX $
Y~]iYZ guz

~: y B s
# z ~(,~ ` AZ gzZ m Z}
.t X 7m
196195mY 2014]
~:YZ~ Zi MtzOZ : yZZ6,
wg
:~]r
# ~
E
$gzZ+: ZZi M LZ {z c*
{z
/c*
Z,g(Ze0G
hV
KZ~* kZvZ
yZ~: k
B yZsYZ~g7vZa*kZ|gt@*
g66,
hg+yZr!*
Vzuz
/Z
YZ KZ p DsZZ}z LZ vZ D"
$U*
pr
# ~kZQ 593mY 2015
bkZ {zk
,
wZ kZ @*
7Cv!*
f{z vZ ~Zk
B sWzg)gfVgs~Zi M
XD

4E
5#z[W) V-Z ZwZD
xZ
Zg {Z',zmvZ-vZwg6,Xm{B(wg EG
+
gZ

ZwkZg6,

/Z Z}
.~}g!*
yZX <s{zyZZ6,
\ MgzZHu

gZtzmvZ-vZwgX]ZwkZ,g(Z{g!*
z MyZZ gzZ]

gH._ :XZ<
L kZZwtayZX0-Z(zOZ}sp+CZ ) j^ m e
4E
5#
vZr
# ~+
$Yq
-ZX280mY 2014]~:y0 EG
Zg{Z',
Vg~y M

g"
$U*
tvZgzZyW
Z+
$Y~uzg"
$U*
~ZiWg(Z<
yW
gzZ\
[fX~ZiWytXzOZ}uF,
}hgwJ<

/ZXzOZ}:wJ<
wg
E!
DC W - H H~ZiWsz"N Y{gyZ 7,~ZiW,:ZkZr
# ~
CZ)gfVC6,
b){{zVY }V1{z|7,
?t
/Zq
- j~jxqX
~ZiWnt Y| s6,]%=~ ~ZiWYZ kZ \vZ q
-ZX @*
y
<X W,
~ZiWkZ~ W
]c*
W)gf]ZLZ {z ZE
O ~ZiW,[fr
# ~tXX
g@*
sZsZ6,
kZ :egzZg[f{zxZ~Ie
$h
+]
.X TgDl,
C
(All

]Zgx [f ~
.Z ] kZ b
gzZ B
b6,}f ]c*
Zzg gzZ
42

 KgZge el
g M%Z
) !*
V!4ZX gW', xsZ conceptions of Good)
|~Ie
$h
+]
.KgZgX H7?k\7VY,7?kVzIe
$h
+]
.
X C7gZZzvZxsZX}gbutgzZif Zz
~:M
hD
+
%y
g:i
{zk
,
wZ kZ ~Zi M ZD
+
gZV
g:i Dy wZt ~ ]
{Z',wg sgzZ sZwZD
+
gZ $
Y ~ 7yZwZD
+
gZ/gz D bkZ~ ]
4E
5#
280mY2014]~:7m ZwkZ VZz Za
g:i m{ EG
Zg
vZ t}wJe+%:ZZiWKZy
K
Z c*
!*
~y[!*
yZVrZwZkZ
xiZ w_{zw_7sZq
-Z r
# ~ aZX 593mY 2015yZ~X YZ
X gZb
G
C-!
# ~gzZ+ E
:i DeciphergZr
~]g.
Vzk
,
gzZVgyZ x+F,
q
-Z'yZ **
c*
gV!*
iV'*
liggu
Z ZyZ **
byZ $
+
X @*
B Decipher gzxZgkZ yZ **
G
C-!
+zY[YV7zC
h
J
-x|gzZ ZkZDy~[|Z~'
gkZgzZiZ0
+ZkZ]!*
KZ+h
+E
Xn
pg]g'w~kZr
# **
gqgzZZgZe~
ZkZ~gDyjw!*
gzZwV"W,
O]gzpkZ ZLZ]Z|Vt
D+~
.wZtxgZ
Z{zDgZt*
@Y~ygZOl
Dg@*
ZyZbi\C~VpwZgzZgZ+ZgZZ'g]Z|yZX@*
7kCZ,Z
bkZgZtikZpDgZ g
$ur
# ~}XH Z @*
x YA
$N Y
~
VvZwgzVg
$u7+qZkZx**
Vgz<
L zyW
sgzZs+L
L ,
X1513mY2015yZ~N
:We:c*
N W7Ze c*
hg6,
V H7xZ
ig
$ugZr
# ~
~gz
/
n6,
C
+gzZ+C
]gzkZ~:Zg
$u~
V [
gZ
#
{z[2ZkZ H[2ZyW
zzugzZZ% {z ~~[!*
}uzyZVrZ? kZ7
43

 ] u

( ]]y~ t
# I[2Z kZ Hy[2Z H<
(z]uz]yzd

$wqZ]ZxyW
<69@*
68mY2015yZ~DYW
H{gtsX ? ]gzHg
$uZ
zn

zs
# zz=HyW
< __
qC
!*
yW
nKyW
c*
pr
# ~ [Z kZ?7c*
`Zg
$un
yW
pZkZ {iZzg J
-yW
22mY2015yZ~ *
@Y0?p6,
zLZ yW
C7]gz
pZyW
25myZ~DZzBD~g7x|LZ{z 6,
x|kZ
pZ
g
$ugZ__7`Z9gzZg
$uns
# zyW
C
33myZ~ 6,
x|LZ

Z +Yz+ g
$u
HHg(Ztnv xZZg
$ugZgzZ
HHg(Zti
Wg
$ugzZH: VYxOZ kZ ~
V vZ wgt wZ61 mY 2015yZ =gf +F,
6,15myZ r
# ~ yW
@*
7,t
H : g
$un Z 7VYe
$Z@
Xig
$ugZ]!*
VZzg D bkZ~ ] r
# ~k
,
kZ wZ ]gzpq
-Zi Zuz g
$ug Z
yW

/Zt wZ 323mY 2014] ~ ce '~zg yW

VZzgpOKyW

p
p6,6,yW
{ Z ({ ZpyZ 7]gzVZzgZ
# 7]gzK~zg VZzgZ G
Z
r
# ~ZD W7~%<
Lg
$u ~
V [
g] FyW
tXp7]gz
x Zwo bZ kZ Yy 120 Bg
$ue
$ M y M
Ds Z Z |kZ
iZ%~9@*
7]c*
W{Z {ggzZ 14@*
12e
$Wy{gyW
353mY 2014] ~ OgzZ
@*
W~g
$u[Z kZ x Zwt ZxtQ 7f }y 120~yW
1f
g
$u 2643g
$u y
KZ & CYW~ z ,{z D ~ y 120iZ%x t
Zj$
+r
# ~X 255mY 2014] ~ gH]y 120no bZ6,
CX]%
&
/G

y 120]o bZ~g
$ug 6,
ZQgzZ x Zwo bZ Yy 120gZ G
120 gg
$uY 36,~ zg yW
g
$u t wZX X OxymoronwZ VzX gH
l{!*
~}g !*
kZ yW
1 x ZwgzZ Oo bZ kZ[ Z Z *
@ Y 0y
KZ CY,~ y
g
$ug Z __gg
$utZD7"
$U*
y 120 yW
VY Y36,6,yW
g
$ukZtwZ
44

 Decipher Vzk
,
r
# **
g qgzZ r
# ~ ~ y*q
-ZvZ Y
KZ X ]gzp Hit
kZ ~ q r
# ~ {z Z }g~kZ r
# k1Z N C ,i
s ~ Vzk
,
KZ bTr
# ~ r
# k1Z @*
x Z%Z 7q r
# ~
~gzZce o Z 7Z CY '6,r
# ~ T Dg
/
g Z kZ%g n s
ZzyZ
) !*
wyZ~kZ X BJr
# g qt{zce Gui ZXgzZ r
#
: yZ J
-ZgzZn 7Zz Z |r
# ~h
+zY J
-Z r
# ~ZZ@Zi[ x H

XZtg Y xZ >g,sZ YgzZ ZX sz^~q

~: G
ZpZy M
ay
KZC

~:7GZp Zy M
avZwg
kZ G
Z y*yZ~ ] 7` Z GZ yW
t r
# ~ +
$Yq
-Z
g ) ? vZ ~) {g ~ yZpp __ k | 7,[ !*

yZgzZ }pv
wg 155mY 2015yZ~___ s
# z kZ f }g `: !y!*
i KZ nyW
kZ ( ~
V [
V wg7]gzr
# ~ ]gzs
# zyW
~
V
H~kZ __ yZZ! ~
~vZs
# z] yZ : Zz6,vZwgyW
G
ZkZ] yW
p
X nyZp._r
#
akZ YY H7
Zg { Z', p ZkZ ]c*
M y M
p~ yZr
# ~
] yZawg LZ\vZ Z ~gzawgvZs
# zt C7,
]gzs
# zzb
]gzs
# zz b
/Z 0 yW
D bkZ~yZ{zk
,
wZ kZ s
# zz b

zgzZK
M F,
z svZ[ t ZY ~ [vZx \
M LZ
# 6,kZ {z
~ 7,]gzz] yW
~
V wgvZ 28mY 2015yZ~Y p C

C r Z kZv#
izg Z [ D r Z kZ
p ZyW
r
# ~p
J
- kZDp ZkZ G
ZyW
120mY 2014] ~V{[Z6,
y W
135 134mY 2014] ~ q
-ZkZ7{ Z 3yW
133 131mY 2014] ~
) yW
t 140mY 2014] ~ yZ p ZkZ7wZ}u~pVWkZ
45

bkZ p c*

~
VvZwgvZ c*
W7z!*
Dp Z LZ~
VvZwg ( v!*
f
yZgzZr
# ~1 X 155mY 2015yZ~:)f Zg t N`: !y!*
iKZ\ Mp,s
# z
0*
gZ
aZyv!*
f ;g W~pz =%yW

}g7
Z !*
} nkZ __ @*
Xce { CX[g Z ~
V
g
$7~iZ0
+Z4p
ZsZ~gZZ0
+{
7{gZZ ZwqZC
:igzZt:
Rape 1 g Y Marriage Free Zone ZZ [f~ V
c*
g sZ Z
Zz]!*
t g:|0
+
ixxsZ .
VZt D
c*
gt Xg Y 7Free Zone
~]gic*
b;~%~y
M!*
H7
L
ZxsZ~]iZ0
+{
]gZ c*
c*
#
ZX B

bgg(Z Zzgg6,
Zpg Vs jz6,gg {ge ~y
M
Z
X@*
7IZxs
Z VY 7h suomotoZzggpiZZ X C7Z
Zg {Z',
~gZZ0
+{
z#
gzZg(ZzgZMZYY H qg~y
M

Zg0
+ZgZ Z0
+{~ d
$sZ
X
H3gC
!*
!*
Z0
+{]gZkZ]gZ
7mgZ#
~xsZ
~gYStay Orderqp
Z7}t:C
]g
Z ~* ` M
y Le7g]g
/Z Y Zgz zuytnVt:zbVY $
7
Xn{q
-ZV+Z$
7AVyZ
Z
R@*
s]g6, 7f
Z#

c*
g~kZc*
Cy M
iat:
E4)7XgzZ]
~gikZXgi kZXg(Z~h
+$
+
Z%sgzZs% G
Z%g(Z Zzg
{],
Z
ZgzZtc*
ZI7iWy M
a[ZgzZZ)gikZCy M
g+
D
gzZ 7eziZF,
yZ {],
Z Z}
.sptn~gZZZZZqzgt 7g(Z
] Z!*
{],
Z
ZyX Z!*
g{],
Z kZY73"gzZ ;ziZF,
]ZC
Z
VZtDX Zz**
t
# IyZ
#

c*
g [Private affairs]gZ {XXX)gf.
6,x**
~Zi M
c*
gh
+]
.X *
*WzJ
-0
+
i CZf
{],
Z
c*
g~}],
Z
ZgZMZ
46

]XC7s0
+
i{z [colonized] g~
/KZ}],
ZC
0
+
i

gzZXxZ0
+{{xsZ1zg4Z~}gZZ
c*
gg.
VZD Cc*
sZ

C5Zgi6,
RyZ0
+{\~gZ',
VmZ Z0
+{R ]g@*
ZzgO
Zb)
._xsZ.
{kZ O4V?Yf]iz]5gzZ
XM
h7sZL**
iY Z[
Z bTY7._xsZL.
tg
CD~Zi M
7]Z]c*
ZzggZZ
c*
g
7uzg OgZZZRsZ
$
Z
c*

gVYX @*
6,xz3g
c*
gsgzZs @*
y
KZg6q
-Z
t
c*
gh
+]
.
[All Traditional

VmZ Z0
+{ z
/ Y ]g @*
I #D Zzg x kZ

~ Zi M VmZ
HHD ~ Zi M
sgzZs~gt
KZ Collectivities]
kZ
c*
g @*
]z s Z # I ]g @*
Zzg Z0
+{ KZ
Z
# Z 7D

Zz
3 Z kZ c*
Zz ]z } 9s Z kZ ah
Z
Ce
$ Z

zg7O]c*
ZzggZZIM MgzZ
Z
7XOgZZgzZ<XO]ga
Z
gZZyZw0*
]yZ~gab ]Zg-i\!*
V @zGc*
vyZ
#
kZ}gZZZz**
ygzZ
ZkZgzZ
c*
g LBbZ Zgz?f]Z]c*
Zzg
ZXC',

wYgzZ CZhZ F,
CrZl
NGO's*
@Yg~* ~g7X DY Ma{gZz M
17F0*
xu]c*
ZzggZZsZ ~igzs<^g*4y 0*
Lp g Z I
X kZ {gZZfgzZf~Zi M {z 7{gZZf<{zX 7g(ZtZ$
7F{zVY
X7{],
Z~Zi MtVY7XO]c*
ZzggZZO]g
?C7VYD]c*
ZzgzgZZI
ZgzZ
c*
g
7 M La1zgOgZZZ0
+{Zzg Z RsZ}gZZkZ
ZkZ
c*
gh
+]
.
Zzg I sZx#
Z kZgzZ ~gv y }],
Z
Zpg Y~ a
ZD M
} [Zy
]~ c*
O [Traditions] ]c*
Zzg [Value]gZZ #]g@*
R Z Y
47


Zpg\ M
ZY~ Zw]g ZzOyZ Yc*
DgZZyZZ Hx**
+
$
\yZ0
+{
@*
DyZZwZb}o~Zi M sM M 7RkZ~M M ~}N
kZusgzZs
ZZz8
~Zi M kZy?YveBTh
gZZIZyc*
Z<
Z VmZ
Hc*
D~Zi M
s~
KZtgVY}D~Zi M
Xsz^~"
$VY7~xsZJ
-Z]!*
t
Hc*
7D
h Zg vZz {i g6e gzZ {g Zz Mt ~LZ
M
Z{ c*
i { c*
i
M M sZ t gzZ 7+Z ~ t
KZgVY M
h7g Z ~g v g6p 1
qg V Zz sZM M kZJ
-ZgzZ sZZ #
Z ~g7 Hg \ M Y 1973
xsZ M M , s g6 B; }g M
h 7 a \ M H 7
X [Constitutional Islam]
kZ Z DtZg /Z~ Zi M
sgzZ sX
KZ t ~
CgzZ g2 M M
c*
gh
+]
.
y
Z]
c*
gg e
$Zzg ` Zzg <
gC
bq~ { Zg ~ Zi M kZgzZ DD ~ Zi M
Zt 7.
aV J
-Z]!*
t ]
Vzg Z Z Zz **
X
4ZgzZD{ gZZ]c*
ZzgwZIx6,g
Z
c*
g kZgzZ
c*
gh
+]
.~pZ
+CYC^
,sZ
c*
gh
+]
.~*h
+]
.g!*
g!*
aZgc_f<sZ
g66,
vIxb\7G@*
z&T*
@Y{g{o~Zi M s~y
MX *
@Y@*
^
,
Z,z,z
,
Z',
VY<
{zg7IvZ
# C
,]zvs<
:gzDY
p~p;gg
/
ZgzZy0*
@*
7wJ<
gzZ@*
wJ~Zi MsZzwJ<
~Zi M
XgpX~gY Transformation
K**
0
+
i~g7
6,
x**
~Zi M
c*
gh
+]
.
HH^

,**
~VzyxZ0
+{~[f
6,x **
D~ Zi M
c*
gh
+]
.X C^
,**
} ],
ZC
0
+
i y
KZ6,x **
~ Zi M
c*
gh
+]
.
aD~ Zi M \ M
t C"
$U*
tgzZ 3~ Zi M \ MgzZ CZ~~ Zi M \ M
48

kZgzZ4p\ M Z
# X 4kZpgzZ *
@Yqg6,

c*
g
Z ;g
X *
@Yq ; g (Z q xgKZt g
Wt z
c*
g aD~ Zi M O%ZC
t @*
_y O%ZC
: Zizg~M%Z
@*
_yhz 0*
~ *: Zizg NSA{g Z Z M%ZX H7<
{
!*
~g @*
(Z $
J
-

,
MZ z b!*
gzZ Y )g Z wJ
~ Zi Mt ;gaD ~ Zi M
t
gb ~J c*
3 H~ T
\ M k0*

c*
gh
+]
.] nC
~}g !*

)g f
0
+
i \ M )g fV e ^
,ZR,
~g FH c*
Z ` Z e ~h
+y

[ ]!*
HK y
yb!*
~
z kZ\ M k0*
M%Zg EZ@gzZ
c*
gh
+]
.] x%q
-Zq
-Z
-t
Y ~gzh
+]
. ~ Zi M (Z The end of privacy wgt ~ Zi M Z C J
X 7e(Z ~e
$% M >

!*
Y ~ Zi M 6,
x **
~ Zi M

y44c*
gi M kzu3,
aci6,Vzy

c*
gh
+]
.kZ~ Z

x Z74
c*
g~ kZ 3g6,gZ Vx Zg7 ci kZ c*
J
-g0
+Z
KZ\ M ~[ftwq 4c*
g[Z 3gx~0
+
i ^ zpi
c*
g 6,x **

` Zg0
+Z x **
Kg ZcZg 3gx **
a LZq
-Z~M%Z M
hg7J
-x **
a%
{z M
hg 7
gJ
-x **
a \ !*
V @, Z
Hc*
4Z~x3,
4c*
g \!*
V^ c*
g Z
b V gzZ ~ g ZZ ]c*
Zzg yZ0
+{ 6,x **
~ Zi M [f X 7 IZ % 0* a
~ The Policing of faimlies [Zq
-Zk
,
kZ
HH Colonization of private life^
,**

Colonization of private life iC1} (

,

~kZp [kZ $
YS7,

kZ.
VZt D~[ X
H qzx t [Z ~y 0*
X ~)6,tgz tgz[ kZ
X Zzqzlg !*
g J s {lg !*
! f
~$
+
Zg:a{g!*
]gq
-Z~k`~Y 1995
x
a:wh:~k`~!*
M&
gzZ Z BBCt 0 ]Y y *
0 ~**
^Y 1995 ~$
+Zg
zkZ ~ !*

M T k`{z~Y 1995 {z H
~]g! Zx **
^m n X
49

gCx 6,
gCZ f ` z6,
y Z e ~k`es: Z e : &
Za a {g !*
k zZ]gC
c*
C kZ H- zZ~}g !*
~6gzZVg kZ r
#
~ ciX Sg sz^~ VJ
-] Zg {zVY 7K]g g .
yZ C
X 7 b]ZZ
,gVZ6,
~0
+
i

c*
g~[fgzZ~Z
pm7~VzyJ
-Z
c*
g~k`
]
.)gzZkgZYf Zqz~ sZgzZy 0*
[Zx{z^
,**
0
+
igzZ 4Z~~
-Z c^
,**
4c*
gxsZ
}0
+
6,}0
+
g V17V1gZ~ * X gg [Z y { z__ 3g pJ
pzZc~V!*
VJ
-]:Z~y
M^zpigzZDZax
a%:Zizg a.
$zZ;}0
+

l
]gh
+]
.Vzh
+]
.qpDgZ
/0
+
i ~{zVY __q!*
%Zex
as6Z
ZgF{c*
i

KZg@*
Zax
awh[fXg7.
Za^q
-Z
~Zi M V;z c*
x
a [fTX XZa Vc*
gF+F,
$
KZ g@*
0
+
iih
+]
.K Za e
$h
+]
.
VX 7x
aJ
-Z~V'X tZ
Zb~[fSe7**
Za^]g
) !*
}o
4
gzZ WPgG]|9~y

Mzg@*
qZa a {g!*
]gV;zX v:Z C IY]g
X6,
yZa[
$
g M ~w kZzz kZ Se **
7VY Za ^ q
-Z ]gCc*
dZt wZ~
C
kZ1X Zi M {z:^]gTc*
Zi M {zVa{g !*
]gT {o ~ Zi M
yZgzZ 0
+
i
ZgyY **
Jh1= yq
-Z YZ @*
xZ A
$ C]gza Y~9J (,]g Zi M
M KZ
]}7Za a {zz 6%]g ~The Law of the people[ ~y
Za^ }~qdZ]g X g{: Za^ Vz%( ]gh
+]
.)
X 7avZa9J (,
{zq
-Z'}Za^Ug6gzZ g7.

7m
c*
gZzggrZ Zwi

bV:gzZyWyt:
p {],
Z
Zn ZwZ
# [Punishment]Zw~yC
d
$@*
C
6,
i
]ZgZZZ}
.spsgzZsAkZg Z}],
Z kZyZx #
sZ
Z <
50

Hc*

!Zj ]y
M sp(C
a}zZZiZkZ Cc*
i
/Z~AkZ c*
,@*
]c*
ZzggzZ
C Za k(Z Z}
.sp{zCYS7,
]c*
M ~b [ @*
ZZgZ~~0
+
isZ }
.spX
~*` Mz!*
wZzigzZozZ~gziF,
xaZgqZ0
+
i~gkZ7zy
KZ
p ~xsZy +F,
{+F,
{+F,
y M
t:qC~Vzy:

d
$]c*
Zzg gZZ +
M Zg+
M qzg KZ [Totality]~ =KZt 7 [Abstract Law]yyt
C:z!*
yy M ZZX @*

/{B]y
WggzZ]ggLZ]Z
D7t{z+
M qzgn
pg f x [ ~ s{zVY M
h7+[f]!*
t
\A+
/E#wVkZ ~Totality=yt:Z
C
i+g~NACLZg*eG
Y wEZ+gs
/Zp @*
Y0#t CY w$
+{kZ MB*eZ
# +g{zp
M qzggzZ0
+
+
iisZZ
# yt:~=]g@*
$sZbZ!*
d
$
Zz]
XCYgzZ|:ykZ;gB

~* bt:~Vz!fp2Z+F,
J{c*
i
t:~M%ZgzZ[f
{gZZ t:gzZ bZ
Hc*
Z U +
M qzg]Z<
{gZZ b~[fY J
gzZ {c*
i
X7xIgzZZqzgtrZgzZs[Z
ZzgzZ Agreement~qg q
-Z'b
7qzgZ t Contract{@ Z
$$
+
Z~kZ Z
N YZ]
.5Zg:gzgBewJ
-Z
# 7}ug Eternity e
xsZX [Civil Agreement]{@Z-q
-Zt <
L wgt: 7{zZ}
.gzZqzgIZtX
)gfbaZgyEZq
-ZtX @*
7 b%kZ
gEZ+
M b ~
Xg~
A 6,
y M {zV6,
}ikZg
/

:CiZ Zzg7
ZgZ~xsZ
*
@YH7Vzg!*
!*
L!*
]5x}gZZ kZ {gZZ ]c*
Zzg !*
gZ b!*

yztZgZZ yZ0
+{~ 0
+
i sZ
E4)7gzZ f ?g K\yZ0
]i Z0
+{ Di)gf[Arbitrators /Conciliator] G
+{~gZ',
51

~i!*
)l ,Z `g FIRs}uzq
-Z%]g
) !*
y
c*
g
/Z ~%]%ZgzZ
XY1
M L{gZZyZ0
+{:M
h{g7!*
]**
kZ*,qz
y 0*
CwgzZC{xZ0
+{)gf2Zw_h
+]
.~iyh
+]
.[f
gzZg]]pZ ]uz +
M qzg xxsZ)gfy6 VZt D~
e 7] u vi q
-ZgzZgq
-Z Cc*
sZ~[Z yw_!*
kZ
Hc*
{
X gyZ

[ $
gce
8bhZYfwZt*
@YH7Vzg !*
!*
L!*

~k
B yZyX~
tb
gVggzZV-&
+
u] MZ'
ggzZW~yZgzZ]Zz~
sZ]gsZusZ[ $
g~[ZkZpHwEZg!*
g!*
B]ap
pgx
/

gzZ :XZr
# yZyZZ\ M c*

x
/
zyZybWZV-&
+
:H7kZ~&
+
sZ
X]gzp
pg{0
+
i6,
g<
Lq
-Z` MiHzuVzgZgzZz gfZzf

:74
c*
g~]50
+
i
KZ
x
c*
gn w>zL
t X
Hc*
7g(Z
c*
g ~AO~<sZ
~gZ$c*
gzZ]~g7kZ._%yZ
c*
geAkZbTz w>ts
X7g(Zp
Z
c*
g}fB
~ 0
+
i
<sZ g xCZZf y6,}],
ZC
0
+
i

c*
gh
+]
.
LZ~ zg VhCgzxVmZ ZzggzZ VZ ]g@*
Zzg C YYZzgZZZ
2ZyZgzZ g4Z~{[Zp
[Z
c*
g )gf~iyh
+]
. ]iYZipb)
Xceb &Z~gTt~(,
~gt~~gxsZ
?KVY
2ZV~gEZ
w)gf2Z+F,
x3,4c*
g6,
xZ
[Zi
Z VrZVO%Zz8g- c*
~Z~ Z
m,
Z ~m,
z{z{ZpV~gEZx
sZ]g@*
YZzgZzg V;zX[Colonies]]c*
!*
WgzZHV~~*gzZ^y*zy
X Y7
Zg{Z',
6,
xZX
c*
g)gf2Zy
Z H aZ2ZI
52

 ?gzZ )gf VpZ ~iZ0

+Z 4
c*
g ~ kZ E {C " ~ 2Z
-xZgZMZzg(ZyZq
J
c*
g@*
Yf?m
Zg{Z',
xZ{c*
i]Zg(Z
~g
Zg{Z',
VwCY~]
.)ZJ
-Y1901~F,ZxYfsgzZs(C
X7
gzZs7~ k, ]gZ}gZZwgzZDX *
@Y6,
zZnV @*
Wn6,
zZy~
c*
gh
+]
.X
wgzZ D x V~gEZXz g(Z {],
Z VZxX ~ k, Y fs
X
H0*
',
Y~',
zd ZY fwzDXc*
4VZxYf
ZgzZ{ogXXX
Z~ VZ *a J(,

c*
gh
+]
.jV~gEZ ~ ~,Z
wgzZCpxZ4c*
g
ZsZgzZgzZ<
HH aZ 2ZKg(Z j
:VYsZ{z{Zp
c*
gh
+]
.X xW
zC
~K6,
ry2z%V
] C7}u6,xZ

/yZx#

c*
g~wxkZ H7**
akZz2Z
*
@Y6,
zZn @*
7sn6,
zZb[f fy Lgk0*
?Yf~gZZg(Z
wJe~yyZc*
b c*
2ZakZZ$
7,
'Y
c*
g~]gZ

a]kZZxt~ a
ZafyZgzZ
Hc*
)gf~iM M

X g_V1sf`g
Colonialism and its form of knowledge (Bernard Cohn)Z eg **
',

(1)

H
' ( 2)

Rule of Experts (Timothy Mitchell).

Tool of Impire (--------)ge

( 3)

CCtX ~gz_V1sf `g6,

kZ 2ZZzg
c*
gh
+]
.~y*zy
Hy
c*
gh
+]
.
ScandleofImpire (Nicholas Dirks)ge(1)

Despotism

of

Law Crime & Justice in Early (Radhika Singha)4`

Zg ( 2)

Colonial India 1757- 1857

?n
pgVYZ
c*
g 0*
Yf
HHq6,x**

xsZ y 0* 1|7,
c*
gxsZ y 0*
!*
it
c*
gs
53

:

c*
gkZw,Y fZn
pg6,
}kZY f 0
+
i~gxsZ #] ] F ] Hy 0*
ggz6,
y 0*
xsZw yYKZ
c*
g Cc*
sZ *Z {z}9:t
K
c*

gkZY fX {os7DzVgzZzbXz{YbzgqOzw
C~gZzyZ
c*
g
kZBY ftzg
c*
gpz:,:Te*: {z{ M6,
y!*

aD
C Hk Z ~i y kZ C VY C y
c*
gh
+]
.X`|7,
,\W g@*

c*
g x TY H_ Pure Theory of state and law[ KelsonakZ
X VY (ZY ftzg
: #y 0*
Jw_x
x w_x ZyZ 4
c*
g sZ kZ kg Z Y fs x
c*
g
t{)zVyZk
,
ZgzZkzgM%Z]g ]yZ#y 0*
+" zJ

6,
D: ZZ6,x **
NGOs V)s y 0*
gzZ V1y 0*
6,g

y{g F Y *X CB [fLgzZ uLkzg LM%Z L~g^ F,

.
x yZ Tg
X C
!*
y 0*
7g0
+Zy 0*
/Z%~g Z zyZXg}~kzg;Z;gzZ]g nc*

g {+
:mxsZgzZy 0*
c*

g
xsZX {g 7Z DkZ xsZtg66,
ex **
h
xsZagzZ KZ
c*
gh
+]
.Z
# Z E<Xm7 XZJ
Z
-Z {Zuz Z46,x
c*
gtaq LZ ZzZ: Zg6 ])kZ
q x- { Z s w *
@Y Hp)g f 46,x Z @*
Za X Y
c*
g
Zgw7
-eZp
Hs {E
+Y 65m k
B ~]Zg Zmb ~ c mb y 0*

}g S] Zg ZX Y c*
o{g !*
za
/V26,x mb ~ ip
r$
+
BB
z]F,
]c*
gz4c*
gg D
~]gg 3Z}pJ
-V F+
$Y#

X 7wZ Sg
wD Za 46,x {g !*
z [Z ~ {z ~gz sC %6,Za x- wD Z)
6,R!*
B7~gpZyZ %6,RzawD Zx- ~Y 2016 kC]gz
X Y c*
oy wD Z ]gzZ
# X
HzJ
-Vzg Z Z (syZ tQZyZ %
54

7 Zj|
# sZ
c*
g 0*
~ The Tinder Box[KZ ZZ * Z
uF,
@*
Zw @g !*
F
c*
g Q
z] xsZaY gzZY g Z]KZZ Ze
$.{z
"_
. sJ
-Z
c*
g t;g 7[xit 1w
)g f46,x b
]q Z gzZ V sZ Z ~g " _
.a ] gzZ w_ Cq **
Z
CYq**
Z 4c*
g )g f
?DY|(,
VY2zY fDhgg
g LZY f1 D 0*
{ Z 9Z~ Vg L Z Y ft @*
Za t wZ~
Cq
-Z V
c*Vzg Z Z C1 cg7g }g Z ZA;gE- wjZVzg Z Z
c*
g ZBZDZ LZhg{ Z 9
x CY qz (, ~!]1]Z%Z 9Y f7
-eZ N Y { M6,x Z ] }
.~ V
X i ZY f 4ZX}g Z Z ~g u)gzZ ~g uX
c*
g
Wzzq
;gq]1]Z% g "gzZ { Z 99zgV: V;zgzZ Wz6,~;gE-
/Z
Zw]!*
kZxz ]Z% x Z}g Z Z c*
c*

g Y `~g {g !*
z hg;gE- 7
-e Z
H Z VY #
}
.x kZ
H` VYC
!*
x kZ {z
y Z % $
+( Place ( ) yk Y fX
? $
(Z
c*
gsZq
-Z HX M~]!*
t *
@Yw$
+VY ( Statusx )x
:msZ]g ZgzZY f ~sZ
:p6,
g~sZY f
D YZ{c*
X X2 zgzZ }C
x iZCY ~ , YY f~sZg Zz
gzZ xsZ {z t~y
M {z T K eg **
', }gt Y fx Zg7
c*
gX
DC
{z 7yZ 6 @*
C ~V1 FKZ ' V1Vz%6,6
! fF}~ F,
kZ ~ ekZ @*
WZ ?gzZ Y f{gt~y
M gzZ @*
{gt ]4Vg "
7p {
!*
D C~ kZgzZ {
!*
VLZ {z K
Z%{zVzg ]g \
X **

Z',
]g OZ~w]Z%akZ @*

u5Z Zg Z z ~ F,
D Z yZ Y f x Zg7 z a Y f~sZ
Hxz M Zg fx yZY fgzZ
Hc*
~bZ
X F,
~
c*
gh
+]
.gzZ ]1~h sgx ZR,
F,
+]
h
.
55

X W%6,
qs zZ~Shariah Theory and Practice t '} ZbZz
H
4Z *
:
rgD]ZC G
5G3E
0 {z

+6,gY f6,yZ]
$
.)zkg ZgzZY f u5Zs zZx Vzm,
Z~y*zy

} (,
~sZX yZ Z (, yZtgsz^~#
}
.+Y f z!*
kZ c*
wq

G
x X xEgzZG
0xE *
@YHt]y
M DgzZ :XZD~V'Zzgx (',
Z',LZ {
!*
V Zz * s7]yZb~d
$X D Y"xE~V'Zzg
X n
pgmxsZ c*
Jc*
3 c*
{zVZb} (,~g @*
sZ @*
Y 7
z!*
kZp_ Science and civilization in Islam [ @Z ea]
X 7bmxsZ 7~+JgzZ!3sZ
g @*
kZ: HZ~ kZ: Hg (ZZ: 3g 7!*
]Zg qF,
bd
$y
gzZV Y m
CZ
xi Zg I: b kZwa s
# (g U*M yZ:K }g Z Za]6,g U*MyZ: p
4Z !*
Ym
CZtc*
xE!*
] G
5G3E
VrZ HhZzs
# (kZu: Zsg
X "
$U*
qmy M
g @*

G
0xE~V'Zzg
y.yZ *
@Y Art and Craft gzZ j wtigy.gzZG
D|
# z
y.LZ }C
x2 zt?fakZ sophist ~y**
- CY7]+C

gzd
$ **
- ]c*
Zzg Zt
H ~(, **
wzz y. c*
D~ e
$Zzg {)z o ZcTg Z y#Z
X ~wZzi

rgD0
+
i|]| ~$
+Zz i Z| @*
{z~V'ZzggzZZ (,

4Z zqZ
4Z
[Metaphysics ] G
5G3E
# .
$ @*
BZ(,Zz]!*
Z]Z C G
5G3E
E
~[fpX
Hc*
HV uxE 0VZbgzZb DZ (,

M of Presence]

fgzZ]V;zj~g Ztux pgq]:V ZbJ

- s
Zgg Zpz ?f V;z VZb[ Z Z Zz ]{ c*
i {ztu{ c*
ik0*
Ttus: e
X 77
:7] V Zb~ [f
56

Z~[f [Scientists]yZbp *
@Y **
YDF,
',b S~xsZgzZ ~ *
" Z% V-&
+ V G3I
+
g Risk Managers i !*
< ] CY 7]
gzZ [Showbuisness Stars] Vz&
{zgzZ ~ s~ [Modren Age]h
+]
.*gzZ[f: e ]X C [Sports men]V- h
kZ {)z ~h gz ZVc*
+
&
gkZ D i !*
<{ c*
i
@*
0*
]{ c*
i {z @*
{ c*
i X
-ZzZ@}4{ c*
q
i V Zb~g ZzZa tuVc*
+
&
ggzZi !*
<Y @*MV Zb
c*
~M%Z sX 7Za tu Z~wVbgE- x M%Z @*
Za tu A
(
vzM ~X) V|DR~(,F * C Za tu A~ wq
-ZJ
-4X
?E
XN[ EG
k'7Zatu Z 6,
gZ
World wide porn revenues topped 97 billion Dollar in 2006. That is more than
the revenues of Microsoft, Google. Amazon, e Bay, Yahoo, Apple, Net flix &
Earth link combined. [Chris Hedges., Empire of illusion : The end of literacy & the
triumph of spectalce , Nation Books USA 2009, p. 58]

{ Z 9e Zz;gE- ',
X } Zatu{ c*
i A Z [Salaries/wages]]`
Z { c*
i Z
4E
4E
4E
Aw E
5H
-ZX @*
q
7Z e&e ZzgzZ @*
Z e&: aw E
5H
aw E
5H
;gEX
?-4k
q~The impire of illusion [KZEG
X $
Za 7~V Ftu Z',
@*
Zatu
E

The football coach is Berkeley's highest paid employee. He makes about 3

million dollar. [p. 94]

-4X
?E
Z eg ZD
&~&
+
g+F,
dZq
-Z~M%Z q~Illusion of Love[ !*
[ ZEG
k

aC

[ c kZp *
@Y sex worker{g *Mg 6Z<g MZ` M X C
X +4
The porn stars make anywhere from 1500 dollar to 3000 dollar an hour as
prostitute. [p. 68, ibid]

t M: *Z O%Zq
-Z Z eg ZD
36 M : Zizg kZ }x ] {g !*
: Zizg ~&
+
gt
/Z

@*
Z eg eg ZD
{,z s~wq
-Z=r^g*4O%Z CZ eg ZD
Zk: ; ~&
+
g
t [tolerance]
Z',ZX ;g Y HIg { k
HgzZ { k
H~}Y
Huz[ Z ~&
+
g
hq h Vz , x }',}uz ,x ( \ M X zUwYC
}o ~ Zi M
hC
@*
C
t @*
7 [Good] h , e \ M ` u [Right]
57

%KZ}:g66,g (Z}uz}g (ZpZ~ 0

+
i CZ f KZ [Good] & [Right]
qZ @*
7 p" c~Vs}uzX M
he **
g (ZT\ M g (Z ~ Zi M
X Vzg Z Z (gzZx h
+]
. b '
xgzZVZb} (, q
-Z M wq
-Z zFg7Z~[f ]!*
t @
X C{ c*
i M 0
+
i ~g7
There are now sports heroes who make more of a salary in one year than the
greatest westren scientists or scholars will do in his or her life time. [S. H. Nasr:
A Young Muslim's guide to the modern world, Suhail Academy Lahore, 1988, p.232]

}{ e- ep @*
Z eg ZD
43~wq
-Z *Zx q
-Z wjZ~M%Z qw&
+ g

*4 M +F,
Z
M%ZZ ewZ M: kZ @*
!*
x Z
/
z6,
e ]Zg
25~ wq
-Z ~ e Q yn,
z 8q
-ZgzZ @*
Z eg eg ZD
{,z s~ wq
-Z=r^g
gZ e
/ The average schoolteacher in the United States makes about $43,000 per year.

David Letterman, the late-night talk show host, earns $31 million a year.
/ John Roberts, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, is paid $217,400 a year.
Judge Judy, who has a reality television show, makes $25 million a year.
[Justice, What's The Right Thing To Do?, Michael J. Sandel ,p.162]

"7,
-]ZgawT,I*
J
*x {zc*
,I**
YwjZa ~wq]gkZ

X Y{ C" M yZTX 7]gz

rugzZ
]ZgZz * +40
+
ig +4 M +4gzZ ]y
M xsZa \ M Z
# ~ VjZ sZ
: !*
@*
" V Z)a0
+
ig ` M
/Z ?}g (Zgy^ D s
@*
q
-Z s (Concept of Good)g~ d
$C
]c*
}g :
L kZ Se *
*g (Z
^zz [Abstract] ~h
+q
-Z
z T ~ Zi Mg [f pZg d
$sZ
x h
+]
.gzZ 7e w ~ Zi M%bu-[Capital] tu {z [Concrete] k^~uz [Vote]
tuxtD Za [Corporate slaves]a!z {
a~g Ztu}g Z Z {kZgzZ
} bT *
@Ysg 0*
c*
g bTX Tg7.
gzZ WgzZ Z~ Zi M
s 46,HgzZ 46,*
3C
!*
d h
+]
.bZ @*
cg g s M 6,}i kZ^
58

X Chz

Ccg
@*
q
-Z: eZnY 36,C
6,T ekZ [Good] c~

t wZ~
CB=A~ Vs}uz A=Bt kZ B',
Z', *gzZ + Z
#M
h7z L: e
*+tkZ',
Z',
Vz
/Z?Y36,
6,
e+*c*
Y36,
6,
e*+
+
h
.{z+C~pZ(gzZu}F,
]
ZZg76,
e*z+~q)ZE<X
g!*
6,
6,
e
(n ^]~g+ZYM ( m^q l^nuq a]n}B F,
igzZyzd
$
Te7e._+~Vs}uz_ of l^nu~z0
+ygzZ ] ]
M
X 7Zg7q<~g<7<
L zy M
XTeJe._LZ+
[Women Worship] 46
,{ gzZ [Materialism]46,{ 46,* {z x **
~ yJZ kZ +a

[Re construction of Religious y h

+]
.+ Z P 46,HgzZ

z uF,
a w+4 0
6,*
/Z 5~g X ~g Y gzgzix d
$C thought]

zC
;g[Brain Drain]=Z $;fxsZ
/Z F,
AzZkZ
/Zx ~[Zg Z
]y
M *Y',
Z',
*z+ {o*tZg :
L kZ [0
+
iCZ
/Zw{ c*
i{ c*
i
] o u ^n] o ^i] ^e @*M ~y M
Ie
$h
+]
.~+ * ZX ~
6,
x Meccanomicsx **
6 [Z Islamic Capitalism[g zd
W@Z e u
}g [[f C{ M g U*M C
bh
+]
.xi ZsZ c*
xsZ: Zg Ztu~* sZ M
{ 6,g[6fp I6,RC
bgzZg ZZz ]Z ` Zzgzxg gg +Z}g Z Z (
Xx46,
gsZ ZgzZ x~0
+
ig 0
+
ig +4 M { c*
ig! f\ M Z
#
a\ M }I
Cg 6Z47V ~ ]gp e\ M `C
H~kZ,wJ6,
g
X VXb ~T,g (ZgzZc , Z {z:XN Y{g~hz F,
tVYF7+
+
iY
-6, Z}
.0
+
ig [Accumalation of Capital]i g Z tu [Freedom]~ Zi M 0
{z DX [Hendonism] 46,]]zHgzZZ~ HDI [Worship of standard of Living]
~0
+
ig 0
+
iZ
# ?{Z
+H D,Z Xb Z
/Z| 7, Z X A ~hZgzZ F,
T
59

 c*
9{ ZpyZZgzZ {oC
$
Yy!*

]c*
Zzgg ZZyd
$ t Z+{kZ Z
X 7q
-Z p
pg6,RV7 *z + Se *
* Z Z5 7q
-Z 46,* C7q
-Z kZ
TgZ~ Vwz@*
I ZT e 7*
* Z ZZ 1 x
7q
-Z 46, bZ !*
+?] xsZ ~~VjZsZ}g
h
) !*
t~
CkZKV7]Zg ZzX
X7^
g VyZt Z
*
@YH?fV Zb~M%Z
7]yZ C] ZZ Hs yZ C?f bV Zb#
~ M%Z
# 7, r The Collaps of Western Civilization]kZ CIVY
XWz6,
g @*
~;gE-egzg ;
A crucial but under-studied incident was the legal seizing of notes from
scientists who had documented the damage caused by a famous oil spill of the
period, the 2011 British Petroleum Deepwater Horizon. Though leaders of the
scientific community protested, scientists yielded to the demands, thus helping
set the stage for further pressure on scientists from both governments and the
industrial enterprises that governments subsidized and protected. Then
legislation was passed (particularly in the United States) that placed limits on
what scientists could study and how they could study it, beginning with the
notorious House Bill 819, better known as the Sea
Level Rise Denial Bill, passed in 2012 by the government of what was then the
U.S
. state of North Carolina (now part of the Atlantic Continental Shelf) Meanwhile
the Government Spending Accountability Act of 2012 restricted the ability of
government scientists to attend conferences to share and analyze the results of
their research. Though ridiculed when first introduced, the Sea Level Rise
Denial Bill would become the model for the U.S. National Stability Protection
Act of 2025, which led to the conviction and imprisonment of more than three
hundred scientists for endangering the safety and well-being of the general
public with unduly alarming threats. By exaggerating the threat, it was argued,
scientists were preventing the economic development essential for coping with
climate change. When the scientists appealed, their convictions were upheld by
the U.S. Supreme Court under the Clear and Present Danger doctrine, which
permitted the government to limit speech deemed to represent an imminent
threat. Had scientists exaggerated the threat, inadvertently undermining the
evidence that would later vindicate them? [Nomi Oreskes & E. Mcnway The
collapse of western civilization: a view from the future , Columbia University
Press. New York, 2014, p. 13, 14]

[Worship of capital]-6,
tu<
Z
c*
gh
+]
.
60

Z
[zZM%Z [ zZ ~,g VZX C46,
u<

c*
gC
* xi Z yg e
X
H{g *
*Z~tusgzZs<

c*
gQZggzZig 8u[zZkzg[zZ
46,
utuzba tup
Dp
]p

c*
gh
+]
.Z e)g fF,
s
tut [Concrete] k^q
-Z
z }o ~ Zi M kZ c*
{o*
! ~ Zi M [fX C
~ [Capital]tugzZ [Wealth]
zg Zz [Vote]^zzt[Abstract]~h
+q
-Z [Capital]
g ZZ s 7 "Z gzZ M p
z tu C 5Z'gzZ z
z t
~
C
X x **
e
$KgzZ kzzmwt @*
{g [Numbers]
Zt@*
0*
7C
!*
buy
KZgzZ
8xCZy
KZtup Cxy
KZ
z
~ p Zy M
X 1Z CZC
I)I u w bu @7~', ]gzp
HDI, GNI, GNP, GDP
c*
gh
+]
.]g r~
Cz
c*
gh
+]
.Lg gzZtuX ^ q

]K]Z Z V Z]} (,20* 6,V eyZq B

bg6,V e BMI
wZ
~iug.Z
p [ kZ 7,
Mismeasuring our lives [ a
4]
1H
gzZ EG
Zsi ~T ^g7g z{~iu[[ tZX i_[ kZakzu
X
] +C
%Z
p
gzZ tup

p
ZnzZ
c*
gh
+]
.ZxgzZ~0
+
ig V
H Zz wVq
-Z t
]g ~g Zi !*
Vz ZzggzZ Lg {tu ]gzZ kZD
X YY
:Ca[Needs]]gz[Production]g ZzZa ~Vz Zzg
Use ValuekZ wZ
]g Y Zv ` **
Z I ~ V Vz Zzg
Exchange Y H|
# z
6,o: Z I$
/Z VwEZa]c*
gz

V Y Zt

X C MaVzq` wEZ~y
M value
45
5H
G
Exchange ! ng7 Use Value wEZ gZ [Production] g ZzZa ~ xi Z F
**
tu z tu @*
*
* J (,g Z zZa h
+'
kZ 7a wEZ g ZzZa @*
value
[Mean to

=g f w tu Accumalation of Capital for the sake of capital

61

Z {z:
H tu{ c*
i Z k0*
VakZ *
@Y0End in ItselfpMZ &
+
7an end]
X tuCZ~Vzk
,
)**
b
0*
{zZ{ M6,
: M
h3:M
hwEZ
: {oh
+]
.Zx~0
+
ig
7I{z1 YqC
0
+
ig 9
yZp: gg0
+Z LZV]ZC
Z}V
KZ{z *
@YakZn}i~~

Z KZ: g VZ {Z
#
+kZ: nZg Ztux q VZ {Z
+Vzuz: CVZ {Z
+
+Zx t6,
gpX qgzZt Z**
YZa "y~0
+
ix kZg {Z
+yZ0
+{x o
g {LZ ( 1) A 7(Z
q
-Z ~}}g7 \ M Z @*
Za ns{z Y7Za Vi
( 3)Le *
*:0
+
ig {LZ A 7 M (Z ( 2)Le:Z~kZt!*
6,0
+
i
g {LZ A 7 M (Z ( 4) Le **
xgzZ 0
+
ig { LZ A 7 M (Z
rg [c*
zig M g kZ c*
qZp 6,R 0
+
ig ~
V [ $
g 0
+
i
gq ___

g T M
hg (Z v 0*
tg (Z s0
+
ig [f1 Yg (Z C
0
+
ig ~
V [ $
*
*ZZ7TYW6,
c*
zswz[ZpwgT7I{ze
zC
w0
+
i
X[Z 46,
gigzZhzZ W,
g!xZ[fZ~hzqZq
- ZC
7en
{ ne
$.}o! f&:tu{ c*
i{ c*
i F,
~ Zi M
c*
Vg] Z<
yZ0
+{Vzo&yZ
| (,{ c*
i ]**
kZ u1 CY| (,Choices ~ x : Zg ZtugzZ Lg
Choices~g Zi !*
~Lg
c*
gh
+]
.ZDg Zi !*
s~VzZzgD Y
-Cx~g Zl
ZzY Z ,qV
a
W3pC

~ Zi M Choices C
Optionss7Choices{z nZ Z6,
xsZq
- j~ j
X Choices{ C" Lg x : Zg Ztu
c*
gh
+]
.X ~ Zi M oz}o
*
@Y~c Z1@*
7xVkZ
L {z @*
Za
L dZ~T}6,7p
Lg 7a~g Z',
\LZ7aV LZ
L t \ M { c*
i 7kZVVY
7a#
}
.V7a]gz g ZzZa \ M H Za a Exchange Valuea
62

]c*
Zzg ]VVgx y
KZ *
@Y c*
w Z
# Bf kZX awbus
O\!*
V zZ ;gO ^Y^I ~Vzy}g` M Z Ytu]z gZZ
Vzo!fh
+]
.& tu{ c*
i {c*
igzZ F,
~Zi M( !*
g ZxyZ0

+{C
g
X YXC
yC
qC
*uF,
VzoyZ
@*
ZawgzZ46,
$ZZ{o~ ZiW
e
x **
8{VmZIZzgxw
[Civil Society] w~ b Z ! f& g {g~} +F
,
?f q
-Z
KZ g @*

X [Contracts]}@gzZ Self interests]Z s

C]x VX @*
Y
-Zt
}@ D Zg7 ZX w [Contractarian Society]{ CZ@q
~ wh t :VY ~} t : ~ c*
Vx
HY {@q
-Z '~
D Y
~k%ZX ~ VYt := 7VYt : ? OakZVg%~ F,
qVz
[oral contract]!*
i {@tVY g SGg gzZ OV x yZ KZ
X ~igzs
sgzZ CY Z Z0
+{D z
/ # Zzg I ]g @*
x ~ w
[Z
CD
Z t CW~ z [Contratarin Collectivities] Z CZ@
wq y
KZ,Z z @gzZ Zi Wq
-Z ~ * kZ [ Z ~I e
$ ZZ
i Vg
Real VmZ ZX Y7 0
+
i% |
# KZgzZ% Z y
KZ VY ]gz Z

cZ Z^k# NGO'S2- qCk

,
+z ZgzZh
5
+]
. Pt w Collectivities
I
E
4E
k
5
E
G

X *
@Y{)zcZZ z6,
zW6,
W
Wz6,
gV Z Vh1 Vz
Z
/I V-h VgVAXu{ E
+ Z Z eZ t
NGO'S gzZ Z V {)z {)z { E
+ Z ]xsZ ! bZ0*
u Vz`
@*
Vz`
Wgz'
Y C

X gg (Z]gkVz7zgp
kZ|
#
~waZCib)kZgzZ |
#
C
ZgzZ NGO'St
}uzq
-ZvZ
# ~wX #
|
# Z eg |iz C status%Y gzZc
63

wX X *
@Y c*
{ i Z0
+Z %Y \Wc x \WD H\ W @*
t wZX
~uz Z q
-Z J
-] Z {z Z Sg r$
+C 7x|
#
~
cZ Z ~uz NGO gzZcZ Zq
-Z ~ Z
Lg @*
Dt LZv~ NGO ~uz c*
MI
Y CgzZ ;gx a *Z Y0 *Z ;g]]_a LZ~ Z Y C D
5!
D
Y0g ZZge Zz Y ^
,6,} OZ}g Z Z (
/Z s Z
{ OZgzZ s VmZVzyZ[ZX @*
e
$]]_{ E
+ Z6,
g *ZgzZ Y C6,
g
q
-ZX }s ]Z { E
+ ZzY CgzZ~h]Z OZt[ Z }x CZwg Z
IE
4&Y],
kZ Y
~Z Vh1 ~Z ilF
g
8 }n Z&~ w
kZV: W,
O ] Z VzuzwbkZ ]Z LZZ |
# kZ g r$
+|
#
gzZZ
+Z ]Z LZ
zC
@*

6,
6w q Y Z C]_q
-Z
C
Zg Dq
{g wxgzZ VU WVp~ end in itselfZ 0
+
i kZ @*
ua]Z%

X CY,gx +
M qzg !*
g Z~T @*

( t t *
@Y c*
rz
` Z'
, ZgzZ}, Z
,Z)g fgt
KZ
z ~ q
-Z sgzZ s
q
-Z ~ kZ Politics of Rights& Culture of Rights p
m V**
Vg] Z qzg+
M qzg kZ @*
Z 46,{ kZ *
@Y0Metrial being
{a Zy

sgzZs{(Z ZX @*
[Self Worship]-6,
KZ~6LZs
Lg7
wEZ ~ sgzZ s] Vg y
KZ ] ] V @*
Consumer Society
$E
'qC
gzZ *
@Y0 commodity q
-ZmgC
X *
@Y 0G
Commodification
ZD Y]!*
.]z%]g*x Z Z VgX Ca~z* gzZ}Z
_
+~ wEZ
Civil } @w C]gzy ZJ
-Z
# D Ysp~]gzZsg
\!*
V

\!*
V @*
N*
g^ ~[fZD Y^ I gt D]gzTg !*
gtContract
wN VYD Y ~xzZ D h1\!*
V X *
@Y Z D!*
LgB
]gz Comodity T @*
Za Disposable Culture p Zz~kZ @*
7Zz
~ Zi W~I e
$ ZZ { Z *
@Yc*
N
Z hY Z g " bT *
@Y c*
N Z 7
64

kZ X Vg C,p ,Z , qzgx )g f(individualism,freedom,hedonism)

p RV **
**
Z ZQ *
@Y0\ !*
{zQ @*
^
q
-Z~VmZ Zzg@',

}a
Ba
KZ%gzZ ]g ]gnX Y7 Z L Z KZ {z~
qC
gzZ ]gC

E
4G
58gzZ
X Sg +
$YyWG
]VgyZ b|
# ggzu
pgzZTg
{o[fZxz~0
+
ig
Hc*

i Z I[ Z}okZ 0
+
ig
7{ c*
i
kZVV;z]\ M 7{ Zz6,
\ M Vxz]v~\ M
C]Z q
-Z tu { c*
i oV;zVY,
@]y*zy o LZ\ M A
butzg Lg 7 !*
wZ g ZZ ]Z n Zg @*
Z p
x~tu
{g ]V V ~ y*zy Z Cx
c*
g: Zg ZtuX [Slavery of Capital]
7%4c*
g @*
x Wnk
HV {g @*
Hc*

uzg
/UVzg
V;z
X <_ Development Dictionary~ekZ $
^
! f!*
kZ X
H1wJ6,ggI q
-Z ~ xsZ Z gzZ x~ 0
+
ig
H `C
~kZ$
]Zh
+V;H
IF,
xsZg Y~fz@*
I 6,
}o
bTX M
h1
M 7LBq
-Z]ZgzD Yw Zzt 7,1B F,

Hw$
+: i ?
g4]y
MkZ 6,
wZkZx C
*gzZ Y~ F,
6,*]y
M ZM
h7',
Z',
L*gzZ]y
M
# Z~tu ~ Zi M F,
bZ!*
7c*

+ <
N YEnd it themselvesN Y0gpZ
kZ
c*
gh
+]
.gzZ g 3 [Zp F,
z~ *zkZd) Zh
+]
. ]XN Y e
$Zzgg
Anyone who believes growth can be

!k K Bouding gwJ6,gs@

infinite in a finite world is either a mad man or an Economist

7[Consumer society]{a Zy

~d
$ *
;gzx0
+
ig LZ ;gZ~tuLZ]ZgzsgzZs
C
oC
*
-Z'{z @*Masy{z 7y
q
KZ~y Z Lg {z
z { c*
i { c*
iaT
~h
+y
k0*
kZ Lg @*
+y
h
,q 5NZQgzZX @*
~ yh
+y
, q Consumer sg
65

kZg tu
%]g 7!*
z~ ! f

zwEZ Vzq
~]Zpt X
zgzZ { c*
i ] ZpY
q
-ZC
D7 }g7 ]YZy
Zz!*

gzZ Lg T CY Za 6,gzi Y )g Z c*
z] :ZX ]Zg 3Zt 7Zz

Z et500P: ]Zg 3Z~ * @*

C' Delusion of Economics g%- +
F,
!~g Ztuy * V1Zp]Zp] Zg 3Z (p.145 Zed Books London)
+ X
kZ Z(, Z1 5u Lg ~ What money cant buy [ KZ w&
!*
]Z Lg ]~g p[Market Economy]Lg u~g @*
7ti
X Z
Y W7x Z~tugzZ]ZW',
]ZWg+D
?C7VY 46,
ukg ZgzZY f
c*
g
}g Z
/0
+
i{ Ze?fq
-Z VZ ZLg J
-]Zg q
-Z et
gzZ \ !*
V Z6,} &
+
e: Vc*
5Y 0 pe
$.uF,
]Z Lg M ~ yLZ gzZ
gw'{w'L lx ZwaZDi Z0
+Z W,
Z6,]Z y
KZ jl} rZ6,Vg
W$v"(,
Choices X CY| (
,
u1CY| (,
Choices~} : Zg ZtuX M
h 7
Vz: Zg Ztu)0
+
ig Vz: Zg ZtuX ^]g @*
tp *
@Y0
+
ig VBt
74 VzI Zzg
~ quantity g Zlst 1 Cg ZzZa kZuZgpV;zX @*
1]gzp~ suZgpt{g 6,gCQ GMFX C+F,
+e
$
$.~quality g C
<X C {g **
Z Y Z Cg ~ [f Z E
gzZ g " {'
$
+!*~ **
Z 0
F,Z b
Z] HZ f
7h
+y
7Z Wx X QVZ Q N Z Cg V C (Natural Food Stores)3
Vz Zzg n ZX X X ]: p: BZ f yZ: p9g " VYV]~ [fX Y
F,
ttX D Y}h
+y

tztzf e
$.~* ~g7gzZ[f` **
ZV
{)zy*zyy 0*
7xJ
-wY ZzpgzZ Vc*
! ` **
ZuZgpN Z Zz ]js
#
BZ f lp{V Zz F,
{ i Z0
+Z zkZZX lp6,zkZy
KZ1
Hc*
xz Vzx { vZ6,x **
F,
V
KZX
Kg t Y Y 73gZ Y <
-%q
-Z uZgpt uZgp GMF t :
L V-g F $x ~ [fX 7
66

X CY ~[f6,
e} (,
uZgp Z E<X CY[Zy

-Y 1970 "
J
$f(,~ y 0*
x Z g (ZVh C[f~ [f
V]ZW',z kzugzZ F,Q gi1xV
V|z uZgpXvZ 0*
Yh
+y

~zKb!*
p Y8 |z: Y3V: Yh
+y

: 0*

x q
-Z[ ZY~
F,
+]
h
.gzZ h
+]
.X N Y M 1~uz y q
-Z yZZ Sg C ~Q1 0*
s~T
6,yb!*
%Z M
h 8 |z: M
h3
: vkZ o +F,
Z~|zgzZ
y 0*
~
t
|zM
hlpNNZgzZM
hN {)zk|z
Z *
@YExport M',
-ZX Dh
q
+y
yb!*
[f6,7 u M
gzZ TV b!*
[Import] Wg ~$
+
V d
$gzZ { (Z
F,
q ZVY Y 6,6,e Z~(capital)busgzZ sC
}, ZC
X I Y{zn: ,
F n]Z F,
gzZF,
X Q]F,
X
s Value g Z
# X 7 z g H + kZ gzZ + D~ Lg +Z
c*
g +Z
E x c h a n g e V a l u e ! ng sgzZ sgC
gzZ 8 K ~ OZ ~
X 7C
?$
]Z M',
]Z Mg H ? YYHgzZ Zh
+y
H)g f+D C[determin]
D Xn: [Export/Import] M', MgX CY {g 7!*
Z ~
c*
gh
+]
.D,ZgzZD, Z Z
X D(Z ZnY: HZ p
~tu]
z)g fDT: ~Lg @Tn: |
# z

Z
8 Db( kZ D746,
u + D#

c*
g a ZX *
@Y
7D
C{ E
+ ZakZ CY ~ jkZ~ VjZ ~g u ib
) )
c*
g
+ Z J 7,wZ wz A aX C { c*
i Z 9 { E
+ Zb D YK
A%(ultimate cause/first cause)\zZA 7wZxt
) !*
kZ @*
Yc*

~xi Z yg e : eKp
p6,C
Z
# x Z f xgzZ 46,? Za lp
xi Z yg e
71c*
"
$U*
=e
$z xi Z yg e
7 CY0[ sp=
~} (,
p{ zgC
[f c*
g Z /ZC
BBg Z g ZZ W
{ Z!]1)0
+
i'@*
7 /Z c*
gzZXbMega NarrativesVrZ2
$h
e
+]
.tX h+
G+F,
+{)z Kg Zg el
$
g eg N*
C
yg e
7X Y H V 46,
67

X +u **
{ c*
ixi Zyg e t1
Gxi Zyg e
~} }g ]Y fxE
y 0*
_gzZzg Z ]xsZ~VjZ ~ m,
Z I dZgzZ~ VjZ ~ m,
ZdZ c Z
X C{ E
+ Zc*
ggzZb ~ m,
ZZ 9{ c*
i
CZ 9{ E
+ Z
[Staff

{# yZ ]gZ { E
+ Z zg Z ]xsZ ~ VjZ ; e

Z xzg s 6Z { E
+ Z VZz *
@Y c*
Z !*
} # { E
+ Z }p}uz Room]
kZ ]DTX ]~ VjZ sZ { E
+ Z y 0*
_g zZ zg Z xsZ ~
c*
g sZt D
X,]X{ E
+ Z DkZgzZkZY Cb
[ +F,dZ
{ Z 9
X { E
+ Z y M
~} gzZ Vzy}g wq
7I b { Z 9{ c*
i kZ *Zy M
~ ~, Z' 9zgg ZD
c*
0*
CY ~ *Zy M Z
CY~} *Zy M
X VyX]~y
/Z ? 7VYu~*xsZy7gzZ D
Z)$ y M
CY ~ 7Z Y M *Z bgzZ ~ m,
Z1 sz^ ` M r
# ~
D X ? yg Z)f kZ g0yZ
/Zbzg kZ Z
$ b ~ m,
Z
X X9zgV1g Zi !*
< g 6Z~&
+
g ~h MzV Zb~[fZ7D{znZa :tu
?@*
7IVY#
i 5~;gE- +
Zg%q
-Z {zX r
# ',
? ?gzZ Y 3!*
i F +
zx He
$.q
-Z}g
V;zgzZ
zZg p=k0*
"wD Z Z eWz6,;gE- y ~ ex CZ f
7ZgzZ W,
O +
z}g r
# "g Z}{ E
+ ZZgzZg
X N Y M6,
x \ M BwJ{Wz6,
kZ~@;gE- y\ M
',
?p { M 6, #
i 5 ~g Z {z ]!*
eZ r
# "
{g !*
g ]zZyZ 9zgg ZD
ks{ Z 9~g r
# ?c*
7yZgz Z c*
g Z r
#
9zgg ZD
, r
# ? Zz% 0*
V Zz yk ~9zgg ZD
k X k Z V Zz y kZ ]
~y
M r
# " c*
hg
`
/S]Z%]1 { ;g +4 F,
w#
i5
~gLZ~V~?~c*

r
# ? `C
H~kZ Ctsr
# ?Y7ai
68

 Zz Ma} Z * ZVA
$: o t
/ZX V YJ 7,b~}g Z Z (o \ M VD+
DY C~g Vz VY
zCZ J 7,yZD Ma~
/e s{z g : Y ! : Y C
~,ZT6,
}C
x9zgg ZD
kX { c*
iaZA Y fVzg Z Z (h
+]
.X D M{
vZ IZ~} v Yyzg z Z (, kZ qE
0J4)!~ y 0*

c*
z h
+]
.ce M V ZzvZa0*
gzZ yZ~gC
KC
vZIZqD M 7
$E
X c*
xz0G
kZgzZkZ M kZ0
+
a[

t ^+F,
+ :XZ[Z @*M VhZ @*M 7 V M s[Z vZ6,x
$
X g
2zgY fakZ gxz9#
ZtZ Y2~n%9zx
C46,
uDs
c*
gh
+]
.
Against [ Y Zg McKZ g Z9 C 46
,
u tugzZ b sgzZ s
c*
gh
+]
.
c*

g C46,
ub {z [ Z C46,
u G bT
c*
g ! f~ ~ Method
6q)VZbk~VzC~[Labs]V/ q{z}uF,
46,
ub
q{z CY X VZg~ iq
-Z bT CY bZ *x Z Z -6,yZC
X <
Zg
X 7t
~Voodooz Y i
ZgzZb
~:g Z ]z0
+
i6,
z Y b
Ht Z g @*
sZ~ez Y b r
# ~}g aZh
+

z `z Z g @*
y
KZ D Za ]g '
KZ~xE[Zt [Z* L L
] 172mY 2014] ~:
;g6,
]g '~xE-Z F,
g Z gzZ %kZsq
-Z wZzi
~A Z Z y M
6,b]gzZ 0
+
i V
KZ M 7~VgvZgzZvZ ]!*
t
7 XZ 9~b g @*
7yZb! 9 ]7g#
Z
bkZ}pL ~kg Z Ig
/! pz V%]0
+
i %bZ Y m
CZ
X ?6,
Hr
# ~x H}c*
?6,
z
H#
Zt H X C~V-gE- bT7
#
Z ~g7~zgg
$ukZDtr
# ~Y76,
HLq )Z #

Z ~ g
$u
161mY 2014] ~: e**
tY6,
H

69

o Z._ VZ LZ r
# ~x H}%Z g6,e
$Z@ #
Zt kZ
LZ {zlX 79{oi yZ 9#
Z ` hg{ Zg e
$Z@ {z 6,e
$Z@ #
Z
z
Y f
e
ggzZCZ ._q )Z#
Z {zZ$
76,
H#
Z ~g7 f
ep6,wZ
~: $vZs ZZt ~gza$6,
kZ Y7s ZZ Z LZ$ twZ 4Z
LZ r
# 7u wZ {LZ yZpa r
# ~ ] 366 mY 2015 yZ
?M
hVZ)Z#
ZkZ {zD7VZ
{ k
HyZs7o zZ:
L wZziVZ
[!*
2015yZ)g Z
y;',
y
yZuZDt!ZyW
r
# ~
t Z
# ( ,t ~}pm{gzZx ~gzZ
CD!Z 2014 ]
yZ 172m2014] X ;g6,6,]g '~xEg Z %zV
KZsq
-Z wZziz `z
sgzZswZziVVZ((~yW
\vZX @*
h
+ F,
wZziz`zy yW
yt
HH7ozxEwZziz`z] 0

+
i~e
$Wq
-Z yW
{ k
HyZ {z c*
C:
L q
-Z
$] ] o ^] m$ n$ e ] ] f ] ^ ze~Vk
H:
L wZziX
`zZzZ
g z[:
L wZzi 116:11 n r ] ^ n ] i] ] m$] f i$] ^n r] $ n
% ] ] ] X n:
^ 16:17 ] n i ^ F $ ] ^ n $ v ^ n ] ^ n j ^ ] m
L
n
e% ^
$ n # ] ^ ^ D$
+wqZ:
L wZzi 117:11 v ^ ] $ e pF]

yZVZvZ @*
WzzVk
HwZzi 115:9 n o e ] $ ] jm ^$ n f m oju F ] e^
h^ ] m # ] e e # ] ^ ^j mF^Fe ] e $ f m$] ! h]
86,
Vk
H
17Z6,Vk
HyZ vZgzZ Hg Z + ]c*
WvZ Vzuz yZgzZ y
wW:F, 11:3
$ $ ^ $ | f m$] ^f i ^m ] g Z wgnZgzZvZ { k
HZ (,

( 52:8wZ )
] ]? ^ F n # ] ^ ^ kFn f^e ji] kF i+ ] m gvF] n Fe ]
F] + n ] ^ ^ kFn f ^e i q ] ^$ f ] ^ ] 70:9 m

$ ] n $ ] ] ^n e # ] oi^ f m$] 13:10 n r] ] pr

70

]f jq] # ] ]f ] ] $ $ ] o ^% e 26:16 m &n u h] ] iF]

f ^ ^ n ] ^ ] o ] n F$ ] n k$ u $ # ] p $ l ^_$ ]
&m ^u] ` F q$ ^ e ` e ^ f i^ e$ ^` $ $ ] ^q ^$ ] ji ^ ^ ] $ $ 36:16 n e]
$ jm ^ `e ] ^j] ^ h] ^e ` F] :
L [Z 44:23 + m ] f
] ^f i $] n # ] i kF + ] n + $ ^ + oj n e p$ ] o ] h 76:23

jZuX c*
7, wZziz `zlZ
]c*
WyZ yW
r
# ~ ] 25:71
V ~F,
yZk
,
Zzxzg **
Y {g~F,
:
L wZzi,J
-~ {)z
V Zz F,
VrZ1 7Zz !*
F,
gzZ )Z
M wjgzZW
: k0*
Y m
CZ {z b k0*
Vz X : k0*
.]|{z b k0*
y
X ~}
X y zuyZ zu"
? 4gzZb
kZa] yZ @*
H4 gzZb7xtyZgzZr
# ~
X ;g YH7sg
It is a widely held view that science is basically an inductive empirical method
for obtaining knowledge.
Simply stated, the scientific method is one way of going about the business of
acquiring knowledge. A definite sequence of procedures is followed in order to
find specific kinds of answers to specific kinds of questions. Scientific method,
can be described in the following six steps:
a.
Awareness and definition of a problem.
b.
Observation and collection of relevant data.
c.
Organization or classification of data.
d.
Formulation of hypotheses.
e.
Deductions from the hypotheses
f.
Testing and verification of the hypotheses
[STANLEY M. HONER., Invitation to philosophy issues and options
Wadsworth company USA 1992 Sixth edition p. 60,61

7D<
ZCF,
Z7Zg76,
g kZIZ YYDZ._iZ%wi obyZD

X
wZy M {g
H? HD
:7jy MgzZDT aMg x
71

D ( 3)X @*
7 AbsoluteD ( 2)X @*
Probable~ {zD ( 1)
+ F, D ( 4)X YY H [Doubt] ~
$ F,wZ D ( 5)X $
e
Y [Refute]h
HwJakZswZ {z 7{wZ b ( 6)X k(,
M )g f[Falcification]
$U*
"
D ( 7)X e 7sg wZ 4 kZ c*
eY H7g6,jwZ kZ J
-Z
H
jZC
(C
D{z @*
q jTD ( 8)X 7~gz' D z!*
Y
kZ jZ!*
aC
ce **
x D7Dt mB
Dt
/Z Yq
kZ YY H
zC
wZ D ( 10)X YY Hy ~ y!*
i c*
gD ( 9)X ew
Noami a]kZim{q
-Z Z,ZkZpYY c*
Zsg {wZ *6,

_ Merchant of DoubtsgzZ The Collaps of Western civilization[ Oreskes

DI~zg VZyZC
7u{wZ kZ Lgk
,
+Y g Z D ( 11)X g
5
X YB7L
c*
tq
-Z 6Z M yZb} (,
~,Zt ? } }g
M bkZX H V Z b} (, w[ Z} kZ xg g zg
Zz YK 7 +
$Y V Zbp~
q ~uz zg g zg~ I 6Z
6Z MX
~}h
+`
**
- -gp
5tX Sg Cspg gzg
Hc*
C~b6
g g zg
zkZ g 2Z tY e****
^!g g zggzZ V 7g g zg
p
H
CVxFb6Z M J
-V',FC
a458g ZD
9297 hz 29
5!
BgG
X H { Z_V LZb 6Z M [Z F
Z jyZ0sZy
X 7wZ b Z Sgk
,
+Y g Z bZb 2016 29c Zk
5
B
E
observation {@xc*
~D
n
wZ c*
*
@Y 6,Hypothesis /Gr
}@x M
h~ Vs}uz D YG ] Z@x~ zg kZ Hypothesis

(The purpose of observation determins the result of the

}@x

D H {@x Vzg (Vzg * x Z`

Z] a# **
- X Z Z Z E<XX @*
observation)
`g] c*
Wz g U*
W ] kZ Z',
Z ]|X {@xY X ] 5~ }g !*
u#Z
72

{@xgzZHX X X 5g z\vZ~kZ7Z H{@x0

+e}g *
E
/rE
*
@Y HwJ { zW ~zg }@x G
%c*
}@xB /Gr
~bZ
# ~
X YYH7g (Z Lit',
+
D
gzZ~<
C

Z Z}
.gzZ}{@x]kZ~zg VZ )g fz',
+
D
6,] c*
WyW

/Z }
yW
pX: Z {@xt Y**
c*
c*
W7=}{z ]i YZtZb W:
kZY 7t n Z g i{ nt{ {z 7 {z ;g} ] ',
+T
D
Xce**
yZZ6,
Z}
.impzgmz"_}@x c*
Z}
.~}@x
yW
{zce **
W',
Hzg6,yZtWz',
+
D
6,]]c*
Wzg U*
W~yW

g Y +F,
+1 { ZeI Y ? n 0*
$
7vZ ?
/ZgzZ 0*
vZ i ?~}@xkZ c*

{ VZ4X X X 0*
Z}
. {z y
KZgzZ z xz =gzZ [ZzZ
<X@*
~ zg yW
]c*
W',
+
D
6,]g U*
Wg !*
g*
! I e
$h
+]
.}g Z E
B7{@x {@x~ zg
Z kZ1g @*
{@x{z ]y
KZ] {@xX w+Z e
$.{zT e *
*"
$U*
b
}@x7w~yW
}@xkZ :qtX **
kC~VZLZ]{
X 7nZ Z6,
kZ< q{Z
+:~f kZ
/Z kZ zvZsgzZsZ
xsZ ( 2)~6 bh
+]
.gzZxsZ ( 1) V1z r
# wD Z;[g
/
}g r
# ~
$h
+]
.gzZ
yZ [ NZ ]gzp ] _z ]h
+]
.6,e
$g/
M fe
$h
+]
.b B
_ -e
~] gzZ *
*{~4z6,ZZC
~VZ
/
z6,~z K nxt ZgzZ q{Z
+a
k\Ze
$. 7x DIZ b y
: Z**
gzZ: ]}: x6,qC
*g0
+Z],zq
-Z
gzZ: x]x r
# ~~}g !*
g 0*

c*
gh
+]
.y e
$g/[fbg
X H7J
-_V1 ~
C6,
]**
ZyZV,ZX 7wg Z yZ~*d7 Z"
$
}pZ&0b
[ ~ y;',X
~ y;',}pz}g 6,g Z { Zey{+Zz **

gzZb~[Z]ZZ[~y;',
gzZ Z
6,
bgzZ,
-:sq
-Zx **
~vZ
bh
+]
.Y1_}px yZ
/Z Z
y*Zq
-Z Zg 0 kZN YK]_
73

X M
h Mt Zj V15g "gzZt
# I Ze
$.~}g !*
^ mq] ][r
# wD Z;[ g
/
} g t
# IK7~}pyZ
t
# I 6n ^i 1
[Biblography]]}pyZ]Y!Zj }pyZZ!*

V yN yZ , w}pyZ
/Z r
# X Z!*
[ r
# w D Z ;
X
y*q
-Z YH_bh
+]
.gzZ Hbh
+]
.a Y fDIZ
/Zgt }pyZ
Y c*

{gzZsg CY!Zj~y*kZ Vx Zjg "aY f,A

$%
"b h
H
4J& gzZ xi Z sZ 4 b 3E
5H
G
.nE
[Techno Science/ xE
+]
.Y C kg Z gzZ Y f y*t
X gvZY
KZat
# IScientific Imperialism/ Scienctism]
c*
i !*
)Z
M ~wZzigzV
eX: VYg ~g @*
@*
)Z
M V
bBqC
vI` M D Y07Dt Islamic SciencesIxE
<
aJ(,
]DkZBDLZO%Z8zg-!ftwZ
Lc*
CwZtbvZzV# B9V#bt c*
CtX c*
c*
9c*
k0*
}gDC yt
t ~g@*
~gDzg/9 V}g
]yZ: } Y7~ iyZyZf
e {zx **
V ZbXqVZb} (,}(,
t 'bZz V Zb S
Q[fc*
W,
O Y m
CZgzZ/X ? [fc*
[% xsZt wZ
[f Z qzc*
i !*
{ kZ LZ W,
Zk
,
iV~g EZ~ gzV
,Z )Z
M V VrZ H qz :x t Y} M {h
+]
.xE
yb **
- ~`zgz LZ ?Z
# V } Z **
Ctssg kZ c*
Zkzg~~
G
Xg7z:VY~g(ZG
0xEkZb[f~wZzigzLZ?[ZH{.Zg7
$E
$E
b)Z
M T w:t[ft0G
Zg ~}g !*
kZ0G
t 't
7VYg V-g @*
@*
3 F,
{zX ~iz
Z zb
zD{z ,X b{z L Y}g Z
VrZ c*
C)**
g V ~ qkD qX y~g @*
@*
# ] xsZyZ e X
Z
74

1c*
Y fe
$h
+]
.Ig EZ u~|
/ZX g 0#
Z H{0
+
ixEy**
-
~z0
+y)gzZ ~ !*
Wc*
g]
. **
#~u C
~8
-g~
qZ
#e
$h
+]
.
wJ.
nY f
M fgzZ e
$h
+]
.] lzd6,kD VrZgzZgKe
$h
+]
.kZ
X q+F,
Z tH Za 3 Zgx3,
ne
$h
+]
.~g EZu~VY fkDX c*

V;z1!*
'gqc*
gU*MxF,
yZtxZkZ1~0
+ZVF,
{c*
i

/Z c*

C )gf<
L KZ vZ iZz M k**
C7 J
-iZz M yZfZK 7!*
yq
-Z
p6,
g]gU*M 'gqyZ ,g(Zyzd
$z,F,
~z* by
gzZVzy
c*b gy
VzLY m
CZ <
L vZJ
-0
+Zy
Yc*
+ yZ1N Yg
$h
+]
.` M H7J
-x~VgqyZ H7g(ZyiyZ
D[Modren Muslims]yIe
^m u ^ m 6n` 1 ] ( 3) [1a ta ^n 6n ] DNE ^ ^ ^ ( 1)
^ ^ ni DTE(^e ^ 1 1^ DSE(^ e DRE(l DQE(ta ( 4)X 1a
yZt:ZVZsZ0? ^n g 1 km DMLE k gqDUE ^u] ni 1
X"
$U*
iZ x]N
yZ VZwV"zgzZ~4ZZz6,
"tzt(
\ MgzZ}g CvZwg<
L gzZZ t Y HqD
Kg Y5byg
^ t z t (yZt :Z!*
VZ sZ.0 sZX 7wZ {h
+I
+]
. + Z
8} M [fwJ e ~ LZ <
gzZ [Reconstruction] ygzZ h
X Hg Zr
# ~X t~Vs}uz
Dg Z.
**))e
$.Db
~9zgV17YZ]gzpz6,

gzZ yZ0+F,
Zq
-Z~kZ|bkZ
M %{ c*
i bzz ~xsZ
X c*
wVe
$.kI b,
b V ZbgzZ H"
$U*
wVsf `g| k^b kI
: 7,
wVd
$zt Hq Z
The story is about an imaginary case of planetary misbehaviour. A.
physicist of the pre Einstenian era takes Newton's mechanics and his law of
75

gravitation, N, the accepted initial conditions, I, and calculates, with their help,
the path of a newly discovered small planet, p, But the planet deviates from the
calculated path. Does our Newtonian physicist consider that the deviation was
forbidden by Newton's theory and therefore that, once established, it refutes the
theory N? No. He suggests that there must be a hitherto unknown planet p',
which perturbs the path of p. He calculates the mass, orbit, etc. of this
hypothetical planet and then asks an experimental astronomer to test his
hypothesis. The planet p' is so small that even the biggest available telescopes
cannot possibly observe it; the experimental astronomer applies for a research
grant to build yet a bigger one. In three years time, the new telescope is ready.
Were the unknown planet p' to be discovered, it would be hailed as a new
victory of Newtonian science. But it is not. Does our scientist abandon Newton's
theory and his idea of the perturbing planet? No. He suggests that a cloud of
cosmic dust hides the planet from us. He calculates the location and properties
of this cloud and asks for a research grant to send up a satellite to test his
calculations. Were the satellite's instruments (possibly new ones, based on a
little-tested theory) to record the existence of the conjectural cloud, the result
would be hailed as an outstanding, victory for Newtonian science. But the cloud
is not found. Does our scientist abandon Newton's theory, together with the
idea of the perturbing planet and the idea of the cloud which hides it'? No. He
suggests that there is some magnetic field in that region of the universe which
disturbed the instruments of the satellite. A new satellite is sent up. Were the
magnetic field to be found, Newtonians would celebrate a sensational victory.
But it is not. Is this regarded as a refutation of Newtonian science? No. Either
yet another ingenious auxiliary hypothesis is proposed or the whole story is
buried in the dusty volumes of periodicals and the story never mentioned again.
Falsification & methodology of scientific research" [1. Imre Lakatos & A
Musgrave[ed.], Falsification & the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes in
Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1974, p.100-101.]

,n
X Le *
*_HE~}g !*
g Z}g ( VZbq
-Z L L :F,

HE tkZ {zHX ;g7^6,

g ZCb{z @*
xt6,
{@x}g (kZ
,
k
izzT{g (x**
[Zq
- 4,
}g (kZ t{z 7
/
? t
C
@*
(z[~}g !*
g ZgzZwyiz}g (x**
kZ {zOX ;g^?
g ZLZ {g (_
J
-[ ZN*
g Z {g (x**
YX @*
4x {@x}g (x**
kZV ZbLZQgzZ
gzZ ~(,q
-Z @*
_ -~ a^g #
yZb {z ZX YY : gz +F,
g !
x**
{zgz kZ
/ZX CYg gz5q
-Z~k',
&nXnYg gzg !
gz {g (x**
{z ,n
X & Qg !*
-Z bHEN oVpyZb YW{g (
q
76

w !*
cq
-Z Zg }{z 7? BtbHE Z yZ b HX 73 ~
bOX c*
W7{g ( {zzz T 3g,
$J e}g (x**
kZ [cloud of cosmic dust]
0
+
Kw !*
, Z
/ZXnY a}@xw !*
q
-Z @*
_ - a^gh
+'
yZ
HEyZb[Z HYc*
0*
: w !*
{z,n
pX Yc*
g Z
! x
',
ibHEZ }
II
}{z[ Z 7?,h
+ F,
w !*
cq
-Ztc*
{g (x**
-Z]LZwL m
q
4] T [Magnetic Field]]F~{kZ]
5H
c*
7x 9]WV
$ G
V;z]F{z
/ZX CY ~ cg n5q
-ZOX e: c*
g w !*
{zzz T
tbHE{z [ Z HXn: (Z ,n
pX : Z pV Zb b ZHEY
[~o lZV g 6,
V tJ
-V''/Z F,
zGZ *q
-Z {z 7?B
X CY7yLQgzZ CY
-Z h
q
+ F,
c*
& b~ zg ]!*
**
Ct ywVkZ
X @hZakZ It works Cx gzZ C`x t'7~bX
? H|Zbh
+]
.

wZt T Seientism {z g (Z ^ g EZ ~ [f
Human nature and

[ KZ John Dupre Z b, $
} b s[Z +4

Scientism is the idea that only question that can be

q ~limits of science

answered but all can best be answered by seience.[P.2, Oxford Press New York
2001, First Edition]

Kt y;f Z I [ZgzZ fh
+]
. c*
^
,**
bg EZfh
+]
. bh
+]
.
twZ b,q EWZC
gzZNC
iC
[ Z wZC
ZzZC
Zz gC
b
: w|Z b @*
7[Z wZ w }[Z wZC
t{zC

And as is a familier truism in the philosophy of q~}g !*

wZ kZ Dupre

b Z ` M science a theory which can explain any thing explain nothing

XZt ;g YH"
$U*
~
t]Z
g ZgzZ<
L zy M
6,
e
77

 b<
h
+]
.
: i bZg: i xi Z yg e
7 gzZ yg e Z 0: e D
M z .
$
] Z+F,
Z t 7 Dtt |Z <
kZgzZ <
h
+]
.bX
gnTb g ~g ~}g !*
V- zg
KZgzZ]t 7I Z[Z

}g !*
[Partial of a part] zb
zb
{z **
) [Partial]~zb
7 [Total] {z C
yY 7 ~}g !*
[Matrix of Nature] ]={z CC ~
]: 7wholistic {z $
Inductiveg ib7 ZZ **
'D~zb
kZ $
N:
[~=zb

zg ] q6,
Czb
**
Part zb
6,
C] {q VgzZ V-g ZD
PP {z
[Particular] m{/ 6,
Whole ~
*
@Y 1~
.Z [General] x p @*
{ ^
,Y V- zg Vz%g ZD
b TKinsey Report D YK ~
.Z }6,
C] !*
P
X c*
6,
g] Z V
KZx
: q Dupreb,
Science it is often said is the religion of our era. Where once we expected priests
to give us insight into the nature of the cosmos and of human existence, now we
look rather to men, and sometimes women, in white lab coats.Where once
public expenditure in the service of deeper truth might have taken the form of
mighty cathedrals, today it will be found in cyclotrons and gene- sequencers.
The paralles between religion in the medieval period and science today are
brilliantly explored by Feyerabend (1978)I shall argue that science as it has
traditionally been conceived has serious limitations in its ability to answer some
of the most profound questions we are given to ask and, more specifically, to
answer questions about the nature and causes of human behaviour. [Dupre ibid
p.4]

]Zayib
Y7bVZb! f
yibgzZyZ{zK7]_] Z@x Dupre~}g !*
kZ Hb

q{zsg6zga
The distinguished twentieth-century philosopher of science Imre Lakatos
once remarked that scientists typically understand science about as well as fish
understand hydrodynamics (1978:62,n.2) . It is difficult to judge whether this
78

jibe can fairly be applied to Levitt as he makes almost no effort to explain what
he thinks science is; Indeed it might be that his view of science is best captured
by American Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart's immortal reflection on his
failure to define obsenity: "I know it when I see it;" He quotes with approval a
remark by the geneticist Steven Jones; "all [scientists] use a shared grammar that
allows them to recognize their craft when they see it "(cited in Levitt 1999: 14)
One might immediately wonder whether this doesn't beg the question who is to
count as a scientist and therefore to be capable of this infallible recognitioin,
though in theory we could imagine a closed set of people all of whom
recognized every other member f the set and no one else as being real scientists.
[ibid p.113, 114]

r~gzZA
#
$kZb
$k ZP ~yZA
A
$kg " bZ!*
A
$kFbh
+]
.bT
Critical

( 4) Metaphysical Dualism ( 3) Idealism ( 2) Malerialism ( 1) : }b

The Anti Metaphysicial Posture( 6) Existentialism( 5) Naturalism

4Z ]*ZZ Z
gg|g yZ Z
] G
5G3E
+R]c*
IwZ ox yZ
4Z yZ
X @*
k
,
+z] Z C G
5
5G3E
]1)g] g]
yg e zzgzZZz**
!*
! fh
+]
.7
c*
gh
+]
.e
$g/bs r
# ~
a#} (, h
+]
. Tg D "
$U*
M qzggzZ xsZ {)z .
+
$gzZ xi Z yg e
7 xi Z
Johann Gottfried Herder Immanuel Kant Gottfried Wilhelm , Leibniz
Friedrich

Karl Marx Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Friedrich Schlegel

History of Islam in

[ Ian Almond a kZ YY xsZ H {)z Nietzsche

E
~ }g !*
xsZ fI$ gu"_ German Thought: From Leibniz to Nietzsche

x q
-Z xsZyg e
7gzZxi Zyg e ZX h
+ xsZ .
$pLe 'Y
/
u
ZZ zg yZ Z e y{ +Zz f
Zg ~g ZC
wD Z h
+zYZ e = m,
z6,Z eX
ypg tg Z eZY Z lzu*Z Hg yZk
,
Z ZZ eyZk
,
Z} s Z% bZ
X g M',
br
# ~}nZ[f{)zuc*
- {
Za_bh
+]
.
Yg p
M %zz[fyZ B| 7,
P Zjbr
# ~
79

Adward tenner.,Why things bite back

Thomas S. Kuhn.,The Structure of Scienific Revolution
Cloud Alvirs., Science colonialism and violence
Alex Rosenberg., The Philosophy of Science
Zaheen Babar., The Science of Impire

X g_yZ g Y7~], Z
zV1Z0b

7X
c*
gt,: c*
,] v
w_gzZ e
$g/ ~g Ztu~ VyZ N Y {zk
,
+c*
$
X2 ziZY f~ X
X
c*
gg Ztuw_h
+]
.X Y ] Y f M e
$g/V;zCgCgn 7a
b~g7 xi Z
T e **
] v7p ]YZy
ZZg M MH,
yZykg Z]
.)Z
nCZ f
<

x Zt g: c*
gKg 7X t a
c*
gX , e **
c*
Og ?K,
7x
c*
g **
(V7XB X CZ f wqZ(] 7m kZ
c*
g YX CZ f
C $
y iakZ
c*
gX N YgzwjZ {z'%yZ~ 3c*
N Y~
A v
g a}k
,
X 7i*
*] ~o p ib^zz~$Z~VF C**
~ Zi MtVY H7Z Freedom~ Zi M 'wjZg }X'U D
[Compulsion of

}o Z yZZ {o Zg ~ Zi M a gzZ [Tyrrany of Freedom]

C7` Z6, kZ NGO 7y ~ * s kZ Q~ Zi M Z @*

7Faith]
g V}
/Z Z x : Zg ZtuZ NGOs xi Z yg e gzZ Lg }: Zg ZtuXtVY
7wJt [Compulsion of Religion]<
t,)u NGOsc*
z@*
;g Y 5K
0 }oyZZgzZ yZZ {o~ Zi MVY wJVY [Tyrrany of Freedom] ~ Zi M
X ~ Zi M Z {oq)X C7}ot@*
7kC Zw
7X
c*
gtN Y%V3
A v
B| 7,i vgzZ N Y ug ~ ]zZ i R,
~ y 0*
Z (Z L H 7 sn
kZ V]**
JZwC zZwC } ZX ,qzi Zz6,gw]zZi i ZX Yug6,
yZ f Z^gZR,
% ~g vX7,:7,i W,
O F, W,
O: Zg Ztu kZVY7LC
X Y 3g9z i ~
tx {
!*
#
f
$@ ~ Letter of Tolerance LZ uyYmH kZ
c*
g
80

 3c*
A N Y eV{z ~ ~ Zi MpVzLZ Z}

.Z
# X 3c*
A N YVvC{z7

xi Z w_VY7X
c*
gt ~ 3c*
N Y~
A x Z}I 6,
V {z (7h
KZ
[fcZzVst D7 3
A ~ [Human Rights Discourse]` ut
X Le**

A ' *Z ZX
rgyZZ6,
}o[Eternity of world]*e
$$
+Z~q nZTg Z
6,

C2
sF,
V2c*
gh
+]
.x
o +F,
nzHZ (,

*M%Z
gZ
CZF,
s
c*
g ZZxz~} Z ~ Vx Z
c*
gh
+]
.
Z F,
%2
we sZx F,
e**
%gzZ2
tub
H
+C
! fg @*sZ]5x} xEsZgzZr
# ZgpWz6,x H~;gE- F
5.'
]sZC
g;Z Yr
# gp~ kZ [
!*
M xsZ IPS ~ ~ m,
Zzg ZgzZ Z?k
XM
h`7o {z%2
Hs Z Z
nzH

c*
gC
* b [f j wkZgzZs Z@Zuh
+]
.

L**
+F,
nzH* *`
6',y*
0 YuM%Z nzH{ c*
i
{z Cc*
F,
{ c*
i
The Great Degeneration How Institutions Decay and Economies Die[KZ
~The Human Hive [ !*
According to IMF the gross public and Private debts of the total debts of USA ,
Japan etc approaching at the highest levell in history
The private Debt together with the government debts, the burdens have no
precedent in history: Japan 512 per cent of GDP, Britain 507 per cent, France 346
per cent, Italy 314 per cent, the United States 279 per cent, Germany 278 per
cent.
The heart of the matter is the way public debt allows the current
generation of voters to live at the expense of those as yet too young or as yet
unborn. In this regard the statistics commonly cited as government debt are
themselves deeply misleading, for they encompass only the sums owed by
governments in the form of bonds. The rapidly rising quantity of these bonds
certainly implies a growing charge on those in employment, now and in the
future, since-even if the current low rates of interest enjoyed by the biggest
sovereign borrowers persist- the amount of money needed to service the debt
must inexorably rise. But the official debts in the form of bonds do not include
the often far larger unfunded liabilities of welfare schemes like-to give the
81

biggest American programmes Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security.

The Best available estimate for the difference between the net present
value of federal government liabilities and the net present value of future
federal revenues is $200 trillion, nearly thirteen times the debt as stated by the
US Treasury. Notice that these figures too are incomplete since they omit the
unfunded liabilities of state and local governments, which are estimated to be
around $38 strillion. These mind boggling numbers represent nothing less than
a vast claim by the generation currently retired or about to retire on their
children and grandchildren, who are obliged by current law to find the money
n the future, by submitting either to substantial increases in taxation or to
drastic cuts in other forms of Public expenditure.
To illustrate the magnitude of the American problem the economist
Laurence Kotlikoff calculates that to eliminate the federal government's fiscal
gap would require an immediate 64 per cent increse in all federal taxes or an
immediate 40 per cent cut in all federal expenditures.
When Kotlikoff compiled his 'generational accounts' for the United
Kingdom more than a decade ago he estimatede (on what proved to be the
correct assumption that the then government would increase welfare and
healthcare spending) that there would need to be a 31 per cent increase in
income tax revenues and a 46 per cent increase in national insurance revenues to
close the fiscal gap.
Society is indeed a contract... the state... is ... a partnership not only
between those who are living but between those who are living those who are
dead and those who are to be born.
In the enoprmous inter generational transfers implied by current fiscal
policies we see a shocking and perhaps un paralleled breach of precisely that
partnership.[ Nial Ferguson ., The Great Degeneration 2012 Penguin Books UK
P. 40, 41, 42, 43]

nzHutb[f
xzFzxip M 2
F,
-Y 2016ag X F,
J
+ kZwq uux
$
twq V
V17[ft

u~ u }uz bt V
Z e gR,25 w V
z gzZ zg0
+Z u
_g 0*
zu~y
M VZ C1 gzZXg g !bwV
{ c*
i~ M:
[Financial times London 16 Oct 2016]X

hgM%Z ~ bpgzZ MM%Z ~ MgzZ MM%Z~ F,

u[ Z
u[Z z M% Z~ ; M X qM%Z s]Zi Z Z Vt kZ [
g g F,Z M ~ F,
M qZ #
Z * a sM%Z z
X Y{ n* { Zp $
Yzg
82

+]
h
.[fh
+]
.~M%ZgzZ uy 0*
B Z a
yZ p M 2
F,
~"
$gzZ <
?VYy
M # bpV p 7 V d
$ X ._"
$p
X pE
0J4)!)F,
xugzZM%ZgzZE
0J4)!X yjX yZZ6,
,
k

g F Zzp!
%6fx0*
: ~ Zi W
E
G-4E

Zg fu5gzZ8Z #
Lg :~ Zi Ww
kZ [f g Z
/0
+
in6, [fF,
{ c*
i
~g @*
*
CF,
X 7Zz kZ Z Z H [f7 kZ Z e }o~ Zi W n F,
t p __7wV
/v ZzY{gt @*
Z', x Z yZD Y {g~hz n F,
0
+
i v{z~Vz
q * KZ x4,
}Lg ZzV6&dZ ( 1) Z7Za && dZq
-ZC
YD~
A&
]z ]Z
c*
gayZ D7Wg aLg ( 2) z YZ 7ZLg f
e
**
3}g Z ZvgzZ NGO {)z Z ~g izg" YZ e
c*
g Z D WW Philinthropy }g Z Z
gzZ D7I
8gzZ Dg Zp v {z~ Vz : Zg Ztu ( 3)X D nZgzZ D
D Y0xnw
A &kZ {z Z E<Xn
pg 7
A &qH~g Ztu{ z D g
gzZ )0
+
i z!*
kZ ( 4)X k0*
5 u M * D Z
5 uKZgzZ
7k f
ep{zDp ~yZ ZD Y {gvVzhz~hz wbu
x{zD8gzZg D Y00*
{z
W !%C;: M
hp: D Y0!%C;{z D
p{ c*
i
!%C;{ c*
i
0*
{ c*
i
d
$! f~g @*
* ZD Y0
g @*
*X D
c*
be
KZVgzZ Z`
~[fG Za } l$
+x{ c*
i
Zz
,zg VZ [fsgzZ sT
gzZ wh x3,
V% C;{0*
x ~
$h
d
+]
.X xzZ:} e: {d: wh: .
$g`g:T
: {0*
:{: ~
zZ h1d
$Z 7~ya @*
7
znVk0*
Vd
$T CW
n} e
7
z n \!*
V k0*
V yZ C 7(~ wgzZ ~ yn Vh1X D%~ x
~,zg VZ D 7{ *
@Y c*
zZ c*
QZwZ c*
C b & Z c*
V~ V'x X @*

\g- M%Z WZ',mz gzZ C

Zw~(,
~VmZ R]g @*
I Zzg
83

Hx OV-y cu Vz }0
+
g x} h=4ZX V V;z c*

@Y ~}g !*
V%Z n Z
` W g @*
~
/c g @*
yZ People Without History *
X g ZC
p
w[v { c*
i
x { c*
i
~ * ~ V9v26 ~2016 ~M%Z
!*
zZX C~ M%Z~ ZVzhz~;gE- wjZ O%Z ~g **
i ~{ c*
i
~M%Z
[f 7 F,
t B| 7,g z ZZ\ WX 7 F,
~ Zi Wt wq oC
[fk| 7,^g7g
F,
$, Z Zzg tZzg ~g ~ Zi W
A
HxyZ0
+{ yZ q F,
6,7 kZ
F,
[fT e*
*"
$U*
t{zD C7 F,
D CF,
[f+Ie
$h
+]
.}g
<
g ZZe
$ZzgyZ0
+{%G +
M qzg F,
XBi+
M qzgxsZb){ Za F,
'
X, Za ^zg~F,
)g fx Zwzw'g ZZe
$Zzg<
:gz7e%8{
{g[f~F,
pIW[f~VZy
{z[f~F,
Vx
)g fLg u 6ZN*
Zi !*
<q
-Z :q{zq F,
[f}I
%]gX
H : {c gz!*
Vzygsg Z Z E<XhC
!*
y]g~F,
c*
N*

,r
# ~t x Z q nZ[f{Z
+H {c gz!*
kZ P }i @*
7~ y
{c gz!*
7 Z{qY]!*
ZbkZ1nCZ f t mH xsZ kZ:: {c gz!*
N*
Z x [fp : { c gz!*
-Z ~ [fp K ,
J
z Q 6,Z
Lg WW~! Zy

x 7~gZ

@*
33 Zg p0
+
igzZyZ0
+{{o ~ Zi M
piC19d
$! f
~0
+
iakZ VY { c*
i
bpV;z Cc*
F,
{ c*
i
*uM%Z
Freedom is v; X @
*
Za { Zg Z p {o ~ Zi M ngzZtu0
+
i 7e
$s

~ Zi M VM}h
+]
.x X kZ H the plate form of Anxiety and dipression
M%Z ~ ]Y x * X g [ 7 }okZ [Z F,
wwV" )g f}o
p| 7,
[!*
p~[kZ CYJ 7,oq^n^ Z[ Mecgraw hill}g Z Z
Z
84

gzZwqlp6,
g{ c*
i
Cc*
F,
{ c*
i
C~VyZsgzZs'Zg Zzx
~Y CV-gE- wjZg7gzZ M
~*~yZyg7 M
~F,
qD+ {za kZ 7pJ
- ` M D
g { c*
i
~ * b p
g~ !*
WV Z g| (,
ZVh1~g7X Dvg Z * ZzpD
wgX Dx 4],
gv h1
Hc*
Z ~/4],
gg7Za a v
gzZ g| (,~ !*
Sh1 g ~ !*
WyZ tZ
Z b~oC
ZM%Z V~gx
<X g01 6,u~ !*
h1 @*
V^zzzV Z ^zzq
-Z Vh1 ;gc_V;z Z E
WSh1
X : ~i y nZ
+Z LZ
0VYxv h1 #
D Y 0x4],
g v e ],
g~ oy0*
Y
IE
"
5F
~ V { f
ex`
h1Z @*
7Zg Z
/~ V Ej4G
0
+
ig Zx D Y
E
I45F
"
Z kZ C EjG
~ wq
-Zj
C**
3 Tg bhZ V;z CY Zw{ J Wb D Y
-Z Ct7kZ Y1g (Z6,g}oq
q
-ZgwZq
-ZZ
# 0
+
ig @*
g
/YZw
# WVYxgzZ CW7xZ @*
Z
kC6,
W x~9J(,H7x`
~ Z KZ T W J h1
~ 0
+
ig gzZ F,
# ]!*
Z
Hx I e
$ ZZ Zi W Z C
g 7 Z Zzg F yZ0
+{
y*
0 Y * ~g7 *
* Z Z 7kZ
H1wJ6,gFaith{o Valuregq
-ZZ xgzZ
~ 0
+
ig gzZ F,
xsZX g Z ZgzZ g 6, Z Z 7 gwZ yZZ }okZ h1
F,
~ HtwZ~
CX:2
'? b I? H `w? H
IX ;g7P sZ Z
~}g !*
kZ Y c*
ZVnwF,
~ kZgzZ Y q j"
$g pgzZ
g x
/Z
?H <
9wh *
@Y Philosopher of Desires& iC1} (,

~kZ
E
yZ~d
$kZ Yk- 0
+
i 0EiLZ 9Z
# @*
9d
$KZ p 8
-
g (Zd
$kZy ] ;gp9d
$T g%p d
${z ? YV r Zl

X gwJ{g Vz]y
MgzZ *
2
we x F,
~xsZ
85

aX Z !*
ze ~ V
xsZ Zg7 Z Le **
qXq2
[fF,
[fxsZ
~g V
xsZbZVZ Z {z7q!*
~}g !*
V
LZuM%Z
sp V
M bT Le F,
2
~ M x ;g2
M ~ Vs}uz

gi Z0
+ZtH tzg
gq
-Z6,
esZgzZ=itH1 sp"~}g !*
kZx7
n74Z~
A @Wg Zn
@*
W~g
$u g Zs J 7,
{ i i nzH[ $
g
X
e**
w
A T x`
q
-Z
8n
Z ~g6e
$. Z(,e
$.n
~d
$sZ
H V
~)gzZ ~aVz'
gzZ ]][|Z n6, 0
+
ig dZ ]zH F, @*
Y
un
]| 7,
{z yZXZg Jz

L**
~}g !*
V
yZ ? i Z
q~[ KZ {zn:qZ
z!*
g6,
sZ+C
sZ Zz
z
I have tried to suggest that this is the case in important parts of the western
world today Public debt - stated and implicit - has become a way for the older
generation to live at the expence of the young and the unborne. (p.151 ibid)

V
6,kZ O
D7 7, ZzZa ~wgzZ D7 !z LZq
-Z~sZ H
+
z F,
!*
kZXn^ F,
6,V+V9yZx kZgzZ {z @*
Y 1
X g

:D YCg ap[g Z[f

6,F,
[fkZ ~xsZ F,
d
$ C% Cpq
-Z Y )bd
$[f
A+G
E

/
E
ZZVc*
+
&
gg 6ZZ eWz6,
V\p{ c*
i
~[f C]6,
V Zz ggzZV Zz%
Death Clinic V ;z Z ]i YZ pV ouZz * Cg ?VY1 Dv+F
,
Z

V{g *0*
D M Cg a%v+F,
Z*6,`zDeath Tourism A
*
*%VYvZ ZtwZ @*
7,
**
g OZzz a% { c*
iZ ZV Zz%DI~
{ e
$s~ Vs}uz Vg yZ0
+{ ]y
M Z}
. <
0
+
i a kZ T e
X [Meaning less]
86

 @*
% y
gzZ Lg {0
+
i y
~ "
$ M I Z @*
p Vz ]gzZ 0
+
i<

7yZZ kZ%kZX : ]kZ ] /_
.t Z E<X zig M yC
% ]
X @*

T e .]|0
+
i]y
MgzZy
0
+
i ~ y
F,bu]g y0*
YgzZM%ZgzZ &7 F,
)g f2
{ztX xsZ
xsZgzZ[fZxsZ] Z+
M qzggzZV[f
}'
F,
e
$ Le {z X Le
~ [f~Vs}uz e7yJ
-Z>
t1s^~]Ty^
,
15c*
y>
~
tXb .]|]y
M yZgzZy
by
0
+
iyZts)lV ZzqF,
3Z 0
T
_ yZZ ]Z NZ ] G
5E
+
ii @*
Z0
+
ii D oZz 7 e
i [ $
g [ .]|aTgzZ By
x Z kZ V0
+
ii y
a
y
[

g6,W,
njv BY m
CZx4Z~ ]y
M x Z kZvZY
KZ ~g V 0
+
i
LZzg (Z0
+
iiy
ce 0
+
ii[ $
gyZT e **
uk\ KZ g
wZ e~}]y
M KZ$
+*?f kZv, Z n7n 5gzZ ~i Zy W,
6,W,
nj
X g
? VZgyZ~2
gZa Za
x OZ(,

e
$g/uV

g2
gzZ Z Z1V
J
-6,
zZn g {g~}+F,
+
$
KZ g @*

7{Z
+L V
yZ V2N7 Za Z g 1V
6,
VYyZVX t~
t *
* Z Z ?7 XgzZ X g 2
6,x **
}g v
HH7 Y7 L X c*
c*
VZ
X ZgzZ+
M
KZe
$g/
+z Y I e
h
$h
+]
.x a ZX Y} 7 : i Z ukZ V
~ s Z
xs Z kZ 1 a H ^ p< e 1 g 6 n 1 j ] 1 o i ] ^ p s !*
~
X ]gz b & Z
~46,
* T<
xi Zz6,
87

]y
M6,* kZ Z Z gzZ !*
]y
MH*t c*
$q
-Zy
KZ <
C
~
KZ g @*

]xI * |x gzZ H i Z I 46,* T <

KZ g @*
xi Zz6,sz F,
{z x **
~* [x~]y
M z [ x~* c*
x ~g Ztu)g f=
X c*
i Z Ip46,
*}okZX gx **
]y
M
ay

~{ Zg Z}
. { c*
i { c*
i{ c*
i { c*
iV)g fkZ
yZ kz mwg Ztup#
}
.x : Zg ZtuJ
-x
vt Zpc*
33 Zg
: Zg ZtukZ zm{ ]xIF
F6,46,* ~x PZgzZ ;x : Zg Ztu 1q Z 0
+
i
b & Zq
- g @*
gzZ b Z work ethicsc*
x ~g Ztu
7I workb Z

DW6,~g ZtuZ
# X g P I x : Zg ZtukZ v ~ y 0*
` M h

xi Z d }g tzzkZDIx4,
c*
xc *
@YvskZ Ug f

xi Z xi Z Dx
/
g **
Z x4,
xi Z w_xi Z7{ M ! l gzZ d
$ g @*
b Z
4Z Z
]y
M
6,{

t q
-Z] G
5G3E
+R]*ZZ
yZ]c*
<
: Zg Ztu
yZ t~ VhwyZ1 u~ VzoF,
] Zz) ~ Zi Mt 7V yZg
p
z~tuxi Zx } Z}' q
- Z yZ {o ]%Z ~zb
z
7Z yxg
6,Lg ~
xi Zw_ s%Z~Vhi g Zbup$
7F,
%kZ qZ
xi Zw_X Letui g Z6,R
c*
g {z Lei g Z bu6,R
t ) 6,
R4c*
gxc
rg
~
x4,
xcEach According to his ability M._ ZZ qZ kZztuC
wZ yZ ZZ7(Z Ln C 6,g~z) ._]gz
c*
gztu~
($q
-Z
t x\c*
xi Z Dc*
xi Zw_c*
x4,
c*
xc ZEach according to his needs
4Z yZ N
CgZ
+RVi Zx yZ {zgzZ C7 t ~ yZ xsZ WZ] G3E
X g ZZRV7
tX
xi Zz6,
gzZ ~g Ztu~u
ug|
# z
Vzhz!*
gal
z6,
V;zgzZ g~g Ztu ~u
tuVY Y c*
<
~g u u<
z6,
~ m,
?g Zh
+} (,.q
-ZKg 0*

88

` : V
$ Y{ Za ~g Ztu<
t gzZ @*
j+4 xi Zz6,rz
~g Z
L**
a]
ukZ~4zk
,
E 7,
4zk
,
E[ !*
The West & the Rest[
mm{q
-Z ~g ZtugzZ xi Z `wJ|V c*
C gzZ 1 { ^
,Y rz
|~
Xc e *
*_kZ [Zq
-Z6,
qkZ[ Max WeberX
$z6,
4hH
i [Protestanization of Islam]^
,E
5H
xsZ

: c*
y~g Ztu ~T ga y~g Ztu ~xsZ

g z !*
zZg , hg b F,
6,*]y
M vgzZ Y sp~ <

6,* xsZ
sp[Z x ** T Islamic capitalism [ q
-Z 6,rz
xsZ : Zg Z tu ~ xsZ
Vgy[ !*
[s !*
~0
+
i Z{z c*
{gt[fkZ~[ kZ
Hc*
g Meccanomics
e} (,Z t~g @*
sZ q{z}
Z',
Z:g Dw9ZgzZgzz 6,
q
yLZa#
i 5g !*
zg s ZZ( 33:33) ine o ]xy M
'gyV6,
~ Zi M ]gt ` M z M yZ Z 0z Public life 0
+
i ZC
!*
Vzyhg~g Z- g e
} LZ gzZ [ " [s" ~~ Zi M Z]gz
3Z gC
!*
~[ s[B
V gzZ VgyZ Vc*
0*
t N Vc*
0*
HnZ Z6,[ [s]g _gzZ[f
/Zp}g @*
Z
~[]gyZ,hZz|
# IKZyZ{0
+
ie
$Zzg ]g @*
|
# I
24Xk
.G
k E
,
Z (,

~kZ}gt, Z[fv} (,
[fz: nZ Z 6,
M

~kgjeqd
$)g f k
yZ H{z {gt~}g !*
V [f
@*
z
~g @*
$KZ)g fCommunicative theoryyZ O*UV z
d
X N Y~[ft
tznbhZV ] !*
~Law of the people[ ~y
M KZZgyY
)g f x3,Soft Policy V } (, [fZX +4 g @*
yZ vid
b !*
zZgzZ (hard liners Zg Z9Z&
+
Q Z c*
ih
+
eg **
',
/c[f1 b
- Zg i1q
-ZVzT e{V )g f~
/c

Z Style/ Strategy i Z0
+Z [|Z1X q
-ZX{ V X s@gzZ {o [f
89

Y
24Xk
.G
34ge
G
@ZeV E
$ZzggzZk E
,
Zg yYgzZKt
# IyZ+}g
XD M7zzi KZ+F,
+
$
u**
{c*
itB
z4CZgz Zed
W
? ~gzVYax Zf_xi Zz6,
x Zzg7~d qzguVY ~gz aY f}g _
z6,
= ~<%Z +Z {? jZ w) uX xZ ~
. 'ZZ = *Z X Z#
Z~ } h !*
Z !*
c*
Zg { Z', <

b & Zq
-Hg

q@s Z <Z jZ}
. Zr Zl
ZZ
)z~gZ xi Zz6,<
~g u MgzZxyZ {zo g ZMZ ~ m,
Z+ *zyX W,
O
X 7 Zi !*
i Zz M VZ { Zeni ] o mvi wZu6,
g~g
Zi% ~<%ZZzZp ~g7 ` Z Z ~g Z Z
+Zq( ~ Z vZ c*
Z x
Z !*
c*
Zg { Z',

y izi Hg

k& ZZ}ZyZaZ e m,
z6,
Zx ~]
aZ e sgzZ s/Zz
Zg { Z',gzZ { c*
i
VZ b & Z q
-~
yZ W,
O j
wZ:
z6,6,yZ Zz ` u~
gzZ +{*
! yZ
G-
.]I
~Vzk
,
yZX W,
Oy
G
%u e {z W,
Z m{ [Philosophical Hermeneutics ]

b&Z q
-6,g ~
C e
$Zzg sz@*
z wZ DY Zj +k& Z yZ
Hermeneutics wZ ~ F, + Protestanism/ Reformation movement
G-
X Bg
z6,
Y ZZ kZ ]!*
tq
- 4,
e cg
d oz GZy M

G
Z#
Zz/q )ZwggzZwgyW

Zr Zl
~<%Z+Zu{jZ~xsZbTc*
{ h^j] o] q l
dg rx{ ]] o] q lV-gZjyZgzZr
# ~gzZk&ZZ
+Zq
X 7`] o] q l tZX ~] qg  ] o_sgzZsD]Z~
.
y M
G
ZZ **
yZZ6,
X
Hc*
g Z dgrx yZ~h M }]gzpkZVY y M
uF,
]
g]Zfy M

r
# )gfT h M wZ]gzp,Zq
-Zay M
Zuzg
T G
ZwkZgzZ + ~
. wg ( 1) "
$U*
y M
qX
Hc*
Zy M
[ $
90

Vzg */} "

$U*
w[ $
g ( 2)gzZ
) ZvZ"ZykZ
) Zwg
Y76,
HLq )Z #
Z ~ "
$U*
[ $
g (3)gzZ G
Z/
ZZ#
GZq)Z#
ZgzZ / wwggzZwwgy M
Z
~: w**
6,
HLq )Z #

Z
~] pr
# ~Z
e*
*t Y 6,
H#
Z ~g7t kZ }: 6,Ze#
Z ~vZ :g
$u
161 160mmY 2014] ~:
Hc*
Zz~Zgux Z t

Hz e
$Z@~A +
[ux ZJ
-#
6,
Z %wgVY7~gzwgaux Z Z"
#
$U*
tkZ
D Ma ux ZgzZe
$Z@x Zswg
H"
$U*
)ltr
# ~Z: 6,
H{z
kZ gp{z1Y7ux Z qNwyaj[ Z r
# ~VY
X [J
-#
ux Z%wg6,
Z
#
~: nux ZyW
s
BD ]!*
KZ yW
gzZ wy
yZkZ
p ZyW
~ ]
~kZ
g ZtyW
X YH3z
A nyZgzZ fwy
KZ#
izg6,

CkZ b
Hy{0g
$uz}[ZX ;g06,
D r Z)g fnZgzZ
A &yzy
KZ6,
u r Z x yW
120m2014] ~ ] gq o_ h^j^e kf$^
~
KZ6,
D~
Cw+ZyW
r
# ~X nu x Z G
Z
}tbZVhD kZ g6{z Y7g Z VhkZ y
KZJ
-Z
# y
KZ
Hc*
x AZ
G58E
y
KZ 6,] AZyZ
CzDx X 118 mY 2014] ~: @*
t2 V 3E
KZ {z bT
6,4Z 0
+
i y
KZ $
7s ZZ ] ZyZ {z x~gyZ= <z wi Z~ ]
@*
t
~zq @*
MZz',
gzZzy
KZ ] AZ]i q
Z z ]g
4Zt ;g Zz ~Zg ux Z +6,y
KZ% wg 130 129 126 mY 2014] ~:
X OxymoronwZr
# ~X wZ
r
# ~gzZy M
IZ bZ!*
7q 6,
kZgzZ GZgZ c*
{ bT
91

y*kZ7~
# qz bakZ7 q 6,kZ GZy M
H
~n] ugzZ
XZz p ZkZs{zgzZ { i Zzg q
-Z J
& G
/G
wZ ptg Zz G
Z y*] gzZ ~ Iz wZ [!*
yZ[ r
#
t 7"
$U*
y M
wZ y M
IZgzZ r
# ~ bZ !*
X 7"
$U*
gZ {zK XZ
` Z 5ZzY Z`ZResearchyZgzZ LogicyyZ Reason =yZ SelfyZ swZ
?M
hqx{wZtX t7{wZt"
$U*
6,
VZ
?K{HwZy M Z Z qg]
~_gZwZgZ
C
yM
p' qg y M
'] Abstract y M Z Z qg L L]t Ht wZ~
y M
kZ c*
Yq
C

Zg { Z', D]Z
kZ kZ [ y M Ztz qz7,
Dw DC
XwZz =zkZX }~
.Zo ^Z { .Z X qg
X g r
# ~gzZ H X D YKwZ

/
u[( 6)F,( 5)',
+zzg( 4)_ ( 3) Z
D
/tgz( 2) ]Z
( 1) [ 2ZwD
]t( 1) ~
. yZD MVwZttwZX D YKwZqg[2Z 7oz
? Hy
M yZ]
.z ( 10)y( 9) y( 8)( 7) ( 6) ',
+( 5) ( 4) ( 3) x AZ ( 2)
D
X ~~] _gZgzZbwZgZ
wZ {LZay M
{z J
-~h
+zY Z
ug i
yM
~ zg VZ {Z
# T e **
Z c*
**
~
.Z]Z|t D Y ~
.Z lp }{z~ zg yZQ
t YY @*
wZ %
Zg { Z',
_t
/Z
H Objective zc_t K ~
.Z }
ay M
Zz !*
]!*t DG @*
Z
' ]oZ
g U*M p _)
uZu _t X :
g {z
HH _zcgzZ Ta Zgz s sZ
t y M ZkZwZm{ X =m{q
-ZX X
m{q
-Z~kZ Subjective
tHD M VwZtt wZX Yy M
{~zg X{ wZ
( 5) c*
K ]tH ( 4)Kx AZ6,
{( 3)KY Z6,
{ ( 2)K{ ( 1)
92

XKwZt=\Wz',
+)
D
$U*y M
"
zVZy M
itC
',
+
D
zwZ tC

syW
wZ r
# ~X $
7u~}g !*
VZyZ~
. kZ Xce **

**
7 yW
wZ yW
wZ kZ Z E<X 51 m 47 mY 2013y;',~ Y c yW

X ~gz
x ~ xsZ X 7I e
$h
+]
. yW
bg
VZ kZ t**
yW
yW
Z
# tZ
[Reformation of ~g b & Z xsZ ] Zg Zzi Z gzZ sz^~ q nZ I e
$h
+]
.

X g}x Z9
Islam]
/l
uVZwZr
# ~gzZy M
IZ
y:x ZwY fw'VZg
6,
g$
+pQkZgzZ!Z!*
!*
br
# ~b & Zq
-
Dq e
$s qzg
z {z N Ya j
g
/Z p~ !*
C
!*
zC

[ wZ<
z6, C0*
%
gpp Zg0
+ZkZ bzg [
4$gzZ
5#k G-G
.G
c*
CkZKyz~ XX h^j n ZZ[KZ( Y 1520X 1575)oG

xZDz6,
X F
F6,
] !*
z[ #Z ^zg~ :WXZ[D**
zy!*
i
ozg6,D~ ~sgzZsvZx~[ kZKA
$%]Z W,
Z EZ [#6,
vZx6,xkZ 4 !*

KZ}g Z
uz2 ZgzZ Zbzgx tZzgx xZkZ
H

g6,xE]*zsgzZ',
+
D

vZ[ X ~a6,
x **
Sq
p
pg7e
$s Zzq)g fgzZ}zg G
Za
M oz
$

X Ze)g f[Hermeneutics]wZDd
DA
$%{)z ^] g^_ ^`] ` (`] gmfi( `] ] m,
z6,
Zx
VZ
Z~ l^^ ^nf] ]n{z r
# ~i
z6,

Y fx Z]Z|+VzpX u VZb & Zq

-wZx yZ D q nZ
X x ZwgzZu ^
,Y**
Y fax Z ^
,Y
z6,
g ayZX zg
93

lzu*Zy{+Zzf
Zg ~h
+zY y M
IZ {u Zz Z#
Z~
wZb & Zq
-y&] gzZ]Z ]Z Z]Z~
. ~
{)z ypg tg Z e ! ZnZ Z e
sf `ga]xk& Zz
c*
g k& Z izigzZ b & Z q
- izi y X I q
-kZgzZ
X g_
Pelikan J. Reformation of Church & Dogma
Stephen WP The Theology of Huldrych Zwingli
Strans G. Religion and society in Early Modern Europe 1500-1800
Althaus P. The Theology of Martin Luther
Cameron Euan., The European Reformation
MCGrath, A.E. Intellectual origions of the European Reformation
Niesel W. The Theology of Calvin
Oberman H.A. Forerunners of the Reformation

:Pne
$h
+]
.gzZr
# ~h
+zY

M fe
$h
+]
.B_ sf `g
/Z Y ._ tzf LZ fP ~ x Zfx H}g
~z
- ZZ',
Y W@f
Zgy{+Zzg ZbsZg kZgzZg DpR[fz! f
G
C-!x r
~ yZVY YY H ! l g Z!*
x + E
# ~h
+zY gzZ ypg tg Z e
X Zz**
!*
t
# IyZ ZgzZX
rg7g6,
# I: bh
t
+]
.gzZ
c*
gh
+]
.! fq
-Z
The [ !*
kZ Social Theory A Historical Introduction Alex callinicos ( 1)
Life and Power[ !*
VZv0*
Liberals and Reactionavies[ !*
ZEnlightenment

Z Z The Golden age crack up[!*

VZg
HgzZ VZ The illusion of progress[ !*
VZ^ M
X [ zgzZ {q
-ZtaK[f,gzZqd
$[Z1Z
The Delusion of Economics: gzZ The History of Development[ Gilbert Rist( 2)
The Misguided Certainities of Hazardous Science
The World Untill Yesterday: What can we learn from [ Jared Diamond( 3)
Speaking in Many k[ !*
Bringing up Children&[ !*
traditional Societies
At Another Airport:{ Salt, Sugar, Fat & Solth{g
H[!*
Tongues

q
7g F{ X{z C{ W ]g "V' AZ I Zzg [t
+
M
KZ Modern Life Style0
+
iih
+]
.X CY]V s13!*
i {gG{gGv
94

 M%Z kZ c*

{g 0*
{g 0*
H !*
',
H{ nbVoZyZ0
+{ ]1j ]Z d
$ u
V- !*
WyR W C1j F,
The Collaps [ 'Z ~gz 7, cg} (,
zg Z kZ C7 ZjgzZ ] 0Z ] ZjF,Q6,x **
Vz 6 Y ~ Vz
~ !*
M [g Zq
-Z u F
F6,] Z ZgzZ 6,u[!*
-Z~ [X c*
q
#
gF,
Za ~w&b) M C1j ~[fZq~wMsF,
!&[f
h
.
e Z
HC
i 0*
Vzc*
gx ua Za ~wMb){z6,
]~ Z
.
Z KZ u
k6,e} (,
) !*
F,
` { M
Y c 0*
Z}iVY ~C
i,qx
W 3g:
~ w~}\ !*
V ~ VxgzZ a ~}uz ~ ~q
-Z Vx
H^Y ^ Ix Z0
+{
Y4ZVxsZ~kZ7 F,
tD YawQDN Z6,g Zq
t %q
-Z
? YYc*
sZF,
kZ ?
bgzZ y 46,
=h
+]
.
M fe
$h
+]
. +F,
Zz r
# wD Z;[ g
/
} g ( 4 )
zs Z@Zz[fh
+]
.Vz ZZV ZjC
gzZ +4Z
+Rzg Z! f Zj
X C{ W! l
Be
$h
+]
.gzZxsZ ( [)~6 bh
+]
.gzZxsZ ( Z )
+F,
Ze
$.&kZ +F,
Z ~kZ Michal Sandal( 5)
V Case Against Perfection( \) Justice( [ ) What Money Can't Buy ( Z )
X Cq Zj]gzpe
$.b)Lg ]Z XZ F,
q
H
#
-E
kZ yZ b Z(,

Z R.P.Feynman } yZb} (,
~kZ ( 6)
` Mg Zz [x e
$.6,
qb CYJ 7,
~]Yx M%Z [ Z6,
Physics
4
X CYTx **
Quarks, Neutrinos,. selectrons, bosons Physics] G
5G3E
( Z ) Six Easy Pieces
( [) The Charactor of Physical Law
C{
M %b[tIs This Thing Called Science?[ A.F.Charmers( 7)
X
~[ ]YZM%ZX CCZ|kZgzZ
95

Against Method[ Feyerabend( 8)

6,4gzZb kZ CY J 7,~]YM%Z[ kZ +F,

Z e
$. b, Z9
b,gzZ Z9 wg kZ Bb:
',
i ZW: qg YgzZ
',
i Z
b *
@Yk
,
I{z
/Z
HwZ Z91 ZINq
-Z yxgkI \Z} (,}uz
X CYg DWbg ezgzZz|
Zq
-Zb,Human Nature & The Limits of Science [ John Dupre ( 9)

M fgzZ VzgPuh
+]
.]F,
?gzZbh
+]
.b Y | 7,g
/Z [
3Z
gzZ ];h
+]
.~[ CYWt BV ZjR
gzZxe
$. W |] Z C G
5E

HH7{ ^
,Y: Z**
] Zz~];g Z
The Evolutionary

[ !*
Zuz The Foundation of Evolutionary Psychology: [ !*

[!*
ZX {] Zz 6,46,p[f~ kZ Psychology of Sex & Gender
:[!*
aX 6,
The Charms & Consequences of Evolutionary Psychology
E
G-G
4&

g DWHgzZ ]c*
DY 0*
z Z ]! fh
+]
.~ ekZ 6,
People

Kinds of

b: Z**
~[!*
kZF
F6,]*ZZZ
+Ruh
+]
.6,
Rational Choice Theory:[ !*
VZv0*
Freedom of Will:[ !*
~y
WX g D M | Ot~kZX
The New Political Sociology, Power, Ideology &

[ Graham Taylor ( 10)

b [!*
The End of nation state g e [ !*
[ kZ identity in an age of Complexity
Complex

J W[!*
Network of Resistance Politics of New Social Movements

Global Civil Society?

[!*
VZ Citizenship Between Universalism & Particularism

Z e
$.6,g [fgzZ VZ'
i[fh
+]
.[ tThe Prospect for Cosmocracy

C]
H
4&Z ( 11)
+]
h
.Knowledge & its Counterfeits b [ !*
The King of the Castle [ EG
/**
.O ZwD Z Z HgzZXgz @*
Z Zg [ !*
z ~y
W[ kZX { ^
,Y ~Wb

Hx **
zy L
L F,
]gzp1**
[ kZ r
#
a` ZuX)HZ yZgzZr
#
96

 [ !*
+F,
ZtZ
# H7F,
[ !*
zYyZ1
Y
E
34g ( 12)
The Crises of the Modern World[ V G
1 8
-g{ ZexE x **
sgzZ
G g DZeyc*
Z]uzg
X U~kZ
kg Z 7Z H{ .Z IZgzZ!3 `g Zp VrZ ;gti igzZd<
L IZ
K~ [ YY H_ yZd h
+]
.* L L[ g wZ Z H
~ [
klgzZb[ !*
Z#[fgzZt[ !*
Zuz [ Y_t $Vu~zg !*
V

6g/e
$g Z e
$ [!*
X Z 46,e
$ ZZ[ !*
ag Z b~V'Zzgb
@*
t U
Y
34g ( 13)
G
gzZ Industryh
+]
.[ !*
[kZX ZThe Reign of Quantity [V E
X @*
3t
Z wz*
+]
h
.gz 46,
$ `}46,
e
=~yZZ{g VZgzZ {a Z[!*
[!*
Z ]c*
g [ !*
X ~[Z1ZyZ Zj] gzZ
gzZ - ]zG
y.h
+]
.z*b[!*
bh
+]
.0*
[!*
[ kZ Religion In The Modern Worldy1Bg **
eg ( 14)
X YH_e
$h
+]
.z[ !*
Development BkZ Looking Back on Progress[ ZgzZq
-Zy1Bg **
eg ( 15)

X Y1| 7,
Progressy* Dictionary

Islam & Modernism( [ ) Islam Versus West( Z )@*%( 16)

,
k
Zq
-Z [fgzZxsZ L L[!*
~y
W Islam & Plight of Modern Man[@( 17)
Za i @*
~gzgwyZVZeVyZe
$Zzg@
X:
Z 6 {Z >
KgzZs ZZzwZzi[!*
Traditional Islam In The Modern World [@( 18)
Xk
,

Revisioning Iqbal As a Poet & Muslim Political [ Ali Usman Qasmi( 19)
97

 yZ 6,
~g[; ZZ e ;gE- c Z,%g[ !*
~y
W[kZ Thinker
What is Living & What is dead in Iqbal.

wD Z
H1{ ^
,YVZeg~kZ: 6,
D]Z~
.\]hwD Z%~ kZ
Z 7qgkZ b ZwD Z1]kZ~{h
+`

,x Z 1qgt
# IyZ
ZVY **
tX Tg D6,
Z[+ xi_~W[ !*

X m{ i Zzg Z Z%D]Z~
.
~
6 q
-ZwD Z]hL L[ /( 20)
{^
,YY Zg Wc-~WwD Z] hgt ,)zg Zy;',Z e r
# /
~
]h 1 qg w D Z) ]h H ZzVZeo Z g~]h7
wD Z x] ~z0
+y)g fx Z t**
]h{)z i syg Z [
G
C-!r
+ ` W+ E
# ~gzZ I e
$h
+]
.1 1 qg t
# I ]h
~yZyx **
s Zq
-~] !*
NZY 2013y{yZ/X ~gz~zg ]hwD Z]gzh
+]
.
4Yg~y 0*
3G
xsZkZ wD Z,**
xsZ Zz] hwD Z)gzZV E
{z HyZ VrZ W
X 1qgp
gZuZ}g Z Z LZ
z LZ r
# ~ h
+%m{r
# ~y{yZ/g Zz
gX [Z ]ZI ~ V6,y{ yZ/{z HgHI y{ yZ/y{ tzg Z e
4Y
G
xsZ~}g !*
]g Z
(sZxsZtX F
F6,
g Z ZZgzZyc*
Z]uzxsZ V 3E
G
46,
u]g Z sZY Z yG
0xEy.xEsZ @*
7c wZkZt @*
77t(
o 7b(gzZ]g Z[z e
$Zzg ]X ? Y%
E
a- 5.Z4szH!*
%Zzuf > 2iX b Z+F,
ZsZ b Z ^_]
g ZMZaf <sZ 7e6,<] Z yZ%kZ xiz yg ZMZ
]gzx sZz!*

zg7 y.zxEsZ ~[ kZ1 xi%Zz

X q )Z6,
%ZkZ #
ZqQ7c
: x x

0Z
98

o t]] nq n] nq j] nq q] nq ] ] nq i]
^u^e m ] ^u] n nm ^ ^ ^n] ^n gq] ] ] ^] hq
n ] o ] ^e oi] oj] m]
0Z
^e ] m ^n e m] l^fq] ] ^] ] m ] m ] grm
?

xZ
] ne ] ne ] hq o
y
z0Z
e o ]ne^j] e^v] ^q^e ] eq gq] ^] g ]
^] g hq o ] ^^q] = ] j] ^] o o ^] jm
wv
Z z{

rj n g ^n] m oF] n e k] m^^e gq]

Kgq
-Z1*
@Y7 {a[fe
$Zzg~V1 ZzY6,xsZ~[faZX
&{ Z (,
aLZ[f~d
$q
-Z k~Vz6,l
6," KI~KKYKI
^^q
-ZV- P,Z7{akZP~e
$ZzggzZt~Z Zt kZ
,Z C& sZ Z
+R! fx ^t z[ x

x **
T~ 46,
ur
# ~z
- ~
[ q
-Z 6,
) ) ( kZgzZ xsZ kZ Wz6,q
-Z ;gE- egzg ; Z7{[f xsZ
T

[f xsZT~
v,
-bZg c Z[Z[t Islam without fear x **
X nZxsZ r
# ~Zh
+zYgzZ ~z
gzZ7xsZ {z: {
Science As Salvation: A Modern Myth & its meaning[ Mary Midgley( 21)

kZ The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry [ H.F. Cohen ( 22)

-Z [ !*
q
kZ Z The Search & Causes of The Scientific Revolution z Zuz [
X [ !*
Zq
-Z The Non Emergence of Early Science Outside Europeb [!*
~f Z
Critiques on [ kZ WJ6
,
kZgzZ b8 zg7bh
+]
.wwgD

99

Question ~Y 1926[ Zq
-Z
/;
/
kZx **
European Science

V~}g !*
b{z~] h:gz~g
/7wD Z)[tConcerning Technology
C1j MbtZ
# p @*
tb 5Z'm{b8g- bh
+]
.[f ]X D:g D
% Z ezCZ~kZ
}g Z
g Z)f M kZ * ~g7 @*
VZ7[f~g Z)f kZ C;n
+6,
Z
\zg- gzZ[f~g Z)f 8{]Z W,
Zn;kZ ! f 8 zg-bt @*
e
$Z@
X C7Z
+6,
* ~g7 C
The Development

[ {
Zed Books London 6,Vzo ]*ZZ ! fh
+]
.( 23)

Poverty, Progress, Development, Science, Standard

~ kZ [ w Dictionary

X ~ZzVx{yZ { ^
,Y: Z**
: ]g @*
Vzoh
+]
.{)zof Living
6,} ^
,Y ~WZgyY (w_w(,
~kZ! PHD ~g[; ZZ e ( 24)
6,Vz
C x [: F,
x 1~i Z0
+Zx e
$.: |Z xi Zw_ Z
~ 34{h
+`
t
~1V kZ_~WkZ
Nail Ferguson( 25)
( Z ) The Great Degeneration
( [) The West and The Rest
X [W~y*kZ {6,
V1VzyZ
ZgzZ 'Z6,e
$g/,Robert Dhales., Democracy and its critiques ( 26)
X _
Wz6,x N*
~}g !*
Z kZ Z
Jacques Ranciere., Hatred of Democracy ( 27)
Y 4
?+GE
5G zgs M
;gE- egzg ;iZhZEE
One of the most compelling thinkers and writers in France since Michel

[V e
$g/~q_ [ Z Z Focuault and Gilles Deleuze
q{z @*

This cause is called democracy that is the reign of the limitless desire of
100

individuals in modern mass society

yZ[!*
aFrom Victorious Democracy to criminal Democracy yZ[ !*

The Rationality of a Hatred

VrsZ Soft Power The Means to success in world politics

J.S NYE,JR( 28)

D]c*
z Z ubp 3 Soft PowersKZ[f
Hc*
C~kZ [Z a
b {)z {)z ]Z XZ F,
}g Z Z (t
KZ `] Z XZ ] 3uZgpk][ Z z
)Vzq [f xt "7,[ kZ ;gW,
O *6,gm{gzZ * ~g7
g @*
d
$ ]c*
Zzgg ZZ [f%Yt g}} :i ZY Z yZgzZ gwJ~g ZZ
x CY V bd
.
$[ft |Vq ~g ZZ)] Zz M kZ
w$
+VYg ZZ Vzuz ~g ZZ)tt wZ g8
-g~8
-g LZ6,g ~g)~gg ZZ V'
}o kZ [f 'X Value Loaded ~g ZZtt kZ
t VVzg Z Z d
$kZX 7]gzk
B kZoZ}
[fgzZM%Z
t ~ BVJ
-[~:z yZk
,
Z kzg~[ kZ C{>p * ~g7
M%Z c*
C 7t 1 x **
VF kZ ` 8
-g~ 8
-g 0
+
ig d
$pO%Z y
z,Z
# m7VY ~V k Soft PowerM%Z !*
Yz,gz k s i
Z ~
CaVrsZ_ !*
YgzZz,X 7}us%Z Cc*
~
C~M%ZgzZ
g 6,"
$ !*
Z bc*

XV Z LZ 0*
M%Z b z, q
;g @*
x **
V;zM%Zg (Z iH z,y
M
H /_
.! zZ ~h~yZk
,
Z c*
$
X
H[x~y 0*
yZk
,
ZF,
[~:1
sz^~~g xsZ ~zb
Z
+RgzZVzg Z Zx [fCgCgsZgzZ) (I~g
X 7Z'
z,t
( 1)
( 2)
( 3)

sf `g[ Z1ZZ[ Joseph S. NYE, JR

Sources of American Soft Power
Other's soft Power
Wiedding Soft Power
101

( 4) Soft Power and American Foriegn Ploicy

D ~i !*
~&
+
g7D( 47m ) Z ez ; { c*
i;gE- egzg ; agz0*M%Z q{z
X &mv] `~b ZyW
W,
{ c*
i
yZ 3Zzg LZv ]o]!*
kZ1q
-Z gz0*
q= e
O%Z q{z
x Zz Yr~M%Z q{z ( 47m )X gwJ HZ fV 3O%Zj
Y $
4E
5hGg;gg !*
L~g @*
* ( 47 m )X ~
. +F,
Zr Z]c*
Zzgzg ZZ O%Z E
w E
5H
O%Z
+Z}spJ
-jWyZ+k] HZ fV
Z {z7~g EZZ
Xa **
~
KZ g @*
~g7
c*
g Tyrrant
/c !*
Y c*
g zz
UNO:M%Z :7
F,
] Zz) ~ Zi W{oVzg e
kg ; XzR,
akzgt V n q Zjx Z
/
z6, nV Z ~kzggzZM%Z {z
[zZxi Zw_~kzg VrZ ( 76m )X` 0xg ZZ O%Zzg Zz
3} hkZ Z"
$U*
akzg Z Lg ~
xi Z w_^~uz ~g Ztuxc^q
-Z ~g ZtugzZ c*
e
# z b Zq
-ZVX c*
wJ.

*gzZ {e
$g EZgzZ UNO^V~g EZ@ ~gzs
! f ~{z * Z% VJZX @*
(Discrimination) t
~ Vz)gzZ VJZM%Zg Z} #
Z
$.tzg kZB yZ B
e
bg Z \g- gzZ M%Z i 6,Vzo1 B
bg yZZ 6,Vzo
X @*
: qg YgzZ: \: Xze
$.tzg kZBVgzZVyZp @*
gzZ,g
/
g ~g Z Zzg
yZ {okZgzZ H The other[f7Z DZ F,
]Zz) ~ Zi WVzo&[f}o
<XX X X N Y ~ 3}uzt ~}g !*
: Xz6,x
gzZ t Zy] yj
jZ {z
) !*
}oZ Z E

{z 1 7~g Z 6,o L~ g @*~g7 ~g z Z M%Z 6,yj

jZX @*
~g
~g 6,kZ H sM%Z !*
YX
rgtzg x3,
$.~}g !*
e
M gzZ c*
g z4,
z!*
Y
OV Zz&gzZV Zz wEZ]~Y 2016gM X 9{oyZn kZ 7
Road Justices ZgzZ VpZ V-J
-Y 2016c vg ZD
ge
) !*
T ~ x Z ]i YZ x
c*
g ~Y 2016Z
# X {gg
# aMzZ c*
[ Z gHnZ ZM%ZX ` YG uh)g f
102

 UNO7
/c Z }{ nZN/VZ6,
c*
g! {z~ D7wZ g
M%Z m,
z
gzzX Yc*
kZ
HusX c*
W7ys nZ Z7J
-kZ u
c*
g Z

/c:c*
g zz!*
YM%Z1c*
ZYM%Zg Z)f ~g FKZ,V1M%Z H8**

HX ~ Zi Wx **
ZX V {ot gzZ W,
Z }otX H:|7Z~g 6,yZ:
?M
hJwZkZy
{zKg (Ztzg Zjg ^ ^ ~}g !*
[fsZ
$! fX ]gzspikZ ;gw3 Zgy Majpzd
d
$! fgzZ O%Z
m7sp!*
Yd
$tpH{ ',
g Z- pzd
$Z ~ugzZkzg pz
gzZ}o+
M qzgsZ Y wV" J
-wkpd
$ k%Z !*
Y
/Z%+
M qzggzZ
X ]gz" _
.6 yZZ6 akZC
$
7VY[fpzd
$!{gG~g
Raymond Aron., Democracy and Totalitarianism ( 29)
Ulrich Beck.,Democracy without Enemies( 30)

]tugzZ qfgZ e ( 31)

+zY] q@s Z ( 32)
h
g Zu( 2)g U*Mz]u( 1) ~+ZY M( 33)
A
Vzt
gX GG3.EZ F6,u r
# ~g{zkZ
A
GG3.E
X ;g
iD
Z[ ZN
QX
],k
B
Yf e
$h
+]
.X Y{ i Z0
+Z g @*
~g7e
$h
+]
.~y*zy[ kZX (] ~z0
+
y( 34)
H{0
+
iVE!*
XxEZ'

',
iXkZY fZzggzZ HfzW,
Z~
~ e Z8 6,
xZDuwzR,
Z et,x ZZW o] ^ u] nwzR,
eZ e ( 35)
E
i ~ m,
Z!
h
+]
. HF,
zg Z Q~ m,
Z Z r
# x ZZX H
]g ei M ~ y!*
G
C-! xDh
+]
.X C{ M b yZ [ t u ub +x
[f : Z E
ugzZ Zz Z#
Z~ @*
t~g Z)f wJ]Z Z yZ O [ Z ]Z Z
G
C-!x Z qz
yW
IZ byZ g "gzZ 6,xDh
+]
.u upZ + E
103

G
C-!Z ,_{!*
+ E
[ kZBh
+zY]Y fZn:Z~kZttu r
# ~
X Y{ i Z0
+Z! lbx
vgzZ Technological Society[w ZZ( 36)

E
e.&X C7t
# IZg Wc6,
]{)z XZ ~{bh
+]
.h
+]
. Mumfard( 37)
X sf `gx **
V1
.Art and TechnicsX 1
Technics and CivilizationX 2
The City In HistoryX 3
Critics of Culture and CivilizationX 4
The highway and the city:essaysX 5
Understanding Lweis : A guide for the PerplexedX 6
In Old Friendship: The Correspondence of Lweis Mumford and HenryX7

E
z_yZw@W Xt
# I,Z~oyZX
oe.&

X YH_ The old friendshipoX }Zzg

~gz_ V1 Zz ~ekZ c*
yZ 8{ng Z {kZ x : Zg Ztu F,Qe
$h
+]
.
Vn]]gzp~ kZgzZ ]gzZ ]g W C1j
) !*
x : Zg ZtugzZ F,
b T
X Y{ i Z0
+Z! l
An inconvenient Truth.ALGORE( 38)
This Changes every thing Capitalism Vs, The Climate Moamy ClaneX 39

X YH_yZg7g Vz%6,
n]1j {zkZ
y*kZp Zz ! l yZY fY ~ 7
zV1g ! Z xEsZ ~
zkZ
s sZ}g { i Z0
+Z T , `g 'g gzZ Zj Z
z
)
Z~ ^!
g **
zWgzZ j Y ZwZ ~ n VKq V-
VZ: x kZ 6n ;7bkZ~* ~g7zgkZ k\Z 2#
ZkZ2 Z
Xng7~q
104

? 4VYW] h wjZ~V- u
6,]zZ
/wjZ~u~y 0*
t {z wZq
-Zs{z0WkZ ]!*
~y
W
? 4VY
$
+7J
-]zZ wjZ ~ V- uV
c*
g sZ +Z q
-Z y 0*
X X X 6,Vz H~ kZ
sZ] gzZ {V o sZ q
-Zy 0* CW ]7 i ~V- uq D Y
V : *
* J 7,7,i p M
h Z Z~Ki a x N YbW J M h ]zZwjZ
/Z
g aWtW ] h ~~uwjZsZX Vo)(:
c*
g:X \ !*
( J
- ` M Dgg Z~ Vq wjZ a C ~9i
) ) !*
# ~ V- u 7
Z
H 7,
: c*
7,
i ^ 7X Zg tN Ybw$
+]zZwjZ~V- u H7c_L
))
?w_
xY fyZZyZ f ZgK
xY fgzZ]
.)kg Z J
-#
vZY
KZgzZ xY fsgzZs` M xsZt i t yZ f Zt
V{V- gzi Y fggzg ]wgkZgzZvZ }it J
-S g Zz
Y f |Y{g7{0
+
ixsZ%zyZ 4Z]ux yZ+ kZ zz!*
9

q nZyZyZyZ]yZ X _g ZzZDyZgzZ[
$
g
CY~ S k
,
+c*
$
d
${zX C7zyZ1 C ]c*
C7]Y fd
$gzZ {
0
+Z tgzq
-Z y*Z kZ0
+ZX CY ~1{g 0*
{g 0*
bt ZgzZy*Z u oq
-Z ] c*

,
k
t k
,
Y Zg Mcq
-Zt
z~i - s yY ZhZ gzZx Z } (,

q nZ yZ 7IvZt y^Z
V yY ZhZ c*
c*
kZ p~V1 g @*
xkZ } S yZpgp]Zg qg U*
WyZ ._!KZvZ }
p
'g qg Zi !*
V*0
+Z\
KY ZhZ H7uF,
x yY ZhZpX 7Zzgg s
0
+Z @*
(Z
/Z D7bC
bg U*M 'g qX @*
yZZgzZxsZV X p:: y
Y fJ
-Zk\Z f
e8 Y [ M D: +L M
~bgzZCc*
F,
{ c*
i
y
X 7g a
105


H{g
z:]!*
~y
W
r
# ~g i Zz ]|X X X wg L T e *
*nt B k\Z e
$.6,kZ
+E
~m~
V wg ?
~
V wg y h
+]
. @*
Ct c*
A x]
MZz]|g D6,
;pi __ x`
[Z
gG ]i YZO
T~g {z0
+Zz~y 0*
}g76,] yZ __~} Zwtz!*
nZ1Y~7Zw
c*
"
$U*
kZ ~i ZyyZ V~HbTWn
~} i vVb
7A
$%iJ
-Z np
pgx
/
kZtk\Z Z7u ~
V
gG~Vg #
ZkZ
6 4z]
.KZ n #
Z#
Z kZ6,}i kZgzZ b & Z #
Z kZ {z ~g Z)f Y fn
~!nuV ~
V
gG[cxi Zw_xi Z
z ,l 5 Zg6 } ],
Z
X }7g OZ Zg
zX X X g 6,
VzzgzZVzyZ
/Z J
-Z 7x ;g| (,
W
]Z Z;gE- g^r
# [ gzZr
# ~g[ ; ZZ e[{ E
+ Zx H}~~g kZ
~ V SKZx Z{ E
+ Z}X ggzZ zg ]Z
g Z yZ t z ~
/
%
G
x **
o^q l^}
pZg}g Z Z Sg Hg Z[xZXg c*
[ J
- ` W kZ Le *
* Zz ZgX X X A
$% x **
Y] VgzZ
~g
/
Zggf [xZ X]gzZt: ~]i YZ
[: 7

}p V e Zz**
!*
kZ Zg
HH7 H x **
Zg~]gzZ V1yZX
p{z }wJ~g Z)f Vzk
,
4Z KZ ZgX CZ
+6,4Z ~g Z)f ZyZ1V O ZO Z
Z
+Zziz H
HH H 'c*
zg H~V1yZ N Y
]i YZkZ c*
}

kZ1M
h7~mZ%VyZ$
Y~7Zg ~}g !*
VyZ%w@*
7,
kZ
<X7e%_}
{ Z', szZ Zg c*
Y Hi Z _V1gzZ]yZ Z E
Zx
z
/
,
-:gzZ,
MZYY1b76,
g~k
,
ZgZg wDZ gzZ YHZg
Zg
r
# q
-Z6,,
MZ= V2zP~ wqD YBHgzZg Z} hXg Z} (,} (,~g
-!
:XE
t~kZ
HH"
$U*
Z <
L IZ E gzZ { M !*
}o}~XXwg Z~}g !*
}Y Zg M
kZ Zg ~ [!*
}o } x t g D M k0*
}{z
106

-!
:E
XE
IZ sZgv:ZX Y77{oZLr
# yZ {0
+
i{z
/Z ~gz**
qs
# z!*
i ~k
,

u #
Z q )ZgzZ/q )Z u/
Z &+ ]Z~
. k q )Z<
L y M
&
g<
L
Zg c*

g Zt r
# 4Z o<
L IZ ` u &!*
b}okZC
Zg
gzZ{qYxi Zyg e
7 gzZxi Zyg e ~ ZggzZ g e
7
@*
;]c*

[fgzZgt
KZ! fh
+]
.0
+
i ~g7 Zg `g { xsZ {],
Z {z
rgyZZ6,yZ
vZ $n+F,
+bg Z
$

Z ~4z]
.s x ~ Dp( {
.yZk
,
c*
,
k
Zg
/Zts
Zpg: Z b
r
# yZg xz$+Z
\
yk,]Z
Zg { Z',
kZ,Zg
Zg { Z',
6,
MZ c*
,
6,yc*
!*
i c*
6,g~k
,
g {kZ
Dp7~mZ {
(yZ~w} Y f{z H
g Z ts:6,
Vzi Z0
+Z
X 0*
kZgzZ g (Z0
+
ii: Zg Z)fq
-Z+
/

107