TUTORIAL 1 (ASSIGNMENT)

NAME: Muhd Hariz Hazwan Bin Md Isa

ID NO: 55201113138

GROUP: L01-T1

LECTURER: DR ZALINA

1. What is the 3R principle of waste management? Give examples. What are the main
advantage of this principle?

Waste management is a process of handling the waste by steps from the collection,
processing, recycling and disposal. Waste is the unwanted materials produced by human activity
in daily activity. In having a proper waste management, a principle named 3R had been
organized. The first R is Reduce. The term reduce is meant by reducing the production of waste
by controlling the daily activity disposal. For example is the Food Stall. Everyday millions tan of
food waste are produced in the whole country. The Reduce activity can guide people to
reducing producing waste by taking food by limit to reduce and avoid waste production.
Advantage from this principle is that waste can be minimized so that it will minimize landfill
activity. Second R is Reuse. Reuse is a usage of reusable items for another function than its
origin function. For example, the damaged tire can be recycled and reused to become a pot for
the plant. The plastic bottle can be recycle as stationary and multipurpose case. In Malaysia, the
Recycle Bins are provided in public areas so that people can put the waste according to the
categories of waste that can be recycled. This activity will slightly helps in reducing the resource
demand and consumption so that the Earth can be protected.
2. What are the hazardous waste constituent of Municipal Solid Waste in a urban
residential? Compare it with that of waste from rural areas.
Hazardous waste constituents of Municipal Solid Waste is different in different area because
of demography factors and lifestyle of people. In recent years, it is estimated that the
composition of MSW is 30% from the total solid waste generated. Generation of waste is
increasing rapidly and dramatically at the urban residential area compared to the rural area. This
is because of the urbanization process and country development is rapidly occur in urban

residential area compared to rural area. In a day, average of solid waste generated by a person is
between 0.5kg to 0.8kg at rural area while the average is around 1.9kg in urban residential area.

3. Describe briefly the Municipal Solid Waste in Malaysia.

Malaysia is one of the developing countries in term of economic growth. Rapid growth of
building and facilities will indirectly increase the waste production by the development.
Municipal Solid Waste is substance or scarp materials waste that produced. There are few
Municipal Solid Waste Management programme in Malaysia which is the firstly is Action
Plan for a Beautiful and Clean Malaysia (ABC). All MSW generated should be collected and
disposed without affecting public health, workers health and environmental problem. The
private sector also should be encouraged to be contractors for MSW collection and disposal
services. Second is Privatisation of MSWM that is to be done on national scale. The aim is to
improve the quality of service and promote efficiency to provide better facilities. Lastly is the
Integrated MSWM.

4. Determinte the unit rate of solid waste generation. A residential area consisting of
1500 houses has an average of four resident per house. For estimating the quantity
of solid waste generated, the following observation were made at disposal site for a
period of one week.

Type I
300 kg.m3 / 15 m3
= 20 kg
= 20 kg x 10 (no of trip)
= 200kg

Type II
150 kg.m3 / 2 m3
= 75 kg
= 75 kg x 8 (no of trip)
= 600 kg

Given P = 1500 house

PCD = 52000T / 365P

Type I
PCD = 52000 (200 kg) / 365 (1500)
= 18.995 kg
Type II
PCD = 52000 (600 kg) / 365 (1500)
= 56.986 kg
Type III
PCD = 52000 (5000 kg) / 365 (1500)
= 474.885 kg

Type III
100 kg.m3 / 0.5 m3
= 200 kg
= 200 kg x 25 (no of trip)
=5000kg

5. Estimation of moisture content of typical residential MSW. Estimate the overall moisture
content of a sample of as collected residential MSW with the typical composition given
in the table below. The total weight as collected is 100kg.

Component

Wet mass (kg)

Dry mass (kg)

14

Moisture content
(%)
70

Food wastes
Paper

40

37.6

Cardboard

8.55

Plastics

8.82

Yard wastes

12

60

4.8

Wood

20

Tins cans

5.82

Paper

40

37.6

Moisture content = [ (a-b)/a ] x 100%

Where, a = initial mass of sample
b = mass of dry sample
total weight = 100kg
Wet mass = percentage of mass x 100kg
Dry mass = wet mass (wet mass x moisture content%)

Overall moisture content = [(135 111.39)/135] x 100% = 17.49%

4.2

6. Estimation of density of typical residential MSW. Estimate the overall density of a

sample of as collected residential MSW with the typical composition given in the
table below. The total weight as collected is 1000kg.

Component

Wet mass (kg)

Density (kg/m3)

Food wastes

140

290

0.482

Paper

400

85

4.706

Cardboard

90

50

1.8

Plastics

90

65

1.385

Yard wastes

120

105

1.143

Wood

50

240

0.208

Tins cans

60

90

0.667

P=m/v
v= m/p
Total density = total mass / total volume
= 950 kg / 10.391 m3
= 91.425 kg / m3

Volume (m3)