22.

381 Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Test 1 :Chapter 1 and 2
Instructor : Prof. D. Willis

Name and UMS ID:

1. (35 pts) Concept Questions: Please answer the following concept questions fully, but concisely. Explanations for any questions are recommended if you are unsure of your answer.
(a) True or False: Liquid viscosity generally decreases as the temperature rises
True: As temperature rises, liquids in general become less viscous
(b) True or False: Wetting liquids have higher surface tension than non-wetting liquids
False: The wetting or non-wetting is a property of the material the fluid droplet is in contact
with. Eg. Water and a waxed car, vs. water and metal.
(c) True or False: Helium has negative weight, this is why helium balloons rise
False: The reason is there is a buoyancy force greater than the weight of the helium and balloon
(d) True or false: The only place in a fluid where shear stresses exist is at the walls of the flow.
False: Shear stresses may occur anywhere in the flow
(e) What is the difference between a Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluid? Give an example of each.
Newtonian Fluids are special in that the stress-strain rate relationship is linear and has a zero
intercept. Non-Newtonian fluids have nonlinear stress-strain rate relationships
(f) Define pressure and describe the molecular basis for pressure in gases.
Pressure = Force/Area, Pressure in a gas is caused by gas dynamic molecular collisions
(g) Define shear stress and describe the no slip condition.
Shear Stress = tangential force/Area or = du
dy . The no-slip condition says that at the interface
between a fluid an a solid surface, the fluid and solid surface have the same velocity there is no
slipping between the fluid and the wall at the interface
(h) Give two reasons why air pressure does not change linearly with height in the atmosphere.
(1) The density is a function of pressure. (2) The density is a function of temperature
(i) What is the metacenter, and why is it important in buoyancy problems?
The metacenter is the line drawn vertically from the center of buoyancy to the centerline of the
object. It is important because it indicates whether there is a restoring moment or a tipping
moment when a ship heels.
(j) Give one example where liquid and gas behave similarly.
Liquids and gasses have the same shear stress equation : = du
dy .
(k) Give one example where liquid and gas behave dissimilarly.
Compress a gas and a liquid and they behave differently
(l) What do the various terms in the equation Ev = dVdp/V represent?
dp is the change in compressive pressure, dV is the change in volume, V is the original volume,
and Ev is the bulk modulus
(m) Draw a free body diagram for the capillary problem below and clearly illustrate all forces acting
on the fluid:
(n) What is the reading in Newtons on the following scales if each is 1m3 of material submerged in
water?

Figure 1: The capillary problem

2. (20 pts) Please attempt all questions.

The following diagram shows a concept for a conveyor belt for moving honey in a factory from the
storage reservoir to the processing and bottling plant. You will analyze the problem.

Figure 2: The stress problem

Useful information:
Equation for the fluid (honey) velocity profile: u(y) = 20y 80y 2

m/s

honey = 2P a s
Height of honey channel = 0.1 m
Length of the conveyor belt = 3 meters
Width of conveyor belt = 0.5 meters
(a) Using the equation for the velocity profile determine the equation for the shear stress at any point
in the honey, between the conveyor belt and the bottom wall.
(b) What is the location and magnitude of the maximum shear stress in this flow?
(c) Determine the shear stress acting on the conveyor belt and clearly indicate in which direction it
acts.
(d) Assuming the shear stress is similar along the length of the conveyor belt, calculate the force
required to move the belt.
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(e) The power required to power the conveyor belt is P = F Vconveyor . Calculate the approximate
power required to pump the honey.
(f) Suggest a way to reduce the conveyor belt power while maintaining the same velocity profile.

3. (45 pts) Hydrostatic pressure

You have been approached by a salad dressing manufacturer to help analyze their salad dressing
pre-mixing reservoir. They have installed a glass wall on one side of the reservoir to observe the ingredients. This wall is rectangular and is 2m wide. The figure below shows the reservoir with all necessary
data. Answer all questions below related to this problem.

Figure 3: Hydrostatics problem

(a) Clearly draw and label the absolute pressure distribution acting on the glass reservoir wall (assume
Pa tm = 101, 325P a) .
(b) Calculate the gage pressure at (i) the oil-vinegar interface and (ii) at the bottom of the reservoir.
(c) Calculate the magnitude and location of the resultant force on the glass wall due to the hydrostatic
pressure of the oil .
(d) Calculate the magnitude and location of the resultant force on the glass wall due to the hydrostatic
pressure of the vinegar.
(e) Calculate the magnitude and location of the total resultant force (due to oil and vinegar) on the
glass wall.