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Global Positioning
System
LEARNING OUTCOME
What is GPS and its application?
What does GPS provide?
History
Basic concept of GPS
How GPS works?
WHAT IS GPS?
GPS, which stands for Global Positioning
System, is the only system today able to show
you your exact position on the Earth anytime,
in any weather, anywhere.
The three parts of GPS are:
Satellites
Receivers
Software
WHAT IS GPS?
WHAT IS GPS?
WHAT IS GPS?
THE HISTORY
ephemeris)
- the general system health and rough
orbits of all
GPS satellites (the almanac)
S
ATELLITES
There are quite a number of satellites
out there in space. They are used for a
wide range of purposes: satellite TV,
cellular phones, military purposes and
etc. Satellites can also be used by GPS
receivers.
Facts:
There are some 2,500 satellites of all
types and purpose orbiting the earth.
There are over 8,000 foreign objects
orbiting the earth consisting of items
like nose cones and panels from old
satellites, an astronaut's glove, spanner
and more!
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IN-CAR NAVIGATION
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CRUSTAL MOTION
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MACHINE GUIDANCE
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AIR NAVIGATION
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MAPPING
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DEFORMATION MONITORING
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MISSILE GUIDANCE
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GPS ACCURACY
GPS ACCURACY
Method
Stand Alone (SPS)
DGPS
Carrier Phase DGPS
Position Accuracy
10-20m @ 95%
0.5 - 3m
5mm + 0.01ppm
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SPACE SEGMENT
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SPACE SEGMENT
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SPACE SEGMENT
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CONTROL SEGMENT
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CONTROL SEGMENT
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CONTROL SEGMENT
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USER SEGMENT
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Further Reading
Chapter 7 (7.1-7.2) J. Uren book
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GPS SIGNALS
Each GPS satellite transmits
data that indicates its location
and the current time. All GPS
satellites synchronize
operations so that these
repeating signals are
transmitted at the same
instant.
GPS SIGNALS
GPS satellites transmit two radio signals.
These are designated as L1 and L2. A Civilian
GPS uses the L1 signal frequency (1575.42
MHz) in the UHF band.
The signals travel by line of sight, meaning
they will pass through clouds, glass, plastic
etc but will not travel through solid objects
such as buildings and mountains.
SIGNAL STRUCTURE
The satellites broadcast two carrier waves
constantly
These carrier waves are in the L-Band (used
for radio), and travel to earth at the speed
of light
GPS receivers use the different codes to
distinguish between satellites
The codes can also be used as a basis for
making pseudorange measurements and therefore
calculate a position
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SIGNAL STRUCTURE
Fundamental
Frequency
10.23 MHz
x 154
x 120
?1
?10
L1
1575.42 MHz
?0.19 m
C/A - Code
1.023 MHz
?300 m
L2
1227.60 MHz
?0.24 m
P-Code
10.23 MHz
?30 m
P-Code
10.23 MHz
?30 m
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50 BPS
Satellite Message
SIGNAL ERROR
1.
2.
3.
Factors that can degrade the GPS signal and thus affect
accuracy include the following:
Ionosphere and troposphere delays The satellite signal
slows as it passes through the atmosphere. The GPS system
uses a built-in model that calculates an average amount
of delay to partially correct for this type of error.
Signal multi path This occurs when the GPS signal is
reflected off objects such as tall buildings or large
rock surfaces before it reaches the receiver. This
increases the travel time of the signal, thereby causing
errors.
Receiver clock errors A receiver's built-in clock is
not as accurate as the atomic clocks onboard the GPS
satellites. Therefore, it may have very slight timing
errors.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SIGNAL ERROR
SIGNAL ERROR
8.
9.
10.
There
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STATIC
For
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STATIC
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RAPID STATIC
Baselines
20 km
The shorter the baselines are, the
better
This technique is similar to static
positioning but has shorter
occupation times of 10 30 minute
This technique is slightly less
accurate than the static method
because it is more sensitive to
environmental conditions
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RAPID STATIC
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APPLICATION
IN
GPS technique
Static
ENGINEERING SURVEYING
Applications
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