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17.1. Introduction
A 300KW BERL combustor simulation is modeled using a non-premixed model. The reaction can be
modeled using either the species transport model or the non-premixed combustion model. In this tutorial you will set up and solve a natural gas combustion problem using the non-premixed combustion
model for the reaction chemistry.
This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:
Use the Discrete Ordinates (DO) radiation model for combustion applications.
The non-premixed combustion model uses a modeling approach that solves transport equations for
one or two conserved scalars (mixture fractions). Multiple chemical species, including radicals and intermediate species, may be included in the problem definition. Their concentrations will be derived from
the predicted mixture fraction distribution.
Property data for the species are accessed through a chemical database and turbulence-chemistry interaction is modeled using a -function for the PDF. For details on the non-premixed combustion modeling
approach, see "Modeling Non-Premixed Combustion" in the User's Guide.
17.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed one or more of the introductory
tutorials found in this manual:
Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT in ANSYS Workbench: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing
Elbow (p. 1)
Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 131)
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17.4.1. Preparation
1.
Extract the file non_premix_combustion.zip from the ANSYS_Fluid_Dynamics_Tutorial_Inputs.zip archive which is available from the Customer Portal.
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Note
For detailed instructions on how to obtain the ANSYS_Fluid_Dynamics_Tutorial_Inputs.zip file, please refer to Preparation (p. 3) in Introduction to Using ANSYS
FLUENT in ANSYS Workbench: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 1).
2.
3.
4.
Enable Double-Precision.
For more information about FLUENT Launcher, see Starting ANSYS FLUENT Using FLUENT
Launcher in the User's Guide.
Note
The Display Options are enabled by default. Therefore, after you read in the mesh, it will
be displayed in the embedded graphics window.
2.
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a.
3.
b.
Select mm from the Mesh Was Created In drop-down list in the Scaling group box.
c.
d.
Note
It is a good idea to check the mesh after you manipulate it (i.e., scale, convert to polyhedra, merge, separate, fuse, add zones, or smooth and swap.) This will ensure that
the quality of the mesh has not been compromised.
4.
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Due to the mesh resolution and the size of the domain, you may find it more useful to display just the
outline, or to zoom in on various portions of the mesh display.
Extra
You can use the mouse zoom button (middle button, by default) to zoom in to the
display and the mouse probe button (right button, by default) to find out the boundary
zone labels. The zone labels will be displayed in the console.
5.
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a.
b.
The full geometry will be displayed, as shown in Figure 17.4 (p. 724)
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Figure 17.4 2D BERL Combustor Mesh Display Including the Symmetry Plane
6.
724
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a.
b.
Energy Edit...
a.
b.
Since heat transfer occurs in the system considered here, you will have to solve the energy equation.
2.
Viscous Edit...
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a.
b.
Select Enhanced Wall Treatment from the Near-Wall Treatment group box.
The default Standard Wall Functions are generally applicable when the first cell center away from
the wall has a y+ of about 40. However, as the near-wall mesh is refined, the model becomes invalid. The Enhanced Wall Treatment option provides better solutions on highly refined wall meshes,
while recovering the behavior of Standard Wall Functions on coarse meshes. Enhanced Wall
Treatment is recommended for general single-phase fluid flow problems when using the k-epsilon
model. For more information about Near Wall Treatments in the k-epsilon model please refer to
Setting Up the k- Model in the Users Guide.
3.
c.
d.
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Radiation Edit...
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a.
b.
c.
d.
The DO radiation model provides a high degree of accuracy, but it can be CPU intensive. In cases where
the computational expense of the DO model is deemed too great, the P1 model may provide an acceptable solution more quickly.
For details on the different radiation models available in ANSYS FLUENT, see "Modeling Heat
Transfer" in the User's Guide.
4.
Species Edit...
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a.
b.
c.
ii.
iii.
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Click the Boundary tab to add and define the boundary species.
i.
Enter c2h6 in the Boundary Species text-entry field and click Add.
B.
ii.
iii.
iv.
and 79%
by volume.
Specify the fuel composition by entering the following values for Fuel:
The fuel composition is entered in mole fractions of the species, c2h6, c3h8, c4h10, and co2.
Species
Mole Fraction
ch4
0.965
n2
0.013
c2h6
0.017
c3h8
0.001
c4h10
0.001
co2
0.003
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Tip
Scroll down to see all the species.
Note
All boundary species with a mass or mole fraction of zero will be ignored.
v.
Enter 315 K for Fuel and Oxid in the Temperature group box.
e.
Click the Control tab and retain default species to be excluded from the equilibrium calculation.
f.
Click the Table tab to specify the table parameters and calculate the PDF table.
i.
Retain the default values for all the parameters in the Table Parameters group box.
The maximum number of species determines the number of most preponderant species to
consider after the equilibrium calculation is performed.
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ii.
iii.
Click the Display PDF Table... button to open the PDF Table dialog box.
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A.
Retain the default parameters and click Display (Figure 17.5 (p. 731)).
B.
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ii.
h.
pdf-mixture Create/Edit...
All thermodynamic data for the continuous phase, including density, specific heat, and formation enthalpies are extracted from the chemical database when the non-premixed combustion model is used.
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Tip
Scroll down to view the Absorption Coefficient option.
This specifies a composition-dependent absorption coefficient, using the weighted-sum-of-graygases model. WSGGM-domain-based is a variable coefficient that uses a length scale, based on
the geometry of the model. Note that WSGGM-cell-based uses a characteristic cell length and can
be more mesh dependent.
For more details, see Radiation in Combusting Flows of the Theory Guide.
b.
You can click the View... button next to Mixture Species to view the species included in the pdfmixture material. These are the species included during the system chemistry setup. The Density and
Cp (Specific Heat) laws cannot be altered: these properties are stored in the non-premixed combustion
look-up tables.
ANSYS FLUENT uses the gas law to compute the mixture density and a mass-weighted mixing law to
compute the mixture . When the non-premixed combustion model is used, do not alter the properties
of the individual species. This will create an inconsistency with the PDF look-up table.
b.
Click OK.
The CFD solution for reacting flows can be sensitive to the boundary conditions, in particular the incoming velocity field and the heat transfer through the walls. Here, you will use profiles to specify the
velocity at air-inlet-4, and the wall temperature for wall-9. The latter approach of fixing the wall
temperature to measurements is common in furnace simulations, to avoid modeling the wall convective
and radiative heat transfer. The data used for the boundary conditions was obtained from experimental
data [1].
2.
poutlet-3 Edit...
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a.
Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specification Method drop-down list in the
Turbulence group box.
b.
c.
d.
Click the Thermal tab and enter 1300 K for Backflow Total Temperature.
e.
The exit gauge pressure of zero defines the system pressure at the exit to be the operating pressure.
The backflow conditions for scalars (temperature, mixture fraction, turbulence parameters) will be used
only if flow is entrained into the domain through the exit. It is a good idea to use reasonable values
in case flow reversal occurs at the exit at some point during the solution process.
3.
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air-inlet-4 Edit...
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specification Method drop-down list in the
Turbulence group box.
e.
f.
g.
h.
4.
fuel-inlet-5 Edit...
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a.
b.
c.
Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specification Method drop-down list in the
Turbulence group box.
d.
e.
5.
f.
g.
Click the Species tab and enter 1 for Mean Mixture Fraction for the fuel inlet.
h.
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wall-6 Edit...
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a.
b.
6.
7.
ii.
iii.
Similarly, set the boundary conditions for wall-7 through wall-13 using the following values:
Zone
Name
Temperature
Internal
Emissivity
wall-7
312
0.5
wall-8
1305
0.5
wall-9
0.5
wall-10
1100
0.5
wall-11
1273
0.5
wall-12
1173
0.5
wall-13
1173
0.5
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a.
b.
Retain the selection of t and x from the Y Axis Function and X Axis Function selection lists respectively.
c.
8.
Plot the profiles of velocity for the swirling air inlet (air-inlet-4).
a.
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i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Figure 17.7 Profile Plot of Axial-Velocity for the Swirling Air Inlet (air-inlet-4)
b.
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739
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Click Plot (Figure 17.8 (p. 740)) and close the Plot Profile Data dialog box.
Figure 17.8 Profile Plot of Swirl-Velocity for the Swirling Air Inlet (air-inlet-4)
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The Operating Pressure was already set in the PDF table generation in Step 3.
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2.
a.
Select Coupled from the Scheme drop-down list in the Pressure-Velocity Coupling group box.
b.
Select PRESTO! from the Pressure drop-down list in the Spatial Discretization group box.
c.
Select Second Order Upwind for Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Turbulent Dissipation Rate.
d.
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a.
b.
Value
Density
0.2
Body Forces
0.8
The default under-relaxation factors are considered to be too aggressive for reacting flow cases
with high swirl velocity.
3.
Residuals Edit...
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4.
a.
b.
5.
a.
Retain the default selection of Hybrid Initialization from the Initialization Methods group box.
b.
Click Initialize.
6.
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b.
Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Contours of drop-down lists.
c.
Click Display.
2.
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a.
Select Velocity... and Velocity Magnitude from the Contours of drop-down lists.
b.
Click Display.
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3.
a.
Select Species... and Mass fraction of o2 from the Contours of drop-down lists.
b.
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Compute the gas phase mass fluxes through the domain boundaries.
Reports
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a.
Retain the default selection of Mass Flow Rate in the Options group box.
b.
Select air-inlet-4, fuel-inlet-5, and poutlet-3 from the Boundaries selection list.
c.
Click Compute.
The net mass imbalance should be a small fraction (for example, 0.5% or less) of the total flux through
the system. If a significant imbalance occurs, you should decrease your residual tolerances by at least
an order of magnitude and continue iterating.
2.
a.
b.
c.
3.
Compute the mass weighted average of the temperature at the pressure outlet.
Reports
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749
a.
b.
Select Temperature... and Static Temperature from the Field Variable drop-down lists.
c.
d.
Click Compute.
A value of approximately 1441K will be displayed in the console.
e.
17.5. Summary
In this tutorial you learned how to use the non-premixed combustion model to represent the gas phase
combustion chemistry. In this approach the fuel composition was defined and assumed to react according
to the equilibrium system data. This equilibrium chemistry model can be applied to other turbulent,
diffusion-reaction systems. You can also model gas combustion using the finite-rate chemistry model.
You also learned how to set up and solve a gas phase combustion problem using the Discrete Ordinates
radiation model, and applying the appropriate absorption coefficient.
17.6. References
1.
750
A. Sayre, N. Lallement, J. Dugu, and R. Weber Scaling Characteristics of Aerodynamics and Low-NOx
Properties of Industrial Natural Gas Burners, The SCALING 400 Study, Part IV: The 300 KW BERL Test
Results, IFRF Doc No F40/y/11, International Flame Research Foundation, The Netherlands.
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Further Improvements
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751
752
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