The Electrical Transformer

Posted on July 10, 2011 by colourmangreen

THE ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER

COLOURMAN
History
Lodestone is a naturally occurring mineral, which, when a chunk of it suspended by a fine thread,
will always orient itself in a particular direction. This property of lodestone was discovered many
hundreds (possibly thousands) of years ago. It has another curious property: when two
lodestones are each suspended by a fine thread they will be attracted to each other and stick
together, If they are brought close together at a carefully chosen orientation they are then found
to repel each other. To the ancients, this behaviour of the lodestone would have seemed like
magic.
We describe any material with this property as magnetized, and the object itself as a magnet.
Today we are able to create magnets of almost any shape and size that we want. Magnets find
many uses in our society such as ind.c.motors, door restrainers, fridge magnets, navigation
compasses etc.
All materials can be magnetized to a greater or lesser degree, but iron is the principal element that
is used to create powerful magnets: the most powerful of these being made of iron alloys.
Magnetic Field
When a magnetized object moves another object to which it is not physically connected, although
we cannot detect with our senses any such connection between the two objects, commonsense
demands that there must be some kind of connection between them, even though we ourselves
cannot observe it directly, and so we invoke the concept of a magnetic field. We imagine this, as
an ethereal non-material presence completely surrounding any object that exhibits magnetism
and extending to whatever other object that we perceive as being affected by the magnetism .
Although we cannot see a magnetic field we nevertheless desire to be able to represent it in some
kind of pictorial or diagrammatical form. There is however a fundamental problem: the field fills
the entire three dimensional space around the magnetised object and is itself a vector which
requires two more dimensions to represent it. Thus to properly represent a magnetic field we
would need at least a five dimensional diagram. Clearly this is not practical. The current method
of depicting a magnetic field is to depict a cross-section of its magnetic dipole orientation curves
as shown in figure 1. This is sometimes referred to as a depiction of the magnetic force field. It is
not. It is a depiction of a particular property of a magnetic field: i.e. its magnetic dipole
orientation. This pattern consists of lines which indicate the orientation that a small magnetic
dipole will adopt when placed at any point in the magnetic field.

Figure 1: bar magnet: magnetic dipole orientation curves

The closeness of the curves to each other is some indication of the strength of the field at that
location. It can be seen that further away from the magnet the curves become more separated
indicating that the field becomes weaker, but at each end of the magnet the curves are bunched
together indicating that the field is very strong at these locations.
There is no convention to depict accurately the magnitude of a force field from the spacing of the
magnetic dipole orientation curves, any spacing shown, can only give a rough idea of the field
strength.
When allowed to freely orient itself, one end of a bar magnet will point to the north, and the other
end will point to the south and so we name the north pointing end of the magnet as North and
the south pointing end of the magnet as South. This is indicated in Figure 1 by the letters N and
S placed on the magnet.

Straight Wire
It is found, that when there is an electrical current flow for whatever reason, there will be an
associated magnetic field. Figure 2 depicts the magnetic dipole orientation curves for the
magnetic field associated with a current flow through a conducting wire.

Figure 2: magnetic dipole orientation curves associated with

an electrical current in a straight wire
As explained above we cannot depict the strength of the whole field surrounding a wire but we can
take a convenient line through it, and depict the magnitude of the magnetic field along this line.
In Figure 2 a red line is shown drawn at right angles to the wire and the magnitude of the
magnetic field along this is depicted in Figure 3, where the current carrying wire is perpendicular
to the plane of the paper. Figure 3 depicts the magnetic dipole orientation field and projected
below this is a plot of the magnitude of the magnetic field along the red line.

Figure 3: magnitude of the magnetic field in the vicinity of a wire carrying an electrical current.
Helix
We cannot depict the magnitude of the entire magnetic field surrounding an electrical current
carrying helical coil, but we can take a convenient line through it and depict the magnitude of the
magnetic field along this line. In Figure 4, a red line is shown drawn at right angles to the central
axis of the helical coil and the magnitude of the magnetic field along it. Projected below this, is a
plot of the magnitude of the magnetic field along this red line.

Figure 4: conducting helical carrying an electric current: in the upper diagram are its associated
magnetic dipole orientation curves and in the lower diagram, a plot of the magnetic field
magnitude along the red line.
Toroid
Figure 5 depicts an electrical current carrying toroidal coil and the magnetic dipole orientation
curves associated with it. We cannot depict the magnitude of the entire field surrounding such a
toroidal coil but we can take a convenient line through it, and plot the magnitude of the magnetic
field along this line. In Figure 5, a red line is shown drawn through the centre of the toroidal coil:
projected below this, is a plot of the magnitude of the magnetic field along this red line.
The toroidal coil drawn here is depicted with widely spaced turns: this has been done only to
make the presentation clearer. In practice, especially for power applications, turns are closely
wound in several layers. The plot of the magnetic field magnitude is thus for a toroidal coil with
closely wound turns. The important feature to notice is that the great majority of the magnetic
field is confined to interior of the coil and only the leakage field appears outside it. For a
theoretically perfect toroidal coil, there would be no magnetic field at all outside the coil. This
feature is particularly useful when a coil carrying heavy current is deployed in the close vicinity of
sensitive electronic circuitry. Where a simple helical coil doing the same duty might be employed
with its attendant strong far reaching magnetic field , the toroidal coil will perform the same
function with very little exterior magnetic field that might upset sensitive electronic circuitry.
Manufacturing a toroidal coil is much more difficult and expensive than manufacturing a helical
coil and so they are only made when this particular attribute is required.

Figure 5. Upper diagram: current carrying toroidal coil and associated

magnetic dipole orientation curves.
Lower diagram: the magnitude of the magnetic field along the red line in the upper diagram
Transformer
Figure 6 depicts two electrically conducting helical coils in close proximity to each other. Such an
arrangement of coils is called a transformer. The coil on the left, which is called the primary, is

carrying a current but the coil on the right, which is called the secondary, is not. If the current
through the primary is a steady stated.c.current then this will have no effect on the secondary, but
if the primary current is varying in amplitude, then this will cause a varying voltage to appear
between the two ends of the secondary coil. If a load, such as a resistor, is connected between the
ends of the secondary coil then a varying current will flow and so power is transferred from the
primary coil to the secondary coil without there being any physical connection between the two.
Since the only field known to be present is a magnetic one, and because such a field is known to
be the cause of action at a distance in interactions between magnets, it is assumed that it is the
magnetic field is the medium by which power is transferred from one coil to another. I shall show
that this is not so.
For the limits within which such a transformer is designed to operate, the secondary output
voltage variations will be similar to that of the voltage variations across the primary coil although
the amplitude may be different depending on how far apart the two coils are, and the ratio of the
number of secondary turns to the number of primary turns. This ability for the output voltage to
be greater or less, than the primary input voltage, as required, is the reason that it is called a
transformer. Such devices are much used in electronic and electrical circuits. In power circuits
they are designed to transfer power with maximum efficiency, and to effect this, the two coils are
usually wound together on the same iron alloy core. Well designed power transformers can
achieve power transfers from one coil to another with efficiencies in excess of 90%.

Figure 6 Transformer: the left hand coil is the current carrying primary:
the right hand coil is the secondary

Toroidal Transformer
The most efficient transformers are those wound on a toroid of iron alloy: the windings for such a
transformer are depicted in figure 7. For clarity of presentation the toroid of iron alloy on which
the turns are wound is not shown and the turns are widely spaced. For a high efficiency
transformer, the turns would be close wound in several layers. In this particular depiction the
primary coil is the outside coil, coloured blue, and the secondary coil is the inside coil, coloured
green.

Figure 7. Toroidal transformer with the outer toroidal coil as the primary.
It is easy to see, that the secondary coil being inside the primary coil is clearly getting the full
benefit of the magnetic field generated by the primary. It is found that if the roles of the coils are
reversed such that the inside coil is the primary and the outside coil is the

secondary, as depicted in Figure 8, then the transformer functions exactly the same as before.
There is however a significant difference between these two arrangements: In the first instance,
the secondary was located in the strong concentrated field of the primary, but in the second case
the secondary is not located in the strong concentrated field of the primary but in its leakage field
which has a magnitude of possibly only 1% of the magnitude of the strong magnetic field inside
the coil.

Figure 8. Toroidal transformer with the inner toroidal coil as the primary
A study of these two situations should convince the reader that it cannot be the magnetic field, as
we know it, which is the medium by which energy is transferred from the primary of a
transformer to the secondary because, in the second instance the secondary coil is not in the
magnetic field associated with the primary coil. This then of course begs the question, then what
is the medium which effects the transfer of energy?: two possible answers come to mind:

1)

electrical transformer action involves a new type of field which has yet to be recognized
or

2)

the magnetic field may have attributes of which we are still ignorant.

COMMENT
The interesting aspect of this, is that this situation has been extant for some 100 years, and yet
no-one has yet thought to address the problem, nor even point out that there is one.
Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged electrical transformer, magnetic field, toroidal transformer | Leave a comment

Sub-atomic Particles
Posted on June 20, 2011 by colourmangreen

SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES - Colourman June 2011

Sub-atomic particles may conveniently be divided into four categories:
1)

fundamental particles,

2)

compound particles,

3)

neutrinos,

4)

smithereens.

Fundamental Particles

The fundamental particles are the electron and the positron, which are
the material building blocks of the universe: much is known about them, but there is still more to
discover.
Compound Particles

Compound particles include all those other sub-atomic particles which consist of conglomerations
of electrons and positrons such as neutrons, protons, atomic nuclei, etc.
Neutrinos

When a compound particle disintegrates spontaneously (such as the nucleus of a radio-active

isotope) or a collision occurs between two atomic or sub-atomic bodies, then there will be several
parameters whose summed magnitude after the event will be the same as before the event. There

are three of these such parameters: electric charge, energy and momentum and each of these may
be subdivided as follows:
1)

Electric charge: -

a) positive
b) negative

2)

Energy -

a) mass
b) kinetic energy
c) photon

3) Momentum

a) linear
b) angular

The situation for the electric charges is not complicated. There may be a change in the number of
individual charges but any such changes will occur in positive-negative pairs such that the net
charge remains unchanged.,
The situation for the other parameters is very complicated. A change in the magnitude of one of
them will affect the magnitude of one or more of the others. It may thus happen, that for reasons
we do not yet understand, it may not be possible, using conventional compound sub atomic
particles, for the sum of the resultant parameters after the event to equate to the sum of the
parameters before the event such that it is then necessary for there to be a special particle to
account for residual parameter values due to this inequality.
This special particle would not have any electric charge since this has been taken care of; it
cannot be a photon, since this would not then be a special particle; this then only allows that it
can consist of one or more of the following parameters: mass, kinetic energy, linear momentum
and/or angular momentum. It is this residual particle that we call a neutrino.
From the foregoing, it would seem that there could thus be an infinite number of structures for a
neutrino.
Smithereens

If sub-atomic particles are allowed to impact with each other with a sufficient amount of energy,
then the material involved will be smashed into smithereens. These smithereens will be very
short lived and will appear as distorted material objects with extremely short lives which will then
form themselves into one or more of the three other sub-atomic particles mentioned above.
Even as I write this, scientists at CERN in Geneva are having fun with an enormously large and
expensive machine called a Hadron Collider. This machine is designed to cause massively

energetic collisions between sub-atomic particles so that the results can be studied. It is held by
some, that this will enable us to gain more understanding of events at, or near, the start of the big
bang (assuming that there ever was one). Even so, It is difficult to see that much significant
benefit will accrue from studying endless numbers of such smithereens

The Earths Magnetic Field

Posted on April 18, 2011 by colourmangreen

magnetic earth text

The Earths Magnetic Field April 2011
COLOUR MAN
Introduction
Magnets
Magnetism is a property exhibited by many materials. The most obvious manifestation of its
presence, is that it can attract and repel certain other objects without physical connection between
the two. This property exists in naturally occurring materials, as well as being able to be induced
by artificial means.
A magnetic field is not detectable by any of our senses, but there are several ways in which we can
depict it diagrammatically: one of the most common of these, is to draw a magnetic dipole
orientation pattern. This pattern consists of lines which indicate at each point the orientation
that a small magnetic dipole will adopt when placed at that point in the magnetic field.

Figure 1. Bar magnet with its associated magnetic dipole orientation pattern
It has long been known that the Earth has an associated magnetic field which has proved to be
constant enough to be used for navigation. If an iron needle is placed in a strong magnetic field,
then, when it is removed from this field, it is found to be magnetised with its magnetic dipole
orientation pattern now in the same sense as the initially applied field. An iron needle so
magnetised and mounted to freely to rotate in a horizontal plane, is called a compass and will
always align itself such that one end of the needle will point to the earths magnetic north pole and
the other to earths magnetic south pole.

Figure 2. Depiction of the earth and its magnetic dipole orientation pattern
. Figure 2 depicts the planet earth with its associated magnetic dipole orientation pattern which
indicates the direction in which a freely suspended magnetic dipole will point. This behaviour is
found to act over the entire surface of the planet. It is however less useful as a navigation aid in
the vicinity of the north and south poles as the lines of the magnetic dipole orientation pattern
there are approximately vertical.
This magnetic dipole orientation pattern is very similar to that associated with a bar magnet as
depicted in figure 1. For this reason the earth is often referred to as behaving as though it had a
bar magnet located at its centre.
Current Theory
The current theory to explain the existence of the Earths magnetic field postulates a selfsustaining dynamo at, or near, the centre. Many efforts have been made to justify this theory both
by calculation, experimentation and theoretical extrapolation. It is appears that one or more of
these approaches has indeed satisfied many that this is the case.
Desperate theory
This is what I describe as a desperate theory. A desperate theory is one where the true facts of the
issue have not been established and so a desperate theory is created to fill the vacuum. It is
characterized by usually having at least one of the following characteristics:

a) it is impossible to disprove the theory, until the true facts are discovered
b) it flys in the face of accepted physics
c) it stretches credulity to breaking point.
The concept of a self-perpetuating dynamo at the centre of the Earth certainly meets criterion a),
and for me at least, it also meets criterion c).
I shall now offer a more rational explanation.
Equi-potential surfaces

Figure 3. Equi-potential contours in the vicinity of three electric charges.

Figure 3 depicts selected electrical equi-potential contours in the vicinity of three electric charges.
The three charges all have the same magnitude and are arranged in line: the outer two, having the
same polarity, and the centre one, the opposite polarity. For convenience I shall consider the
outer charges as positive, and the inner one as negative, as marked on the diagram. The spacing
between the charges is deliberately not identical. The depiction is two dimensional but in reality
the contours represent the cross-section of surfaces which may be generated by rotating these two
dimensional contours about an axis which passes through the centre of all three charges.
Of particular relevance to the presentation to be given are the two circular equi-potential contours
which intersect each other. These do not appear by chance, but are always present in any such
pattern of equi-potential contours for any spacing of three such in-line charges. Varying the

distances between the charges only serves to enlarge or reduce these circular contours
appropriately. It should also be noted that each of the circular contours encloses each of the two
outer pair of charges
. The circular contours are not perfect circles, but for the purposes of the following presentation
are close enough to be considered as such. The difference in radii between these imperfect circles
and a perfect circle selected to be a best match is 3%. For convenience, I shall refer to them as
circular contours, and draw them as such.

Figure 4: the same situation as Figure 3: showing only the three electric in-line charges
and their attendant circular equi-potential contours
Figure 4 depicts the same situation as Figure 3 but showing only the three in-line charges and
their two attendant circular equi-potential contours.

Figure 5. Three in-line charges and one associated circular equi-potential contour.
Figure 5 shows the same situation as Figure 4 but depicting the three in-line charges and just one
of the circular contours.
If an electrically neutral conductive shell of material of the same dimensions as the equi-potential
contour is placed to be coincident with it, then the electric field and contours associated with the
three charges will be unaltered. While the conductive shell is being put in place the electric field
and equi-potential contours will be disrupted, but once in place all will be as it was, except for the
shell itself. If the shell was initially electrically neutral, then once in place, it will still be so, except
that the electric charges within the shell material will have redistributed themselves as shown in
Figure 6.

Figure 6. Stylised representation of the charge distribution at the surfaces of the conductive shell.
In Figure 6, positive charges are shown as red, negative charges are shown as blue. The thickness
of the red and blue lines is indicative of the density of the electric charges at that point. It can be
seen that there are two areas of charge on the exterior of the shell, which are mirrored in size by
two areas inside, but of opposite electric polarity. Of particular importance is the fact that on the
exterior of the shell the negative charges are bunched together and cover less than half of the shell
while the positive charges are more thinly spread and cover more than half of the surface of the
shell.
It is well known and proven that any electric charges within an enclosed conductive shell will
display no electric field outside of that shell; similarly any electric charges outside a conducting
shell will display no field inside the shell. This is illustrated in Figure 7 where the two charges
inside the shell have been randomly re-arranged. The distributed charges on the exterior surface
of the shell remain unchanged because they are controlled by the single external charge and in no
way are affected by the disposition of the two internal charges but the distributed charges on the
inside of the shell have changed as they are dependant on the disposition of the two inner charges,
which have changed.

Figure 7. Random distribution of internal point charges and the consequent charge distribution
at the surfaces of the shell.
If we now remove the two inner charges altogether we will be left with the situation shown in
Figure 8.

Figure 8. The charge distribution at the surface of a conductive shell,

In the presence of a single external charge.
Figure 8 depicts the charge distribution at the surface of a conductive shell caused by a single
external charge. The two small coloured circles inside the shell are virtual electric charges which
mark the original positions of the internal charges but which have now been removed. Suppose
that we now arrange for the conductive shell to have a spindle fixed through its centre at right
angles to the plane of this paper on which it is drawn (the following explanation would work just
the same, as long as the spindle is at right angles to a line drawn through the single charge and the
centre of the shell.) If we now arrange for the sphere to rotate about this spindle and if the sphere
is non-magnetic then no effect will be observed, however, if the sphere is of a magnetic material it
will be found to become magnetised. As mentioned earlier, a magnetic field can only be caused by
the movement of electric charges, which means that its effect is relative, that is to say, that if
charges are moving relative to an observer then that observer will detect a magnetic field: if
another observer is moving at the same speed and in the same direction as the moving charges,
then this second observer will not observe any magnetic field. Thus, if in the above scenario, an
observer is rotating around the shell in the same direction as that of rotation and at the same
speed this observer will effectively observe a flow of charge around the conducting shell and hence
experience a magnetic field. For convenience I call this the primary magnetic field. If the shell is
of a magnetisable material then this primary magnetism will, in its turn, magnetise the material
so that it then becomes detectable by the observer who is stationary with respect the fixed
charges: this magnetism I refer to as the secondary magnetic field.
Let us now change the scale of the diagram by moving the left charge 150,000 Km further to the
left, i.e. the distance from the Earth to the Sun and arranging the distance between the two inner
charges so that the conductive shell when placed to be coincident with the attendant circular equipotential shell will have the same diameter as the Earth. It is not possible to draw this situation
accurately on paper because of the relative distances involved: Figure 9 however depicts a
stylised representation drawn not for accuracy but to illustrate the disposition of the various
components involved. Of special interest is the fact the negative charge on the surface of the earth
occupies less than half of the earths surface with the positive charge occupying the rest. This
means that when the earth rotates about its axis, the aggregate speed of the positive charges is
higher than that of the negative charges, and so the magnetic field that each produces is different,
giving rise to a net magnetic field which I have called the earths primary magnetic field. This
primary magnetic field will then induce magnetism in the material of the earth: the two
combined fields then being that field which we normally regard as the earths magnetic field..

Figure 9. Stylised depiction of earth: showing the disposition of electric charges due to an electric
charge in the sun.
DIURNAL VARITIONS
It has been known for hundreds of years that the strength and direction of the earths magnetic
field varies in a daily cycle. It is clear now why this is so. At noon a positive charge will be
travelling past us at around 1,000 km per hour while at midnight a negative charge will be doing
the same, clearly then, we might expect that the alternation of the presence of these two moving
charges every twelve hours would give rise to a daily variation of the magnetic field.
FIELD STRENGTH
In order to create a magnet it is necessary to subject a magnetisable material to a magnetic field.
When the field is removed, it will be found that the magnetic material itself now exhibits its own
magnetic field, but one which is less powerful than that which was applied. The evidence seems
to suggest that the earths primary magnetic field today is much weaker than the secondary
magnetic field; this being so, it implies that in the past the primary field must have been much
greater in order to have magnetised the earth and so create the secondary magnetism. It could be
that if the primary magnetism is so much less than the secondary magnetism that it may not even
have the same polarity as the secondary magnetism.

There are two possible ways by which the amplitudes of each of the two magnetic fields might be
determined. The most obvious way is to travel around the equator at the same speed, but in the
opposite direction to the movement of the earth, thus effectively remaining stationary with
respect to the suns position and then by measuring the magnetic field under these conditions any
value measured should only be that of the secondary magnetism. A second method could be to
measure the diurnal variation and from the theory, calculate the strength of field necessary to
produce this variation. This then would be the primary magnetism.
MAGNETIC STORMS
We normally think of the earths magnetic field as being a relatively static phenomenon.
Certainly, it has been steady enough to have served sailors well for navigation over many
millennia. However it does suffer from time to time from violent and sudden variations in
amplitude and direction: when this occurs, it is referred to as a magnetic storm. It is observed
that these occur at the same time that violent activity is observed on the sun: the reason for these
magnetic storms should now be clear.
POLARITY REVERSAL
As we know, the rocks underground are molten, so that when they cool and become solid, the
prevailing magnetism of the earth at that time will magnetise them, thus the direction of the
magnetic field at that time will be frozen into them. From such palaeontological evidence we
know that the polarity of the earths magnetic field has reversed several times in the past. It is
now possible to offer an explanation as to how this happens: It seems most likely that the earths
magnetic field is composed of both primary magnetism and secondary magnetism, with the
secondary magnetisation of the earths material usually contributing the most. I suggest that at
times in the history of the solar system the primary magnetism has suddenly and massively
increased to the point that the earth becomes re-magnetised. This re-magnetisation may be of the
same polarity as before the surge or of the opposite polarity. When this primary magnetic surge
has subsided it will leave in its wake a refreshed secondary magnetism which may then be of the
same polarity as before or of a reversed polarity.
AMPLITUDE DECAY
It is published that the strength of the earths magnetic field is continuously reducing and has
been doing so for some considerable time. If most of the earths magnetic field is from secondary
magnetisation, then this is to be expected. Any magnet, including the earth, not subject to an
external magnetic influence will gradually, over a period of time, diminish in strength as it decays
towards zero. It will then need a sufficient increase in primary magnetism to effect an increase of
secondary re-magnetisation
MOVEMENT OF MAGNETIC POLES
The magnetic poles are defined as those points on the surface of the earth where a compass
needle, free to pivot in 3 dimensions at its mid-point, will align itself vertically. These poles are
not coincident with the geographic poles, nor do they occupy fixed positions, but continuously
wander around as depicted in Figure 10, which shows their movement over a nine year period.

Figure 10. Movement of the magnetic poles over a nine year period
The earth travels around the sun in an orbit that is approximately circular. The plane in which
this orbit lies is called the ecliptic plane. The geographical poles of the earth are not
perpendicular to this plane, but tilted by 23.5 from it. It is this tilt which gives rise to the various
seasons on earth as the earth presents different faces of its surface towards the sun during a single
orbit. As a consequence of this, an axis passing through the centre of the earth and perpendicular
to the ecliptic plane, will be continuously changing its position at the surface of the earth as
shown in figure 10 by the green circle which is its track during the course of one year.
When there is a surge of electric activity in the sun sufficient to cause a primary magnetic surge at
the earth which is greater than the existing secondary magnetism, then the earth will become remagnetised. The magnetisation will be such, that the poles created will tend to align themselves
with an axis perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. It can be seen from the diagram that the
positions of the magnetic poles are, in general, nearer to the circular track of the ecliptic poles
than the geographic poles. It is also interesting to note that their approximate distances from the
ecliptic pole track are only about that of an equivalent movement of twenty years, which
immediately suggests that re-magnetisation may only have occurred several decades ago. This remagnetisation would probably have been accompanied by violent magnetic storms on earth.
It is possible to see now, how it is that the position of the magnetic poles may have wandered
across the equator as reported in some publications. This could happen if there was a prolonged
period in which no re-magnetisation occurred
CHARGE SURFACE
I have referred to the electric charges produced on earth by the electric charge on the sun as being
located at the surface of the earth. This has been for the convenience of keeping the explanation
simple. I suspect that it is far more likely that these charges are located in, and flow through, the
ionosphere. This is a charged layer of atmosphere which exists 50 km above the earths surface.
Either way it does not affect the essential arguments presented here.
SOLAR WIND

Although I have, for the sake of simplicity, built this proposition on the basis that the suns net
electric charge will cause asymmetric charges to appear on planet earth, and hence give rise to a
magnetic field, it is more complicated than that. The sun is surrounded by a solar wind which
itself will almost certainly have a net electric charge. The solar wind consists of atoms, ionised
atoms, sub atomic particles and electromagnetic radiation: all streaming away from the sun. I
would expect that the energy profile for particles leaving the sun would be similar for all particles,
this means then that lighter particles such as electrons would have higher velocities than (say)
ionised atoms. As a consequence, it is to be expected that more of the lighter particles would
escape the suns gravity field than the heavier particles leaving the sun and the solar wind with a
net positive charge.
OTHER PLANETS
One test of this proposal is to see how well it applies to other planets.
The magnetic moment of a planet is ~
(peripheral current) x (the cross sectional area of the planet)
the peripheral current is ~ electric surface charge x speed of rotation
and since the electric surface charge is ~ to its surface area
then the peripheral current is ~ surface area x speed of rotation
and

surface area + period of rotation

The electric charge at the surface of the planet will be proportional to the charge in the sun and to
the inverse square of its distance from the sun. For the solar wind, the charge relationship will be
more complicated. I would expect it to be proportional to an apparent charge in the sun and to
be between 1/r and 1/r where r is the distance between the sun and the planet, this value may
be different for each planet as the solar wind thins out and is subject to local and short term
variations.
If we choose d = diameter of the planet
p = period of rotation
r = distance from the planet to the sun
a = charge in the sun

b = charge associated with the solar radiation

This equation may then be used to calculate the magnetic moment of any planet as shown in the
table of Figure 11.

Figure 11. Measured and calculated magnetic moments for the planets
The magnetic moments from this table are shown in graphical form in Figure X for greater clarity
of presentation. The lines joining the positions of the planetary magnetic moments are only to
make the presentation clearer and have no other significance. The equation should also apply to
the moons of the solar system although their fields will be influenced by the proximity of their
associated planet. If for example we consider our local moon, each orbit takes 29 days to
complete and so the magnetic field will be extremely weak compared to the earths magnetic field.
Values for our moon are not represented in this figure because the measured value is so different
from the calculated value, and in any case will not fit on the diagram. I hope to offer an
explanation at a later date for this apparent anomaly.

Figure 12. Comparison of calculated and measured values of

magnetic moments, for planets in our solar system
Although the correlation between the measured and calculated values is quite close it would be
unreasonable to expect a very close match from such a simple formula, as there are many other
factors which have not been taken into account: such as the tilt of the geographical axis, the
material composition of the planet, its position in orbit when it was re-magnetised the nonhomogeneity of the solar wind and possibly other factors which do not come readily to mind.
COMMENT
At the inception of this exercise I rather imagined that the cause of the electric field would be an
electric charge within the sun. The calculations however indicate that the majority of the charge
responsible for our magnetic field seems to be associated with the solar wind.
ACKNOWLEDEMENTS
Wikipeadia: for being there.
Creation research: for data on the magnetic moment of planets.
Cool magnet man: for bar magnet bipolar orientation patterns
All those who contributed to creating the foundation on which this presentation is built.

SUMMARY
It is proposed that the earths magnetic field is composed of two components: a primary magnetic
field induced by electric charges within the sun and the solar wind, and a secondary magnetic
field which is the inherent magnetism of the earth caused by a surge in the primary magnetic field
at some time in the past. It appears that the present major contributor to our magnetic field is the
secondary magnetic field, which is decaying slowly, as any magnetised object will, when left
undisturbed by external magnetic influences. The primary magnetic field may be of either
polarity with respect to the secondary field.
This proposal made here offers an explanation for many of the phenomena associated with the
earths magnetic field that are considered perplexing or simply not understood at all: i.e. the
movement of the magnetic poles, that the poles can meander and cross the equator, the switching
of polarity, the non-coincidence of the geographic and magnetic poles, diurnal fluctuations,
magnetic storms, the currently observed steady decay of magnitude. This proposal also provides
an explanation as to why Mercury has a much stronger field than expected from current theory.