izfr]

ek- dk;kZy; izeq[k]

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ¼loZ½
fo"k; % vkfnoklh gyck vf/kdkjh@deZpkÚ;kaps cksGo.k@lkRou dj.;kackcr--
egksn;]
vkiys dk;kZy;kr@laLFksr@vkLFkkiusoj vkfnoklh gyck tekrhps vf/kdkjh@ deZpkjh dk;Zjr vlwu
'kklukP;k /kksj.kkuwlkj R;kaph tkr iMrkG.kh gksr vlsy fdaok tkr iMrkG.kh gksmqu R;akuk dks"Vh tkrhps
Bjfo.;akr vkys vlsy- tkrh iMrkG.khewGs vkfnoklh gyck tekrhps vf/kdkjh@ deZpkjh ekufld }ankr
lkiMys vlwu R;keqGs R;kaP;k 'kkfjjhd o vkfFkZd fLFkrhoj foijhr ifj.kke >kyk vkgs] gksr vkgs-
'kkldh; fu;ekuwlkj R;kaP;k fo#/n vko';d dk;Zokgh vo'; djkoh] ijarw fprkXuh fnY;kuarj nksu
fefuVs ekSu jkgwu e`rdkl J/nkatyh vihZr dj.;kph vkiyh i/nr vkgs- v';kp nksu fefuVkpk vYiosG
dks"Vh Bjfo.;akr vkysY;k] cksxl Bjfo.;akr vkysY;k fdaok voS/k Bjfo.;kar vkysY;k vkfnoklh gyck
vf/kdkjh@deZpkÚ;kl nsmqu lkRou@cksGo.k djkos] fg vkxzgh fouarh-
vkiyk
lat; egktu
ukxiwj-

1
 History of Halba tribe belongs to Nagpur Region Maharashtra State, India.
vkfnoklh gyck tekrhP;k yksdkaps mRiRrh LFkku HkkjrkP;k e/; izkarkrhy cLrj jkT;
gks;- e/;izkar o cLrj jkT;kP;k bfrgkl] vkfnoklh gyck tekrhpk bfrgkl vkgs- lu
1947 P;k Lokra«;kiwohZ Hkkjrkr vusd jk"Vª o jkT; vfLrRokr gksrh- ^^Hkkjr ,d [kkst^^ ;k
iqLrdkr iaMhr tokgjyky usg# ;kauh uewn dsyYs ;k eqG Hkkjrh; x.krkaf=d vkfnoklh
jkT;kaiSdh ,d] e/;izkarkP;k xksM a okuk Hkkxkrhy vkf.k NfRrlx< jkT;krhy cLrj ftYgk
Eg.ktsp cLrj jkT; gks;-
lu 1779 i;Zar cLrj jkT; gs iw.kZr% Lora= o lkoZHkkSe jkT; gksr-s ;k jkT;kps
vkfnoklh gyck cgql[a ;kd o eqG ukxjhd gksrs- Lokra«;] LojkT; o Lo'kklu ;k Hkkousps
vkfnoklh gyck] cLrj jkT;klkBh jktkph fuoM djk;ps] rlsp LojkT;kojhy vkiRrh
izlxa h lSfud Eg.kwu 'k=w'kh la?k"kZ d#u] izk.kkaph vkgwrh lq/nk nsr-
jkT; feGfo.;klkBh varxZr la?k"kZ lq/nk Ogk;ps] varxZr la?k"kkZr T;kP;k cktwus gyck
ukxjhd vlk;ps R;kyk flagkluk#< gks.;kph la/kh feGk;ph- cLrj jkT;kr lu
1774&1779 njE;ku >kysY;k varxZr la?k"kkZps nq"ifj.kke x.krkaf=d o Lora= Hkkjr ns'kkr
vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhd v|kigh Hkksxr vkgs-
jktk fnxiky nsopk eqyxk] jktiky nso lu 1709&1721 i;Zar jktk gksrk- jktiky
nsoP;k c?ksyhu vkf.k pansyhu ukokP;k nksu jk.;k gksR;k- c?ksyhu jkuhdMwu n[khuflax
vkf.k pansyhu jk.khdMwu nyirnso o izrkiflax v'kh eqys gksrh- jktk jktiky nsoP;k
e`R;wuarj c?ksyhu jkuhus Lor%P;k Hkkokyk xknhoj clfoys- R;keqGs nqlÚ;k jkuhP;k eqykauk
dkgh dkG enzkl izkarkrhy t;iwj jkT;kr yiwu dk<kok ykxyk-
okjlk gDdkus jktiky nsopk eqyxk jktxknhpk okjl gksrk] ijarw jktk >kyk c?ksyhu
jk.khpk Hkkmq] dkgh dkyko/kh uarj nqlÚ;k jkuhpk eqyxk nyir nso ;kus ukxjhdkauk enr
ekxhryh- R;keqGs vkfnoklh gyck tekrhP;k ukxjhdkauh rRdkyhu jk.khP;k Hkkokfo#/n j.k
iqdkjys o jk[kh ikSf.kZey s k jk.khP;k Hkkokl Bkj d#u lu 1731 e/;s nyir nsoyk
cLrjP;k jktxknhoj clfoys- R;kuarj lqjGhi.k nyir nsops 'kklu lu 1731&1774
,dw.k 43 o"ksZ jkghys-
jktk nyir nsoyk lkr jk.;k gksR;k] R;krhy eksBh jkuh dkadsjph jktdwekjh gksrh-
rhP;k eqykps uko vtesjflag gksr-s nqlÚ;k jkuhpk eqyxk n;kZo nso gksrk-
lu 1771 e/;s vkdfLed fjR;k ukxiwjP;k fuyw iaMhrus cLrj jkT;koj vkØe.k dsy-s
;k vkØe.kkr fuyw iaMhrus nyir nsoph eksBh jk.kh] vtesjflaxkph vkbZyk vVd d#u
vksjhlkrhy iqjh ;sFks dSn dsy]s ;k dSnsrp jkuh ej.k ikoyh- ;k vkØe.kkuarj jktk nyir
nsous cLrjph jkt/kkuh txnyiwjyk gyfoyh o rhu o"kkZuh lu 1774 e/;s ej.k ikoyk-
nyir nsoP;k e`R;wuarj eksBk eqyxk vtesjflax xknhpk okjl gksrk ijarw jktxknhoj
n;kZo nso clyk- fuyw iaMhrps vkØe.k ejkB;kaps jkT; foLrkjkpas jktdkj.k gksr]s R;kr
lkFk feGkyh n;kZo nsoP;k egRokdka{ksph] iq<gs h ejkB;kauh n;kZo nsoyk cjhp enr dsyh-
fuyw iaMhrus vkØe.k dsY;keqGs n;kZonsoyk jktxknhoj cl.;kph la/kh feGkyh-
;k izdkjkus vtesjflaxus vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkauk enr ekxhryh- vkfnoklh gyck
tekrhps ukxjhd Lokra«;] Lo'kklu o LojkT; eku.kkjs ukxjhd gksr-s vtesjflaxkyk

2
Mkoywu n;kZonsops jktxknh xzg.k dj.ks vkfnoklh gyck tekrhP;k yksdkauk ;ksX; okVys
ukgh- Eg.kwu R;kauh n;kZo nsoyk cktwyk lk#u vtesjflaxyk jktk cufoys- n;kZonsous iGwu
t;iwj tehunkjhr 'kj.k ?ksryh-
ijarw n;kZo nso ?kkrdh jktdkj.kh gksrk] lu 1777 e/;s n;kZo nsous] ukxiwjP;k ejkBk
jktkps] enzkl izkarkrhy t;iwj jktkps] jk;iwjP;k jktkps lgdk;Z ?ksrys o cLrj jkT;koj
vkØe.k dsy-s R;kiwohZ ejkBk jkT;kauh lu 1749 e/;s lai.w kZ xksM
a jktoVhoj rkck feGfoyk
gksrk o baxztkapgs h vkxeu >kys gksrp
s - ukxiwj jktkP;k lSU;kr ejkBk] baxzt] xksM
a ] eqLyhe]
vjch bR;knh lSuhd gksr-s jk;iwjP;k lSU;kr ukxk&xkslkbZ gksrs-
lu 1777 e/;s ejkBk] baxzt] xkslkbZ] xksaM] vjch o t;iwjh bR;knh vR;ar izf'k{khr
vkf.k vQkV lSU;kP;k enrhus n;kZonso iwUgk cLrjpk jktk >kyk- n;kZonsoyk lHkksorkyP;k
jkT;kaph enr vlY;kus vukfn dkGkiklwu Lokra«;] LojkT; o Lo'kklukr txysY;k
fpeqVHkj vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkapk fVdko ykx.kkj uOgrk- rjhgh vkfnoklh gyck
vtesjflaxP;k ekxZn'kZukr n;kZonso o R;kP;k lgdkjh lSU;k'kh ;q/njr jkghys- ;k Lokra«;
la?k"kkZr lu 1779 e/;s vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkapk ijkHko >kyk-
;q/nkr lgkdk;kZP;k ekscnY;kr n;kZonsous t;iwjP;k jktkl dksViknpk Hkw iV~Vk fnyk-
ukxk xkslkbZua k jk;iwj e/;s tehuh feGkY;k vkf.k ukxiwjP;k ejkBk jkT;kyk n;kZonsous
pkSFk cka/kwu fnyh o ekaMfyd xsyk- ;k dksViknP;k gDdkckcr U;k;ky;kr izdj.kgh nk[ky
>kys gksrs R;kr gk laiw.kZ bfrgkl uewn vkgs-
Government of India's letter in G.O., No. 2075, Juditial, dated 20th December 1862,
which contains a history of the case up to then.
;k fot;kuarjgh n;kZo nsoyk leL;k gksrh] jkT;krhy ukxjhd vkfnoklh gyck
Lo'kklukps iqjks/ks gksr-s ejkBk] baxzt] xkslkbZ] xksM
a ] t;iwj bR;knh ckg; lSU; dk;eps
cLrj jkT;kr jkgwu n;kZo nsoph lqj{kk dj.ks 'kD; uOgrs- fojks/kh ukxjhdkae/;s jkgwu jkT;
dj.ksgh 'kD; uOgrs- Eg.kwu n;kZo nsous vkfnoklh gyck tekrhP;k ukxjhdkauk nars'ojh
nsoh le{k 'kiFk ?ks.;kl Hkkx ikMys- vkfnoklh gyckauh nar's ojh nsoh le{k 'kiFk
?ksrY;kuarj fuf'prp rs n;kZo nso fo#/n iqUgk vfu"Bk dj.ks 'kD; uOgrs-
n;kZo nso leFkZd dkgh vkfnoklh gyck o brj ukxjhdkalg ijfd;kauk jkT;kr
Lo'kklu o uSfrdrsps iqjLdrsZ vls i;Zar euekuh djk;yk oko uOgrk- Eg.kwu fojks/kh gyck
ukxjhdkauh jkT; lksMkos ;klkBh loZrksijh iz;Ru dj.;kar vkys- R;kpk ,d Hkkx Eg.kwu
vtesjflaxph gR;k dj.;kar vkyh- n;kZonso fo#/n la?k"kZ dsyYs ;k dkgh gyck ukxjhdkauk
90 QqV maphP;k fp=dqV /kc/kC;ko#u [kkyh Qsdys] dkghaps MksGs dk<ys- R;krwu ,d gyck
cpkoyk- cgqnk vkfnoklh gyck tekrhP;k ukxjhdkauk grksRlkghr dj.;klkBh izR;{kkr
n;kZo nsousp R;kyk iGk;ph la/kh fnyh vlkoh-
gyck ukxjhdkaP;k bPNsfo#/n n;kZonso fons'kh enrhus jktk >kY;keqGs vkfnoklh gyck
Lokra«; o Lo'kklu fgjkowu clys gksr-s jkT;kr ijdh;kapk f'kjdko >kyk gksrk- n;kZo nso
ukxiwj jkT;kyk ekaMyhd xsyk gksrk- R;kpcjkscj vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkauh jkT; lksMuw
tkos Eg.kwu fo'ks"k iz;Rugh lq# gksr]s
v';k ,danj foijhr ifjfLFkrhr fojks/kd vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkauk Lora=] Lo'kklhr]
LojkT; cLrj lksMkos ykxys- R;keqGs vkfnoklh gyckaps rhu izknsf'kd xV iMys]
3
cLrje/khy cLrjh;k gyck] ukxiwj o NfRrlx< foHkkxkrhy NfRrlx<h;k gyck] oÚgkM o
vejkorh foHkkxkrhy ejkBh;k gyck Eg.ktsp gych- cLrj e/kwu ckgsj iMysY;k 85 VDds
NfRrlx<h;k] ejkBh;k vkfnoklh gyckauh cLrjP;k gycka'kh dkghgh laca/k Bsoyk ukgh-
ijarw NfRrlxf<;k o ejkfB;k gyckapk ,desdka'kh fu;ehr lac/a k vkgs-
vkfnoklh gyckalkBh gk la?k"kZ Eg.kts fo'o;q/n Lo#ikps gksr-s ;k la?k"kkZr vkfnoklh
gyck ukxjhdkaps vk;q"; o cLrj jkT;kph vkfne dkGkiklwuph Lora=rk m/oLFk >kyh-
;k la?k"kkZuarj bfrgklkr izFker%p cLrj jkT; ikjra=kr xsy-s
ikp o"kkZP;k lrr la?k"kkZus vkfnoklh gyckaph vkfFkZd cktw dedqor >kysyh- nqxZe]
taxyh Hkkxkrhy vkfnoklh vlY;keqGs gyck tekrhP;k ukxjhdkadMs /ku&laiRrh 'kqU;-
lHkksorkyps ejkBk] baxzt] ukxk&xkslkbZ] xksM a ] t;iwj] dkadsj] cLrj bR;knh loZp
n;kZonsoyk enr dj.kkjs vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkaps 'k=w gksr]s
lu 1774&1779 la?k"kkZps cLrj jkT;koj o vkfnoklh gyckaoj vR;ar nqjxkeh
nq"ifj.kke >kys- ;k la?k"kkZps nq"ifj.kke egkjk"Vªkrhy vkfnoklh gyck v|kigh Hkksxr vlwu
R;kauk cksxl vkfnoklh lacks/k.;kr ;sr-s fofo/k dk;kZy;kr vkfnoklh gycka'kh gks.kkÚ;k
O;ogkjko#u rlsp njjkst ikg.;kr ;s.kkÚ;k NfRrlx<h fdaok ijjkT;krhy fofo/k
ukxjhd@etwj ;kaP;klkscrP;k O;ogkjko#u] rRdkyhu n;kZo nso fojks/kd vkfnoklh gyck
ukxjhdkaP;k fLFkrhph dYiuk djrk ;srs-
n;kZonsous vkfnoklh gyckaoj vR;kpkj d#u ns'k lksM.;kl Hkkx ikMys] R;keqGs
vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhd fjdkE;k gkrkus gksrs- vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhd dqVcaw o
eqykckGkalg taxyh izn's kkr dqBY;kgh vk/kkjkf'kok; fujkfJri.ks ijfd; jkT;kr 'k=qP;k
n;soj v';k xaHkhj ifjLFkhrhph dYiukgh djor ukgh-
vf'kf{kr] vkfnoklh] vui<] taxyh] xjhc] fonzkgs h] vkfnoklh gyck yksdkauk
n;kZonsoP;k fe= jk"Vªkr dqBysgh ekukps dke uOgrs fdaok lk/kh lgkuwHkwrhgh uOgrh- rls
gks.ks 'kD; vkf.k rkdhZd okVr ukgh- fe= jktk n;kZonsops vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhd 'k=w
vlY;keqGs vkfnoklh gyckauk tehunkÚ;k] lSU;kr uksdjh fdaok iz'kklukr dke feGkys
ukgh fdaok feG.kkj uOgrs- nsoxM] pkank] HkaMkjk] ukxiwj bR;knh xksaM jktoV lu 1749
e/;s iq.kZi.ks j?kwth jkT;kP;k rkC;kr vkyh gksrh] o lu 1777 e/;s Hkkslysua h n;kZonsoyk
enr dsyh gksrh-
vkfnoklh gyckauk xksaM jktkus pkank ftYg;kr lksuljhph eksBh tehunkjh o HkaMkjk
ftYg;kr 6 NksV;k tehunkÚ;k fnY;k vls lkax.;kar ;sr-s ofjy bfrgkl ikgrk rs 'kD;
okVrs dk;\ vkfnoklh gyck cLrj lksMwu fu?kkys rsOgk xksM a jktkaph jktoVp uOgrh-
jktoV gksrh ejkBk jktkaph] vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkauh lrr 5 o"kZ n;kZonso o
ejkB;kafo#/n ;q/n dsys gksrs-
,danj ifjfLFkrh o bfrgklko#u vkfnoklh gyckauk tehunkÚ;k feGkY;kp ukgh]
feG.ks 'kD; uOgrs] lu 1826 e/;s lksuljhpk tehunkj pkanso 'kgk gksrk- ¼Jh fjpMZ
>sudhupk fjiksVZ 1827-½
vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhd fu;ehr lSfud uOgrs] LojkT;kps laj{k.k dj.kkjs lkekU;
ukxjhd gksrs- vkfnoklh gyckadMs iSlk uOgrk] R;kauk ijjkT;kr jgk;yk ?kj uOgrs] [kk;yk

4
vUu uOgrs] gkrkyk jkstxkj uOgrk] ex 'ksrh dqBuw ?ks.kkj\ R;kpcjkscj n;kZonso o ejkBk
jkT;kaps fojks/kd vlY;keqGs dq.khgh R;kauk toG dsys ukgh- dqGkr 'ksR;k fnY;k ukgh-
vkfnoklh gyck jk;iwj] HkaMkjk] vejkorh bR;knh ijfd;@'k=wPa ;k jkT;kr jfgoklkyk
vkY;kus R;kauk tx.;klkBh ykpkjh fLodkjkoh ykxyh- rRdkyhu ifjfLFkrhr vkfnoklh
gyckauk vkfne nSorkaf'kok; dq.kkpk vk/kkj ulY;kps fnlwu ;srs- v';krp lu 1803 e/;s
ejkBk jkts baxztka'kh ;q/nkr ijkthr >kys-
lu 1803 P;k ;q/nkr ijkthr >kY;keqGs ukxiwjP;k Hkkslysauh MsDdu] oÚgkM bR;knh
Hkwizn's k baxztkauk fnys o ukxiwj 'kgjkl jkt/kkuh d#u ukxiwj jkT;kph fufeZrh dsyh vkf.k
jkT;kP;k fodklklkBh dkiM fuehZrh m|ksxkl izk/kkU; fnys- mRre nT;kZph dkiM fuehZrh
dj.;klkBh rK fo.kdjkaph xjt gksrh] Eg.kwu MsDdu] ijHk.kh] fcMP;k rK fo.kdjkauk
Eg.kts ykM] lkGh] nsokax] in~e'kkyh bR;knhauk ukxiwjkr vk.kys R;kiSdh dkghauk
tehunkÚ;kgh fnY;kr- gs rK fo.kdj lksus&pkanh vlysY;k dkBinjkP;k js'keh lkM;k
Eg.kts iSB.kh] 'kkyw bR;knh r;kj djk;ps-
taxykrhy Lora= thou tx.kkjs vkfnoklh gyck cLrj jkT; lksMwu fu?kkY;koj
jk;iwj] HkaMkjk] ukxiwj] o/kkZ] vejkorh bR;knh ftYg;krhy NksV;k xkokr jkgk;yk xsys-
NksV;k&NksV;k xkokr jkgwu vkfnoklh gyckauh etwjh dsyh- tkM;k&HkjM;k lwrh umqokjh
lkM;k] lwrh /kksrj r;kj djk;yk f'kdys- vkfnoklh gyckauk js'kekps] dksL;kps]
lksU;k&pkanhph ckWMZj vlysys dkiM fo.kdjh djrkauk ikfgys ukgh- lksu&pkanh ?;k;yk
/kugh goa uk! fg fo.kdjh djk;ps ykM] nsokax.k] x<soky] lkGh-
vkfnoklh gyck mejsM] iouh] uxj/ku] eksgkMh] ikV.klkoaxh] [kkik] vkjeksjh] ekSnk]
vka/kGxko] jkeVsd] vpyiwj] vkohZ] eks'khZ] ijrokMk v';k NksV;k 'kgjkr jfgoklkyk gksrs-
baxztkauh ukxiwjph jkts'kkgh iq.kZr% laiq"Vkr vk.kY;koj vkf.k R;kuarj Hkkjrkoj baxztkapk
rkck gksmqu Hkkjrh;kauk Lokra«;] LojkT;] Lo'kklukpk vFkZ dGk;yk ykxyk- rsOgk NksV;k
xkokauk lksMwu vkfnoklh gyck jkstxkjklkBh ukxiwj 'kgjkr vkys-
Central Provinces Gazetteers. Chhattisgarh, Feudatory States. Written By E, A. De
Brett ICS Political Agent. 1909 Volume Page No. 45 - "The Halbas (12,887 Or 4 Per
Cent.) Are Cultivators And Much Addicted To Opium." cLrj jkT;kph ekfgrh nsrkauk
vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhd eksB;k izek.kkoj vQwps O;luh vkgsr] vls ueqn vkgs- ukxiwj
'kgjkr lq/nk lu 1980&85 i;Zar eksB;k izek.kkoj vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhd vQwpk okij
djhr gksr]s gs ekÖ;k ikg.;kar vkgs- dsoG vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdp vQwps Qkj O;luh
dk vlkos\ cgqnk vkfnoklh gyckae/khy Lokra«;] LojkT; o Lo'kklukph Hkkouk nQu
Ogkoh Eg.kwu R;kauk vQwP;k O;lukf/ku dj.;kar vkY;kps tk.kors-
ejkBh Hkk"ksr fo.kdjkauk dks"Vh] fganh e/;s dks"Vk vkf.k rsyxw Hkk"ksr lkysokj Eg.kwu
lacks/k.;kr ;sr]s fo.kdjhpk O;olk; djhr vlY;kus vkfnoklh gyck lq/nk dks"Vh Eg.kwu
vksG[kys tkrkr- ykpkj o fujkfJr vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkalkBh R;kosGh jkstxkj
egRokpk gksrk vkf.k v|kigh fLFkrh r'khp vkgs- rlsgh gyckauk fofo/k izkarkr fofo/k ukokus
vksG[kY;k tkrs-
dkiM O;olk;krhy dsoG fo.kdj etwj vl.;kcjkscj vkfnoklh vlY;keqGs R;kaP;k
lkekftd] vkfFkZd o 'kS{kf.kd fLFkrhr Qkjlk cny >kyk ukgh- Hkkjr Lora= >kY;koj
5
vkfnoklhauk vkj{k.kkps ykHk ns; >kys] R;krgh vkfnoklh gyckauk vkj{k.kkps {ks= ca/kukr
Bsmqu laoS/kkfud ykHkkiklwu oafpr dj.;akr vkys-
lu 1976 e/;s vkj{k.kkojhy {ks= ca/ku dk<.;akr vkys- fo.kdjh dj.kkjs etwj eqG
gyck tekrhpsp vlY;keqGs o 'kklukl gk lai.w kZ bfrgkl ekfgr vlY;kus gyckauk
vuwlp w hr tekrhps nk[kys fuxZehr dj.;akr ;smqu tekrhpk ykHk ns; dsyk xsyk-
lu 1980 e/;s eksB;k izek.kkoj vuq'ks"k HkrhZl lq#okr >kyh- vkfnoklh gyckaP;k
ukokoj brj tkrhP;k fo.kdjkauh lq/nk vuwlp w hr tekrhpk ykHk ?ksryk- vuwlp w hr
tekrhP;k nkO;kph iMrkG.kh lq# >kY;koj egkjk"Vª 'kklukP;k tkrh iMrkG.kh lferhus
vkfnoklh gyckauk dks"Vh tkrhps ?kksf"kr dsys- vkfnoklh gyckapk vukMhi.kk] vf'kf{kri.kk]
HkksGsi.kk fdaok ftou tx.;klkBh fLodkjysyh ykpkjh vkf.k vQwP;k vkgkjh foljysyk
bfrgkl R;kauk Hkksoyk vls fnlwu ;sr-s
iqjksxkeh Eg.ko.kkÚ;k egkjk"Vª jkT;kr vkfnoklh gyckauk laoS/kkfud loyrhiklwu oafpr
Bso.;klkBh egkjk"Vª 'kklukP;k vkfnoklh fodkl foHkkxkrhy] tkrh iMrkG.kh lferhauh
vkfnoklh gyckauk dks"Vh ?kksf"kr dj.;kps l= pkyfoys- lu 1950 dk; fdaok 1901 dk;\
fdrhgh tqus gyck vlY;kps fl/n dj.kkjs] 'kkldh; iqjkos nsmqugh gtkjks vkfnoklh
gyckauk ,sudsu dkj.ks uewn d#u dks"Vh tkrhps ?kksf"kr dj.;akr vkys vlwu v|kigh
rlsp lq# vkgs-
vkfnoklh gyckauk vfLrRoghu dks"Vh tkrhpk ?kksf"kr djrkauk Qjsjk lferhpk mYys[k
dsyk tkrks- gk Qjsjk lferhpk vgoky dk;] dlk] dqBs vkgs\ 99-99 VDds vkfnoklh
gyckauk Qjsjk lferh fdaok R;kP;k vgokykc|y dkghgh ekfgr ukgh-
lu 1985 e/;s egkjk"Vª 'kklukus izk-s Qjsjk (Dr J V Ferreira) ;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ,dk
rK lferhph fu;qDr dsyh] ;k vgokykps uko Government Of Maharashtra, Tribal
Development Department, Report Of The Expert Committee On The Halba /Halba
Koshti Problem In The State Of Maharashtra, 1985 vls vkgs- iq<s cgqnk gk vgoky
Milind Sharadrao Katware Appeal (Civil) 2294 of 1986 e/;s lknj dsyk- egkjk"Vª
'kklukus loZizFke ekfgrhpk vf/kdkj dk;nk ykxw dsyk ijarw mijksDr vgokykph
http://trti.mah.nic.in/static_pages/ResearchReportList.pdf ;k osc fyadoj uksan ukgh-
vkfnoklh gyckaph R;kP;k fo.kdjhph] R;kaP;k nSorkaph] Hkk"ksph] laLd`rhph] R;kaP;k
LFkykarj.kkph foLr`r ekfgrh Jh j'ksy] Jh fgLykWi] Jh fxvjlu] Jh foyh;e gaVj] lsVa ªy
izkWfoUlps xW>Vs l~ 1881] Q;qMhvVjh LVsV xW>sVl~ 1909] cLrjpk bfrgkl] tux.kuk 1881]
1891] 1901] 1911] 1921 bR;knh e/;s miyC/k vlwu] R;kp cjkscj vkfnoklh gyck
100&150 o"kZ tqus 'kkldh; vfHkys[k iqjkos tksMuw gh ;k Qjsjk lferhus vlk dqByk 'kks/k
ykoyk dh] vkt e/;izn's k o egkjk"Vªkryk izR;sd vkfnoklh gyck vfLrRoghu dks"Vh
tkrhpk Bjfo.;akr ;sr vkgs- vkfnoklh gyckauk] vfLrRoghu dks"Vh tkrhps ?kksf"kr dj.kkjk
vgoky vuU; vlk/kkj.k egRokpk vkgs- R;keqGs gk vgoky loZlkekU;kalkBh baVjusVoj
eksQr miyC/k d#u n;k;yk gok] ts.ksd#u cksxl ?kksf"kr dsyYs ;k vkfnoklh gyckaps
firG txkleksj m?kMs iMsy vkf.k R;kaph cnukeh gksmqu [kksVkjMsi.kk loZlkekU;kauk fnlwu
;sbZy- egkjk"Vª 'kklukP;k Qjsjk lferhus vkfnoklh gyckac|y ekfgrh fnyh vlY;kus
dkadsj] cLrj] narsokM;kP;k gyckaukgh dGw n;k- gk vgoky ,sfrgkfld vkgs] R;keqGs

6
lacfa /kr ,DliVZ desVhrys rK bfrgklkr vtjkej gksrhy] rks ykHk R;kauk feGkyk ikfgts]
R;klkBh vgoky baVjusVoj Vkdkok- rlsp ns'kh&fons'kh] tkxrhd@vkarjjkf"Vª;
'kkL=Kkaukgh la'kks/kuklkBh ;k vgokykpk mi;ksx gksbZy-
'kklukus lu 1995 e/;s fo'ks"k ekxkl izoxkZps 2 VDds vkj{k.k ?kksf"kr dsys o R;kr
dks"Vh] gyck&dks"Vh] gyck] xksokjh bR;knhauk fo'ks"k vkj{k.k fnys- ;krwu iq<s U;k;ky;hu
vkns'kkuqlkj gyck oxG.;akr vkys- [kjsp] dks"Vh ukokph tkr vkgs dk;\

1. In the Report on the Territories of the Raja of Nagpur, by Richard Jenkins 1827,
page no. 87 - Koshtees and Momins, (Hindoo and Moosulman weavers)
Page No. 90 – The common Dhotee Johras and Sarhees, are much worn by
all classes of Hindoos and Marhattas in the Deccan. The peculiar quality of
Dhotee Johras, made in the city, and for which they are so much prized, is the
extreme fineness of the thread, which is spun exclusively by the Dhers, and finds
employment to upwards of four hundred families. The weavers are all Koshtees,
and the number of their families is estimated at about two-hundred and seveny.
The cloth manufacture was brought to its present state of excellence, by the
exertions of the late Raghojee, who, during the great famine that raged in the
Deccan after the war of 1803, induced many of the best workmen at Pytum, in the
Godavery, and Zynabad and Boorhanpore, on the Taptee, to come and settle at
Nagpore. From these men, the Nagpore weavers learnt the art of weaving the
beautiful silk and gold and silver borders,
2. Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India : R V Ruissell and Hirallal
1916 page no 581 -
Koshti, Koshta, Salewar. – The Maratha and Telugu caste of weavers of
silk and fine cotton cloth. They belong principally to the Nagpur and Chhattisgarh
Division of the Central Provinces, Koshti is the Marathi and Salewar the Telugu
name. Koshti may perhaps have something to do with kosa or tasar silk; Salewar
is said to be from the Sanskrit Salika, a weaver, and to be connected with the
common word sari, the name for a woman's cloth; while the English 'Shawl' may

7
 be a derivative from the same root. The caste suppose themselves to be descended
from the famous Saint Markandi Rishi, who, they say, first wove cloth from the
fibres of the lotus flower to clothe the nakedness of the gods. In reward for this he
was married to the daughter of Surya, the sun, and received with her as dowry a
giant named Bhavani and a tiger. But the giant was disobedient, and so Markandi
killed him, and from his bones fashioned the first weaver's loom. The Tiger
remained obedient to Markandi, and the Koshtis think that he still respects them as
his descendants; so that if a Koshti should meet a tiger in the forest and say the
name of Markandi, the tiger will pass by and not molest him ; and they say that no
Koshti has ever been killed by a tiger. On their side they will not kill or injure a
tiger, and at their weddings the Bhat or genealogist brings a picture of a tiger
attached to his sacred scroll, known as Padgia, and the Koshtis worship the
picture. A Koshti will not join in a beat for tiger for the same reason ; and other
Hindus say that if he did the tiger would single him out and kill him, presumably
in revenge for his breaking the pact of peace between them. They also worship the
Singhwahini Devi, or Devi riding on a tiger, from which it may probably be
deduced that the tiger itself was formerly the deity, and has now developed into an
anthropomorphic goddess.
Subdivisions – The caste have several subdivisions of different types. The
Halbis appear to be an offshoot of the primitive Halba tribe, who have taken
to weaving, the Lad Koshtis come from Gujarat, the Gadhewal from Garha or
Jubbulpore, the Deshkar and Maratha from the Maratha country, while the
Dewangan probably take their name from the old town of that name on the
Wardha river. The Patwis are dyers, and colour the silk thread which the weavers
use to border their cotton cloth. It is usually dyed red with lac. They also make
braid and sew silk thread on ornaments like the separate Patwa caste. And the
Onkule are the offspring of illegitimate unions. In Berar there is a separate
subcaste named Hatghar, which may be a branch of the Dhangar or shephered
caste. Berar also has a group known as Jain Koshtis, who may formerly have
professed the Jain religion, but are now strict sivites. The Salewars are said to be
divided into the Sutsale or thread-weavers, the Padmasale or those who originally
wove the lotus flower and the Sagunsale, a group of illegitimate descent. The
above names show that the caste is of mixed origin, containing a large Telugu
element, while a body of the primitive Halbas has been incorporated into it.
Many of the Maratha Koshtis are probably Kunbis (Cultivators) who have taken
up weaving.
3. Anthropological Survey of India published "People of India - Maharashtra 2004"
Page No. 1130 - Koshti is the Marathi term for weavers who make sarees
from silk and fine cotton cloth.
Page No. 1145 - Under the head "Koshti" there are different communities
who have adopted weaving as an occupation some of these communities are
Devangan, SutSali, Swakool Sali, Lad, Padma Shali and Halbi/Halba. The
traditional occupation of the above communities was weaving and hence they are
known as Devangan Koshti, Lad Koshti, Sut Sali Koshti and so forth.

8
 Page No. 1130 - The community has several subdivisions; the Halbi
appear to be an off shoot of the primitive Halba tribe, who have taken to
weaving.

Sale, Sali—a weaving caste found chiefly in the Marathawara districts of these
Dominions. It is a functional group, comprising several heterogeneous elements drawn
from the different classes of Hindu society. These of course form distinct sub-castes and
are not admitted to a jus connubii with one another. The following sub-castes of Salis
are recognized in this territory;
1. Sukal Or Sukla Sale
2. Ahir Sale
3. Gujar Sale
4. Lakul Or Nakul Sale
5. Sukha Sale
6. Are Sale
7. Sukin Sale
8. Padma Sale
9. Chabhar Sale
10. Tikley Sale
11. Patolgar Sale
12. Jain Sale
Source - The Castes And Tribes Of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions, Syed Siraj Ul
Hassan 1920 Volume I Page No. 577 Sale

Bania (Merchant and moneylender) sub caste of Bania

1.Agarwala, Agarwal
2.Agrahari.
3.Ajudhiabasi, Audhia,
4.Asathi
5.Charnagri, Channagri, Samaiya.
6.Dhusar, Bhargava Dhusar.
7.Dosar, Dusra.
8.Gahoi.
9.Golapurab, Golahre.
10.Kasarwani.
11.Kasaundhan.
12.Khandelwal
13.Lad
14.Lingayat.
15.Maheshri.
16.Nema
17.Oswal
18.Parwar
19.Srimali.
20.Umre.
9
Bania, Lad.—this sub caste numbers about 5000 persons in the Central Provinces, being
settled in Nimar, Nagpur and all the Berar Districts. The Lad Banias came from Gujarat,
and Lad is derived from Lad-desh, the old name for Gujarat. Like other Banias they are
divided into the Bisa and Dasa groups or twenties and tens, the Dasa being of irregular
descent. Their family priests are Khedawal Brahmans, and their caste deity is Ashapuri of
Ashnai, near Petlad. Lad
Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916
Volume 2 Page No 112 & Page No 150

Gadhewale -
The caste has a large number of subdivisions of a local or occupational nature;
among occupational names may be mentioned the Singaria or those who cultivate the
singara nut, the Nadha or those who live on the banks of streams, the Tankiwalas or
sharpeners of grindstones, the Jhlngas or prawn-catchers, the Bansias and Saraias or
anglers (from bansi or sarai, a bamboo fishing-rod), the Bandhaiyas or those who make
ropes and sacking of hemp and fibre, and the Dhurias who sell parched rice. These last
say that their original ancestors were created by Mahadeo out of a handful of dust {(ihfir)
for carrying the palanquin of Parvati when she was tired. They are probably the same
people as the Dhuris who also parch grain, and in Chhattisgarh are considered as a
separate caste. Similarly the Sonjhara Dhimars wash for gold, the calling of the separate
Sonjhara caste. The Kasdhonia Dhimars wash the sands of the sacred rivers to find the
coins which pious pilgrims frequently drop or throw into the river as an offering when
they bathe in it. The Gondia subcaste is clearly an offshoot from the Gond tribe, but a
large proportion of the whole caste in the Central Provinces is probably derived from the
Gonds or Kols, members of this latter tribe being especially proficient as palanquin-
bearers. The Suvarha subcaste is named after the suar or pig, because members of this
subcaste breed and eat the unclean animal ; they are looked down on by the others.
Similarly the Gadhewale Dhimars keep donkeys, and are despised by the other
subcastes who will not take food from them. They use donkeys for carrying loads of
wood,, and the bridegroom rides to his wedding on this animal ; and among them a
donkey is the only animal the corpse of which can be touched without conveying
pollution. The Bhanare Dhimars appear to be named after the town of Bhandara,
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916 Volume 2
Page No 503
Gadhewal, Gadkere, Gadhive, Gadhilla. (One who keeps donkeys.From gadha,an ass.)
Garhawala, Garhewala, Garhewar - A resident of Garha, an old town near Jubbulpore
which gave its name to the Garha- Mandla dynasty, and is a centre of weaving.
The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916 Volume 1 page
362 & 364.

10
 In Wardha the Kasars are no longer artificers, but only dealers, employing
Panchals to make the vessels which they retail in their shops. And the same is the case
with the Maratha and Deshkar subcastes in Nagpur. The Kasars are a respectable
caste, ranking next to the Sunars among the urban craftsmen.
Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916
Volume 3 Page No 369

Padma Sale, Sale, Salewar, Channewar, Julaha, antunayakadu—a very large

and widely diffused caste of Telugu weavers, wholly distinct from the Devangas or
Carnatic weavers, and Patkar Sales, or Khatris, who hail from Gujarath and Malva,
and weave silk cloths. In their original affinities they may be regarded as Dravidians, the
view being suggested by their physical characteristics and by the fact that a great number
of their exogamous sections bear totemistic names. The name Sale is of Sanskrit origin,
being a corruption of the Sanskrit word 'Salika'—a weaver, while the title 'Padma' seems
to be prefixed as a mark of distinction.
Source - The Castes And Tribes Of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions, Syed Siraj Ul
Hassan 1920 Volume I Page No. 536
Koshtas of Chhattisgarh have a subcaste called horiya, and possibly the Bhulias
have some connection with these. The caste sometimes call themselves Devang, and
Devang or Devangan is the name of another subcaste of Koshtis.
Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916
Volume 2 Page No 320
Devanga, Devangalu, Devra, Jyandra, Koshti, Devanga Sale, Myatari—a
widely diffused caste of weavers found in every part of the Hyderabad Dominions.
'Devanga' is a Sanskrit word which means 'body of the gods ' and is applied to this caste
since it claims to be descended from one Devanga Rishi, who'' was created by the god
Mahadeva for the purpose of weaving clothes for gods and men. The thread was obtained
from the lotus which sprang from Vishnu's navel. Probably of Carnatic origin, the
Devangas are now found scattered all over Maharashtra and Telingana. Internal
Structure—The Devangas are divided into three subcastes : (I) Devanga, (2) Hatgar and
(3) Kodekul; the Hatgars claim social precedence over the other two divisions. 'They are
Lingayits by creed and are described in the article on Lingayats The first of these sub-
castes is broken up into three territorial groups, (1) Telugu Devangas, (2) Carnatic
Devangas and (3) Maratha Koshtis, who speak Marathi and have adopted the
section names and manners of the Maratha Kunbis. Two other branches seem to have
sprung from the Devangas, oiz : (1) Kurvina Shetti or Bili Magu and (2) Kumi Sales or
Jyandra, the latter of whom do not castrate their bulls.
Source - The Castes And Tribes Of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions, Syed Siraj Ul
Hassan 1920 Volume I Page No. 160 Devanga
Devangs, also known as Hatkars, Jads, Koshtis or Salis, numbering 244445
(1901) including 124351 males and 120094 females are found in all parts of the
Presidenchy and Native States except Gujarat. Of this number, 103,393 were recorded
as Lingayats and 48 as Musalmans at the Census of 1901. The caste is also known
11
Nekar, Negar and Neyakar in the Kanarese districts and Vinkar in the Deccan. Neyakar
is a Kanarese and Vinkar is a Marathi term, meaning a weaver, Regarding the origin of
the term Hatkar, it is stated that at one time all the Hatkars were Lingayats. Several
hundred years ago, a certain Devangad Ayya persuaded some of them to wear the sacred
thread instead of the linga and to rub their brows with sandal instead of with cowdung
ashes.
Source - The Caste and Tribes of H.E.H. The Nizam's Dominions, 1920 Volume I,
Page 162
In the Poona district are found two of the above divisions, Maratha and Padma,
who neither eat together nor intermarry. The Satara Salis have five divisions, Maratha,
Padam and Nakul, Kurnaval and Patnaval. The divisions commonly found among the
Nasik Koshtis are Ahir, Bangad, Jain, Kurad, Maratha, Miskin and Sut Sali. The
Sholapur Salis are split up into six divisions, Bangad, Maratha, Padma, Sukh, Tikale and
Togati. Of these the Marathas are considered to be the highest in the social scale. They
do not eat with the others. The rest eat together but do not intermarry. In Ahmednagar
are to be met the Chambhar, Naku., Padam and Sakul Salis. Of these the Sakuls are
supposed to be the pure descendants of the founder of the caste. Lakuls are bastards.
The Sakuls do not eat with the other three divisions, who eat from them but not with one
another.
Page No. 302 – The Koshtis of Poona say that they were Brahmans.
Page No. 302 – The term Koshti is derived from the Sanskrit kosh, the cod or
cocoon of a spider, which is indicative of weaving,
Source - The Tribes and Castes of Bombay. By R.E. Enthoven, Vol-I, 1920 Page 301

Kuchibandhia, Kuuchbandhia (A maker of weaver's brushes) Synonym and

subcaste of Beldar in Chhattisgarh.
Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916
volume 1 Page No. 381

The Beldars of Chhatisgarh are divided into the Odia or Oriya, Larhia,
Kuchbandhia, Matkuda and Karigar groups. Uriya and Larhia are local names, applied to
residents of the Uriya country and Chattisgarh respectively Odia is the name of a low
Madras caste of masons, bu whether it is a corruption of Uriya is not clear. Karigar
means a workman, and Kuchbandia is the name of a separate caste, who make loom-
combs for weavers.
Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916
Volume 2 Page No. 217
Patwa, Patwi, Patra, Ilakeband.—The occupational caste of weavers of fancy
silk braid and thread. In 1911 the Patwas numbered nearly 6000 persons in the Central
Provinces, being returned principally from the Narsinghpur, Raipur, Saugor, Jubbulpore
and Hoshangabad Districts. About 800 were resident in Berar. The name is derived from

12
the Sanskrit pata, woven cloth, or Hindi pat silk. The principal sub castes of the Patwas
are the Naraina; the Kanaujia, also known as Chhipi, because they sew marriage robes ;
the Deobansi or ' descendants of a god,' who sell lac and glass bangles ; the Lakhera, who
prepare lac bangles ; the Kachera, who make glass bangles ; and others. Three of the
above groups are thus functional in character. They have also Rajput and Kayastha
subcastes, who may consist of refugees from those castes received into the Patwa
community. In the Central Provinces the Patwas and Lakheras are in many localities
considered to be the same caste, as they both deal in lac and sell articles made of it ; and
the account of the occupations of the Lakhera caste also applies largely to the Patwas.
The exogamous groups of the caste are named after villages, or titles or nicknames borne
by the reputed founder of the group. They indicate that the Patwas of the Central
Provinces are generally descended from immigrants from northern India. The Patwa
usually purchases silk and colours it himself. He makes silk strings for pyjamas and
coats, armlets and other articles. Among these are the silk threads called rakhis, used on
the Rakshabandhan festival, when the Brahmans go round in the morning tying them on
to the wrists of all Hindus as a protection against evil spirits. For this the Brahman
receives a present of one or two pice. The rakhi is made of pieces of raw silk fibre twisted
together, with a knot at one end and a loop at the other. It goes round the wrist,
Source - The Tribes And Castes of the Central Provinces of India R V Russell 1916
volume 4 Page No. 385

ojhy ekfgrh e/;s iq.;kps dks"Vh gs czkEg.k vkgsr vls ueqn vkgs- R;ko#u dks"V;kaP;k
loZp mitkrh czkEg.k vlY;kps Li"V gksr-s egkjk"Vª jkT;kr dks"Vh Eg.kwu czkEg.kkauk fo'ks"k
ekxkl izoxkZpk ykHk ns.;kl vkfnoklh gyckauk dkghp gjdr ukgh- ijarw Lor%yk czkEg.k
Eg.ko.kkÚ;k fofo/k tkrh cksxl Bjfo.;kar vkysY;k vkfnoklh gycka'kh jksVh&csVhpk O;ogkj
djhr uOgrs\
cgqnk vkfnoklh gyckaP;k ukokoj vkj{k.kkph ywV ;k czkEg.k ln`'; tkrhauh lq/nk
?ksryk vl.;kph 'kD;rk ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- R;keqGs tkrh iMrkG.kh lq# >kY;koj
dk;Zokgh gks.;kP;k 'kD;rsus ;k fofo/k tkrhauh vkfnoklh gyckauk] dks"Vhph mitkr
gyck&dks"Vh n'kZfoys o fo'ks"k ekxkl izoxkZP;k ek/;ekrwu Lor%P;k vkj{k.kkpk ykHk
vckf/kr Bsoyk-
vkfnoklh gyck lu 1779 P;k Lora=rk la?k"kkZuarj dkekP;k 'kks/kkr lrr LFkykarjhr
gksr vkgsr- lrr LFkyakrjhr gks.kkÚ;k etwjkdMs laiRrh ulrs] vkfnoklh gyck lkekU;
fo.kdj etwj gksr-s fdrh o d'kh 'ksrh ?ks.kkj\
vkfnoklh gyckaph ljkljh 'kkfjjhd maph lkekU;kai{s kk deh vkgs] deh mapheqGs R;kauk
lSU;krgh LFkku ukgh- vkfnoklh vlY;kus o vQwpk [kwi okij dsY;keqGs ckSf/nd {kerk
[kkykoyh vkgs- R;kp cjkscj vkfnoklh gyckaps dqBY;kgh ,dk Hkk"ksoj izHkqRo ukgh- R;keqGs
okpu] mPpf'k{k.k oxSjs izdkj vR;ar deh vkgs- Hkk"ksoj izHkqRo ul.;kps dkj.kgh vkgs-
1 ekr`Hkk"kk gych]
2 LFkkfud Hkk"kk oSnfHkZ; ejkBh]
3 'kkys; vH;klØekrhy Hkk"kk iq.ksjh ejkBh]
13
 4 e/;izkarkph Hkk"kk fganh]
5 mPp f'k{k.kkdjhrk fdaok vkarjjkf"Vª; eksB;k daiU;kae/;s baxzth vko';d vkgs-

etwjkps ftou tx.;kcjkscj] bfrgkl ekfgr ulY;kus euks/kS;Z deh gksmqu ykpkjhus
LFkku ?ksrys vkgs- l|krjh cgql[a ; vkfnoklh gyck dkiMkP;k] fdjk.;kP;k fdaok brj
nqdkukr 1500&2000 #i;s efg.;kus dkekoj vkgsr fdaok QqVikFkoj lkoth Hkkstuky;
pkyforkr- nk# nqdkukleksj pduk] vaMs foØh djrkr] jsMhesV dkiM f'korkr- vkfnoklh
vlY;kus Qkj NG&diV djrk ;sr ukgh- ;k leL;kaeqGs vkfnoklh gyckauk [kktxh {ks=kr]
m|ksxkae/;s oko ukgh- 'kkldh; uksdjhr eksB;k izek.kkoj vkfnoklh gyck vkgsr vls
jaxfo.;kr ;s.kkjs fp= [kksVs vkgs-
cLrj jkT;krwu ckgsj iMY;kuarj vkfnoklh gyck etwj Eg.kwu mnj fuokZg djhr
vkgsr] ukxiwj 'kgjkrhy vkfnoklh gyck cgqy okMkZr fQ#u vkfnoklh gyckaph nSukoLFkk
ikgrk ;sbZy- rlsgh vkfnoklh gyckaps fcznokD; vkgs] ^^<cw dh ek; dh] ek.kwl dh bTtr
ikfgts-** R;keqGs cgqrka'k vkfnoklh gyckadMs /kulaiRrh ukgh-
vktw&cktwP;k NksV;k 'kgjkrwu ukxiwj 'kgjkr vkysY;k fpeqVHkj vkfnoklh gyck
tekrhP;k fo.kdj etwj yksdkauk laoS/kkfud loyrhpk ykHk feGw u;s Eg.kwu 'kkldh;
ikrGho#u iqjksxkeh Eg.ko.kkÚ;k egkjk"Vªkr vkf.k Lora= Hkkjrkr iz;Ru dsys tkosr fg
ykthjok.kh ckc ukgh dk;\ egkjk"Vª jkT;kP;k fufeZrhlkBh 'kfgn >kysY;k gqrkR;kauk dk;
okVr vlsy\\
;qrh 'kklukus vfLrRoghu dks"Vh tkrhlkBh 2 VDds fo'ks"k ekxkl izoxZ fuekZ.k
dsY;keqGs vkfnoklh gyckaP;k 'k=wauk pkaxyhp pijkd clyh vkgs- ijarw fo'ks"k ekxkl
izoxkZP;k vkj{k.kkpk o brj loyrhpk ykHk vkfnoklh gyck deh vkf.k oj ueqn dsyYs ;k
fofo/k lo.kZ tkrhauk eksB;k izek.kkoj gksr vkgs- R;keqGs iq<s vkfnoklh gyckauk Lor%yk
dks"Vh Eg.kowu lq/nk vkj{k.k fdaok brj loyrhpk dkghgh ykHk gks.kkj ukgh-
ofjy bfrgkl ikgrk vkfnoklh gyckauk vkfne nSoh 'kDrhus] vkiRrhP;k osGh lrr
enr dsyh vkgs- iq<gs h vkfnoklh gyckauk nSoh enr feGsy] ;kr 'kadk ukgh-
dfyax ;q/nkrhy fot;kuarj v'kksd fcanqlkj ekS;Z Hkkjrkpk ifgyk lezkV Eg.kwu x.kyk
tkrks] R;k dfyaxk ;q/nkr yk[kks vkfnoklhaP;k dRryhpk Bidk R;kpkoj vkgs- lezkV
v'kksdus ckS/n /keZ fLodk#u i'pkrki O;Dr dsY;kus gk Bidk dsoG /kwlj iMyk vkgs
v|kirjh feVysyk ukgh-
HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkps iquysZ[ku gksr vkgs- Lokra«;] LojkT; o Lo'kklukdjhrk
vR;kpkjkl cGh iMysY;k fonzkgs h vkfnoklh gyckauk ekukps LFkku feGkys- ;k la?k"kkZl
Hkkjrkrhy ukxjhdkapk ifgyk Lora=rk&laxzke Eg.kwu ekU;rk feGr vlwu n;kZonso o R;kps
lgdkjh dyadhr >kys vkgs-
vkfnoklh gyckauk dksca M;kph >wt a Qkj vkoMrs] cLrj ¼NfRrlx<½ e/;s ;kyk 'kklu
ekU;rk vkgs- vkfnoklh gyckaph fg vkoM ukxiwjP;k Hkkslys jktkauk ekfgr gksrh] vankts
lu 1975 i;Zar olar iapeh o nqlÚ;k fno'kh NksVk rktckx ;sFkhy iVkax.kkr dksacM;kph]
cksdMkph >qt a hph naxy Hkjk;ph- dksca Ms] cksdMkP;k ekydkauk izo's k 'kqYd n;kos ykxk;ps]
R;kojhy 'k;ZrhlkBh uky dk<yh tk;ph-
14
 fo.kdjhP;k O;olk;kl mrjrh dGk ykxY;koj vkfne 'kDrhus vkfnoklh gyckaph iwUgk
enr dsyh o vkj{k.kkps {ks= ca/ku j| gksmqu dkgh ekstD;k vkfnoklh gyckapk
iksVk&ik.;kpk iz'u rkRiwjrk fuoGyk--
tkrh iMrkG.kh lferhdMwu vkfnoklh gyckauk vfLrRoghu dks"Vh tkrhps ?kksf"kr d#u
egkjk"Vª 'kklukus fo'ks"k ekxkl izoxkZph fufeZrh dsyh o 15 twu 1995 P;k 'kklu
fu.kZ;kUo;s vkfnoklh gyckauk fnykL;kpk ns[kkok fuekZ.k dsyk-
;kojgh] fpeqVHkj vkfnoklh gyckaP;k 'k=wpa s lek/kku >kys ukgh- R;kauh ufou iz;ksx lq#
dsyk vkgs] dsna z 'kklukr o brj jkT;krwu vkfnoklh gyckaps izek.ki= uksna .khd`r vkgsr
fdaok ukgh\ rikl.;kdjhrk ukxiwj] HkaMkjk] o/kkZ] xksfa n;k] xMfpjksyh] panziwj ftYgkf/kdkjh
dk;kZy;kadMs ;sr vlrkr- vkfnoklh gyckaP;k tkrh izek.ki=kP;k uksanh vlysyk jsdkWMZ
miyC/k ulY;kps lacfa /krkauk dGfo.;akr ;sr]s lacfa /kr foHkkxkdMwu dqBfygh 'kgkfu'kk u
djrk] vkfnoklh gyckauk uksdÚ;ke/kwu dk<.;akph dk;Zokgh dj.;akr ;sr-s dgj Eg.kts
ftYgkf/kdkjh dk;kZy;kae/;s vkfnoklh gyckapk tekrhP;k nk[kY;klkBh iqjkO;klg dsyy s k
vtZgh fLodkjyk tkr ukgh-
xqyke Hkkjrkr vukfn dkGkiklwu cLrj jkT; o R;kps ukxjhd LojkT;kr] Lo'kklukr]
Lokra«;kr txr gksrs- uarj baxztkauh lq/nk cLrj jkT;kP;k o vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkaP;k
Lokra«;kr ck/kk vk.kyh ukgh- d/kh o;kso`/n cksxl BjfoysY;k vkfnoklh gyck
ukxjhdkadMwu baxztkauh R;kaP;koj vR;kpkj dsysr vls dkgh ,sdys ukgh-
ijarw Lora= Hkkjrkr vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkauk cksxl vkfnoklh Bjowu xqykekai{s kkgh
okbZV okx.kwd ns.;akr ;sr vkgs] xqykexhjhrwu eqDrhph Hkkouk e`rdkl vaR;laLdkjklkBh
Le'kkukoj ?ksmqu tkrkauk QVkds QksM.;kpk d`rho#u izn'khZr gksrs-
iqjksxkeh Eg.ko.kkÚ;k egkjk"Vª jkT;kr tkrh iMrkG.khP;k ek/;ekrwu vR;kpkj gksr
vkgsr- vkfnoklh gyckauk grksRlkghr dj.;klkBh fo'ks"k dk;nsgh dsys- vkfnoklh gyckaizrh
;k /kksj.kkewGs ekxhy 30 o"kkZiklwu vkfnoklh gyckaph >ksi mMkyh vlwu vUu dMw dsys
vkgs- izR;sd fno'kh tsok;yk clrkauk] m|k egkjk"Vª 'kklu fdaok Hkkjr ljdkj dks.krk
Qrok dk<rs fgp dkGth ykxyh vlrs- ;k vR;kpkjkeqGs vusd izdkjP;k vktkjkauh lq/nk
?ksjys vkgs- vkfnoklh gyck iwUgk lu 1774&1779 P;k fLFkrhr iksgpys vkgsr-
x.krkaf=d] Lora=] LojkT; vlysY;k Hkkjr ns'kkrhy iqjksxkeh Eg.ko.kkÚ;k egkjk"Vª
jkT;kr fpeqVHkj fo.kdj etwj vkfnoklh gyckapk NG dsyk xsyk] R;kauk vfLrRoghu
dks"Vh tkrhps Bjowu] dks"Vh ;k lnjk[kkyh vla[; fofo/k lo.kZ o czkEg.k ln`'; tkrhauk
fo'ks"k ekxkl izoxkZr vkj{k.kkps ykHk fnys bR;knh ckchlg 'kklu fojks/kkr vlwugh
vkfnoklh gyck ukxjhdkauh vR;ar fo"ke vkf.k dfB.k ifjfLFkrhr fnol dk<ys] ;kc|y
R;kaps vfHkuanu gksbZy o iqUgk bfrgklkr R;kauk ekukps LFkku feGsy-
ijar]w x.krkaf=d Eg.ko.kkÚ;k Hkkjr ns'kklg egkjk"Vª jkT;kpk vlk bfrgkl uksanfoyk
tk.ks lac/a khrkauk ;ksX; okVrs dk;\ ;k dyadkps Hkkxhnkj dks.k gksrhy\ fu.kZ;
?ks.kkjs@ns.kkjs vkf.k 'kklu izeq[kp! dfyaxk ;q/nkr v'kksdkP;k lSU;kus dRry dsyh] ijarw
lsukirh lezkV v'kksd vlY;keqGs dyad R;kP;koj vkgs] lSU;koj ukgh- v';k dyadkph
'kklu vkf.k tkrh iMrkG.kh vf/kdkÚ;kalg loZ lacfa /krkauk tk.kho vkgs dk;\ tk.kho
ulsy rj gks.ks@d#u ?ks.ks vko';d vkgs-
15
 Papers relating to the aboriginal tribes of the Central Provinces, left in mss by the
late Revd. Stephen Hislop, missionary of the free Church of Scotland, at Nagpore
Edited by with nots and preface by R Temple, C.S.I., Chief Commissioner of the Central
Provinces. 1866. Page No. 20

Tribes connected with the Gonds. Badiyas and Halwas.

The Badiyas are found in the Chiridwara District, scattered from the town of that
name to the Mahadeva Hills. They seem to be Gonds, who retain much of their original
customs, but have conformed to the Hindus in language and some of their religious
observances. They worship the gods of their ancestors under the shadow of the Saj
tree; but they have adopted the use of idols of stone and brass, which they keep in their
houses, and carry out only on the recurrence of their festivals, which are the same as
those of the Gonds. Except in rare cases, they burn the bodies of their deceased
relatives, and throw the ashes into an adjoining river. They observe more of the Hindu
feasts than is done by the great majority of the Gonds.
The Halwas* form a pretty numerous body in the districts of Bundara and
Raepore and the dependancy of Bustar. In these parts of the country they seem to
occupy a position similar to that of the Badiyas to the north-west of them, though they
have perhaps still more imitated the manners of the Hindus. They wish to hold a
respectable place in their village, and eagerly covet the distinction of wearing a
sacred thread over their shoulder. This privilege, till recently, was sold to those in
Bustar by the Raja of that principality, and such may have been the beginning of the
practice among those in the more civilized parts of the country. But even there they
still retain the custom of offering worship to their deceased ancestors, and
presenting at their tombs the usual number of earthenware horses.
Admitting the identity of their origin with that of the Gonds, among whom they at
present dwell, it is difficult to explain the abandonment by these Badiyds and Halwas of
their mother tongue. Their case, however, is not singular, for the Gonds of Amarkantak
have also laid it aside, although it is generally spoken in the district to the west of them
as far as Jubbulpore. But in this instance we can see the reason of the change. Lying in
the highway between the plains of Chutteesgurh and Sohagpore, they have constant
intercourse with the Hindu merchants, who pass by that route, and have thus come to
be more familiar with their language than their own.
*Halwas won't kill bison or buffalo. In Soonchoor they are mixed with a
preponderance of Gonds (Marreea). Halwas are mixed in Jeypur (Tuke) with Uriyas and
Gonds.
vkfnoklh ukxjhd o jktk ;kaph fn'kkHkwy d#u R;kauk ifo= nksÚ;klg ¼QDr nksjk
?ksmqu dk; dj.kkj gksrs\½ lUekukph foØh dsyh- rks lUeku gksrk ekS;Z] d';i] ukx bR;knh
vkMukos /kkj.k dj.;kP;k vf/kdkj- fg vkfnoklhaph 'kksdkarhdk vkgs] T;k v'kksdkus dfyax
;q/nkr vkfnoklhaph dRry dsyh] R;kpsp vkMuko&ekS;Z o xks=&d';i HkksG;k&HkkcM;k
vkfnoklhauk foØh dj.;akr vkys- cLrje/;s ekS;Z] d';i] ukx vkMukokps vla[; vkfnoklh
vlwu R;kr loZp tekrhps vkgsr- v|kigh NfRrlx< e/khy yk[kks vkfnoklhauk
dqG@vkMuko@xks= ukghr-
LFkykarjhr NfRrlx<h;k o ejkBh;k gyckaph vUuklkBh nSuk vlrkauk lUeku dqBwu
fodr ?ks.kkj] ijarw cLrjP;k ckgsj iMY;keqGs o loZnjw fo[kqjY;keqGs oSokghd lac/a kklkBh
vkMukokph o dqGkphgh xjt gksrh- vkfnoklh gyckaps etwjhlkBh lrr LFkykarju lq#
gksr]s R;keqGs xkokao#u vkMukos ?ks.;kar vkyh- HkaMkÚ;kps twus uko Hkukjk gksr]s R;ko#u
Hkukjdj] Hknzkorhps twus uko Hkkand gksr]s R;ko#u Hkkandj] jktukanxko] [kSjkxM toGps
16
 ukanxko o#u ukanxkodj] flgksjktoGhy dkeBk xkokps dkeBhdj] R;kP;k iq<s ikV.k
xkoko#u ikV.kdj] nqxZps nq#xdj] ekSn;ko#u ekSnd s j] jkeVsd o#u jkeVsddj]
uxj/kudj] vkjeksjhdj] fHkokiwjdj] mejsMdj] pkank Eg.kts panziqj rsFkhy pkand s j]
fHkf'kdj] flflZdj bR;knhlg oSokfgd laca/k djrkauk lks;hps Ogkos Eg.kwu fofo/k tkrhP;k
ukoko#u dkghauh dqG ukos ?ksryh tls dqHa kkj&dqHa kkjs] fu[kkj&fu[kkjs] brjgh fof'k"V v'kh
dqGs r;kj dj.;kar vkys] tls] ckjkik=s] lksudqljs] ijkrs] /kdkrs] MsdkVs] fuukos] lksjrs]
jkbZdokj] cksdMs] fuets] gsMkmq] uanuokj bR;knh] cLrj o vksfjlkrhy iqjhpk toGpk laca/k
vkgs Eg.ktsp vkfnoklh gyckapk nf{k.k Hkkjrk'kh lac/a k vkgs- R;keqGs dkgh dqGkae/;s rsyxq
rRo vkgs mnk- uanuokj] jkbZdokj- dkghauk v|kigh dqG ukgh- caxykns'k] ukxiwjps
ikV.kdjkauk v|kigh dqG ukgh- FkqxkoP;k dkgh gyckaukgh dqG ukghr- o#Mps dkgh gyck
o#Mdj gsp dqG lkaxrkr-
;keqGs NfRrlxf<;k o ejkfB;k gyckaph vkMukos cLrje/kY;k gyckaP;k vkMukoka'kh
tqGr ulwu R;kaP;kr lac/a k jkghys ukgh-
rlsp] iqoZtkaP;k dfczoj ekrhps ?kksMs p<for ulwu ekrhps cSy p<forkr- iksG;kP;k
nqlÚ;k fno'kh ikMO;kyk ldkGh Le'kkukoj es<s usrkr R;kp cjkscj ekrhps cSy dfczoj
p<foys tkrkr- fg i/nr ukxiwj 'kgjkrhy cksxl BjfoysY;k vkfnoklh gyckaph vlwu
vktgh lq# vkgs- R;krwu 'ksrhiklwu nwjkoY;kps nq%[k O;Dr gksr-s

Census of India 1901, Volume XIII-A, Central Province, Part II Imperial Tables.
Table No. X Page
No. 175 – Halbi or
Table No. XIII Page No. 246 Bastari including sub-
Sr. District or Halba Column No. 81 dialect
No. State Males Femals Persons Percentage column No. 33
Districts
1 Saugor - - - - -
2 Damoh - - - - -
3 Jubbalpore - - - - -
4 Mandla - - - - -
5 Seoni 225 278 503 0.5 -
Jubbulpore
6 225 278 503 0.5 -
Division
7 Narsigpur - - - - -
8 Hoshngabad - - - - -
9 Nimar 13 18 31 -
10 Betul - - - - -
11 Chhindwara - - - - -
Nerbudda
12 13 18 31 - -
Division
13 Wardha 306 287 593 0.6 612
14 Nagpur 234 246 480 0.5 195
15 Chanda 3131 3022 6153 7.7 3258
16 Bhandara 7902 9166 17068 19.6 8
17
 17 Balaghat 610 671 1281 1.5 2
Nagpur
18 12195 13380 25575 29.5 4075
Division
19 Raipur 17889 19783 37672 43.32 3802
20 Bilaspur 7 7 14 - -
21 Sambalpur - - - - -
Chhattisgarh
22 17896 19790 37686 43.33 3802
Division
British
23 30329 33466 63795 73.35 7877
Districts
States
24 Makrai - - - - -
25 Bastar 6590 6297 12887 14.81 101302
26 Kanker 4042 4404 8446 9.71 3400
27 Nandgaon 625 749 1374 1.5
28 Khairagarh 42 44 86 - -
29 Chhuikhadan 1 - 1 - -
30 Kawardha - - - - -
31 Sakti - - - - -
32 Raigarh - - - - -
33 Sanangarh - - - - -
34 Bamra - - - - -
35 Rairakhol 5 - 5 - -
36 Sonpur 2 - 2 - -
37 Patna - - - - -
38 Kalahandi 181 185 366
Feudatory
39 11488 11679 23167 26.64 104702
States
Central
40 41817 45145 86962 - 112579
Provinces

Census of India 1901, Volume VIII-B, Berar, Part III Provincial Tables.
Table No. XIII Page No. 88-92
Sr. District or Halbi Row No. 92
No. State Males Femals Persons Percentage
Districts
1 Amrawati 42 40 82 - -
2 Chandur 196 172 368 - -
Morsi 17 16 33 - -
Murtizapur 68 58 126 - -
Akola 28 39 67 - -
Akot 51 62 113 - -
Balapur 36 30 66 - -
Jalgaon 25 21 46 - -

18
 Khamgaon - 2 2 - -
Ellichpur 775 783 1558 - -
Daryapur 74 74 148 - -
Melghat 26 26 52 - -
Chikhli - - - - -
Malkapur - - - - -
Mehkar - - - - -
Yeotmal 30 16 46 - -
Darwha 82 63 145 - -
Kelapur 26 19 45 - -
Wun - - - - -
Basim - - - - -
Mangrul 5 1 6 - -
Pusad 109 112 221 - -
1590 1534 3124 - -

Census of India 1911, Volume 10, Part 2, Central Province & Berar
Table No. X Page No.
Table No. XIII Page No. 137 77 - Dialect included
Halba Hindu in Marathi Halbi
District or Males Femals Persons
Sr. No. State 302 303 Total Percentage 23
Central Province and
48836 51375 100211 141969
Berar
C.P. British Districts
35545 37875 73420 73.3 13667
and Berar
C.P.British Districts 33760 36056 89816 69.7 13479
Jubbulpore Division 428 449 877 0.9 -
1 Saugor 26 31 57 - -
2 Damoh - - - - -
3 Jubbulpore 3 1 4 - -
4 Mandla 3 4 7 - -
5 Seoni 396 413 809 0.8 -
Nerbudda Division 129 140 269 0.3 40
6 Narshingpur - - - - -
7 Hoshangabad - - - - -
8 Nimar 127 140 267 0.3 40
9 Betul 1 - 1 - -
10 Chhindwara 1 - 1 - -
Nagpur Division 7450 7521 14971 14.9 5695
11 Wardha 388 346 734 0.7 403
12 Nagpur 331 352 683 0.7 1543
13 Chanda 1222 1197 2419 2.4 3445
14 Bhandara 4891 4946 9837 9.8 302

19
 15 Balaghat 618 680 1298 1.3 -
Chhattisgarh Division 23753 27946 51699 51.6 7746
16 Raipur 2186 2313 4499 4.5 7673
17 Bilaspur 1 - 1 - 58
18 Drug 23566 25633 49199 49.1 15
Berar 1785 1819 3604 3.6 188
19 amraoti 1066 1135 2201 2.2 89
20 Akola 211 192 403 0.4 -
21 Buldana 14 10 24 - -
22 yeotmal 494 482 976 1 99
Feudatory States 13291 13500 26791 26.7 128302
23 Makrai - - - - -
24 Bastar 7966 7884 15850 15.8 127047
25 Kanker 4276 4453 8729 8.7 1248
26 Nandgaon 1002 1110 2112 2.1 -
27 Khairagarh 36 47 83 0.1 1
28 Chhuikhadan 1 1 2 - -
29 Karwardha - - - - -
30 Sakti - - - - -
31 Raigarh - - - - 6
32 Sarangarh 9 - 9 - -
33 ChangBhakar - - - - -
34 Korea - - - - -
35 Surguja 1 5 6 - -
36 Udaipur - - - - -
37 Jashpur - - - - -
Durg Dist. 1906.
The Linguistic Survey of India, George A Grierson, 1905.
Page No. 330 - The Halbas are one of the principal tribes of the Bastar and Kanker States.
In Bastar they are chiefly found in the central part of the district, form the eastern
frontier westwards. They are also found in the north-west, on the frontier towards
Kanker, and farther into this latter State. Halbas have also settled in Bhandara, the
eastern portion of Chanda, and Raipur.
Outside the Central Provinces Halbas were returned at the Census of 1891 from
the Jeypore zamindari of Madras (1887) and from Berar (2841). In Madras they
are classed as a sub-division of the Gonds. In Berar they are weavers, and most of
them are found in Ellichpur.
Halbi, the dialect of the Halbas, has only been returned for this Survey from the
Central Provinces. A specimen has, however, been forwarded from Berar. It
differs from the other Halbi speciments, and it will therefore be separately dealt
with.
Page No. 331 – Of the 96181 speakers returned from Bastar 17387 have been reported to
speak Mahri. This dialect has, however, proved to be identical with Halbi. It is
probably the Dialect returned as Mehari in the 1891 Census Report. According to
20
 the same authority the Halbi of Bastar comprises several minor dialects, Adkuri,
Bastar, Chandari, Gachikolo, Mehari, Mirgani, Muria, and Sundi. No information
is available with regard to these so-called dialects.
Bastari simply means the language of Bastar, and of the 3500 speakers of Halbi
returned from Chanda 1300 have been stated to speak Bastari and not Halbi.
Mehari is a language of the low-caste Mehars or Mahars.
They inhabit the more cultivated plains around Jagdalpur, in the heart of the Halbi
district and live as cultivators.
Most of them speak a Gond dialect. The Halbas have hitherto been considered to
be a sub-division to the Gonds.
In Bhandara, on the other hand, they say that they have come from Warangal in
Hyderabad and disclaim any connection with the Gonds.
Linguistic evidence also points to the conclusion that the Halbas are an aboriginal
tribe who have adopted Hinduism and an Aryan Language.
Their dialect is a curious mixture of Oriya, Chhattisgarhi, and Marathi. In
Bhandara it has been so much influenced by the current language of the district
that it must now be classed as ordinary Marathi and not as Halbi. No speciments
have been received from Chanda and Raipur, and the remarks on Halbi grammar
which follow are, therefore bassed on the specimens forwarded from Bastar and
Kanker.
Page No. 336 – The Halbas of Bhandara now speak Marathi, and in order to avoid
splitting Halbi up and dealing with it in more than one place, it has been found
convenient to subordinate it under Marathi, though it cannot be considered as a
true Marathi dialect. With regard to the dialect of the Halbas of Berar, see below
pp. 366.
Page No. 350 – It has already been mentioned that the Mahri dialect of Bastar is, in
reality, nothing else than Halbi.
Page No. 365 – Halbas are also found in Berar. At the Census of 1891, 2841 Halbas
were enumerated in the district, and in 1901 their number has increased to 3124.
They are weavers, and most of them are found in Ellichpur.
They have not been reported to speak a sepatate dialect, and it is probable that at
least some of them use the language of their neighbours. A specimen of Halbi has,
however, been forwarded from Ellichpur, and it shows that some Halbas have a
dialect of their own. We are not, however, able to give any figures.
The Halbi dialect of Berar is not identical with that illustrated in the proceding
pages. It has much less points of analogy with Marathi and more closely agrees
with Eastern Hindi. On the other hand, it has some characteristics in which it
agrees with Gujarati Bhili.
The pronunciation is mainly the same as in ordinary Halbi. Campare, balis and
bolis, he said; balhu, I will say

21
Page No. 560 – The Koshtis or silk weavers of the Central Provinces numbered 137891
in the Census of 1891. Of these some 12000 were returned for this Survey as
speaking special dialects.
An examination of the speciments received from these localities shows that there
is really no such thing as a special Koshti dialect.
Specimens for dialect of the Halbas of Berar, Ellichpur Page No. 367-368
Jh fxvjlu ;kauh ueqn dsyy
s k ejkBh;k gych Hkk"kspk uequk i`"B Ø- 367&368

dksuh&,d ekuqlyk nksbZ iksÚ;k gksrkA vksdk fHkrjy ,d ykgkuks iksÚ;k ckiyk
cksyhl ckck tks ftuxhdks fgLlk eksyk vkOg vks nsA ex vksu vksyk iSlk ckV nhbZlA ex
FkksM fnolek ykgkuks iksÚ;k lenks iSlk tek dj&ljh nwj eqyq[kek pyh x;ksA vkuh ogkWa
m?kMksiuku jg&ljh vkiyks iSlk xeknhlA ex vksu loZ iSlk [kphZ Hk;ks cjrq vksu
eqy[kek dkM iM;ksA vksu&eqM vks [kkcyk eksrkc Hk;ksA rc vks eqy[kdks ,d ekuqld ikl
tk;&ljh jgsuqA vksu vksyk Mqdj pjcyk vkiy ckojek /kkMhlA rc Mqdj tks Qksy [kkr
gksrk vksd cjrq vksu vkiy iksV Hkjuks v';ks vksyk leT;ksA vk[khu vksyk dks.kh dkWga ha
nsbZu ughA ex 'kq/k cjrq vk;&ljh cksyhl] eksjks ckidk fdrh lkynkjyk iksVHkj Hkkdj
HksVrs vkuh eh mik'kh ejrqA eh mB&ljh vkiyks ckidq |k tkgqWa vk[khu vksyk cygqW] vjs
ckck eh nsodks dg;ksdks ckgj vku[kh rksjks lkeus iki djs vkgqWAa ;s iq< rksjks iksÚ;k
cycdh eksyk csl ykxr ughA rksjks ,[kkns lkyc'kk ljhdks BsoA eax mB&ljh vks
vkiyks ckidq |k x;ksA rc vks nwjp vkgk brdksek vksyk ns[k&dquk vksd ckiyk n;k
vk;hA vk[khu vksu /kk;&dquk vksd xjksek gkr Vkdhl oks vksdk eqdk ys;hlA ex
iksÚ;k vksyk cycyk ykX;ks] ckck nsod dgsuksdks ckgj oks rksjks lkeuks eh iki djs vkgqWa
vk[khu ;sd iq< rksjks iksÚ;k cycyk eksyk cjks ykxr ughA iu ckiu vkiyks dkenkjyk
lkaxhl pkaxyks ika?k#u vku&ljh ;syk isgjko vk[khu vksd cksVek eqanh oks ik;ek tksMk
?kkyA ex vkiwu [kk;&ih;h&dquk etk djcksA dsudlkBh dh ;ks iksÚ;k eÚ;ks gksrks rks
vc thrks Hk;ksA oks gjkI;ks gksrks rks liM;ksA rc os vkuUn djc ykX;kAA
vksu csjk vksdks eksBk iksÚ;k ckojek gksrkA ex vks ?kj vk;&cÚ;k vksu cktk o ukp
vk;dhlA rc dknkj&fHkrjdks ,d >uyk cyk;&dquk vksu iqlhl] ;ks dk; vkgkA vksu
vksyk lkaxhl dh rksjks HkkbZ vk; vkgk] vk[khu vks rksjks ckiyk [kq'kky HksVs vkgk cy&dquk
vksu eksBh iaxr djhl vkgkA rc vks jkx Hkj&ljh Hkhrj tkr uh gksrkA ;sdlkBh vksdks
cki ckgj vk;&ljh vksyk letkcyk ykX;ksA iu vksu ckiyk cyhl, ns[k eh brdks
cjhldks rksjh pkdjh djrq vk[khu rksjh ethZ dcdgh eh rksM;ks ughA rjh eh vkiys xMh
cjkscj etk djuks ;sdlkBh eksyk dkWga h 'ksjhdks fiykgh ns;sl ughA vkuh tsu rksjk iSlk
fdlchuh lax ukl djhl vks rksjks iksÚ;k vk;ks rc rqu vksdlkBh eksBh iaxr ns;s vkgklA
rc vksu vksyk cyhl iksÚ;k rwWa lkjks fnu eksjks laxek vkgklA vk[khu eksjh lenh
ftanxkuh rksjhp vkgkA iu gkSl oks [kq'kh djuks v'kks cjks gksrksA dgk&dh rksjks HkkbZ ejks
gksrks vc vks thrks Hk;ks oks gjI;ks gksrks vks liM;ksAA
lu 1901 o lu 1911 P;k vkfnoklh gyckaP;k yksdla[;sP;k izek.kkr egkjk"Vª
'kklukP;k] vkfnoklh fodkl foHkkxk varxZr dk;Zjr vlysY;k tkrh iMrkG.kh lferhus

22
vkfnoklh gyckauk oS/krk izek.ki= fnysys ukgh- ts dkgh 100&150 izdj.kkar oS/krk
izek.ki= fnys vkgs] R;krgh vankts 90 VDds U;k;ky;hu vkns'kkuwlkj vkgs-
egkjk"Vª 'kklukP;k vkfnoklh fodkl foHkkxk varxZr dk;Zjr vlysY;k tkrh iMrkG.kh
lferhus vkrk i;Zar gtkjks vkfnoklh gyckauk vfLrRoghu dks"Vh tkrhps Bjfoys-
ekuo foKku 'kkL= Eg.krks dh] dks"Vh fg tkr ulwu ejkBhr fo.kdjkauk lacks/kyk
tk.kkjk i;kZ;h 'kCn vkgs- vkfnoklh gyckapk bfrgkl o tkrhckcrph lR; ekfgrh egkjk"Vª
'kklukl] vkfnoklh fodkl foHkkx] tkrh iMrkG.kh lferhP;k izf'kf{kr o mPp f'kf{kr
fu.kZ; ?ks.kkjs@ns.kkjs bR;knhauk ekfgrh vlwugh vQwps O;lu ykowu bfrgkl foljoysY;k
fpewVHkj vkfnoklh gyckaP;k ftouk'kh [ksG dk\ mifoHkkxh; vf/kdkjh dk;kZy;] mejsM
;sFks iVokjh inkoj dk;Zjr nqxsZ'k gfjHkkmq xMhdj ;kyk dks"Vh tkrhpk Bjowu uksdjhrwu
dk<.;kar vkys- dk; djk;p ;k xMhdjus ijr cLrjyk tk;p dh] cLrj bdMs ?ksmqu
;k;pk\ nqxsZ'k xMhdj fdaok 'kklukP;k vU;k;kyk cGh iMysY;k vkf.k cksxl Bjfo.;akr
vkysY;k vkfnoklh gyckaP;k vksBkaoj ^Hkkjr ek>k ns'k vkgs-----------** Lo;aLQqrZ ;sbZy dk;\
vkrki;Zar vkfnoklh gyckauk [kwi iz'u fopkjys] [kwi iqjkos ekxhrys] [kwi pkSd';k
dsY;kr o 'ksoVh dks"Vh ?kksf"kr dsy-s voS/k Bjfo.;akr vkysY;k gyckaukgh dkgh iz'u
iMrkr-
What is the Story of Gondwana? xksM
a okU;kpk bfrgkl dk; vkgs\ xksM
a okuk dk;
vkgs\ ukxiwjps eqG jfgok'kh o jkts dks.k gksr\s l|k dqBs vkgsr\ lkekU; ukxjhdkauk fg
loZ iqLrds miyC/k dk ukghr\ dqBs xsyhr fg iqLrds\ e/;izkarkpk bfrgkl dk; vkgs\ fl-
ih-vW.M csjkj dk; vkgs\ ukxiwjP;k HkkslY;kapk bfrgkl dk; vkgs\ ukxiwjkr dls o
dsOgkiklwu vkys\ dks.kkyk ?ksmqu vkys\ QDr dks"Vhp ejkB;kalkscr vkysr dk;\ dqBuw
vkysr\ dk vkysr\ dks"Vh ejkB;kaph mitkr vkgs dk;\ dks"Vh dqBY;k izkark'kh laca/khr
vkgsr\ R;kaph Hkk"kk dk; vkgs\ dks"Vh Bjfo.;akr vkysY;kapk lksykiwj] lkrkjk] iq.;k'kh
fdrir lac/a k vkgs\ R;kauh gyck Eg.kwup dk lkaxhrys\ vkj{k.kp ?;k;ps gksrs rj]
vuwlp w hr tkrh o tekrhP;k ;knhr brj vla[; tkrh tekrh vkgsr] rs dk ukgh
lkaxhrys\ ukanwjckj] ukf'kd dMhy tekrh Eg.kwu dk lkaxhrys ukgh\ e/; izns'k o ukxiwj
foHkkxkrp gyck 'kCn dlk vkyk\ dk vkyk\ gyck uOgrsp rj gtkjks yksdkauk gyck
tekrhps izek.ki= dk o dls fnys\ dks"Vh Bjfo.;akr vkysY;k gyckapk lfoLrj vH;kl
dk; vkgs\ dqBs vkgs\ dk; nSors vkgsr\ Animist Eg.kts dk;\ dqByh Hkk"kk cksyrkr\
osxGh Hkk"kk cksyrkr dk;\ Hkk"ksps O;kdj.k dk; vkgs\ laLd`rh dk; vkgs\ vkMukos dk;
vkgsr\ fdrh 'kks/k fuca/k vkarjjkf"Vª; Lrjkoj izfl/n dsysr\ fdrh vokMZ feGfoys\
f'kokth egkjktkP;k dkGkr dks"Vh dqBs gksrs\ ekS;Z] pkyqD;] pksy] gS;gS;] dkdkfV;k] xksM
a
oa'kkP;k jkT;kr dks"Vh dqBs gksr\s dks"Vh Bjfo.;akr vkysys gyck ukghr fdaok egkjk"Vªkr
gyck ukghrp] vls vlrkauk dks"V;kauh gyck Eg.kwup dk ykHk ?ksryk\ dks"Vh Bjfo.;akr
vkysY;k gyckapk vkf.k vkfnoklh gyckapk dkgh lac/a k vkgs dk;\ vlY;kl dks.krk\
ulY;kl dk ukgh\ vkfnoklh gyck tekrhpk bfrgkl] laLd`rh] Hkk"kk dk; vkgs\s fg loZ
ekfgrh lk/;k lksI;k Hkk"ksr] 'kklukus izfl/n dsyh dk;\ dqBs dsyh\ T;kP;kdMs gyck
tekrhph oS/krk vkgs] R;kaph lfoLrj ekfgrh dk; vkgs\ R;kapk bfrgkl dk; vkgs\ dks.k
vkgsr gs ble\ dks"Vh Bjfo.;kar vkysY;kai{s kk osxGs vkgsr dk;\ Hkwehiw= Eg.kts dk;\
cksxl Eg.kfo.kkjs vkf.k dks"Vh tkrhps Bjfo.;akr vkysys vkfnoklh gyck tekrhps uOgrs o
23
eqG dks"Vh tkrhpsp gksrs fdaok vkgsr] rj R;kaP;klkBh fo'ks"k ekxkl izoxkZph fufeZrh
dj.;kph vko';drk dk; gksrh\ R;kaP;kc|y 'kklukph ,so<h lgkuqHkwrh dk\ tkr
Bjo.kkjs dqBps vkgsr\ e/;izkark'kh R;kapk fdrh laca/k vkgs\ egkjk"Vªkr] ukxiwjkr vkfnoklh
gyck ukghr] ex tkrh iMrkG.khph dk; vko';drk vkgs\ ekxhy 30 o"kkZiklwu tkrh
iMrkG.kh gksr vkgs] Eg.kts used dk; gksr vkgs\ fdrh dkG tkrh iMrkG.kh dj.kkj\
tkrh iMrkG.kh lferh] Hkkjrh; la'kks/kd] 'kkL=K vkfnoklh gyckauk U;k; ns.;kl l{ke
vkgs fdaok dls\ l{ke ulY;kl Hkkjr vkiRrhP;k osGh fons'kh enr ?ksrks R;kpizek.ks ;kgh
izdj.kkar fons'kh enr dk ?ksryh tkr ukgh\ ;k izdj.kkpk lks{keks{k dk gksr ukgh\
vkfnoklh gyckauh nqlÚ;kaph enr ?ksryh ukgh] bfrgkl vkgs] ijarw Hkkjr l{ke ulY;kl
21O;k 'krdkr ifjfLFkrhyk vuwl#u gyckauh nqlÚ;k ns'kkauk la'kks/kuklkBh enr ekxkoh
dk;\ lk/;k&HkksG;k vYi f'kf{kr vkfnoklh gyckauk fdrh fnol eq[kZ cufo.kkj\
d'kklkBh\ lafo/kkukus vYi'kh loyr fnyh Eg.kwu\ gyckauk dks"Vh Bjowu vuwlp w hr
tekrhps vkj{k.k deh >kys dk;\ vFkok brjkauk R;kpk Qkj ykHk >kyk dk;\ fdrh
>kyk\ dlk >kyk\ dqBs >kyk\ dq.kkyk >kyk\ fdrh 'kkCcklD;k feGkY;k\ fdrh okgokgh
>kyh\ ;k izdkjkyk HkkjrkP;k vkf.k Hkkjrh;kaP;k bfrgklkr dqBs LFkku vkgs\
The Pentiyas say their real name is Holuva or Halba and that they are called
Pentiya because they emigrated from Bastar to Pentikonna near Sembliguda in
Pottangi taluk. They speak Bastari mixed with Uriya.
Madras District Gazetteers Vizagapatam, Volume I, 1907, Page No. 93

Gond, Halwa, Haluva, Pentiya, Halbi, Halba, Halaba, Halba-koshti, Koshti.

dksoG;k 16&17 o;kP;k etwj fo.kdj fo|kF;kZl 'kklukusp fnysys tekrhps izek.ki=
iMrkG.khP;k ukokoj ^^voS/k gyck] cksxl gyck vlwu dks"Vh tkrhpk vkgs** vls vkns'k
djrkauk gkr dkir ukghr\ R;k dksoG;k o;kP;k eqykP;k eukoj dk; ifj.kke gksbZy\
dkgh d# 'kdr ulyk rjhgh dksoG;k eukrwu f'kO;k&'kki\ d/kh fopkj dsyk dk\ lR;
ekfgr vlwugh] vlR; dFku djrkauk d/khp dkgh okVr ukgh\ dk; feGoy\ dk; ?ksmqu
tk.kkj\ ;kpk fopkj ukgh dk ;sr\ >ksi d'kh ;sr\s xMhdjP;k ?kjh dk; fLFkrh vlsy\
d/kh Lor%ojhy dYiuk d#u ikfgyh\
Thirteen Years Service amongst the Wild Tribes of Khondistan for the Suppression of
Human Sacrifice, By Major General John Campbell, C.B. 1864 cLrjph vkfne 'kDrh
vkf.k nSors vkfnoklh gyckaph enr djhr vkgs- vU;Fkk laiw.kZ gyck tekrhyk m/oLFk
dj.;klkBh dqByhgh dlj f'kYyd ukgh- ;k ns'kkr NksV;k&NksV;k dkj.kklkBh gtkjksus
vkRegR;k gksrkr] ijarw vftaD; cLrjP;k ekrhrhy jDrkps vftaD; gyck tekrhps vkgksr
Eg.kwu v|kigh fLFkj vkgksr-
vkfnoklh gyckaP;k izdj.kkar pwdkaph nq#Lrh dj.;kl oko vlwu izkekf.kdi.ks pwdk
nw#Lr Ogk;yk ikfgtsr dkj.k Hkkjr ek>k ns'k vkgs vkf.k Hkkjrkojhy dyad eyk dyad
vkgs- 21O;k 'krdkr jk{klh] jkuVh dks.k vkgsr\ vkfnoklh dh \\\

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