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List of figures......................................................................................................................................
List of tables......................................................................................................................................
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................
1.1 Back ground............................................................................................................................
1.2 Problem Statement..............................................................................................................
1.3 Objectives................................................................................................................................
1.3.1 General Objectives......................................................................................................
1.3.2 Specific Objectives...................................................................................................
1.4 Significance of the study...................................................................................................
2. LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................
2.1 Design ......................................................................................................................................
2.2 Pressure vessel.............................................................................................................
2.2.1. Types of Pressure Vessels......................................................................................
2.2.2 Vessel Orientation...............................................................................................
2.2.3 Types of head Ends...................................................................................................
2.2.4 Support for Pressure Vessel................................................................................
2.2.5 Design Parameter of Pressure Vessel..............................................................
2.2.6. Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels.........................................
3.1 Materials
3.2 Assumptions
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 Design Specifications
3.4 Design Procedure Steps
3.4.1 Column Thickness Wall
3.4.2 Selection and Sizing of Vessel Heads
3.4.4 Wind Loading
3.4.5 Stress Analysis
3.4.6 Reinforcement of Openings and Required Area of Reinforcement
3.4.7 Standard Flanges
3.4.8 Mechanical Design for Skirt Support
3.4.9 Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design
ABSTRACT
A pressure vessel is a type of container which is used to store liquids or gases under a
pressure different from the ambient pressure. Different shapes of pressure vessels exist but most
generally cylindrical and spherical shapes are used. Spherical vessels are theoretically 2 times
stronger than cylindrical ones but due to the manufacturing difficulties, cylindrical ones are
generally preferred in the industry.
In this project we are designing vertical cylindrical pressure vessel. The main objective of this
project is to design and analysis of detail parts of the pressure vessel. This project work deals
with a detailed study and design procedure of pressure vessel such as shell thickness, closure
selection and thickness, skirt support design , flanges selection, design of nozzles and opening
reinforcement.
Analyses were carried out on head, shell, nozzle, and skirt support. The input parameters are
type of material, pressure, temperature, diameter, and height, position of nozzles and corrosion
allowance. Analysis performed the calculations of internal and external pressure, weight of the
element, allowable stresses, vessel longitudinal stress check, nozzle check and skirt support
check.
List of figures
Tables
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 back ground
Large pressure vessels were invented during industrial revolution particularly in Great
Britain, to be used as boilers to make steam to drive steam engines. Design and testing
standards came into being after some fatal accidents resulting due to boiler explosions.
Chemical engineering involves the application of sciences to the process industries, which
are primarily concerned, with the conversion of one material into another by chemical or
physical means. These processes require the handling or storing of large quantities of
materials in containers of varied constructions, depending upon the existing state of the
material, it's physical and chemical properties and the required operations, which are to be
performed. For handling such liquids and gases, a container or vessel is used. It is called a
pressure vessel, when they are containers for fluids subjected to pressure.They are leak proof
containers. They may be of any shape ranging from types of processing equipment. Most
process equipment units may be considered as vessels with various modifications necessary
to enable the units to perform certain required functions.
Pressure vessels are design in accordance with standard code such as ASME and British
standards. The code gives for thickness and stress of basic components, it is up to the
designer to select appropriate analytical as procedure for determining stress due to other
loadings. The designer must familiarize himself with the various types of stresses and
loadings in order to accurately apply the results of analysis. Designer must also consider
some adequate stress or failure theory in order to confine stress and set allowable stress
limits.
When pressure of operating fluid increases, increase in thickness of vessel. This increase
in thickness beyond a certain value possesses fabrication difficulties and stronger material for
vessel construction. The material of pressure vessel may be brittle such as cast iron or ductile
such as mild steel. Failure in Pressure vessel occurs due to improper selection of material,
defects in material, incorrect design data, design method, shop testing, improper or
insufficient fabrication process including welding. To obtain safety of pressure vessel and to
design Pressure vessel the selection of code is important. Corrosion allowance is the main
consideration in vessel design.
But the pressure vessels that not follow any standard codes can be very dangerous. In fact many fatal
accidents have occurred in the history of their operation and development. They are many standards and
codes that vary from country to country. The common standards and codes that have been used are ASME
Boilers and Pressure Vessel Codes, API Standards, PD5500, British Standards, European Codes and
Standards and other International Codes. Even though there are computer aided pressure vessel design
available in the market, but due to business benefit, the system may not be saleable or pricey. In addition
the formulas and concepts applied in the system are always unknown by the users.
Vessel failures can be grouped into four major categories, which describe why a vessel failure occurs.
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General Objectives
The objective of this report is to design a pressure vessel. A sieve plate column that satisfied the
preliminary specifications summary given. Dimensional sketch of the design and column specification
sheet is expected.
The reasoning that established the most likely mode of damage or failure.
The selection of pressure vessel orientation.
The selection of pressure vessel end closers.
The selection of suitable flanges.
The selection of suitable pressure vessel support.
The method of stress analysis employed and significance of results.
The selection of materials type and its environmental behavior.
Understanding the application of the pressure vessel in different industry.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Design
Design is a creative activity, and as such can be one of the most rewarding and satisfying
activities undertaken by an engineer. It is the synthesis, the putting together, of ideas to achieve a
desired purpose. The design does not exist at the commencement of the project. The designer
starts with a specic objective in mind, a need, and by developing and evaluating possible
designs, arrives at what he considers the best way of achieving that objective; be it a better chair,
a new bridge, or for the chemical engineer, a new chemical product or a stage in the design of a
production process.
The stages in the development of a design, from the initial identication of the objective to the
nal design are the following steps.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Horizontal:
A horizontal Pressure Vessel is as shown in figure 2.2
3. Hemispherical
4. Flat
1. Torispherical:
Torispherical heads are the most common type of head used for the manufacture of pressure
vessels and usually the most economical to form. Generally, the I.C.R (Inside Crown Radius) is
equal to 85% of I.D (Internal Diameter) of the head or less. The I.K.R (Inside Knuckle Radius)
needs to be around 18.85% of the I.D of the head. The S.F (Straight Face) is normally between
10mm and 30mm depending on the diameter and thickness of the head to be formed.
3. Hemispherical:
Hemispherical heads allow more pressure than any other head. However, the hemispherical head
is the most expensive to form, as they consists of a number of petals. The number of which
depends on the size of the head and the thickness of the plate to be used. The depth of the head is
half of the diameter.
4. Flat:
A flat end with a knuckled outer edge.Typically used as bases on vertical atmospheric tanks and
lids for smaller tanks. The I.K.R for most flat ends is usually 25mm, 32mm and 51mm
depending on the diameter, thickness and customer requirements. The S.F is normally between
10mm and 30mm depending on the diameter and thickness of the head.
Material selection
Design pressure
Design temperature
Allowable stress
Welded joint efciency, and construction categories
Corrosion allowance
Design loads
Minimum practical wall thickness
Materials
Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels; low and high alloy steels, other alloys,
clad plate, and reinforced plastics. Selection of a suitable material must take into account the
suitability of the material for fabrication (particularly welding) as well as the compatibility of the
material with the Process environment. The pressure vessel design codes and standards include
lists of acceptable materials; In accordance with the appropriate material standards.
II.
Design Pressure
In the pressure vessels, three terms related to pressure are commonly used
Maximum Working pressure is the maximum pressure to which the pressure vessel is
subjected.
Design pressure is the pressure for which the pressure vessel designed
Hydrostatic test pressure is the pressure at which the vessel is tested. The pressure vessel is
finally tested by the hydrostatic test before it is put into operation.
The design pressure and the hydrostatic test pressure are obtained as follows
III.
Design temperature
The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable
design stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the
design stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the
material, with due allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall
temperatures.
IV.
Allowable Stress
As per the IS Code and ASME Code, the allowable stress is based on the ultimate tensile
strength with a factor of safety of 3 and 4 respectively. As per the IS Code, the following stress
is obtained on the yield strength with a factor of safety of 1. Therefore,
V.
The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality of the
welding. The soundness of welds is checked by visual inspection and by non-destructive testing
(radiography). The possible lower strength of a welded joint compared with the virgin plate is
usually allowed for in design by multiplying the allowable design stress for the material by a
welded joint factor J. The value of the joint factor used in design will depend on the type of
joint and amount of radiography required by the design code
VI.
Corrosion Allowance
The walls of the pressure vessel are subjected to thinning due to corrosion which reduces the life
of the pressure vessel. The corrosion in pressure vessel is due to the following reasons:
Every attempt should be made avoid the corrosion. However, this may not be always
possible. An allowance is, therefore, required to be made by suitable increase in wall thickness to
compensate for the thinning due to corrosion. Corrosion allowance is an additional thickness of
the pressure vessel wall over and above that required to withstand the internal pressure.
Guidelines for providing corrosion allowance:
1. For cast iron, plain carbon steel and low alloy steel component, the corrosion allowance of 1.5
mm is provided. However, in case of these chemical industries where severe conditions are
expected, the corrosion allowance may be 3mm
2. For high alloy steel and non-ferrous components, no corrosion allowance is necessary.
3. When the thickness of cylinder wall is more than 30mm, no corrosion allowance is necessary
Design loads
A structure must be designed to resist gross plastic deformation and collapse under all the
conditions of loading
Major loads
1. Design pressure: including any signicant static head of liquid.
2. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents, under operating conditions.
3. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents under the hydraulic test conditions.
4. Wind loads.
5. Earthquake (seismic) loads.
6. Loads supported by, or reacting on, the vessel.
Subsidiary loads
1. Local stresses caused by supports, internal structures and connecting pipes.
2. Shock loads caused by water hammer, or by surging of the vessel contents.
3. Bending moments caused by eccentricity of the centre of the working pressure relative to the
neutral axis of the vessel.
4. Stresses due to temperature differences and differences in the coefcient expansion of
materials.
5. Loads caused by uctuations in temperature and pressure.
A vessel will not be subject to all these loads simultaneously. The designer must determine
what combination of possible loads gives the worst situation, and design for that loading
condition.
7. Method of Fabrication.
8. Fatigue, Brittle failure and Creep.
CHAPTER THREE
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials
Materials that used to design this project are:
3.2 Assumptions
In order to develop a preliminary design, some assumptions are made and listed below.
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 Design Specifications
The design specification of asieve plate column is given below.
Table 3.3.1 Column Specification
Properties
Length of cylindrical section, L
Internal diameter, Di
Heads
Number of sieve plates, n
Design temperature, T
Design pressure, Pi
Corrosion allowance, C
Specifications
37 m
1.5 m
Standard ellipsoidal
50
150 0C
1200 KN/m2
2 mm
Specifications
At mid-point
At 0.7 m below top of cylindrical
Section
At Centre of vessel head
Properties
Specifications
0.6 m
2.5 m
50 mm thick
Where,
e = minimum plate thickness (mm)
Pi = design pressure (N/mm2)
Di = internal diameter (mm)
J = joint efficient factor
Torispherical head:
Where,
CS = Stress concentration factor for TorisphericalHeads
Where
Rc=crown radius
Rk= knuckle radius
Ellipsoidal head:
Comments
From the calculated thickness of both heads , Ellipsoidal head with smaller thickness
compared to the torispherical head is chosen to satisfy the specifications mentioned earlier.
However, there were also other factors considered when chosen the vessel head. Essentially, the
best vessel head should be able to withstand maximum stress with the least materials and
economically feasible .
Where,
Wv = Total weight of the shell.
Cv = A factor to account for the weight of nozzles, manways, internal supports
Dm = Mean Diameter,
Hv = Length of cylindrical section,
10-3
Where,
Weight of the insulation material, KN
Density of insulation materials, kg/m3=130 kg/m3
Volume of the insulation materials m3
=Gravitational Force, m/s
Minimum insulation thickness
At the last the weight of insulation is double in order to allowance of attachment fittings,
sealing and moisture absorption.
Step 4. Calculate the total dead weight
Total weight = Wv+Wp+WI
Where, Wv=weight of the vessel
Wp=weight of the plate
WI=weight of the insulation
An allowance of 0.4 m should be addedto the formula below to find the effective
column diameter for a caged ladder(Coulson and Richardsons chemical engineering
Vol. 6)
10-3+ 0.4
Where,
= Wind loading per length (N/m)
=Wind Pressure(N/m2)
= Effective column diameter (m)
= Diameter of the vessel (m)
= Mean thickness of column (mm)
= Minimum insulation thickness (mm)
Where,
= Bending moment (Nm)
= Length of cylindrical section (m)
Where,
=Longitudinal stress, N/ mm2
Where,
= Total Dead weight of empty vessel, KN
= Direct stress, N/ mm2
Step 3: Determine the bending stress.
The bending stress due to bending moment is given by,
Where,
= Bending stress (N/mm2)
=Second moment of area (mm4)
=Outer Diameter, mm
Step 4: Determine the resultant longitudinal stress.
The resultant longitudinal stress can be calculated as follow.
If the greater difference in downwind stress or upwind stress is much more less than the
maximum allowable stress, f = 130
this design with metal thickness is okay and
satisfactory.
Critical buckling stress can be calculated as:
A, tr.n=
B, The vessel wall thickness, t, it is determined as:
t=
+C
C, For the nominal thickness of internal projection of nozzle wall, ti, it is determined as follows:
ti = tn-2C
D, Distance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vessel wall is as determined:
h=min(2.5t,2.5ti)
E, The diameter of the finished opening, d, is as determined
d=D+C
Note: The opening is in a corroded condition. Thus, a corrosion allowance is added to the
diameter of the opening.
Calculations of Area Required for Reinforcement
A=dtrF +2tntrF(1-fr1)
To determine whether additional reinforcement is necessary for the manhole, the actual area
available for reinforcement must be calculated and compare with the area required for
reinforcement. The following condition must be satisfied if no additional reinforcement is
required:
Check that,
Where, A1+A2+A3+A41+A43
A1(Largest)
A1=d(E1t-Ftr)-2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-fr1) where, fr1= =
made up of the same material )Then the term , 2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-fr1) will be cancel out.
A1=2(t+ t n)( E1t-Ftr)
A2(smallest):
A2: First of all, assuming fr2= fr1= 1 since they both have the same formula (Sn / Sv);
A2=5(tn-tr.n) fr2.t
Where,
Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition
Total weight of the vessel with contents (water).
Where,
Dead weight stress in the skirt for operating condition
Total dead weight of vessel with heads
Resultant bending stress in the skirt.
For maximum:
For minimum:
Design criteria
If given the worst combination of both wind and dead-weight loading, the skirt thickness should
not exceed that of its design criteria, as shown below
From the specification table,
155 N/mm2
E = Youngs modulus (Sinnott. and Tower., 7.3.7. Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical
Properties 1999) =200,000 N/mm2
For the maximum:
Given the formula,
For minimum:
Given the formula,
New skirt thickness, ts: ts= (Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion allowance)
Where;
Ds = Internal column diameter = 1.5 m
Dp = Pitch circle diameter = Ds + (10% Ds)
Bolt area, Ab
The required bolt area, A given by the formula:
(
Where,
Number of bolts required = 12 Bolts
Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2
Bending moment in skirt
Total dead weight of vessel with heads
Pitch circle diameter = 1.6 5m = 1,650 mm
Bolt root diameter, Dbolt
The bolt root diameter given by the formula:
Total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
Where,
Total dead weight of vessel with heads ,
Internal column diameter
Total compressive load on the base ring per unit length = 1,196.40N/mm
Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation padbearing pressure 5
N/mm2
skirt base angle,
bolt spacing
Bolt spacing given the formula:
Where,
Bolt circle diameter
Number of bolts
New required bolt area, Ab
Where,
Total dead weight of vessel with heads
Bending moment in skirt
Flared skirt bottom diameter
minimum width of base ring, Lb
Given the formula:
Lr =Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm (Sinnott., Coulson
& Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999) :Using Bolt size 70 (BS 4190:1967)
base ring thickness, th
The base ring thickness given by the formula:
CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULT AND DISCUTION
step.1 column thickness wall
Determine the minimum column wall thickness of cylinder that withstand to the internal
pressure.
From the specifications and requirement provided previously data, the column wall thickness
is then calculated using the Equation
+C
t=
but,
= (3+ )
= (3+
) =1.77
t=
=12.16mm
mm
rounding off to 7 mm
Comments
From the calculated thickness of both heads , Ellipsoidal head with smaller thickness
compared to the torispherical head is chosen to satisfy the specifications mentioned earlier.
However, there were also other factors considered when chosen the vessel head. Essentially, the
best vessel head should be able to withstand maximum stress with the least materials and
economically feasible. The head resembles an ellipse with its radius varying continuously in its
cross section. The varying radius results in a smooth transition between the dome and cylindrical
section of the vessel. Its head is deeper than a comparable Torispherical head.
Now by taking the thickness of the ellipes for stability of the shell the column is divided into five
parts and thickness is increased from top to bottom of the shell, as 7 mm, 9 mm, 11 mm, 13 mm and 15
mm respectively. The approach we take in designing our column is that along the way from the base to
the top of the column, thickness must be thicker at the bottom than that at the top. Therefore, the column
is divided to 5-equal section and we increase it by 2 mm on each section. This is done to prevent buckling
7mm
9mm
11mm
13mm
15mm
For all other calculations, the average thickness is used can be calculated as;
Weight of insulation
Mineral wool density = 130 kg/m3
Weight of insulation=
Approximate volume of insulation=
D
= x 1.5 x 37 x 50 x 10-3 = 8.72 m3
Shell
175.3 kN
150.45 kN
22.224 kN
348kN
=1421131.52 Nm
Step.6 stress analysis
Longitudinal and circumferential stress:
At bottom tangent line, the pressure stresses are given by:
Longitudinal stress
(N/mm2)=
=30N/
Circumferential stress,
(N/mm2)=
=60N/
=2.4566 N/
Bending Stresses
b =
Iv =
4
o
-Di4), but
)
= Di + 2 x
=1500+(2 x15)= 1530 mm
Iv =
-15004)=2.048
b =
)=
N/
z = L + w b
w is compressive because ist is less than the longitudinal stress and circumferential stress
z (upwind) = L + w + b
=(30-2.4566+53.08)N/mm2
= 80.63 N/
z (downwind) = L + w - b
=(30-2.4566-53.08)N/
= -25.5 N/
Upwind
z= 80.63 N/
Downwind
60N/
60N/
z= 25.5 N/
Upwind
60N/
- 80 N/
downwind
= -20N/
60 N/
25.5 N/
= 85.5
=196.08
b+ w < , 55.646<196.08 ,
Since the maximum resultant compressive resultant stress (55.646 N/mm2) less than that of
critical buckling stress (196.08). So the design procedure of the vessel is correct.
Step1.determine the required thickness under circumferential stress ,tr for seamless shell or head
is given by : tr=
Where tr=required thickness for a seamless sphere with radius of K1D, R=K1D
f=maximum stress allowance=130N/
j=joint factor=1
D= 600 mm =0.6m
tr=
5.012mm
Pi=1.2N/
K1=0.9
Step2. tn=50mm
Step3.determine the vessel wall thickness ,t is given by:
t=
where R= =
=750mm
c=corrosion allowance=2mm
t=
=8.96mm
Step4.determine the nominal thickness of internal projection of the nozzle wall , ti ,is given by:
ti=tn-2c=50-2(2)=46mm
Step5.determine the distance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vesselwall ,h ,is
given by:
h=min(2.5t , 2.5ti)
h=(2.5
,2.5
=(22.5,115)
Where, A1+A2+A3+A41+A43=
made up of the same material )Then the term , 2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-fr1) will be cancel out.
Thus, A1=d(E1t-Ftr). But, E1=f=1=E
A1=d(t-tr)=602(9-5)=2408mm2
A1=2(t+ t n)( E1t-Ftr)-0=2(9+50) )( 9-5)
A1=472mm2 since,A1> A1,then ,A= A1=2408mm2
A2(smallest):
A2: First of all, assuming fr2= fr1= 1 since they both have the same formula (Sn / Sv);
By comparing both the required area for rein forcement, A and the area available for
reinforcement, A=3007.38mm2 and =5953 mm2.Finally, we can conclude that the condition
> A, which implies, 5953 mm2>3007.38mm2 is satisfied. Therefore, no additional
reinforcement will be required
Hv
Approximate weight
X= Hv + Hs
= 37.75m + 2.5m =40.25m
Ms
As a first trial, take the skirt thickness as the same as that of the bottom of the vessel,
Bending stress in the skirt,
the
The resultant bending stress in the skirt will be
For maximum:
Foe minimum:
Since all the calculations and comparison above shows that the all design criteria were
fulfilled,add 2 mm for corrosion, gives a design thickness of new skirt thickness, ts:
New skirt thickness, ts:
ts= (Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion allowance)
=15mm + 2mm= 17mm
=8.635mm
By taking the nearest multiple of 4, 12 is the nearest value to the number of bolts required,
Nbolts.
Step 2: Determine the required bolt area, Ab
The required bolt area, A given by the formula:
Ab=
-Wv)
Where,
N bolt=Number of bolts required = 12 Bolts.
fb = Bolt design stress = 125 N/mm2
Ms =Bending moment in skirt
- Wvessel)
=
175.3
000)
=2601.12
Step 3: Determine the bolt root diameter, D bolt.
The bolt root diameter given by the formula:
D bolt =
=57.56mm
With the addition of base rings, the bolt should be sufficient enough to distribute the total
compressive load to the foundation.
Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
Given the formula:
Fbolt=
Where,
Wvessel=dead weight of vessel with heads = 175.3 KN
Ms=Bending moment in skirt = 1681754.48Nm
Ds=Internal column diameter = 1.5m
Fbolt=
= 988,878 N/m
fc=Maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad bearing pressure 5
N/
.
=197.8mm
Lb=
Due to the large base ring width, a flared skirt shall be used as an alternative to the design.
Therefore, the requirements and assumptions for the new skirt are:
Flared skirt bottom diameter, Ds = 2.5 m = 2500 mm
Bolt circle diameter, Dolt= Ds+ (10% of Ds)
= 2.5 m + (1.5
= 2.5 m + 0.15 m
= 2.65 m (Assumed)
= 2,650 mm
Number of bolt,
= but , D'p=D's+(10% s)
D'p=2.5+(10%2.5) = 2.75 m
= 2,750mm
=14.4mm
For Ds = 2.5m
Step 1: Determine the skirt base angle, s.
Skirt base angle, s (With Ds =2.5 m) given by,
s=
s=
= 78.7
Where,
Dbolt'=Bolt circle diameter = 2650 mm
Nbolt'=Number of bolts =14.39
bolt specing=
=577.8 mm (satisfactory)
= 255.2
Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
Given the formula:
Fbolt=
Where,
W vessel= dead weight of vessel with heads =175.3 KN
Ms= Bending moment in skirt = 1681754.48Nm
D's=Flared skirt bottom diameter=2.5m =2500mm
=365 N/mm=365000N/m
Lb=
Lb=
= 73mm
Lr =Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm
Using Bolt size 70 (BS 4190:1967)
Actual width = 178 + 17 +50 = 245mm
=
N/mm2
tb = Lr
tb=178
Conclusion
The pressure vessel is successfully designed so that it with stand all the mechanical stresses
acting on it. The pressure vessel is analyzed under various conditions of operation. The various
forces analyzed are pressure exerted by water on the shell, weight of the fluid and wind force.
The stresses in above-mentioned conditions are found out and thickness of various parts is
selected such that the stresses produced in each member are within the maximum allowable
range. All the selected have been successfully verified and hence the design of pressure vessel is
safe.
Recommendation
We recommended for this design of pressure vessel it should be design based on standard codes
to simplify the design analysis and to use standard pressure vessel dimensions.
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