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Acid Ionization:
HA + H2O A + H3O
Base Ionization:
B + H2O BH + OH
+
CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3 + OH
initial
change
final
HOCl
0.100
-x
0.100 x
H
0
+x
x
OCl
0
+x
x
+ [ ]
[ ]
= 3.5 108
[]
[0.100 ]
The assumption is made that x << than 0.1 M due to the small Ka.
-5
Solving for x: x = 5.92 x 10 M and the pH is 4.23.
initial
change
final
CH3NH2
1.0
-x
1.0 x
CH3NH3
0
+x
+x
3 3+
3 2
OH
0
+x
+x
=
1.0
The assumption is made that x << than 1.0 M due to the small Kb.
Solving for x: x = 0.0209 M = [OH ] and the pOH is 1.68. The pH is 12.3
= 4.38 104
5) Salts A salt is added. A salt is the conjugate base of a weak acid with a cation or a conjugate acid of a weak base
with an anion.
a) conjugate base and cation
-4
-11
initial
change
final
F
0.30
-x
0.30 x
HF
0
+x
x
OH
0
+x
x
=
0.30
= 1.40 1011
The assumption is made that x << than 0.30 M due to the small Kb.
-6
Solving for x: x = 2.05 x 10 M = [OH ] and the pOH is 5.69. The pH is 8.31
b) conjugate acid and anion
+
-4
-11
initial
change
final
CH3NH3
0.5
-x
0.5 x
CH3NH2
0
+x
x
H3O
0
+x
x
3 + [3 2 ]
[3 3+ ]
= 2.23 1011 =
[]
[0.500 ]
The assumption is made that x << than 0.5 M due to the small Ka.
-6
Solving for x: x = 3.379 x 10 M and the pH is 5.47.
What is the pH of a solution 0.50 M CH3COOH and 0.30 M NaCH3COOH? Ka(CH3COOH) = 1.8 x 10
+
Set up a reaction table for the acid ionization of CH3COOH: CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O . This time
however, the concentration of conjugate base is not zero.
initial
change
final
CH3COOH
0.50
-x
0. 50 x
CH3COO
0.30
+x
0.30 +x
3 + [3 ]
[3 ]
The assumption is made that x << than 0.3 M due to the small Ka.
-5
Solving for x: x = 3.0 x 10 and the pH is 4.52
H3O
0
+x
x
= 1.8 105 =
[0.3]
[0.500 ]
NOTE: A common ion solution is a buffer solution and this can be easily solved by using the Henderson-Hasselbach
equation.
-
What is the pH of a solution that contains 0.25 M NH3 (Kb = 1.8 x 10 ) and 0.40 M NH4Cl?
+
Set up a reaction table for the base ionization of NH3 with water : NH3 + H2O OH + NH4 . This time
however, the concentration of conjugate acid is not zero.
+
NH3
NH4
OH
initial
0.25
0.40
change
-x
+x
+x
final
0.25
0.40
x
Solve by using the equilibrium expression: =
4+
3
0.4
0.25
= 1.80 105
The assumption is made that x << than 0.25 M due to the small K b.
-5
Solving for x: x = 1.1 x 10 M = [OH ] and the pOH is 4.95. The pH is 9.05
This problem could also be solved using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Note that the pKa of the conjugate acid (5.5
-10
x 10 in this case) must be used and that it should still be base over acid in the log function.
+
-10
Ka for NH4 = Kw/Kb = 5.56 x 10
-
7) Additions to solution in each of these cases, there are two steps to the solution.
First one considers the stoichiometric reaction. Second, one considers an equilibrium
Because volumes change, amounts must be converted from concentration to moles. Values in reaction table are
+
thus in moles. When finished, to find [OH ] or [H ], moles must be divided by new volume.
a) strong base to a weak acid
What is the pH of 50.0 mL 0.1 M CH3COOH after 10.0 mL of 0.1 M NaOH has been added?
-5
Ka = 1.8 x 10
CH3COOH + OH CH3COO + H2O
Reaction: The strong acid will cause the reaction to go to completion. The limiting reagent here is the hydroxide ion.
initial
change
final
CH3COOH
0.005
- 0.001
0.004
OH
0.001
-0.001
0
CH3COO
0
+0.001
0.001
-5
At this point, there is an acid and a base in solution. The Ka for the acid is 1.8 x 10 while the Kb for the conjugate base is
-10
5.56 x 10 . Since the equilibrium constant for the acid is largest, the acid ionization with water, as opposed to the base
+
ionization with water is used to determine the pH. CH 3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O
The solution for this will be first shown using a reaction table. Values are entered as concentrations: 0.004 mol/0.06 L
and 0.001 mol/0.06L.
CH3COOH
CH3COO
H3O
initial
0.0667
0.01667
0
change
-x
+x
+x
final
0.0667 x
0.01667 +x
x
x is small compared to acid concentration and can be dropped.
-5
-5
+
Ka = 1.8 x 10 = (x)(0.01667)/(0.0667)
x = 7.20 x 10 = [H ] and pH is 4.14
Reaction: The strong base will cause the reaction to go to completion. In this case, the limiting reagent is the acid.
NH3
0.005
-0.002
0.003
initial
change
final
H
0.002
-0.002
0
NH4
0
+ 0.002
0.002
Cl
-10
At this point, there is an acid and a base in solution. The Ka for the conjugate acid (NH4 ) is 5.56 x while the Kb for the
-5
base is 1.80 x 10 . Since the equilibrium constant for the base is largest, the base ionization with water, as opposed to
+
the acid ionization with water is used to determine the pH. NH3 + H2O NH4 + OH
The solution for this will be first shown using a reaction table. Values are entered as concentrations: 0.003 mol/0.120 L
and 0.002 mol/0.120 L.
NH
0.025
-x
0.025 x
initial
change
final
-5
NH4
0.01667
+x
0.01667 + x
-
OH
0
+x
x
-5