Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Title of Experiment
Spot Test
B. Objective of Experiment
The student can be known:
1. Mercury through the examine of Cu(II) iodide
2. Arsen through the examine with Gutzeit method and silver nitrate
3. Cobalt through the examine with ammonium thiocyanate and the examine
there are Fe
4. Chloride through the examine with precipitation as silver chloride and
examine with the volatile of hydrochloric acid
5. Sulphate through the examine with barium carbonate
6. Hydrogen peroxide through the examination with Fe(III) cyanide
C. Literature Review
Sample be tested analysis by using edx analysis ( energy dispersive x-ray )
.The principal of anode lithium-ion battery is LiCoO 2. From the analysis edx it
can be seen the heavy metals besides lithium and cobalt. Based on an analysis edx
another metal contained in anode lithium-ion battery is aluminum. An analyzer
conducted using edx still in the form of qualitative analysis. To get composition is
anode lithium-ion battery and aas analysis. The metals are that analysis use aas
analysis was Co, and Li. The results of the analysis. The results of the analysis aas
shows that largest concentration contained in anode lithium-ion battery is cobalt
and aluminum, while lithium contained small making on trial , metal lithium not
analysis (Yuliusman, 2008:150).
The importance of obtaining a representative sample for analysis cannot be
overemphasized. Without it, results may be meaningless or even grossly
misleading. Sampling is particularly crucial where a heterogeneous material is to
be analyzed. It is vital that the aims of the analysis are understood and an
appropriate sampling procedure adopted. In some situations, a sampling plan or
strategy may need to be devised so as to optimize the value of the analytical
information collected. This is necessary particularly where environmental samples
of soil, water or the atmosphere are to be collected or a complex industrial process
is to be monitored. Legal requirements may also determine a sampling strategy,
particularly in the food and drug industries. A small sample taken for analysis is
described as a laboratory sample (Kealey, 2002:10).
Independently of the monitoring aim, samples should be representative of
the water studied. Sampling strategies, as well as the techniques, the requirements,
and the recommendations for the routine collection of representative water
samples, are described in the U.S. National Field Manual and elsewhere.
Strategies for sampling water from an aquatic environment, several factors should
be looked at. Which of these should be taken into account in a given situation
depends on the objective of sampling and the type of water body to be analyzed.
The most important factors are the selection of sampling location (general
position in the water body) and sampling sites (exact position), the size of samples
and the number to be taken at each site, the frequency and timing of sampling, and
the manner in which the sample is taken (Namiensink, 2010:8).
The scientific method originated in the seventeenth century with such
people as Galileo, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton. The key to the
method is to make no initial assumptions, but rather to make careful observations
of natural phenomena. When enough observations have been made so that a
pattern begins to emerge, a generalization or natural law can be formulated
describing the phenomenon. Natural laws are concise statements, often in
mathematical form, about natural phenomena. The form of reasoning in which a
general statement or natural law is inferred from a set of observations is called
induction (Petrucci, 2010:2).
The comparisons of cyclohexanol conversion over parent and modified
catalyst showed lowered conversion levels at all temperatures except at 430
where all samples showed nearly complete conversion due to higher temperature.
A comparison at lower temperature where dehydrogenation is prominent depicted
in indicates that modified catalyst exhibit improved values of selectivity to
cyclohexanone due to cyclohexanol dehydrogenation. Itis generally accepted that
higher charge to radius ratio of the metallic ion gives a more acid (less basic)
oxide (Vyawahare, 2010:46).
Can be seen that the percentage of leaching will increase in line with the
decline in the ratio of solid or liquid. The increase in the percentage of leaching
happened because with increasing volume hcl , then the possibilities of contact
between metal ions Cl- with will be bigger. In addition if the ratio of solid or
liquid too big then solution would be too saturated .On observation appears that
the ratio of solid on or liquid of 1 / 25, there are still many remnants of the
sample are not dissolved (Yuliusman, 2008:152).
When selecting equipment for sampling water, the prime consideration is
the material from which the parts in contact with the sample have been made. This
can be various organic polymers, metals, and glass. The material selected should
not release compounds interfering with the determination of target analytes and
should neither adsorb nor react with these analytes. Hence, the nature of the
analytes and the properties of the sampler material will be crucial factors in
selecting the equipment for a given task. In general, organic polymers are
incompatible with most organic analytes, which can dissolve in or be leached out
of such materials, and this may lead to negative or positive errors, respectively
(Namiensink, 2010:12-13).
Whether or not an aqueous solution is a conductor of electricity depends
on the nature of the solute(s). Pure water contains so few ions that it does not
conduct electric current. However, some solutes produce ions in solution, thereby
making the solution an electrical conductor. Solutes that provide ions when
dissolved in water are called electrolytes. Solutes that that do not provide ions in
water are called nonelectrolytes. All electrolytes provide ions in water but not all
electrolytes are equal in their tendencies for providing ions. A strong electrolyte is
a substance that is essentially completely ionized in aqueous solution (Petrucci,
2010:152).
D. Apparatus and Chemicals
1. Apparatus
a.
b.
c.
d.
React tube
Tube Rack
Stir bar
Spiritus Burner
(4 pieces)
(2 pieces)
(1 piece)
(1 piece)
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
(@1 piece)
(1 piece)
(1 piece)
(@1piece)
(1 piece)
(5 pieces)
(2 pieces)
2. Chemicals
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
E. Work Procedure
1. Mercury Test with Cu (II) Iodide
a. 2 drops of KI-Na2SO3 solution was added into spot plate
b. 2 drops of CuSO4 was added into spot plate
c. 2 drops of HgCl2 was added and the mixture solution was stirred
2. Arsenic Test
a. Gutzeit Method
1) 2 drops of dilluted H2SO4 was added into test tube
2) Solid Zn was added into test tube
3) 2 drops of As2O3 was added into test tube
b. Silver Nitric
Experiment
Result
Arsenic Test
a. With Guitzet Method
As2O3 (colorless) + Zn (granul)
+ H2SO4 (colorless)
b. With Silver Nitrate
3 drops of As2O3 + 3 drops NH3
+ 3 drops H2O2 (heated)
+ 2 drops CH3COOH + 2 drops
of AgNO3
Colorless
Colorless and white
precipitate
Cobalt Test
a. With Ammonium Thiocyanate
and Acetone
Co(NO3)2 (pink) + NH4SCN
(yellow brownish)
b. With Cobalt in Iron
Co(NO3)2 (pink) + NH4F (white)
+ NH4SCN (yellow brownish)
Chloride Test
a. With Precipitation AgCl
HCl (colorless) + oxyn
(colorless)
+ H2O2 (colorless) + HNO3
(colorless)
(heated) + AgNO3 1%
b. Volatilization of HCl
NaCl (white crystal) + HNO3
+ 1 stirrer wet by AgNO3
(colorless) and cooled
Sulphate Test with BaCO3 and pp
H2SO4 (colorless) + BaCO3 (heated)
dry (colorless) + pp (colorless)
Green-blue solution
Pink solution
Green-blue solution
Colorless
Colorless
White precipitate
Colorless
Buble formed, and clear
yellow color solution
Colorless
G. Discussion
1. Uji raksa dengan Cu(II) Iodida
Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui secara kualitatif ada atau tidaknya
raksa (Hg) pada suatu sampel. Kedalam tabung reaksi dimasukkan larutan
KINa 2 S 2 O3
Cu SO 4
H 2 SO 4
perubahan atau dengan kata lain tidak ada bercak yang timbul pada kertas saring.
Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa akan diperoleh suatu
+ As H 3 +3 Zn
3+ +3 Zn+3 H
As
4 As H 3 ( panas ) 4 As + 6 H 2
(Svehla, 1979:273).
b. Dengan perak nitrat ( Ag NO 3)
Pada perobaan ini juga ingin mengetahui mengetahui secara kualitatif
adanya arsen dalam suatu sampel. Kedalam cawan ditambahkan larutan sampel
lalu larutan ammonia
( NH 4 OH )
( H 2 O2 )
dan
dipanaskan pada api langsung yang bertujuan untuk mempercepat reaksi yang
terjadi. Kemudian ditambahkan asam asetat
CH 3 COOH
dan
Ag NO 3
1%
ammonium tiosianat
(NH 4 SCN )
NO3 2 }
{Co
direaksikan dengan
kebiruan. Hal ini telah sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa larutan garam
kobalt dalam suasana asam yang mengandung aseton yang cukup, pada
penambahan ammonium tiosianat akan memberikan warna biru yang intens
karena terbentuknya kompleks tiosianat (Tim Dosen Kimia Organik II, 2016:20).
Reaksi yang terjadi yaitu: : Co(NO3)2+4NH4SCN
Co(SCN)4(NH4)2 +
2NH4NO3
b. Uji kobalt dengan adanya besi
Pengujian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui secara kualitatif adanya kobalt
dalam sampel yang akan diujikan dengan adanya ion besi. Pertama, kobalt(II)
nitrat
NO3 2 }
{Co
ditambahkan larutan ammonium tiosianat (NH4SCN) yang berwarna kuningkecoklatan dan terbentuk larutan yang berwarna hijau-kebiruan. Hal ini telah
sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa dengan menambahkan beberapa butir
kristal ammonium tiosianat kepada larutan kobalt(II) yang netral atau asam, maka
muncul warna biru karena terbentuk io tetratiosianatokobaltat(II):
2
SCN 4
Co
2++ 4 SCN
Co
(Svehla, 1979:279).
4. Uji klorida
a. Pengujian dengan pengendapan sebagai
AgCl
Cl
HCl
AgCl
H 2 O2
dan
HNO3
lalu
endapan perak klorida AgCl berwarna putih, tak larut dalam air dan dalam asam
nitrat encer tetapi larut dalam larutan ammonia encer dan juga pada ion-ion
kompleks (Svehla, 1979:346).
Cl- + C6H9NOH
C6H9NCl + OH
C6H9NCl + H2O2
C6H9NOH + HCl
HCl + AgNO3
AgCl + HNO3
Cl + AgNO3
AgCl + NO3
Cl
direaksikan dengan
HNO3
larutan berubah menjadi warna kuning. Hasil ini tidak sesuai dengan teori yang
mengatakan bahwa klorida itu terurai banyak dalam keadaan dingin, dan
penguraian sempurna dalam pemanasan, yang disertai dengan hidrogen klorida.
+ H 2 SO 4 HCl + HSO4
Cl
(Svehla, 1979:345).
Kesalahan yang terjadi dikarenakan karena alat yang digunakan belum bersih dari
zat pengotor lainnya yang mengakibatkan kesalahan dalam reaksi.
5. Uji Sulfat dengan Barium Karbonat dan PP
Pengujian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui secara kualitatif ada atau
tidaknya sulfat dalam sampel yang akan diuji. Pertama, larutan
direaksikan dengan barium karbonat
(BaCO3)
H 2 SO 4
BaSO4 + NaCO3
BIBLIOGRAPHY
V 2 O5
Mo O3
M 2O
(M= Na,