National University of Singapore

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE2025: Power Electronics
TUTORIAL - 2: DCDC Converters(Solution)
Year 2016
Q.1 The parameters given are:
Vin = 42 V , D = 0.3, L = 25 H, Po = 24 W and fs = 400 kHz
We have
Vo = D Vs = 0.3 42 V = 12.6 V
The inductor ripple current is
IL =

12.6 V (1 0.3) 25 s
Vo (1 D) Ts
=
= 0.882 A
L
25 H

Thus, we have
IL
0.882 A
=
= 0.441 A
2
2
Thus, minimum load power below which the DC-DC converter goes into DCM is
IL = Io =

Po = Vo Io = 12.6 V 0.441 A = 5.57 W

Q.2 For a stepdown converter we have Vo = D Vd .
For Vo = 5 V , and Vd = 40 V , we have Dmin =

Vo
Vd

5V
40 V

= 0.125.

For Vo = 5 V , and Vd = 10 V , we have Dmax =

Vo
Vd

5V
10 V

= 0.5.

The average output current is:

Io =

Po
5W
Vo
5V
=
= 1 A Rload =
=
=5
Vo
5V
Io
1A

For continuous conduction, the necessary condition is:

Lmin =

(1 D)R
(1 0.125)5
=
= 43.75 H
2fs
2(50 103 )

Q.3 (a) Assuming the power converter to be lossless, we have Ps = Po .

Vo Io
120 V 20 A
=
=4A
Vs
600 V
(b) The average diode current is
Is =

ID = Io Is = 20 A 4 A = 16 A

Figure 1:
(c) The duty-cycle is
D=

120 V
Vo
=
= 0.2
Vs
600 V

with Ts = 1/fs = 5ms, we have

ton = DTs = 0.2 5ms = 1ms and tof f = 4ms
(d) During the switch on period, we have
diL
vL = L
dt

2A
(600 V 120 V ) = L
1 103


L = 240 mH

Q.4 The parameters given are:

VB = 60 V , Vin = 240 V, RB = 0.5 , Io = 40 A, IL = 2 A and fs = 1 kHz
The average output voltage taking the internal resistance voltage drop across the battery
is:
Vo = VB + Io RB = 60 V + 40 A 0.5 = 80 V
Thus, the duty-cycle of the switch is:
D=

Vo
80 V
1
=
=
Vin
240 V
3

We have during the on period of the switch

IL =

80 V (1 13 )
Vo (1 D)
2A=
L = 26.67 mH
fs L
L1 103

Q.5 With Vd = 5 V and Vo = 15 V , the duty cycle of the converter is

1
15 V
1
Vo
=

=
D = 0.67
Vd
1D
5V
1D
The average output current is given by
Io =

Po
20 W
=
= 1.33 A
Vo
15 V

Assuming the converter to be lossless, we have the average inductor current given by
IL =

15 V 1.33 A
Vo Io
=
=4A
Vd
5V

Thus, the minimum inductor current is given by

IL,min = 0.5 IL = 0.5 4 A = 2 A
Thus, the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current is given by
IL = 2 (IL IL,min ) = 2 (4 A 2 A) = 4 A
We have the relationship during the turn-on period as:
5 V 0.67
Vd D Ts
IL
vL = Ls
Lmin =
=
tON
IL
4A

1
(30103 )

= 27.78 H

The minimum value of the capacitor can be obtained as

C>

D


o
Rfs V
Vo

>

0.67
' 197.5 F
11.25 (30 103 ) (0.001)

Q.6 The fly-back converter parameters given are:

Vs = 24 V , Po = 40 W , Vo = 40 V
Assuming a turn-ratio of

N2
N1

D=

= 2, the duty-cycle can be found out as

1
2
( VVos )( N
)
N1

+1

( 24
)
40

1
= 0.45
(2) + 1

The average magnetizing current is given by

ILm

Vo 2
(40)2
=
=
= 3.7 A
Vs DR
24 0.45 40

The minimum magnetizing current allowed is

ILm,min = 0.25 ILm = 0.25 3.7 A = 0.92 A

Figure 2:
The minimum magnetizing current is given by
ILm,min =

Vs D
N2
Vs DTs
24 V 0.45
24 0.45
( )2
0.92 A =
(2)2
2
2
(1 D) R N1
2Lm
(1 0.45) 40
2Lm 30 103
Lm = 67.92H

Now if the load resistance R = 60 then we have

Vs D
N2
24 0.45
Vs DTs
24 V 0.45
ILm,min =
( )2
(2)2
= 0.27 A
=
2
2
(1 D) R N1
2Lm
(1 0.45) 60
2 67.92 106 30 103
This indicates the converter is operating under DCM.
Q.7 At N = 500 rpm,
2
Ea = km = 0.95
500 = 50 V
60
For a load torque of 85 N.m, we have


Ia =

Tl
85 N.m
=
= 89 A
k
0.95

Thus,
Va = Ea + Ia Ra = 50 V + 89 A 0.2 = 67.8 V
Thus, the duty-cycle is
Va
67.8
=
= 0.56
Vdc
120
1
ton = D Ts = 0.56
= 112 s
5000
Pm,out = Ea Ia = 50 V 89 A = 4.45 kW
D=

PR = Ia,rms 2 Ra = 892 0.2 = 1.58 kW

Ps = Pout + PR = 4.45 kW + 1.58 kW = 6.03 kW

Q.8 The motor back-emf at rated speed is

Ea = Vt Ia Ra = 230 V 30 A 0.7 = 209 V
(a) The motor back-emf at 800 rpm is
Ea =

209 V 800 rpm

= 167.2 V
1000 rpm

The machine is operating under regenerative-braking mode of operation and therefore the
terminal voltage at rated load is
Vt = Ea Ia Ra = 167.2 V 30 A 0.7 = 146.2 V
Thus, the duty cycle of the chopper is
D=

Vt
146.2 V
=
= 0.635
Vs
230 V

(b) With D = 0.6 and Tm = Trated , we have

Vt = D Vs = 0.6 230 V = 138 V
Ea = Vt + Ia Ra = 138 V + 30 A 0.7 = 159 V
Thus, the motor speed is
N=

159 V
1000 rpm = 760.8 rpm
209 V

(c) With D = 0.9 and Ia = 60 A, we have

Vt = D Vs = 0.9 230 V = 207 V
Ea = Vt + Ia Ra = 207 V + 60 A 0.7 = 249 V
Thus, the motor speed is
N=

249 V
1000 rpm = 1191.4 rpm
209 V

(d) Power fed-back to the source is

Ps = Vt Ia = 207 V (60 A) = 12.42 kW
****END****