Freedom of Religion in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom, comprised of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, guarantees
freedom of religion to its citizens and residents through 3 different regulations. One of these laws
is the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees the right to free religious
choice. Although freedom of religion is well established and practiced, some religious preference
is given by the government. In the case of the monarchy for example, only Protestants may
become king or queen (although they are now free to marry Catholics without losing their
succession to the throne). Additionally, the Church of England is the state church of that country
and the monarch swears an oath to protect both the Church of England and the Church of
Scotland. Residents of the UK follow several different beliefs. Those beliefs are discussed below.

Irreligion in Great Britain

Irreligion is the lack of a religious belief, and includes such subcategories as atheism and
agnosticism. Nearly half (49%) of the population of the UK identifies as irreligious. This number is
one of the highest in Europe, although it follows a regional pattern toward secularization. Many
researchers believe the UK has entered a period of post-Christianity in which the previously
dominant Christian religion has given way to different values and cultures. Of the four countries
that make up the UK, England is the least religious, followed by Scotland, Wales, and then
Northern Ireland.

Anglican Christianity
Anglican Christianity is practiced in regional jurisdictions, such as the Church of England, Church
of Scotland, Church of Ireland, and Church of Wales. In 1534, it split away from the Catholic
church, prompting what is now known as the English Reformation era. Historically, this has been
the predominant Christian denomination in the UK. Today, 17% of the population identify as
Anglican.

Other Non-Catholic Christians

Besides Anglicanism and Catholicism, other Christian beliefs are practiced by 17% of the British
population. A few of these denominations include non-Anglican Protestants, Orthodox Christians,
Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists. Many of the Protestant churches in Scotland broke away
from the Anglican church, Church of Scotland, in the 19th Century. England and Wales began to
form non-Anglican Protestant churches in the 1980s. The Protestant denomination is the second
largest in Northern Ireland. Methodism was introduced to England in the 18th Century and today,
has around 290,000 members throughout Great Britain, but only 3,000 in Scotland. Church
attendance of all of these denomination is declining.

Roman Catholicism
Catholicism has a long history in the United Kingdom. For nearly 200 years, however, from the
1500s until the 1700s, the Catholic church would not recognize the English monarchy. During
this time, Catholics suffered discrimination, and were prohibited from voting, joining Parliament,
and owning land. Today, 8% of the British population identifies as Catholic. The majority of these
followers are in Northern Ireland where around 40% of the people are Catholic, and it is the
dominant religion around the inland areas of Northern Ireland. In Scotland, approximately 15.9%
of the population identifies as Catholic. This number drops significantly in England and Wales
where it is only 7.4%.

Islam
The percentage of the population identifying as Muslim in the United Kingdom is 5%. The
majority of these followers live in England and Wales, where they make up 3% of the population.
They make up only .8% of the population in Scotland and in Northern Ireland fewer than 2,000
people practice Islam. Although these numbers are small, they grew 10 times faster than the
population between 2001 and 2009.
Approximately 3% of the population practices some other religion not listed above. These
religions include Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Sikhism, and the Bahai Faith. Indian and Eastern
religions in the United Kingdom are growing in size as immigrants continue to arrive from
English-speaking areas, particularly former British colonies, in South and East Asia.