THE INCA OCCUPATION OF THE SOUTH COAST OF PERU

DOROTHYMENZEL
with
documents
OVERWHELMINGMAJORITYofhistorical
dealing
THE
theInca
Inca
andculture
toevents
around
refer
andconditions

Cuzco,
history
If weareinterested
which
theIncasfoundinthe
inthecultural
situation
capital.
their
rulehadonitwearelucky
andintheeffect
which
provinces
they
conquered
tofind
a fewscraps
ofinformation
onanyonearea.Archaeological
investigations,
Thepossibilities
ontheother
a floodoflightonsuchproblems.
hand,canthrow
canbe illustrated
from
recent
workonthesouthcoastofPeru.
inthispaperis the
The partofthesouthcoastwithwhich
weareconcerned
thewholeof
ofmodem
areabetween
Chincha
andYauca;interms
units,
political
of
oftheDepartmentArequipa.
theDepartment
ofIca andthewestern
extremity
ofrivers
which
Thisareais a desert
bya series
plainwithsomelowhills,crossed
theriver
are
tosoutheast
Fromnorthwest
makeirrigation-farming
valleys
possible.
Pisco,Ica,Nasca,Acari,andYauca.Nascais nota singlevalleyunit
Chincha,
the
ravines
ofwhich
liketheothers,
intoseveral
itforks
however;
nearly
parallel
RioGrande-Palpa,
areHuayuri,
times),
largest
Ingenio(calledCollaoinancient
Due topeculiarities
Nascaproper
Taruga,andPoroma.
Caxamarca),
(theancient
ofNascaare
ofthelocaltopography,
areasin Ica andtheravines
theirrigated
oftherivers
thanatthemouths
rather
atthefootofthemountains,
located
inland,
asismore
usualinPeruvian
coastal
valleys.
from
thevalleyofChincha
orcultural
No sharpnatural
boundary
separates
HuarcoandRunahuana),
of Cafiete(ancient
thevalleys
Asia,and Mala,the
endoftheareawe
At theother
nextvalleys
goingup thecoasttothenorthwest.
a
Yauca
theAndeanfootthere
is
areconsidering,
break;
however,
beyond
sharp
and thereare
are quitedifferent,
hillsreachoutto thesea,naturalconditions
well.
as
in
the
differences
archaeological
picture
important
whichmention
thesouthcoastare notparticularly
sources
The historical
no
us
in
far
as
so
theyprovide witha fewdates.To beginwith,
except
helpful,
coast
of
the
south
of
the
account
an
chronicler
organization
political
gives explicit
from
be inferred
withtheIncas.It can,perhaps,
at thetimeitcameintocontact
that
the
Inca
invaders
about
common
toward
statements
CabelloBalboa's
policy
of
between
the
connection
of
there
wassomesort political
valleys Mala,Cafiete,
thana temporary
needhavebeennomore
buttheconnection
andChincha,
military
atallofPisco.Thevalleys
ofIca,Nasca,and
nomention
Cabellomakes
alliance.
125
VoL. 15, 1959
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126

SOUTHWESTERN

JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY

no seriousreAcari are namedtogether,

but perhapsonlybecausetheyoffered
sistanceto theIncas.' The authorsof theRelaci6nde Chinchaof 1558statethat
thevalleysof Cafiete,
Chincha,and Ica eachhad itsownrulerat thetimeof the
Incaconquest,
butnofurther
detailsaregiven.2
The southcoasthad its firstcontactwiththe Incas earlyin the reignof
Pachakuti(1438-1471)when,following
outcomeof the Chanca
thesuccessful
a raiding
War,theIncarulerdispatched
QhapaqYupanki,
partyunderhisbrother,
to visitthesouthcoastvalleys.The tradition
at
of thiscontactwas preserved
Thiseventprobably
tookplaceabout1440according
toCabelloBalboa's
Chincha.3
No permanent
fromthisraid,however.
resulted
conquests
chronology.4
The attention
of theInca rulerswas distracted
in thenorth
by campaigning
and aroundLake Titicaca,and it was notuntilafterThupa Inka'sexpedition
to
Chilethata seriousattempt
was madeto subjugatethesouthcoastvalleys.The
conquestis described
briefly
by Cieza de Le6n,CabelloBalboa, and Castroand
These
authors
OrtegaMorej6n.
peaceagreethatIca, Nasca,andAcarisubmitted
theconquest
but
is
some
there
inthenativetradition
fully,
regarding
disagreement
of Chincha.Cieza saysthatthepeopleof Chinchaand theIncasof Cuzcowerein
butthatpeoplefromsomeof
thatChinchaalso submitted
peacefully,
agreement
This lattertradition
theotherprovinces
claimedthattheChinchavalleyresisted.
theconquest
to CabelloBalboa'schronology,
is reflected
byCabello.5According
musthavetakenplaceabout1476.6
DirectInca rulecameto an end on thesouthcoastin 1534,whenPizarro
at Zangalla in thevalleyof
a partyto founda Spanishsettlement
dispatched
a
known
as
Lima
la
and
now
Pisco, place
grantedthenativesof theregion
Vieja,
in encomienda
of thenewtown.The townwas abandonedwhen
to thesettlers
wasnot
Limawasfoundedearlyin thefollowing
system
year,buttheencomienda
interrupted.
aboutInca
information
all of thespecific
This briefoutlineincludesvirtually
sources.Now let
ruleon thesouthcoastwhichcan be gleanedfromthehistorical
us turnto thearchaeological
theimpact
recordand look forevidencereflecting
1 CabelloBalboa,pt.3,ch.xvii;1945,p. 320.
2 Castro
andOrtegaMorej6n,
1936,p. 236.
3 Ciezade Le6n,pt. 1, ch. lxxiv;1922,p. 247; pt. 2, ch. lix; 1943,p. 272; Castroand
OrtegaMorej6n,
1936,p. 237.
4 Rowe,1945,pp.270,279.
5 CiezadeLe6n,pt.2,ch.lix;1943,pp.273-274;CastroandOrtegaMorej6n,
1936,p. 237;
CabelloBalboa,pt.3,ch.xviii;1945,p. 320.
6 Rowe,1945,pp.271-272,
279.

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INCA OCCUPATION

127

whichInca culturehad on theareaand thedegreeto whichnativetraditions

survivedthebriefperiodofInca rule.The dataavailableat present
includetheresults
of intensive
studiesof theUhle collections
fromcemeteries
in Chinchaand Ica,
in
the
of
information
preserved
University CaliforniaMuseumof Anthropology,
collectedas partof theprogram
of theFourthUniversity
of California
Archaeoto Peru in 1954-55,and subsequent
logicalExpedition
surveyworkby a number
of workers.'The information
so farassembled
to architecture
refersprincipally
and pottery.
It is farfromcomplete,
but thereis enoughto permitsomeuseful
interpretations.
ARCHITECTURE

sitesoftheLateHorizon,theperiodofInca ruleonthe
Amongtheoccupation
southcoast,it is possibleto distinguish
a groupof ruinswhich,becauseof their
of
construction
withInca pottery,
can
and
and
theirassociation
peculiarities plan
be identified
as centersof imperialadministration.
Most otherLate Horizon
habitation
siteson thesouthcoastshowlittleorno evidenceof Inca influence
and
in
in
rather
the
native
cultural
of
the
which
are
found.
tradition
belong
valley
they
This contrast
a promising
lineof investigation.
suggests
The Inca administrative
centerin theChinchavalleyappearsto be a building
which
of
nearTambode Mora.8 La
forms
complex
part thesiteof La Centinela,
of
inthenativeChincha
is
an
ruins
of
construction
extensive
Centinela
group
tapia
it
was
Inca
and muchof
tradition,
conquest.It is the
probablybuiltbeforethe
in
sitein thevalley,andDwightT. Wallace discovered
largestandmostimposing
of straight
roadsradiating
acrossthevalley.
1958thatit wasthehubof a system
to thenativetradition
in
ofbuilding
androadsattributable
The pattern
complexes
Periodand Late HorizontimessuggeststhatChinchahad a
Late Intermediate
beforetheIncas came,and thattheIncas took
administration
highlycentralized
whentheyconquered
Chincha.
overthenativecapitalandadministrative
machinery
The situation
in Piscois somewhat
different.
Thereare at leasttwobig Inca
sitesin thisvalley,Limala Vieja, belowthemoderntownof Humay,and Tambo
in theprogram
of theFourthUniversity
of California
7 My participation
Archaeological
Foundainpartbya grant
madebytheWenner-Gren
wasfinanced
toPeruin1954-55
Expedition
Research
forexpedition
and in partbyMr VictorW. Von
tionforAnthropological
expenses
Another
fieldtripin 1958wasmadepossible
bya grantfrom
Expedition.
Hagen'sIncaHighway
I wantto express
Thissupport
is gratefully
theAmerican
acknowledged.
Philosophical
Society.
T. Wallace,John
H. Rowe,andSeth
A. Riddell,
DavidA. Robinson,
toFrancis
Dwight
mythanks
information
on southcoastarchaeology,
and to JohnH. Roweand
Leacockforunpublished
ofthispaper.
EugeneA. Hammelforadviceinthepreparation
1926.
8 Uhle,1924,pp.70-80,plates1-4;Lothrop,

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128

SOUTHWESTERN

JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Coloradoaboveit,and neither
is associatedwithbuildings
in thenativetradition
to thoseof La Centinela.Y
The archaeological
evidencesuggeststhat
comparable
theIncas administered
thisvalleyin a seriesof separateunits,and thesituation
a lackof centralized
administration
beforetheIncascame.
mayreflect
In theIca valley,thecenterof Inca administration
seemsto havebeenthesite
of Old Ica in thepagode Tacaracaabout10 kmsouthof themoderncityof Ica.
Old Ica is a dispersed
clusterof monumental
buildings,
manybuilton moundsor
raisedplatforms,
withlittleor no evidenceof habitation
in thespacesbetween
them.The pottery
withthebuildings
associated
ofOld Ica suggests
thatconstructionof the sitestartednot laterthanthe beginning
of the Late Intermediate
Period.The siteis themostimposing
one in thevalley,and it was probably
the
In onesectionof Old Ica therewas
capitalofIca at thetimeof theInca conquest.
an Inca buildingcomplex,
identifiable
detailsand surapparently
byconstruction
facesherds.
At Soniche,oneofthecemeteries
to
the
site
of
Old Ica, Uhle
adjacent
a number
excavated
of elaborateburialsof theInca periodcontaining
a wealthof
Elsewhere
in
the
Ica
traces
Inca
are very
imported
objects.
of
valley
occupation
scarce.
In theravinesof Nasca twomajorInca centershavebeenidentified.
One is
theTambo de Collao,in theravineof Ingenio,and theotheris Paredones,the
ancientCaxamarca,on theoppositeside of theriverfromthepresenttownof
Nasca. Neitherof thesesitesis associatedwitha majoroccupation
to
referable
thenativetradition.
Further
surveyworkin theNasca drainagemaylead to the
identification
ofotherIncacenters.
In AcaritheInca administrative
centerwas at Tambo Viejo (Old Acari), 3
kmsouthof themodemtown.The Inca buildingcomplexat Tambo Viejo was
builtontopoftheruinsofa veryextensive
walledtowndatingfromtheearlypart
of theEarlyIntermediate
Period (Nasca 3). Thereis no evidenceforanyreally
latesiteof thenativetradition
in thevalleywhichmighthave
imposing
anywhere
servedas thecapitalof a centralized
beforetheInca conquest.
government
In Yauca theIncacenter
wasat theTambodeJaquiontheHaciendaLampilla.
withanymajorconstruction
in thenativetradition.
Againitis notassociated
The availablearchaeological
evidence,
therefore,
suggeststhatthevalleysof
Chinchaand Ica hadsomepattern
of centralized
at thetimeof theInca
authority
invasionand thattheothervalleysdid not.The evidenceforcentralized
governmentis verystrongin Chinchaand lessso in Ica, wherethesiteof Old Ica could
havebeena centerof religious
ratherthanpoliticalauthority,
becausethemajor

9 For plans and photographs

of Tambo Coloradosee Urteaga, 1939, and Kroeber,1944,
plates18-20.

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INCA OCCUPATION

129

structures
areon artificial
mounds.The Incastookadvantageof nativecentraliza-

tionwhere
it existed,
theirownadministrative
in the
constructing
headquarters
native
elsewhere
established
new
a
as inthecaseof
capital;
sometimes,
center,
they
ofan abandoned
sitewhich
thevalleyin
haddominated
Acari,taking
advantage
much
earlier
times.
Thebuilding
identified
as Incaadministrative
centers
sharea numcomplexes
berofdistinctive
features
ofplanandconstruction,
notwoareexactly
although
alike.Themost
obvious
common
feature
isthearrangement
ofsubstantial
buildings
ofrectangular
a plaza.It isa formal
inthesensethat
formal
planaround
layout,
itwaslaidoutona preconceived
thatexcavations
at Chincha
plan.It is possible
wouldreveal
thatsomeofthelatesitesinthelocaltradition
werealsobuiltona
on thesouthcoasttheplansof sitesin thenative
regular
plan,butelsewhere
tradition
arefarlessregular
thanthoseofIncasites.
The central
in
the
Incacenters
variesfrom
totrapezoidal.
plaza
rectangular
Ononesideisa largerectangular
of
a
of
consisting complex smallrooms
building
andenclosed
courts
builtwithspecialcareand oftenhavingspecialdecorative
suchas niches
orwallpainting.
Lesselaborate
on
features,
buildings
maybefound
theother
sidesoftheplaza,butonesideisoften
leftopen.Thereisa lowplatform
onother
infront
oftheprincipal
sidesoftheplaza
unit,andsometimes
building
built
on
on
the
is
a
as well.Theprincipal
side
building
slope
uphill oftheplazaat
atTamboViejoandTambo
TambodeCollao,andParedones;
TamboColorado,
theriver.
At TamboViejo
de Jaquiit is setontheedgeofa bluff
overlooking
on
a
is
built
raised
the
and
Incahighway
another
led
platform,
building
principal
to
it.
directly
adobewitha smooth
is usedin
A certain
surface
typeof largerectangular
in
construction
of
all
the
formal
the
Inca
centers.
These
amounts
adobes
varying
from
Incaadobesinthehighlands,
inshape,size,andtemper
so itmustbe
differ
thecoastalform
from
somelocaltradition.
thattheIncasderived
The
supposed
theIncasas a model,
tohaveserved
ofChincha
isunlikely
sincethe
architecture
at Chincha
material
wastapia.If thecoasttypeofInca
construction
prevailing
Ica is thebestcandidate,
from
adobewasderived
for
anysouthcoasttradition
ofLateIntermediate
adobeswereusedintheconstruction
Periodsites
rectangular
The Ica tradition
intheLateHorizon.
inIca which
werenotoccupied
adobesare
andarelaidup withmoreclaybetween
lessregular
thantheIncaones,however,
thecourses.
onthesouthcoastdidnotpreclude
theuse
TheuseofadobesinIncabuildings
from
materials
as well,especially
fieldstones
thevicinity
of
ofother
construction
forfoundations.
Cobblesfrom
theadjacent
usedmainly
therespective
river
sites,

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130

SOUTHWESTERN JOURNALOF ANTHROPOLOGY

in theInca
bedwereusedat TamboViejoinAcari.Dressedstoneconstruction
wasusedinwallfoundations
isvery
rareonthecoast,
stone
butsomedressed
style
inthemore
at Paredones.
ofadobesusedis highest
On thewhole,
theproportion
decorated
elaborately
buildings.
withIncaadobe
Incaarchitecture
onthesouthcoastshows
parallels
expectable
The
intheCuzcoarea,butthere
differences.
construction
arealsosomeinteresting
coastbuildings
sharewiththehighland
onestheuseofadobesonstonefoundaofwooden
lintels
covered
with
braided
battered
beams
walls,
tions,
supporting
rope,
first
wall
surfaces.
The
niches
and
and
Spanish
trapezoidal
doorways, plastered
invaders
adobewallsatCuzco,andsomepaintispreserved
reported
seeing
painted
onthewallsofIncabuildings
areexonthecoast.ThewallsofTamboColorado
Inca
of
the
in
while
one
room
red
and
tensively
painted
principal building
yellow,
inblack
atLa Centinela
hastheremnants
ofa fineIncageometric
design
painted
andredonwhite.
consist
characterisOn thecoast,as inthesierra,
Incabuildings
ofgroups
accessto
ofconnecting
haveonlya singlecommon
rooms
which
tically
in
foreachgroup.
theoutside
which
are
common
On theother
hand,gableroofs,
thesierra,
ofadobereliefs
at
donotoccuronthesouthcoast,
isa frieze
andthere
TamboColorado
which
sierra
hasnoknown
prototype.
abouttherelationship
oftheIncaadministrative
centers
Ourbestinformation
ofthenative
from
thevalley
ofAcari,
tocontemporary
tradition
comes
settlements
totheLateHorizon
wereexplored
native
where
several
settlements
bythe
dating
fociofnative
settleofCalifornia
in1954.Threeimportant
University
expedition
of fourclusters
of
mentwerelocatedin thisvalley.One of thesefociconsists
500meters
oftheIncaadministrative
center
ontheplainwithin
houses
scattered
ofriver
remain.
atTamboViejo.Onlylowwallfoundations
cobbles
Thesefoundasurrounded
roomsandstorage
tionsoutline
smallcourtyards
bysmaller
pitsin
The upper
someoftheunitsbeingseparated
fashion,
bynarrow
irregular
alleys.
orof wattle
anddaub,the
wallsof thehouseswereprobably
madeof matting
inthisarea.Thearrangecommon
construction
materials
usedtodayfordwellings
ofthesefourclusters
ofhouses
thatthey
ment
weresatellite
communities
suggests
oftheIncacenter,
toprovide
convenient
sources
oflaborfortherepreestablished
No larger
sentatives
oftheIncagovernment.
suchas onemight
a
building
expect
isfound
inthese
native
nobletohaveoccupied
clusters.
Thesecond
of
focus
major
native
is thesiteofSahuacari,
ona steepslopeontheedgeof
settlement
located
aboveTamboViejo.Sahuacari
thevalley
acrosstheriver
andslightly
is builton
of compounds
of rectangular
terraces
andconsists
housesof varying
sizesand
The
narrow
bins.
are
at
intervals
rectangular
storage
compounds separated
by
narrow
streets.
Thewallsarebuiltofangular
field
stones
laidinmud,andsomeof

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INCA OCCUPATION

131

themare preserved
to theiroriginalheightof twoto threemeters.Someof the
fromthe walls,features
houseshavesmallinterior
nichesand pegs protruding
whichstrongly
The thirdmajornativesiteis Otaparo,
suggestInca influence.
hill about 20 km up-valleyfromTambo Viejo. The
locatedon a prominent
can
and onlythe stonefoundations
buildingsat Otaparoare poorlypreserved,
be traced.The pottery,
indicatesthatthesitebelongsto theperiodof
however,
Inca occupation.
BothSahuacariandOtaparoaremoreambitious
than
settlements
theclusters
of housesnearTambo Viejo,butneither
has anytrulymonumental
buildings.
The settlement
inAcarimaybesummarized
as follows.
There
situation
pattern
wasno monumental
to La Centinelain
sitebuiltinthenativetradition
comparable
native
Chinchaand Old Ica. Sahuacariand Otaparo,the largestconcentrated
monumental
are no morethangoodsizedvillages,without
settlements,
imposing
somelocal
centerappearsto have attracted
buildings.The Inca administrative
who
were
settled
in
four
it.
hamlets
around
people
The clustering
of informalsettlement
unitsaroundan Inca administrative
centeris foundonlyat Acari.In theothervalleys,
nativevillagesarenotdirectly
withtheInca centers,
ofsettlement
and
associated
and thenativetradition
pattern
In
domestic
Inca
each
architecture
without
traceable
influence.
survived
any
valley
thesituation
is different
indetail,however,
differed
in type
as thenativetraditions
ofsitepreferred,
In Chincha,
ofbuildings,
andconstruction
methods.
arrangement
and
Ica
structures
of
the
native
but
there
were
also
monumental
Pisco,
tradition,
it is notyetclearwhether
frombeforetheInca conall of themsimplysurvived
newoneswerebuiltin the periodof Inca rule.Comparable
quest,or whether
fromNasca
monumental
structures
in thenativetradition
havenotbeenreported
andYauca, as theyhavenotbeenfoundinAcari.
POTTERY

in the
At thetimeof theInca conquesttherewerefournativestylesof pottery
and
Acari.
southcoastarea withwhichwe are concerned:
Chincha,Ica, Poroma,
of pottery
thantherewerevalleys.
Therewere,thatis, fewerseparatetraditions
of
It seemsto havebeen
in
Chincha.
home
the
its
had
The Chinchastyle
valley
to
other
south
coaststyles,
than
of
Cafiete
the
to
morecloselyrelated
although
style
of
fromChincha
Ica.
the
Occasional
with style
it tradedsomeinfluences
imports
of Chinchavesselsoccurin Ica.
are foundinPisco,and imitations
The Ica stylewas themosthighlydecorated
stylein thesouthcoastarea and,
It wasthe
on otherstyles.10
at thesametime,theonewhichhad themostinfluence
10 Menzel,
ms.

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132

SOUTHWESTERN JOURNALOF ANTHROPOLOGY

stylenotonlyoftheIca valleybutofthevalleyofPiscoandtheravineofHuayuri
as well.In theLateHorizontworegionalvariants
developedin theIca style.One
ofthevariants
is foundinthemainpartofthevalleyofIca, downto Ocucaje,and
in Pisco; theotheris foundat Cayangoand otherpartsof theIca valleybelow
in Inca timesas farnorthas
was imitated
Ocucaje and in Huayuri.Ica pottery
Chinchaandas farsouthas Acariatleast.
Poromais thenamegivento theLate Intermediate
Periodand Late Horizon
in
found
the
ravines
of
Nasca
south
of
It
style
Huayuri. is bestknownfromcollections
in
made theravineof Nasca, and it mightappropriately
be calledNasca
exceptforthefactthatthisnameis alreadyinuseforan earlierstyle.
The Acaristyleis foundin thevalleysof Acari and Yauca, and occasional
tradepiecesturnup evenfarther
south.This styleis obviouslyrelatedto the
Poromastyle,
notidentical
toit.
though
Our information
is not sufficiently
completeto permitan equallythorough
of Inca ruleon all fourof theselocalsouthcoaststyles.We
analysisof theeffect
havethemostdetailedchronology
and thebestrecordof archaeological
associationsfortheIca tradition,
of thissortforAcariand Chincha,
someinformation
and verylittleforthePoromatradition.
It willbe convenient
to discussthefour
situations
in the orderof the completeness
of the recordratherthanin their
order.We begin,therefore,
withIca.
geographical
The Uhle collectionfromIca in the University
of CaliforniaMuseumof
lots
of
from
includes
material
four
burials
theperiod
Anthropology
representing
Inca
before
the
thirteen
which
can
be
dated
to
the
just
conquest,
periodof Inca
of
ten
and
burials
the
Colonial
of
some
which
contain
rule,
Period,
early
Spanish
in theseburials,Ica
glass tradebeads. On the basis of thegraveassociations
of thenativetradition
can be sortedintothreestylistic
pottery
phases,each one
to
of
one
the
time
the
corresponding
periodsrepresented
by
graves.The pre-Inca
is
named
after
the
at
Old
Ica whichUhle
Soniche,
phase
principalcemetery
the
to
the
Inca
is
called
Tacaraca A,
excavated, phasecorresponding
occupation
andtheearlyColonialphaseiscalledTacaracaB.
In theburialscorresponding
to theperiodof Inca rulethreeadditionaltypes
ofpottery,
moreorlessforeign
to thenativetradition,
maybe foundalongsideof
of
the
A
Tacaraca
These
three
additional
pottery
phase.
typesare:
1. Inca style,including
someexamplesso characteristic
of theInca tradition
thattheyareprobably
from
the
Cuzco
area
others
and
whicharecertainly
imports
localimitations
ofvesselsofCuzcotype.
2. Ica-Incastyle,a peculiarstyleof local manufacture
whichincludessome
Inca features
some
from
derived
the
Ica
tradition.
Mostofitsfeatures,
and,rarely,

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INCA OCCUPATION

133

ineither
tradition.
Therearetwocommon
cannotbe tracedtoantecedents
however,
bottlewitha loophandle.12
shapes,a barrelshapedjar1' anda smallflat-bottomed
Inca influence
canbe tracedinthehandlesandspoutsof thesevesselsbutis largely
in theIca
absentin thepainteddesigns.The designshaveonlyvagueantecedents
The Ica-Incastyle,more
newcreations.
and thusrepresent
tradition,
essentially
thananyother,characterizes
theperiodof Inca ruleat Ica, and Ica-Incadesign
of Inca vesselsand on vessels
elements
are occasionally
foundon local imitations
ofthenativeTacaracaA style.
In additionto thecharacteristic
jar and bottle,thereis a typeof platewhich,
of
in theIca valley,has muchthesamerelationto theIca and Inca traditions
is
and
has
a
that
do.
This
standardized
the
containers
plate
shape
pottery-making
for
which
reason
the
name
"bird
with
decorated
a
bird
usually
design,
painted
in Ica are concerned,
thebird
As faras itsassociations
plate"seemsappropriate.
It
a
discan
vessel
has
be
Ica-Inca
different
treated
as
a
third
plate
type.
simply
of
south
the
the
and
bottle
on
rest
tribution
from
of
the
Ica-Inca
that
jar
pattern
coast,however.
fromthenorthcoast
3. Chimustyle,eitherin theformof specimens
imported
are double-bodied
The commonest
Chimustylespecimens
or as local imitations.
with
heads
at thetop of the
modelled
bird
blackware
of
smoked
whistling
jars
in
one
to
a
tomb.Blackware
found
vessels
are
These
usually
pairs,
pair
spouts.
bottles
are
also
found.
stirrup-spout
in construction
and contents
differences
Therearesomeinteresting
amongthe
of
at
the
burials
arelarge
Uhle
Ica.
Some
excavated
of
the
Inca
burials
by
period
of
with
an
abundance
and carefully
objectssuch
gravegoods,including
arranged,
which
is known
in
a
wooden
as gold and silverornaments
stool,
and, one case,
sourcesto havebeena symbolof ranktheuse of whichwas refromhistorical
Otherburialsare smallerand more
stricted
by theIncas to thehighernobility.
to theInca,Ica-Inca,
of rank.Pottery
andlackknownsymbols
informal
belonging
inthelargerandmoreelaboratetombs,
andChimustylesis concentrated
although
the smallertombsmay
theseusuallyalso containsomeTacaraca A specimens;
a mixture
of TacaracaA and
containTacaracaA stylevesselsonly,orsometimes
in thelargertombsis impresof exoticpottery
Ica-Incapieces.The concentration
third
sive.As manyas halfthevesselsina largegravelotmaybe Inca andanother
Ica-Incastyle.
fromhabitation
sitesin theIca valleygivequitea different
Surfacecollections
in thesectionof Old Ica which
are
concentrated
Inca
Ica-Inca
sherds
and
picture.
andStrong,
11 Kroeber
1924b,
pl.38,d-f;pl.39,a, e.
12 Idem,pl.40,e,n.

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134

SOUTHWESTERN JOURNALOF ANTHROPOLOGY

as theIncaadministrative
served
center.
Elsewhere
theyareveryrare,andmost
ofthesmallhabitation
sitesoftheperiod
ofIncaruleyield
pureTacaracaA sherds.
Theburials
oftheearlyColonial
a marked
contrast
tothoseof
Periodpresent
theperiodofIncaoccupation.
arenoticeably
The earlyColonialburials
poorer,
bothinluxury
ofpottery
vessels.
Incainfluences
arecomgoodsandinnumbers
absent
from
thepottery.
No IncaorIca-Incavessels
occurinthese
burials,
pletely
theonlypottery
found
totheTacaracaB phaseofthenative
Ica tradibelonging
tion.Atthesametime,
theonlysignofSpanish
ofrare
influence
takestheform
tradebeads.The TacaracaB styleis in partan expectable
outof
development
TacaracaA, butit alsoincludes
thedeliberate
revival
of manyfeatures
of the
Soniche
of theintervening
Incaperiod.In
stylewhichareabsentfrom
pottery
TacaracaB pottery
looksmorelikeSoniche
thanTacaraca
many
respects,
pottery
A does,a situation
which
hascreated
understandable
difficulties
inearlier
interpretations
oftheIca evidence,
Uhle's.
including
The evidence
ofpottery
intheIca valley,
thatdirect
Incainthen,
suggests
aftertheIncaconquest
fluence
wasfeltmoststrongly
intheupperranksofthe
nativenobility
andin theimmediate
of theInca administrative
center.
vicinity
of
the
inhabitants
Ica
in
and
the
settlements
more
remote
from
Among ordinary
theIncacontrol
is
there
as
little
of
Inca
in
is
influence
as
there
point
sign
pottery
inarchitecture.
The potters
for
the
not
imitated
however, only
working
nobility,
butdeveloped
Incavessels
a newandoriginal
directly
styleof theirownwhich
owesremarkably
littleto theearlier
nativetradition
of Ica. AftertheSpanish
all elements
ofdecoration
withIncaruleweresweptaway,
associated
conquest,
andan attempt
wasmadetoreturn
tothe"pure"native
The factthatthe
style.
Inca dominion
had onlylastedforaboutsixtyyearsprobably
this
facilitated
reaction.
striking
Thearchaeological
inwhich
associations
thevarious
ofpottery
arefound
styles
intheIca valley
some
inferences
differences
the
between
permit
regarding
prestige
ofIncarule,theIncastyle
the
had,as wemight
styles.
Duringtheperiod
expect,
at Ica,a prestige
inferable
from
itsassociations
withthenobility
highest
prestige
ofIncadecorative
andtheimitation
features
inthelocally
madestyles.
The IcaIncastyle
wasnextinprestige,
tojudgefrom
itsabundance
inthericher
burials.
ThefactthattheIca-Inca
waseliminated
atthetimeoftheSpanish
style
conquest
inthesamewayas theIncastyle
thattheprestige
ofIca-Incapottery
was
suggests
to Incaprestige
related
in spiteof thefactthattheIca-Incastylewas
closely
a localcreation.
The Chimustylevesselsfoundin thetombswere
essentially
withIca-Incapottery
inprestige
at Ica. Thenative
Ica tradition
imports
ranking

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INCA OCCUPATION

135

itsstrength
hadthelowest
inthesociety
ofthecapitalbutmaintained
in
prestige
therural
areas.
Thepattern
ofdistribution
inIncaperiod
Ica fitsthenormal
ofpottery
styles
of
new
distribution
of
customs
in
a
social
that
pattern
hierarchy, is,thatradically
features
aretakeninat thetopofthehierarchy,
onespermoreconservative
while
sistamong
withthelowest
levels
withruralareasassociated
peopleat thebottom,
ofthehierarchy.
ofa
fortheexistence
Thereis thuscleararchaeological
evidence
elaborate
social
Ica
in
of
Inca
rule.
at
the
fairly
hierarchy
period
Thedistribution
ofIca valley
onthesouth
coastduring
elsewhere
pottery
styles
theperiodof Incaoccupation
Ica-Inca
offers
some
of
interest.
also
fragpoints
ments
arerare,buttheydo occurinChincha
andother
nearIca. Vessels
valleys
ofCuzcoIncashapewithIca-Incadesigns
inmuseum
collecarenotuncommon
tionsandaresaidtocomefrom
ofother
Ica. Occasional
a number
placesbesides
intheIca-Incastylemayhavebeentraded
forthere
evenmorewidely,
specimens
is a smalljar in theBandelier
in theAmerican
Museumof Natural
Collection
inNewYorkwhich
tocomefrom
theLakeTiticacaarea.
issupposed
History
bird
outside
oftheIca valley,
arenotcommon
WhileIca-Incajarsandbottles
of
in
about
the
same
in
the
in
and
found
the
Nasca
are
Acari
valley
region
plates
variations.
Thebirdplatehas
as at Ica,andwithnoapparent
stylistic
proportion
thatitdoesinIca.
in
other
these
Inca
associations
thesameabrupt
and
valleys
origin
TacaracaA styleoccurin
ofthemoretraditional
vessels
Sherdsrepresenting
and
in theChincha,
smallbutregular
Nasca,and Acarivalleys,
percentages
from
theTacaracaA style
arefoundas farsouthas the
traits
derived
decorative
ina verydiluted
form
andmixed
witha larger
there
comChalaarea,although
traditional
Tacaraca
In
Nasca
and
Acari
the
of
Inca
influence.
too,
valleys,
ponent
ofpaste,shape,
traits
withIncaorIncaassociated
A shapesareoften
associated
andpigmentation.
a shallow
isoneTacaracaA vessel,
there
Incontrast
tothisoccasional
influence,
which
isfound
as commonly
atNasca
dish(DishC shapeintheIca classification),
into
the
local
to
have
been
It
as
at
Ica.
Acari
and
respective
incorporated
appears
is
in
both
redware
found
and
This
dish
standard
as a
painted
shape
type.
styles
in
occurs
Acari
it
Nasca
and
while
at
at Ica,
blackware
smoked
predominantly
of
the
Nasca
Horizon
in
Late
of
its
the
Thedetails shape
blackware.
smoked
styles
from
Ica during
diffused
aresuchthatitmusthavebeennewly
andAcarivalleys
inthesouthern
ofIncaruleandcouldnothavedeveloped
theperiod
independently
earlier.
TheDishC shapeisnotassociated
which
diffused
from
somevariety
valleys
either
atIcaorelsewhere.
Incatraits,
with

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136

OF ANTHROPOLOGY
SOUTHWESTERNJOURNAL

and associations
These distributions
that,northand
conveythe impression
southof Ica, all Ica-madepottery,
eventhenativeTacaracaA stylewhichhasthe
Thereis abundantevilowestprestige
associations
at Ica, enjoyedsomeprestige.
had a veryinfluential
tradition
dencethatthepreviousphaseof theIca pottery
so theInca
theInca conquest,
relation
toitsneighbors
intheperiodjustpreceding
much
older.
of
in
a
situation
is
continuation
Except
something
period
partsimply
in thecase of theadoptionof theDish C shape,theevidencesuggeststhatthe
Thereis no
withInca prestige.
of Ica pottery
wasin somewayassociated
prestige
We can onlyspecuhistorical
evidence
whichmighthelpto explainthissituation.
in thesouth
treatment
latethattheIncas accordedIca somesortof preferential
of someof theothervalleys
coastarea,perhapssubordinating
theiradministration
did later,or usingtheIca nobility
to a governor
at Ica, as theSpanishconquerors
as agentsinothervalleys.
comesfromthevalley
Nextto Ica, ourfullestevidenceforInca periodpottery
fromIca, becauseno
that
to
of Acari.The evidenceis notprecisely
comparable
in thelatter
The
evidence
at
tombsof theInca periodhavebeenexcavated Acari.
Inca
administrative
at
the
in themidden
valleycomesratherfromexcavations
center
ofTamboViejo,conducted
byFrancisA. Riddellandme,and fromsurface
wasmade
In theexcavations
collections
at othersites."3
at TamboViejo an attempt
of theInca occupationand thatof theearly
betweenthepottery
to distinguish
in spiteof
couldbe drawnin thenativepottery,
ColonialPeriod.No distinction
betweenthetwoperiods
of thesitewas continuous
thefactthattheoccupation
of Spanishoriginwerefoundin theupperlevelsof the
and thata fewartifacts
to thefallof Inca powerat Acari
was
no abruptreaction
there
midden.
Evidently
suchas wenotedforIca.
of itsown,mostclosely
tradition
Acarihad a nativepottery
As notedearlier,
intoearlyColonialtimes.The
continued
relatedto Poroma,and thistradition
and
in twotypes,Acari Polychrome
is classified
in thenativetradition
pottery
influence.
Inca
of
which
shows
neither
anysignificant
OtaparoPolychrome,
of it occurin smallproportions
and local imitations
PureCuzco Inca pottery
in
in all partsof theInca periodsiteat TamboViejo butare veryrareelsewhere
morecommonthanthe actual
are considerably
thevalley.The local imitations
imports.
initsrelations
to otherstylesto
localstylecorresponding
Acarihasan original
be calledAcari-Inca.
of theIca valley.It can appropriately
theIca-Incapottery
and it
is SahuacariPolychrome,
The mostcommontypeof Acari-Incapottery
includesa jar shapeand a plate.The painteddesignsof SahuacariPolychrome
13 Rowe,1956,pp. 137-138.

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INCA OCCUPATION

137

includea number
of features
localantecedents.
One is a
whichhaveno immediate
a QoripataPolychrome
checkerboard
designwhichresembles
patternat Cuzco.14
Anothercommonfeature
is a ball banddesignwhichis derivedfromthePoroma
witha pattern
found
Thenthereis a dottedhorseshoe
designidentical
tradition.5"
on MiddleHorizonpottery
in otherlater
in theAcarivalleybut not occurring
starwhichseemsto be borrowed
styles.Anothernewdesignis an eight-pointed
fromthe potterytradition
of the Ocofiaand Majes valleysfar to the south.
SahuacariPolychrome
is thusa remarkably
eclecticstyle.
As notedearlier,
at Acari,whereitis associated
thebirdplateis also common
withtheAcari-Incastylemoreor lessthewayit is associatedwithIca-Incain the
Ica valley.
Thereis anotherpeculiarcomplexof features
at Acari in theperiodof Inca
rulewhichis closelyassociated
without
withInca influence
beinga directimitation
of Cuzcomodels.The complex
consists
of a peculiartypeof whitepastewithvery
finecrystalline
whitetemper
and occasionalfinereddishspecksin it,and a series
of painteddesigns,notablya catfishdesignwhichseemsto be at homein the
withtheTiticacaarea,
Titicacabasin.The whitepastealsosuggests
a relationship
Taraco Polychrome
forwhitepasteis a characteristic
of theInca-associated
style
in Puno."6At Acariand Nasca whitepasteis veryoftenusedforbirdplates,and
it is thebase forInca and Acari-Incavesselsand forAcariimitations
sometimes
of theTacaracaA style.The catfish
shapesat Ica
designis foundon Ica tradition
as well,butno whitepastespecimens
haveyetturnedup in theIca valley.
The distribution
of theAcaristylesof theInca perioddoesnotexactly
parallel
is themostabundanttype
thedistribution
of thestylesof Ica. AcariPolychrome
in theNasca drainage
and is foundall overtheAcarivalleyand also occasionally
butis also foundall overAcari
is lessabundant
andat Chala.OtaparoPolychrome
and sometimes
in theNasca drainage.Acari-Incapottery,
includingSahuacari
the
to theInca administrative
and birdplates,is notrestricted
center,
Polychrome
on mostoftheInca
is in Ica. It is foundinsmallpercentages
wayIca-Incapottery
site.
at anyoneparticular
periodsitesin theAcarivalleyand is notconcentrated
southofYauca.
ithasnotbeenfoundintheNasca drainageoranywhere
However,
of Acaripottery
The distribution
stylessuggeststhatAcari had a relatively
coastvalleysin Inca times,and thatit
south
the
modestprestige
among
position
was probablyno
thanIca. Inca influence
had a less elaboratesocial hierarchy
been
somewhat
more
to
have
but
it
seems
than
at
Ica,
evenlydistributed
greater
the
through population.
14 Rowe,1944,p. 48-49.
15 Robinson,
ms.

16 Tschopik,
1946,pp.31-32.

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138

SOUTHWESTERNJOURNAL
OF ANTHROPOLOGY

The principalevidenceforChinchapottery
in theperiodwithwhichwe are
concerned
is stillfurnished
the
collections
made
by
byMax Uhle at theturnofthe
as
a
result
of
his
in
excavations
The pottery
Chincha
from
century
cemeteries.17
whichbelongsto the nativetraditionof Chinchacan be
Uhle's excavations
unitswhich,forthepurposesof thisdiscussion,
we
separatedintotwostylistic
can call Chinchaand DerivedChincha.The Chinchaphaserepresents
thephase
of thelocaltradition
whichwasflourishing
at thetimeof theInca conquest,
while
theDerivedChinchaphasecorresponds
to theperiodof Inca ruleand continues
intoearlyColonialtimes.DerivedChinchapottery
is associatedin thegravesdug
Uhle
with
Inca
localimitations
ofInca pieces,a Chincha-Inca
by
imported vessels,
someChimustylespecimens,
and a fewimitations
of
styleof composite
origins,
TacaracaA andIca-Incavessels.
The Chinchastyleofourdiscussion
is Kroeberand Strong'sLate ChinchaI.18
It is a highlycharacteristic
local styleincluding
manywellmadeand elaborately
decoratedpieces.The succeeding
DerivedChinchapottery-noillustrations
of
whichhavebeenpublished-isan impoverished
of theChinchastylerather
version
thana further
at aboutthesamelevelofqualitysuchas wenotedat
development
Ica. DerivedChinchavesselsarerelatively
poorlymade,andveryfewofthemhave
DerivedChinchavesselsthemoreelabopainteddesigns.In theburialscontaining
ratepiecesareinotherstyles.
is composedof a mixture
Chincha-Inca
of elements,
pottery
includingInca
influences
andelements
borrowed
fromotherregional
mostnotably,
pottery
styles,
perhaps,fromPachacamacon thecentralcoast.It mayalso includesomeolder
features
fromtheChinchatradition.
The mostcommon
shapesarea smallbottle'9
anda jar.20The Chincha-Inca
a
is
of
mixture
style
verymuchthesametypeas the
Ica-IncaandAcari-Inca
which
we
have
described.
styles
Inca stylepiecesimported
fromCuzcoand localimitations
of Inca pottery
are
so abundantin thegravesdug by Uhle thatKroeberand Strongundertook
to
describe
theIncastyleonthebasisofthiscollection.21
The Inca periodcemeteries
excavated
byUhle areall locatedin theimmediate
of La Centinela,theInca administrative
vicinity
center,so theyprobablyreflect
thesituation
at thelocalcapital.I havenothad an opportunity
to makethetype
of studyof surfacecollections
fromotherpartsof Chinchaon whichreliable
statements
aboutdistributions
mightbe made.In spiteof the area limitation,
some
observations
however,
interpretive
maybe made.
17 Kroeber
andStrong,
1924a;Uhle,1924.
18 Kroeber
andStrong,
1924a,plates11-12,
fig.6.
19 Idem,fig.3a,b.

20 Idem,fig.4c,d;fig.9a,c,d.
21 Idem,pp.9-16.

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INCA OCCUPATION

139

hedug
NoneofUhle'stombs
intheChincha
wereas richas therichest
valley
of
inIca.Thisfactdoesnotmeanthatthere
inChincha,
werenoveryrichtombs
farther
what
relates
to
statuses
it
mean
is
does
that
our
evidence
course;
probably
downthesocialhierarchy
atIca. In viewofthis
thanthoseat thetoprepresented
The
facttheproportions
is
remarkable.
ofthestyles
intheIncaperiod
graves very
of
the
total
Derived
Chincha
found,
pottery
stylerepresents
onlytwenty
percent
whilemostof therestconsists
Inca and Chincha-Inca
of imitation
specimens.
at La Centinela
theimpact
oftheIncaconquest
wasmorefarreaching
Evidently
ingreater
thanatOldIca.Incainfluences
downthehierarchy
strength,
penetrated
Therewasno anti-Inca
andthelocalpottery
tradition
lostmoreof itsprestige.
TherewereSpanish
reaction
atthetime
oftheSpanish
either.
glassbeads
conquest,
arenotsignificantly
inthree
oftheburials
contents
excavated
byUhle,andtheir
contact.
ofSpanish
different
from
thoseofthegraves
which
lackevidence
of
It consists
isespecially
Theevidence
fortheNascadrainage
chiefly
meager.
andat a fewhabitation
surface
collections
madeat lootedcemeteries
sites,plus
in1926.
collected
observations
vessels
madeonwhole
byUhlein1905andKroeber
Poroma
in
the
distinctions
which
Therearenoassociations
chronological
permit
of
and
had
the
same
have
Nasca
to
materials.
seems
and
related
styles
range
style
Inca
own
native
for
Acari:
its
which
we
noted
mixtures
tradition,
style
pieces,
style
bird
distributed
and thewidely
of Inca andotherelements,
localcombinations
Ica
and
Acari.22
from
influences
have
the
of
We
also
noted
plate.
presence
abforNascaandthevirtual
evidence
Evenwithourpresent
unsatisfactory
forPiscoand Yauca,somegeneralobservations
senceof information
maybe
insouthcoastpottery
events
of cultural
to thereflection
withrespect
hazarded
thereseemsto havebeena verysharp
In Chincha
theIncaoccupation.
during
oftheIncaconquest.
about
the
time
tradition
native
inthe
break
Elsewhere,
pottery
the
continued
traditions
thelocalpottery
through Inca periodand intoearly
in thesmallsettlements
thecontinuity
Colonialtimes,
away
beingmostmarked
had such
At Ica thenativetradition
of Inca administration.
fromthecenters
revival
afterthefallof
artistic
thebasisfora spectacular
thatitbecame
vitality
withInca
ofall features
associated
ledtothepurging
which
a revival
Incapower,
rule.
in tradeto all of thesouth
someCuzcopottery
The Incaconquest
brought
Thisfact
imitated
wereeverywhere
andIncamodels
coastvalleys,
bylocalpotters.
is the
Moreinteresting
without
couldhavebeenpredicted
study.
archaeological
coast
In
each
south
ofneweclectic
ofa series
forthedevelopment
evidence
styles.
on theNascaareawe oweto the
is available
22 The factthateventhismuchinformation
ofDavidA. Robinson
(ms.).
survey
pioneer

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140

SOUTHWESTERN JOURNALOF ANTHROPOLOGY

thelocalpotters
which
included
sometraditional
anoriginal
valley
style
developed
localpottery
from
someIncainfluences,
anoccasional
feature
borrowed
elements,
ofcenturies
from
ofother
as
andtraits
a variety
earlier,
areas,someapparently
farawayas theTiticacabasinandPachacamac
coast.Allthese
onthecentral
new
of elements.
havemuchin common,
combination
buteachis a distinctive
styles
some
Thesenewstyles
inpeople's
withIncaruleandshared
wereassociated
minds
oftheprestige
accorded
togenuine
Incapottery.
CONCLUSIONS

of
dataprovide
thesignificance
muchnewevidence
Archaeological
regarding
theIncaoccupation
of
onthesouthcoastofPeru.We havereviewed
theevidence
architecture
inforandpottery
insomedetailandcannowsummarize
thecultural
mation
which
wehaveextracted
from
it.
Thereseemtohavebeenmarked
insocialandpolitical
differences
organization
the
south
coast
the
at
time
among
valleys
theywereconquered
bytheIncas.
Chincha
hada powerful
centralized
while
Piscowasprobably
divided.
government,
Ica hada centralized
of
some
it
besurewhether
butwecannot
kind,
organization
waspolitical
orreligious
innature.
Therewas,however,
a concentration
ofwealth
andprestige
atthesiteofOld Ica. Ica alsohadmore
cultural
thananyof
prestige
theother
anditsdecorated
wassought
andimitated
valleys,
pottery
throughout
thewhole
area.Thereisnoevidence
nowavailable
inthe
centralization
suggesting
Nascadrainage.
Acariseemsto havehadno central
andno pointat
authority
which
there
wasa concentration
ofprestige.
TheIncastookadvantage
ofexisting
centralization
inChincha
andIca,buildat thefocusofnativeauthority.
centers
ingtheiradministrative
Theyprobably
thenative
inbothvalleys.
In thevalleys
ruledthrough
inwhich
there
was
nobility
theIncasimposed
nocentralized
their
an adown,constructing
authority
already,
center
at someconvenient
ministrative
pointtoserveas thefocusofIncacontrol.
werelocatedon theIncacoastroad,a factwhich
centers
Theseadministrative
themilitary
andadministrative
of theroadsystem.
No
emphasizes
significance
effort
wasmadeinthisareatoconcentrate
thepopulation
intowns,
andexisting
ofsettlement
werenotseriously
with.
EveninthecaseofAcari,
interfered
patterns
orpermitted
theIncasencouraged
thesettlement
where
ofsomegroups
ofnatives
neartheir
administrative
the
native
in
houses
are
small
center,
clusters,
separate
notlaidoutona regular
plan.
Incainfluence
canbetraced
mostwidely
inthose
likeAcariwhere
there
valleys
wasnonative
centralization
tostartwithandnohighly
native
organized
nobility.

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INCA OCCUPATION

141

In contrast,
in Ica thenativenobility
in monopolizing
succeeded
whatever
"adInca
rule
have
to
the
little
and
Inca
seems
influence
vantages"
may brought valley,
tohavefiltered
downtotheordinary
farmer.
TheIca nobility
theInca
supported
as
as
it
remained
When
it
regime
enthusiastically
long
disintegrated,
powerful.
thenobles
ofIca reacted
their
Incatradition
withextraordinary
however,
against
elsewhere
intheareastudied.
violence,
unparalleled
The Incaconquest
didnotsimply
of Cuzcoinaddition
bringa mechanical
fluence
tosouthcoastculture.
It ledtosomeoriginal
inmonumental
developments
architecture
andin pottery.
The architectural
areseenin theInca
innovations
administrative
whichwereprobably
builtunderthesupervision
of Inca
centers,
a moreor lessuniform
The new
"coastInca"stylewasdeveloped.
architects;
inpottery
aremore
thecreation
ofimportant
andinvolve
developments
spectacular
newlocalstyles.
Thesestyles
combine
of
elements
gleanedfroma widevariety
traditions
andsomewhich
wereprobably
Themixture
inventions.
pottery
outright
is different
ineachvalley,
a factwhich
were
thatthenewstyles
however,
suggests
theworkoflocalpotters
moreor lessindependently.
It is possible
that
working
thedevelopment
ofthesenewstyles
wasdeliberately
fostered
bytheIncagovernmentas a meansof weakening
localloyalties
native
symbolized
bytheearlier
at anyrate,thenewstyles
withtheprestige
of
wereclosely
associated
traditions;
theIncaregime.
oftheIncaoccuonthecultural
Theamount
ofnewinformation
significance
in
from
on
we
have
the
south
coast
which
succeeded
pation
extracting theoddsand
theremarkable
information
nowavailable
endsofarchaeological
suggests
possioflamenting
theabsence
ofwritten
which
offers.
Instead
bilities
thistypeofstudy
at theabundant
intheAndean
records
evidence
area,wehaveonlytolookclosely
ofarchaeological
associations.
thepastintheform
The
which
hassurvived
from
intheground.
canbefound
ofourquestions
answers
tomany
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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142

SOUTHWESTERN JOURNALOF ANTHROPOLOGY

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DE

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All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c).