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The Taon Strait is located in the Central Visayas, which is considered as the epicenter of global marine
shorefish diversity with the richest concentration of marine life on the entire planet (Carpenter &
Springer, 2005). Taon Strait is an important migration corridor for whale sharks (Rhincodontypus),
dolphins and other marine mammals. It serves as a breeding, nursery, feeding, and resting grounds to at
least 14 species of cetaceans, the most interesting of which are the dwarf sperm whales (Kogiasimus)
and melonheaded whales (Peponocepalaelectra). This site serves as their breeding, nursery, feeding,
and resting grounds. The Strait is also a distinct habitat of the chambered nautilus (Nautilus pompilius).
Taon Strait is one of this regions seven distinct fisheries ecosystems (i.e. Visayan Sea, Camotes Sea,
Danajon Bank, Bohol Sea, Cebu Strait, East Sulu Sea, and Taon Strait). It has an estimated 18,830 ha of
coral reefs and 650 ha of mangrove forest along the Negros and Cebu coastline (Green et al. 2004). It is a
popular destination for whale-watchers, scuba divers, conservationists and wildlife enthusiasts.
The Taon Strait has long been regarded as an important migration corridor for whales, dolphins and
other marine organisms. It is a favoured destination for whale-watchers, conservationists and wildlife
enthusiasts. The strait serves as an economic corridor in the Visayas Area for hosting vital industries
such as shipbuilding, power generation and manufacturing and also serves as a vital link between
Western Visayas and Central Visayas. It similarly serves as a transit point between Manila (Luzon) and
the vital coastal cities in Southern Negros, Siquijor and Northern Northeastern Mindanao.
The Taon Strait is one of the world's natural heritage and one of the country's rich fishing grounds. It
was declared a Protected Seascape by Presidential Proclamation 1234 by then President Fidel V. Ramos
in 1998 in due recognition of the extraordinary abundance and diverse assemblage of dolphins and
whales and its known importance as feeding, breeding, and resting grounds for these marine mammals.
It is mandated that all protected areas covered under the NIPAS Act of 1992 should have a General
Management Plan (GMP).
The Taon Strait Protected Seascape - General Management Plan (TSPS-GMP) has been crafted to
provide a sustainable framework in management and rational decision making for the TSPS today and in
the future. It also endeavours to establish a consistent vision for the protection of the marine mammals,
and the coastal resources such as mangrove areas, sea grass beds, and coral reefs in the area including
the fish and the invertebrates in order to prevent unsustainable utilization of these resources and at
the same time to come up with strategies to provide daily sustenance to the increasing human
population in the area while also contributing to the economy of the area and the region.
Santander, Cebu and Sibulan, Negros Oriental. It has an approximate area of 518, 221 hectares and an
approximate perimeter of 684 km. In the north-northwest, the strait is closed off by the Bantayan Group
of Islands and in the north-northeast by the Visayan Sea (reckoned from the tip of DaanBantayan Cebu).
It is relatively deep with its deepest point at 509 meters.
The coastal areas are mostly characterized by rugged terrain and narrow coastal plains, some areas have
flat to rolling terrain, undulating and sloping and low grooved mountain ranges which mostly lie close to
the shoreline.
The boundary of TSPS based on Proclamation No. 1234 begins in the north in Bantigue Point of the
shoreline of Barangay Agujo, Daanbantayan where the line crossed the Strait in northwesterly direction
to Buntay Point in the shoreline of Madridejos, Bantayan Island. Then going south following the eastern
shoreline of Bantayan Island to Sulangan Point in the shoreline of Sta. Fe. Crossing the Strait southwest
to Tuong Point of the eastern shoreline of Barangay Tuong, Sagay City, Negros Occidental and then
going south following the eastern shoreline of Negros Island up to Colang-colang Point of the shoreline
of Barangay Cangmating, Sibulan, Negros Oriental. Then crossing the Strait in a north-easterly direction
to Taon Point in the shoreline of Barangay Liloan, Santander, Cebu. Finally closing the traverse, the line
goes up north following the western shoreline of the Province of Cebu back to Bantique Point (see Table
1).
Table 1 Technical description of the boundaries of the TSPS
Point
Latitude
Longitude
Point 1
11 17' 37?
S 84 15' 50? E,
31,067 meters to Point 2
Point 2
11 15' 53?
Point 3
9 25' 06?
S 38 08' 00? W,
9,386 meters to Point 4
Point 4
9 21' 06?
Point 5
10 55' 22?
N 43 10' 54? E,
30,753 meters to Point 6
Point 6
11 07' 31?
Climate
Cebu and Negros Islands (between which the TSPS is situated) have a tropical climate.
The climatic patterns in the Taon Strait are determined primarily by the two monsoons of the Asiatic
mainland. The southwest monsoon from April or May through September or October is characterized by
southwest winds that are due to low pressure systems that develop over the Asian continental land
mass through summer heating of the land surface. The northeast monsoon from October or November
through January produces northeast winds caused by air movement from the polar anticyclone centered
near Lake Baikal. During the months of February, March, and April neither monsoon has much effect,
and the climate is dominated by the monsoon and trade winds. The climate may, however, be strongly
modified locally by the interaction of the monsoon winds with local geographic and orographic features.
The monsoon winds produce the general annual climatic pattern of Negros, but the monsoon is only
superficially a very orderly phenomenon and minor or major changes in the timing of events, along with
the occurrence of severe cyclonic storms, make the actual climatic pattern of any given year
unpredictable. Shifts in the position of high and low pressure systems may cause great changes in
weather over large areas (Heideman& Erickson, 1987).
Average rainfall for Cebu and southern Negros Oriental is between 451-900mm during the period from
April to September. For northern Negros Oriental during the same period it is between 901-1800mm.
During the period from October to March, average rainfall for most of Cebu and Negros Oriental is
between 451-900mm, while it is between 901-1800mm at the northern tip of the two provinces (Hilario
et al, 2009).
Prevailing Winds
Prevailing winds from June to September is the southwest monsoon (Habagat), while the northeast
monsoon or Amihan occur in the months of November to February. Variable wind is observed from
March to May. The waves are wind-driven based on the prevailing monsoon wind. The surface of TSPS is
relatively calm during the southwest monsoon and becomes choppy to rough during the northeast
monsoon.
Typhoon Frequencies
Generally, Taon Strait basks outside the typhoon belt. The surrounding islands (Cebu, Negros)
backbone of high mountain ranges breaks the full effects of the southwest monsoon and keeps weather
generally fair all year round. However, there are events during the year where typhoons hit Taon Strait
during the months of December and January. These typhoons are those that are coming from the Bicol
region or Central Luzon in a north-easterly and those coming from the Surigao-Samar area.
Biological diversity
The Strait is a distinct habitat of the chambered Nautilus (Nautiluspompilius, local name taklong) and a
migration route of 14 species of marine mammals. Hence, the strait was designated as a priority area
for conservation of marine mammals (cetaceans) and was proclaimed as a Protected Seascape under
Proclamation No. 1234 signed by President Fidel Ramos on May 27, 1998. (Official Gazette of the
Republic of the Philippines)
The Taon Strait is relatively small (15-27km wide and 220 km long), yet it belongs to the ecoregion with
the highest marine biological diversity in the world. It is home to a diversity of fish, molluscs and
crustaceans. Its narrow shelf is fringed with intermittent strands of coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass.
It has a thriving squid fishery and an abundant Nautilus population (Hayasaka et. al 1983).
Marine mammals
The archipelagic nature of the Philippines provides diversity in marine habitat. Many of the islands in the
country are surrounded by deep oceanic waters, and cetacean species which are thought to be typically
oceanic can be found near shore (Jefferson 1995 citation/paper cannot be found). The characteristics
of the Strait - narrow, semi-enclosed area with terraced slopes coupled with deep oceanic waters close
to shore, and shallow flat areas contiguous to the deep waters of the Sulu Sea - make cetaceans move
freely between them (Dolar et al 2006).
Although small cetaceans have been extensively studied in the tropical marine habitat, very little is
known about these animals in the tropical Southeast Asian region, as most of the literature on cetaceans
in this region deals with occurrence and distribution based on strandings, sightings, fishery catches.
Cetaceans are often incidentally caught during various fishing operations (Dolar 1994; Dolar 1999a). The
effect of this, coupled with habitat degradation, on cetacean populations is unknown (Perrin et. al. 25
paper cannot be found).
In studies by Dolar (1996b) and Perrin (1995) fourteen species of cetaceans were observed in the Sulu
Sea and Taon Strait in a survey using the line transect method developed to estimate abundance of
small cetaceans in the eastern tropical Pacific (Holt, 1987; Wade and Gerodette, 1993). This number
constitutes 54% of the total number of cetaceans known from the Philippine waters and 47% of the total
number of cetacean species recorded in Southeast Asia (Dolar 1999b; Perrin 1995). It is thought that
species travel both sites in order to feed, rest and breed. Table 2 gives a list of species of marine
mammals that have been positively sighted within the waters of the TSPS. Many other cetaceans have
been spotted in areas near the TSPS (Bohol Sea, Sulu Sea, Visayan Sea, etc.) and so it is probable that
these species may also enter the TSPS but have not yet been spotted by reliable/expert witnesses.
Table 2 List of species of cetaceans that have been sighted within the TSPS (extracted from Alava et al, 2012)
Species
Feresaattenuate
Globicephalascammoni
Grampus griseus
Lagenodelphishosei
Peponocephalaelectra
Stenellagraffmani
Stenellalongirostrislongirost
ris
Stenellalongirostrisroseivent
ris
English
pygmy killer whale
short-finned pilot
whale
Risso's dolphin
Fraser's dolphin
Common Name
Tagalog
balyena
Visayan
lumba-lumba
ambuhutan,
bugansiso
tiw
lumba-lumba
-tiw
melon-headed whale
Pantropical spotted
dolphin
Gray's spinner dolphin
lumba-lumba
lumba-lumba
lumba-lumba
lumba-lumba,
mayahon, lumod
Pakatang
lumba-lumba, lumod,
balakiki
Lumod
lumba-lumba
Lumod
Species
Tursiopsaduncus
Tursiopstruncates
Kogiasima
Ziphiuscavirostris
English
Indo-Pacific
bottlenose dolphin
common bottlenose
dolphin
dwarf sperm whale
Cuvier's beaked whale
Common Name
Tagalog
lumba-lumba
Lumod
lumba-lumba
lumba-lumba, lumod
Visayan
Nautilus
Nautiluses are the last living genera of externally shelled cephalopods (Ward 1983 and 1987, CephBase
2002). Nautiluses have been on the planet for 500 million years these slow moving Cephalopods are
considered primitive compared to their faster moving relatives (octopus and squid), and the external
shell of these animals provides both protection and rigid open spaces that can be filled with gas for
buoyancy. Nautiluses usually inhabit depths of several hundred metres. It has long been believed that
the Nautilus rises at night to feed, mate and lay eggs (Carlson et al, 1984). The greatest depth at which a
Nautilus has been sighted is 703 m the N. pompilius (Dunstan et al, 2011). Taon Strait has a thriving
and abundant population of Nautilus (Hayasaka et. al 1983). Unfortunately they are harvested for their
shell it is a well-known fact that Nautilus have been exported by the thousands (Talavera and Faustino,
1931). Fishermen trap Nautilus at about 200m, but at times reach a maximum depth at about 525 m
(Hayasaka et. al. 2009). Fishing is done usually during the night and several traps are used. One reason
Nautiluses are not protected by CITES is that there is not much scientific information on them.
anchovies, billfish, mackerels and tuna, which also play an important role in livelihood of some fishers in
Taon Strait.
Mangroves
In Taon Strait the area of mangrove forests is 650 ha (Green et. al. 2004).
The Philippines mangrove species biodiversity is very high. Of the worlds more than 70 mangrove
species, around 46 are known to occur in the country (DENR website), and 26 are known to occur in the
Taon Strait.
Seagrasses
Based on the CRM Plans surveyed, Taon Strait has a total of seven species of seagrasses and
Thallasiasp, Enhalussp and Cymodoceasp being the three most dominant species. Seagrass cover ranges
from 30% to 50%.
The most densely populated areas are in Toledo-Balamban and Badian-Moalboal in Cebu Province, BaisTanjay -Amlan and San Jose-Sibulan in Negros Oriental and San Carlos City and Escalante City in Negros
Occidental.
Sources of Livelihood
Taon Strait is one of the major fishing grounds of Central Visayas. Based on the survey of the BFAR and
CRMP, there are about 26,850 fishers operating in the area with more than 12,000 motorized and nonmotorized boats. Studies show that fisherfolk plying Taon Strait have a high number of active fishing
gears such as gillnets (kurantay/drift gillnets, palabay/bottom gillnets, patuloy/surface-set gillnets), and
passive gears such as hook-and-lines (pamasol) and squid jigs. Beach seining (sahid/baling) is also
practiced in Taon Strait, which is tolerated despite being officially illegal.
Religion
Christianity is the predominant religion in Taon Strait Protected Strait with Roman Catholicism as the
biggest single denomination. Other denominations include mainline and evangelical Protestant groups,
the Iglesia Ni Cristo, the Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses and the Aglipayan Church, also
known as the Philippine Independent Church. Adherents of Islam and Buddhism constitute a minority of
the population.
Education and Literacy
Cebu is the main educational institute in the central region of the country. Dumaguete City, the
provincial capital of Negros Oriental, is known as a university town due to the existence of several
universities and colleges in the city.
Literacy is classified into simple or basic and functional literacy. Simple literacy rate, which comprises
basic reading and writing skills, was computed at 93.9 per cent while functional literacy rate, that
includes basic reading, writing skills and computational ability, was computed at 83.3 per cent.
Health
The three provinces of Cebu and Negros Oriental and Occidental all have existing preventive health
programs.
The local government units (LGUs) continually strive to improve the quality and accessibility of health
services and tap locally available resources to strengthen LGU capacity and knowledge. Hospitals
normally conduct preventive and promote activities as they go about their daily routine.
The component cities and municipalities belonging to the Taon Strait Protected Seascape from the 3
provinces are shown in Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 below.
Table 3 Cities and Municipalities of Cebu province that are within the TSPS
No. of Coastal
Barangays per
City/Municipality
Santander
Samboan
Ginatilan
Malabuyoc
Alegria
Badian
Moalboal
Alcantara
Ronda
Dumanjug
Barili
Aloguinsan
Pinamungahan
Toledo City
Balamban
Asturias
Tuburan
Tabuelan
2
7
5
6
4
12
7
3
4
8
10
4
7
11
9
7
10
5
No. of MPAs
2
1
2
4
5
6
6
3
1
4
4
4
1
3
1
3
4
3
No. of Coastal
Barangays per
City/Municipality
San Remegio
Medellin
Sta. Fe
Bantayan Island
Madridejos
DaanBantayan
TOTAL
14
14
7
6
4
5
167
No. of MPAs
9
2
5
18
5
96
Table 4Cities and Municipalities of Negros Oriental province that are within the TSPS
No. of Coastal
Barangays per
City/Municipality
Cities/Municipalities of Negros
Oriental
Sibulan
San Jose
Amlan
Tanjay City
Bais City
Manjuyod
Bindoy
Ayungon
Jimalalud
La Libertad
Guihulngan
Vallehermoso
Tayasan
TOTAL
6
6
5
9
13
10
6
8
6
6
10
7
7
99
No. of MPAs
3
2
3
1
3
3
5
8
1
2
1
32
Table 5Cities and Municipalities of Negros Occidental province that are within the TSPS
Cities/Municipalities of Negros
Occidental
Calatrava
Escalante City
Sagay City
San Carlos City
Toboso
TOTAL
No. of Coastal
Barangays per City/
Municipality
14
6
4
6
2
32
No. of MPAs
1
1
2
2 (proposed)
3
Transportation
The TSPS is accessible from all major cities in Central and Western Visayas regions. From Cebu City, the
protected area can be reached by any vehicles via major routes or highways that link the city to the
western side of Cebu Island. In same manner, it is accessible in the Negros side through any route from
Bacolod or Dumaguete City. Small ferries ply the strait on an hourly basis from different points located
along coastal municipalities of Taon Strait linking directly Negros and Cebu islands. Daily flights
connect Manila to Dumaguete, Bacolod and Cebu City.
Airports
As Cebu is the international gateway to Visayas and Mindanao, daily flights to and from the island have
been increasing both for cargoes and passengers. The international airport is being run by the MactanCebu International Airport Authority (MCIAA), which is set to implement an expansion program to
accommodate more flights. Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific are taking care of most domestic flights,
while Silk Air, Qatar Airlines and Korean Air, among others, provide the comfort of travel to destinations
in other parts of the world.
The Dumaguete City Airport is the only major airport in Negros Oriental serving daily domestic flights to
and from Manila and Cebu with two airline companies, namely Philippine Air Lines/Air Philippines and
Cebu Pacific. With facilities for all weather conditions, the Dumaguete Airport is actually located in the
town of Sibulan, just a few kilometers outside the city (about 5 minutes away).
Seaports
History has always seen Cebu as a natural port even before Spanish colonization. At present, several
shipping companies service inter-island and international destinations: Sulpicio Lines, Gothong Southern
Shipping, Cebu Ferries Corporation, Cokaliong Shipping Lines, George & Peter Lines, Inc., Lite Shipping
Corporation, Negros Navigation Co., Inc. Ocean Fast Ferries, Inc. WG&A Super Ferry and Trans-Asia
Shipping Lines. As the city of Cebu is centrally located in the country, the port of Cebu serves as an
important transshipmentcenter. It functions as the base for more the 80% of inter-island vessels of
Philippines.
The Dumaguete seaport is a major link to Central Visayas making it part of the Tourism Highway and
Mindanao traffic, where it plays an important role in the Strong Republic Nautical Highway route.
Another seaport in Guihulngan caters mainly to small vessels ferrying passengers between the
Guihulngan Port and Tangil, Dumanjug, Cebu. There is another pair of ports connecting Toledo City,
Cebu and San Carlos City, Negros Oriental.
Power Generation
The Leyte Geothermal Power Plant is the main source of power for the city of Cebu which is supplied
through an interconnection grid. The Visayas Electric Company (VECO) provides electricity to Cebu. A
coal-fired power plant exists in Toledo City supplying additional power to the province of Cebu.
Negros Oriental's primary source of power is the geothermal energy harnessed from the geothermal
fields in Palinpinon, Valencia. There are two power plants generating electricity with a combined
capacity of 192.5 megawatts.
Ecotourism
The TSPS is surrounded by beautiful beaches, freshwater springs, and other natural attractions. As such,
the municipalities and cities around the TSPS each have their own ecotourism programs and
destinations within their respective jurisdictions. The ecotourism activity that cuts across political
boundaries in the TSPS is dolphin- and whale-watching. Bais City in Negros Oriental is the main
springboard for this activity for most of Taon Strait.
This greatly contributed to the income generation for the residents in the area. The establishment of the
necessary infrastructures and man power support has become a priority for the respective LGUs in order
to maximize the eco-tourism potentials, also so that the TSPS will become a major ecotourism
destination.
As a NIPAS area, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources has jurisdiction over the TSPS
with management authority by the DENR Secretary, the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau and the
created Protected Area Management Board (PAMB). The PAMB is composed of representatives from
the component local government units and stakeholders within the TSPS and given the size of the area,
the PAMB for TSPS has close to 300 members. Programs and activities within the PA are coordinated by
the Protected Area Office under the Protected Area Superintendent (PASu) and 5 Assistant PASus. The
current organizational set-up is shown in Figure 1 below.
Financing for the TSPS is guided by RA 7586 Section 16 of the DAO No 25 series of 1992, which
respectively provides for the establishment of the IPAF (Integrated Protected Areas Fund) for the
purpose of promoting the sustained financing system.
TSPS generated PhP 11,707,000 for 2013 from fees and collections from facilities user fees, resource
user fees and concession fees. This revenue goes to the national fund of which 25% or 3M will go back
to TSPS.
Organizational set up within the legal framework
Aside from the NIPAS Act, management of the TSPS is also governed by several other laws and
regulations. These are given in Figure 1, which also shows the inter-relationship between the
management units (LGU, TSPS and DENR) and the laws and regulations governing them.
Fisheries Code
Local Fishery,
Environment, Ecotourism
and Taxation Ordinances
WORKING
COMMITTEES
DENR REGIONAL
EXECUTIVE
DIRECTOR/Chairperson
PAMB
PAMB - EXECOM
PAMB - SMUs
LGU
ENRO/CRMO
PASu
PARTNERS
Cebu
ASSISTANT PASu
Deputized LGU
COASTAL LAW
ENFORCERS
Wildlife Act
Other
environmental
laws, rules and
regulations
PA GMP, Policies
PAMB - ENBANC
LGU CHIEF EXECUTIVES
Forestry Code
NIPAS Act
Negros Oriental
Negros Occidental
Figure 1The organizational setup of the TSPS and the inter-relationship between the units co-managing the TSPS (PAMB,
LGUs, DENR) and the laws and regulations governing the management of the TSPS.
Co-management scheme
Although the over-all management of the TSPS is done by the TSPS-PAMB, the everyday detailed
decision-making and nitty-gritty is done via a co-management scheme between the PAMB and the
respective LGUs within the TSPS.Each of the LGUs share management of the TSPS within the respective
management areasapportioned to them the Municipal Coastal Waters. Figure 2 shows which aspects
of the management are handled by the PAMB and which are handled by the individual LGUs.
DENR - PAMB
Tenure
Permitting
Provincial-City-Municipal-Barangay LGUs
SAPA
PACBRMA
Permit to Operate
Fees System
Users Fees
(SAPA, etc)
Law
Enforcement
PA Rangers
Building Permit
Fishing/Gear Permit
Business Permit
Mariculture Permit
Business Tax
Income Tax
Fish Wardens
LGU officials
Conservation
Conservation
Protection
Protection
Livelihood
Livelihood
Figure 2 Delineation of the scope of the duties and responsibilities and the sharing of revenues from the TSPS by the PAMB,
LGUs and the government agencies concerned with the management and protection of the resources in the TSPS
Table 6 summarizes the problems and perceived causes in management of the TSPS as were discussed
during the workshop.
Table 6 Problems and perceived causes in the management of the TSPS
Problem
Perceived Cause
Baseline information
No baseline resource information on coastal
habitat, fishery stock and diversity, and fisherfolk,
boats and gear
Problem
Perceived Cause
Not a priority of the LGU
No guidelines to fund access
Not a priority and not identified
Limited access to livelihood opportunities
Tourism
Farm
Pollution
Reported incidents pollution from industrial waste
Problem
Perceived Cause
Politicians not aware of environmental
governance
Lack of initiatives
The Strengthening the Marine Protected Areas in Conserving Key Marine Biodiversity Areas Project
(2013) did SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) and stakeholder analyses on the
TSPS. The following sections on the situational and stakeholder analyses are taken from their report.
In terms of the Policy and Institutional Arrangements, the major strength is TSPS supported by a national
law and the support mechanisms and provisions that ideally go with it. Another strength identified was
the strength of existing local initiatives in coastal and marine management as well as the openness of
both levels of authority to co-manage the area together. Major weaknesses are mainly the unclear
and/or misinterpretation of policies, protocols, and lack of information which stems mainly from lack of
venues for communication and clarification.
At the MPA Financing level, there were more strengths identified given that the TSPS has ample sources
of revenue and influx of external support is seen in the offing. The major weakness identified was the
lack of support policies for revenue-generation and sharing.
For the MPAs and an MPA networking, there is a lack of policy on establishing and operating networks
and alliances, coupled with a lack of scientific basis to support policy. However, networks may be built
on the already established LGU alliances, MPA management bodies, and organized community
stakeholder groups found in all and between the 42 cities and municipalities in the TSPS.
In terms of capacity development the cities and municipalities have already developed and established
skills and capacities on coastal and marine management, such as in law enforcement, community
organizing, CEPA (communication, education and public awareness), and planning and resource
monitoring. Building on and enhancing these capacities as well as improving other capacities (e.g.
monitoring and evaluation, sustainable financing), coupled with a data-management/data-banking
system were identified as needs.
Opportunities and threats to the TSPS as well as recommendations were also identified. Details of the
SWOT analysis are given in Table 7.
Table 7 SWOT analysis for the TSPS, result of a workshop conducted on May 22-23, 2013 by the Strengthening the Marine
Protected Areas in Conserving Key Marine Biodiversity Areas Project. Taken from the Strengthening the Marine Protected
Areas in Conserving Key Marine Biodiversity Areas Project
Areas for
Assessment
1. Policy and
Institutional
Arrangements
Strength
- Presidential
Proclamation of TS
as Protected
Seascape
- Initial TSPS
Management Plan
- LGU adoption of
coastal and fisheryrelated ordinances
and plans by some
municipalities
- Coastal
management units in
place in LGUs
- Capable PASu for
TSPS
- PAMB and Execom
is existing
- Existing resolution
for the comanagement of the
TSPS
- No representation
in EIS process for
development
projects and
activities in TSPS
2. MPA
Financing
- Implementing the
IPAF financing
scheme
Opportunities
- No clear stand of
TSPS on some
policies, e.g.
commercial fishing in
TSPS, FLAs,
abandoned
fishponds, research,
tourism practices
- New players in TS
that may support
policy-formulation
(ADB-RETA, UNDP)
- Policies allowing
exploration of
mineral and other
resources
- Champions for
TSPS (LGU officials,
congressmen, etc.)
- No clear protocol
on TSPS membership
to the PAMB
Recommendations
- Tap into research
institutions for studies
that could
enhance/strengthen
TSPS programs and
policies
- Explore policies for
mechanisms to
guarantee that
research institutions
and researches are
shared with the TSPS,
LGUs (e.g. guarantee
fund for research)
- Lack of clear
protocol on
access/release/utiliz
ation of funds
- Set-up database
management
mechanism at the
PMO
- PASu position is
only a designation
- Funds available to
establish new
MPAs
- Bottom -up
budgeting
- Wide array of
revenue sources for
TSPS
- Strong business
sector that may be
tapped
- LGUs implementing
their own financing
scheme for MPAs to
generate funds
- Revenue
generation from
research activities
- Presence of funding
donors
Threats
Weakness
Areas for
Assessment
Strength
Weakness
Recommendations
Threats
Opportunities
M&E
3.
Strengthening
of MPAs and
MPANs
- Local networks:
ABATMAN, South
Cebu cluster, others
- MPA management
bodies at the LGU
level
- Community-based
management of
MPAs in some LGUs
4. Capacity
development
- Lack of researches
that could support
policies and
management of TSPS
(e.g. biophysical
studies)
- No comprehensive
data sets for TSPS
describing resources,
etc.; unconsolidated
data
- Available
guidelines and
protocols on
fishery/coastalrelated use (e.g.
marine mammal
monitoring,
aquaculture
practices, etc.)
-Over-population in
the coastal areas
-unmanaged waste
- Consolidate all
available information
on TSPS
- Come up with a
comprehensive profile
of TSPS, including
biophysical, socioeconomic profiles
- Institutions with
data (e.g. CCEF.
Physalus) for MPAs
in parts of TSPS)
- No data
management
mechanism and lack
of capacity to
manage data
Capacity-building on
sustainable financing,
business planning,
cost-effectiveness, M
&E
- No regular surveys,
monitoring systems
(biophysical)
Capacitate the PA
Office
- Lack of capacity on
project/program
evaluation
Stakeholder analysis
A total of 86 groups were identified as stakeholders in the TSPS. This includes provincial LGUs (3), city
and municipal LGUs (42), government agencies (14), non-government organizations (8), donor and
special government projects (7), peoples' organizations and fishery councils (3), special interest groups
(4), and academic institutions (5). Table 8 shows which stakeholders are positively or negatively
affected, what their current roles in MPA management are and how or where these groups may be
engaged.
Table 8Stakeholder analysis for the TSPS, result of a workshop conducted on May 22-23, 2013 by the Strengthening the
Marine Protected Areas in Conserving Key Marine Biodiversity Areas Project. Taken from the Strengthening the Marine
Protected Areas in Conserving Key Marine Biodiversity Areas Project
Name of
Stakeholder groups
Positively
affected
Negatively
Affected
Name of
Stakeholder groups
Negatively
Affected
Positively
affected
LGUs
1. Cebu PLGU
2. Negros Oriental
PLGU
Increased number
of managers;
strengthened
collaboration
between partners
National policies
sometimes
override
provincial plans
Ex-officio
representative
does not provide
feedback to PLGU
Needs: VA capacity-development,
marine mammal stranding
response and protocol (Physalus
as potential active partner, also
see available guidelines available)
To continue the
institutionalization of the
mechanism for IEC
3. Negros
Occidental PLGU
Reconnect/reorient province re
TSPS
Reestablish SMU in Neg. Occ.
One common
framework/ policy
in managing
resources
jurisdictional
issues between
MLGUs and TSPS
MPA managers
LGUs provide a check and balance
to policies and protocols
Manager of TSPS
2. BFAR
Name of
Stakeholder groups
Positively
affected
Negatively
Affected
3. MARINA
4. Coast Guard
CLE, pollution
regulation/enforcement
5. PNP
Enforcement
6. DILG
Policy-making
7. DOT
8. PPA
9. DPWH
10. DOJ
11. DepED
12. DOH
Population management
13. DSWD
Livelihood, mainstreaming of
environmentaleducation/CEPA
14. DOE
Non-Government Organizations
1. CCEF
2. Physalus
3. World Vision
4. Tambuyog
5. SUAKCREM
Name of
Stakeholder groups
Positively
affected
Negatively
Affected
6. RAFI
Mangrove reforestation,
cooperative development
7. St. Catherine
Family Helpers
Capacity-building, planning
8. RARE
Donor and
Government
Special Projects
1. UNDP
2. ADB CTI-RETA
Capacity-building, management
planning, livelihood assistance
3. GIZ-PAME
Terrestrial PA management,
Capacity-building
4. SCREMP
IEC, Livelihood
5. US Peace Corps
6. ICRMP
7. Japan
Development
Volunteer
Peoples
Organizations/Fish
ery Councils
1. ICRMP POs
Mangrove rehab
2. FARMCs
3. CBFMA holders
(San Remigio,
Badian)
Special Interest
Groups
Name of
Stakeholder groups
1. Commercial
Fishers (Barili,
Toledo, Alegria,
Ginatilan)
2. Fishpond
Operators
3. Tourism
Operators (resorts,
dive shop
operators, tour
operators, etc)
Positively
affected
Negatively
Affected
4. Shipping sector
Academic
Institutions
1. Cebu
Technological
University
Research, CO
2. UPMSI
Research, TA
3. Silliman
University-IEMS
Research, CO
4. University of San
Carlos
5. NORSU
Mission
Conserve and sustainably manage the coastal and marine resources and habitats of the TSPS using
science- and evidence-based and participative decision making so that all stakeholders get to enjoy the
benefits of the seascape and also making the seascape more resilient to climate change and use a
system of management that is based on partnership, collaboration, transparency and a harmonized
policy between the different stakeholders.
Goals
The management goals for the TSPS for the next three years will be to:
1. Establish the current state of the protected area
2. Enhance the resource and habitat management systems of the TSPS as a whole and of the
specific core zones within the TSPS
3. Strengthen the Protected Area Office to enhance the mechanisms of co-management,
delineation and harmonization of the roles of the stakeholders in management
4. Continue and improve on the strategies being implemented for the conservation and
management of the coastal and marine resources of the TSPS
Objectives
Biological integrity refers to a system's wholeness, including presence of all appropriate elements and occurrence
of all processes at appropriate rates (Angermeier& Karr, 1994).
1. Collate all CRM Plans of 42 LGUs and integrate to support the preparation of a GMP
What does the TSPS management need to do in order to attain the goals stated above? Listed below are
the specific objectives leading to the attainment of the each of the goals of the TSPS management for
the next three years.
Goal 2. Enhance the resource and habitat management systems of the TSPS as a whole and of the
specific core zones within the TSPS
1. Fisheries Management
2. Resource Management
3. Foreshore Management
4. Large scale biodiversity monitoring
- Consolidation of data/ gray literature
5. Law enforcement - inter-agency trainings/ refresher
Goal 4. Continue and improve on the strategies being implemented for the management of the coastal
and marine resources of the TSPS
1. To build up the capacity of the different sectors in the TSPS to improve the management of the
area
2. Revenue generation (generation of the IPAF) and Fund Management
3. Establish Guidelines/ Protocol Systems for Ecotourism, SAPA Applications, etc.
4. 1. IEC/ CEPA (Communication, Education and Public Awareness)
- Harmonization and consultation of different laws and policies between adjacent LGUs Formulate blanket prescriptions
Management Strategies/Interventions
In all sections where the conduct of research is an activity/intervention, unless explicitly stated that a
team is to be created to conduct the particular study, it is the intent of the TSPS-PAMB that if and
whenever possible these research activities be channelled /conducted through or by means of the
dissertations/theses of graduate students of recognized universities and colleges of the country and the
region. This is done to
1. Ensure quality of the work by tapping the additional expertise of the dissertation/thesis advisers
and panel members of the respective graduate students
2. Have a higher assurance that the work gets completed as the graduate student will have a
higher stake in regards to the studys completion and
3. Build the capacity of the incoming/existing workforce in the country with the recognition that a
significant percentage of the graduate students will continue working within the area after they
finish their studies.
As such, and unless explicitly mentioned otherwise, the PAMB will strive to support the conduct of such
studies through:
1. Help secure funding for the study, and (expand statement and identify different modalities)
2. Provide logistical support during the conduct of the study. (Representatives from TSPS will
participate in every study)
Results of all research conducted in TSPS will be provided/ submitted to TSPS PAMB before 6 months
after the end of the study.
*dolphins and sharks are used as bait to catch the nautilus. Nautilus are carnivores and are attracted to
flesh and blood. Conserving the dolphins and sharks will conserve the Nautilus. Research was done in
Bohol there is a paper on this Dr. Al
Objective 4.To obtain information of the vulnerability of the TSPS to climate change and its
associated risks.
Conduct a vulnerability assessment (expand statement) vulnerability to tourism, carrying capacity
studies?, identify most hazard prone areas, focus on storm surges, sea level rise
Objective 5. To obtain information on the extent of resource use and the extent of illegal
activities, if any, associated with the use of the resources.
An inventory of resource users has also been seen as an essential set of information lacking in the
present set up. The TSPS management will sponsor and/or support studies answering the following
questions (numbered items) and will also conduct/support specific activities aimed at answering these
questions (lettered items).
Enhance the resource and habitat management systems of the TSPS as a whole
and of the specific core zones within the TSPS
To fulfil this objective, the TSPS management will see to it that the activities listed below are conducted.
These activities will be conducted by tapping resource persons or qualified organizations to provide the
expertise, if necessary.
1. Establish guidelines for sustainable tourism
2. Certify eco-tourism guides/operators (incorporate Green Fins)
3. Assess and evaluate status of all core zones (both LGU and PAMB managed) and redesign if
found deficient (directly if PAMB managed, through LGU if LGU managed)
- Hire legal experts on environmental policies to facilitate harmonization of laws and policies in TSPS
Objective 2.To strengthen or establish/formalize institutional arrangements and
partnerships with the different stake holders/management sectors of the TSPS
To achieve this objective, the TSPS management will aim to establish Memoranda -of-Agreement (MOAs)
with the different management sectors of the TSPS. And replicate on-going good practices in
institutional partnership.
Coastal tourism
The TSPS will take the lead in the formulation of a TSPS-wide coastal tourism development plan/ general
ecotourism guidelines.
PROGRAMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
HABITAT MANAGEMENT
LAW ENFORCEMENT
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OF PEOPLE
FEES/CHARGES
SAPA Industrial/Commercial
Annual Users Fee
AMOUNT (Php)
10.00/square meter
Development Fee
FEES/CHARGES
AMOUNT (Php)
foreshore)
SAPA/ Fish Pond
5,000/hectare/yr
OTHER USERS FEE
SAPA / MOA Application Processing Fee
500.00/application
Permit to Operate (Annual) (passenger
1,000.00/year
ships/pump boats (3 tons above) operating
within Taon Strait)
Residential (for Tenured migrants ONLY) other use
Annual Users Fee
2.00/square meter
ALLOWED ACTIVITES
tourism activities like
PROHIBITED ACTIVITES
all fishing activities and
ALLOWED ACTIVITES
swimming, diving with
or without breathing
apparatus with fees
gleaning and diving for
research purposes as
allowed by the proper
supervising and
monitoring agencies
assessment, monitoring
and evaluation
artificial reefs
MANGROVE
PROHIBITED ACTIVITES
methods (except those
expressly allowed by the
management)
pollutant inducing
activities, use of
poisonous and noxious
substances
passage of pumpboats,
jet skis, and boats,
anchoring inside the
sanctuary
removal of corals and
other marine organism
not intended for research
and similar studies
cutting of mangroves
mangrove reclamation
destruction and removal
of corals and seagrass
use of push nets, gill nets
and beach seine
quarrying of sand and
gravel
any use of poisonous
substances
Buffer Zones
These are areaswhich were delineated to provide a social fence to prevent encroachment into the core
zonesof the MPAs established by the LGUs (within the TSPS). Buffer zones are treated as an integral
part of the protected area where some traditional fishing and tourism activities are allowed. The
individual MPAs established by the LGUs may or may not have buffer zones depending on the
management strategy chosen by the respective LGUs.
ALLOWED ACTIVITES
hook and line fishing
within the buffer zone,
reef gleaning that do not
break and crush corals,
stir-up sediments while
walking,
activities that are
PROHIBITED ACTIVITES
use of poisonous noxious
substances
ALLOWED ACTIVITES
allowed within the core
zone
PROHIBITED ACTIVITES
However, in establishing Fish Corrals, Fish Cages/Fish Pens, Sea Culture structures the following
requirements must be met:
-
Specific requirements must also be met for the different establishments:(a) the maximum allowable
area for Fish corral is 50 x 50 meters, (b) for Fish Cage/ Pen the maximum allowable area is 20 x 20
meters, with no expansion of any existing fish cages and pens and with the operator submitting an
annual sediments report, and (c) as for Sea Culture the maximum area allowable is 10 square meters per
applicant and this should not obstruct fishing activities or ways.
ALLOWED ACTIVITES
establishment of fish
corrals, fish cage, fish
pen, sea culture
(seaweed, fish, sea
ranching)
swimming, scuba diving,
snorkeling, hook and line
fishing
designated areas for
docking of boats,
anchoring, dry docking
of boats/ ships for
repair, passage for boats
establishment of beach
resorts, etc.
PROHIBITED ACTIVITES
obstruction of the
navigational zone
all forms of illegal fishing
all forms of marine sand
and gravel extraction
establishment without
tenure, and/or other
lawful permit
reclamation activities
Literature cited
Alava, MNR, MLL Dolar, ER Sabater, MTR Aquino, & MD Santos (eds). 2012. Red List Status of Marine
Mammals in the Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources - National Fisheries
Research and Development Institute.194 pages.
Angermeier PL & JR Karr. 1994. Biological integrity versus biological diversity as policy directives.
BioScience 44(10):690-697
Dunstan AJ, PD Ward PD & NJ Marshall. 2011. Nautiluspompilius - Life History and Demographics at the
Osprey Reef Seamount, Coral Sea, Australia. PLoS ONE 6(2): e16312.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016312
Eisma-Osorio RL, RC Amolo, AP Maypa, AT White & P Christie. 2009. Scaling Up Local Government
Initiatives Toward Ecosystem -Based Fisheries Management in Southeast Cebu Island, Philippines.
37(3-4):291-307
Green SJ, JO Flores, JQ Dizon-Corrales, RT Martinez, DRM Nual, NB Armada & AT White. 2004. The
fisheries of Central Visayas, Philippines: Status and trends. Coastal Resource Management Project
of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources of the Department of Agriculture, Cebu City, Philippines, 159 p.
Hayasaka S, K Oki, K Tanabe, T Saisho, &AShinomoya. 2010. On the habitat of Nautiluspompilius in
Taon Strait (Philippines) and the Fiji Islands. pp. 179-200. In: W.B. Saunders and N.H. Landman
(eds.) Nautilus. The Biology and Paleobiology of a Living Fossil, Reprint with additions (2nd ed).
Topics in Geobiology, Vol 6.
Hayasaka S, K Oki, AShinomiya& T Saisho. 1983. Environmental background of theehabitat of Nautilus in
the southern part of Taon Strait, the Philippines. Kagoshima Univ. Res. Center S. Pac. Occasional
Papers, 1:2-8
Heideman PD & KR Erickson. 1987. The climate and hydrology of the Lake Balinsasayao watershed,
Negros Oriental, Philippines. Silliman Journal 34(1-4):82-107
Hilario F, R de Guzman, D Ortega, P Hayman & B Alexander. 2009. El Nio Southern Oscillation in the
Philippines: impacts, forecasts, and risk mangement. Philippine Journal of Development #66
36(1):9-34
Next steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
finalize plan
- one month from now
submit to Regional TWG
- one month from now
send letters for formation of Negros Occidental SMU
update PAMB member appointments
present to SMUs
- January 2014 c/o DENR funds
present to EXECOM
- January 2014 c/o DENR funds
Endorse to DENR Secretary for approval -January 2014