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Journal of Interactive Marketing 27 (2013) 270 280
www.elsevier.com/locate/intmar
Abstract
CRM has traditionally referred to a company managing relationships with customers. The rise of social media, which has connected and
empowered customers, challenges this fundamental raison d'etre. This paper examines how CRM needs to adapt to the rise of social media. The
convergence of social media and CRM creates pitfalls and opportunities, which are explored. We organize this discussion around the new social
CRM house, and discuss how social media engagement affects the house's core areas (i.e., acquisition, retention, and termination) and supporting
business areas (i.e., people, IT, performance evaluation, metrics and overall marketing strategy). Pitfalls discussed include the organization's lack
of control over message diffusion, big and unstructured data sets, privacy, data security, the shortage of qualied manpower, measuring the ROI of
social media marketing initiatives, strategies for managing employees, integrating customer touch points, and content marketing.
2013 Direct Marketing Educational Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Customer relationship management; Social media; Engagement; Information technology; Customer insight; Employees; Key performance indicator
Introduction
The rise of social media is challenging the traditional notion of
customer relationship management (CRM). In a traditional CRM
framework, the organization possesses substantial information
about its customers, which it uses to manage its relationships with
them (Payne and Frow 2005; Verhoef, Venkatesan, et al. 2010).
Reinartz, Krafft, and Hoyer (2004, p 295) define CRM as a process
that entails the systematic and proactive management of
relationships as they move from beginning (initiation) to end
(termination), with execution across the various customer-facing
contact channels. Specifically, the company seeks to leverage
customer information in order to maximize customer lifetime value
(CLV) and the resulting customer equity (Berger and Nasr 1998;
Malthouse 2013; Schulze, Skiera, and Wiesel 2012). For example,
an organization might maintain a database of customers and
Corresponding author at: Northwestern University, Integrated Marketing
Communications, 1870 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208. Tel.: 1 847 467 3376.
E-mail address: ecm@northwestern.edu (E.C. Malthouse).
prospective customers, segmented according to various characteristics, and target different marketing activities to different
segments. The organization may choose to invest more resources
in certain segments, cross-sell some groups, up-sell others, and
focus on reducing the cost of serving others. In such situations,
the company is the main actor, addressing passive customers,
whose ability to respond to the company's efforts is essentially
captured in their purchase behavior.
With the rise of vast social networking platforms, the customer
is no longer limited to a passive role in his or her relationship with a
company. In addition to having more information about competitive products available anywhere on mobile devices, customers
can easily express and distribute their opinions to large audiences,
and companies are likely to find it increasingly difficult to manage
the messages that customers receive about their products/services
(e.g., Schultz, Malthouse, and Pick 2012). The net effect has been
to increase the power that consumers have (see Labrecque et al.
(2013)). Searls (2012) even suggests that instead of CRM,
companies should focus on understanding vendor relationship
management (VRM), where consumers are managing their
1094-9968/$ -see front matter 2013 Direct Marketing Educational Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2013.09.008
relationships with vendors rather than the other way around. These
developments are potentially detrimental to companies: If
customers spread negative messages about a company, they might
seriously damage its reputation (see Gensler et al. 2013). However,
the emergence of social media also offers companies opportunities to
listen to and engage with their customers, and potentially to
encourage them to become advocates for their products. The
challenge for companies is to identify and take advantage of such
opportunities, and to avoid the pitfalls they entail.
This paper examines how CRM needs to adapt to the rise of
social media. We consider social media as a group of Internetbased applications that allow the creation and exchange of user
generated content (Kaplan and Haenlein 2010). We refer to this
emerging model of CRM as social CRM, a term we borrow from
Greenberg (2009). We propose a descriptive frameworkthe
social CRM housethat captures how social media affect CRM
and create pitfalls. The CRM house focuses on how different CRM
activitiesacquisition, retention and terminationare affected by
levels of engagement.
After reviewing the literature on the intersection of social media
and CRM, we will discuss what we mean by levels of customer
engagement and will explore how it affects traditional CRM
activities. We will then discuss the elements of the social CRM
house and the pitfalls associated with it, and will propose research
questions that might assist companies in navigating these pitfalls.
Conceptual Background on CRM and Social Media
Although social CRM is still a relatively new domain,
numerous studies have begun to emerge along the border
between CRM and social media. We group these articles into
two broad categories.
The first group consists of research that defines ways of
incorporating social effects when looking into traditional CRM
problems. Some researchers, for example, have begun to explore
social effects in customer churn. Understanding and predicting
churn has always been integral to CRM (Neslin et al. 2006;
Malthouse 2009). Recent studies by Nitzan and Libai (2011) and
Haenlein (2013) add social effects to the question of churn,
seeking to identify conditions under which groups of customers
are likely to churn together. Other research that fits into this group
looks into the impact of value assortativity in seeding and new
customer acquisition. Haenlein and Libai (2013), for example,
expand on studies of seeding strategies (Hinz et al. 2011) by
taking into account the possibility that customers in the seeded
base might be heterogeneous in their value contributions to the
firm.
The second category of research looks into the monetary
consequences of social interactions or word-of-mouth, broadly
referred to as social value (Libai, Muller, and Peres 2013).
These studies include research on referral behavior and reference
value (Kumar, Petersen, and Leone 2010; Schmitt, Skiera, and
Van den Bulte 2011) as well as research that compares customers
acquired through word-of-mouth to those acquired through other
channels (Trusov, Bucklin, and Pauwels 2009; Villanueva, Yoo,
and Hanssens 2008). Articles in this group range from analytical
work (Zubcsek and Sarvary 2011) to case studies that illustrate
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ability to spot clients who are likely to leave. They can also include
this information in models predicting churn. A company can then
target such consumers in special retention campaigns, which
might enable it to prevent a ripple effect, in which social contacts
of churning customers also decide to leave the company (Nitzan
and Libai 2011).
In cases of company-initiated termination, the company is
less likely to take action to retain churning consumers, as it has
already made a conscious decision to separate from themfor
example, because they yield low or negative profitability
(Haenlein and Kaplan 2009b; Haenlein, Kaplan, and Schoder
2006) or have a negative impact on employee motivation
(Walsh 2011). Social media can be helpful in this context since
they allow firms to identify customers who should not be
abandoned because of the special social contacts they might
maintain with other customers that are desirable for the firm. For
example, a clothing retailer that mails catalogs to active customers
may have a customer who has not purchased recently, but
comments favorably on the brand in social media with a large
number of followers. The customer's large value of recency would
ordinarily indicate that the retailer should stop investing marketing
resources (e.g., mailing catalogs), but the influence this customer
has on others implies that the retailer should continue to mail her.
Higher Customer Engagement
Acquisition and Retention
If customers are more engaged with a company through social
media channels, the company no longer has full control over the
messages to which its consumers are exposed (see Kumar and
Rajan 2012 for a related discussion in the context of social
coupons). For example, whereas customers with low levels of
engagement might simply consume or share company-approved
promotions, a highly engaged customer might choose to distribute
an independent review of the company's product or reveal
promotional offers that the company might prefer not to expose to
a wide audience.
One implication of this phenomenon is that, among highly
engaged populations, acquisition activities cannot be isolated
from retention activities. For example, if a company decides to
send a certain type of acquisition promotion to prospects who
meet specific criteria, it cannot rule out the possibility that these
individuals will share that information with current clients who
do not meet the criteria. Such clients might demand to receive
the same benefits, threatening to leave the company if it does
not comply. Under certain conditions, a company might even
encourage this type of behavior, in the hope that its message
becomes viral (Kaplan and Haenlein 2011b). A common
strategy for achieving this goal is to carefully select the customers
who receive the message in the first place (Hinz et al. 2011), e.g.,
by targeting customers with a particularly high number of social
contacts (Iyengar, Van den Bulte, and Valente 2011; Libai,
Muller, and Peres 2013) or customers who are financially
attractive (Haenlein and Libai 2013).
The inability to separate retention from acquisition represents
one of the largest differences between traditional and social
CRM. Over the past decade, marketing scientists have developed
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Operational Excellence
Operational excellence refers to the setup of harmonized
business processes and structures that enable social media to
become an integral part of organizational and CRM processes.
Most organizations have many touch points besides CRM
including traditional out-bound broadcast, print and outdoor
advertising, face-to-face interactions with front-line employees,
and conversations with call-center representatives, and the number
of message delivery channels is continuing to grow. Often these
touch points are managed by different silos within an organization.
Integration requires companies to countermand the prevailing silo
mentality and to encourage integration of information flow and
data access as well as performance measures and functional
processes. A customary approach towards establishing a common
understanding among employees is the definition of guidelines or
codes of conduct to be applied in certain situations (i.e. reactions,
performance measurements and escalation procedures in the chain
of command). This can be done by having a well-defined brand
concept and to reinforce the concept with every touch point,
including CRM contact points (Calder and Malthouse 2005;
Malthouse and Calder 2005).
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