GATE Electrical 2015 Solved Paper by Kanodia PDF

GATE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Solved Paper ( 2014-1996 )
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
www.nodia.co.in
NODIA & COMPANY
GATE Electrical Engineering

Solved Paper (2014 - 1996 )
RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
Copyright By NODIA & COMPANY

Information contained in this book has been obtained by author, from sources believes to be reliable. However,
neither NODIA & COMPANY nor its author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information herein,
and NODIA & COMPANY nor its author shall be responsible for any error, omissions, or damages arising out of
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SYLLABUS
GENERAL ABILITY
Verbal Ability : English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,
instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.
Numerical Ability : Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and
data interpretation.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series.
Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss
and Greens theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchys
and Eulers equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and
variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem and integral formula,
Taylors and Laurent series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and
standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson,Normal
and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods
for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform,Laplace transform, Z-transform.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient
response of dc and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts;
ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenins, Nortons and Superposition and Maximum
Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric
field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Amperes and
Biot-Savarts laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.
Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and
scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of
continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests,
regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers connections, parallel operation; autotransformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines types, windings, generator
characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors;
three phase induction motors principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and
speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines performance, regulation
and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and
stepper motors.
Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance;
cable performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit
quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor
correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of overcurrent, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit
breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission
and FACTS concepts.
Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors;
Routh and Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state
space model; state transition matrix, controllability and observability.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron,
dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy
and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time
and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET; amplifiers biasing,
equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational
amplifiers characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers;
combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators;
sample and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture,
programming and interfacing.
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs,
GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering
circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters fully controlled and half controlled;
principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.
***********
PREFACE
This book doesnt make promise but provides complete satisfaction to the readers. The
market scenario is confusing and readers dont find the optimum quality books. This book
provides complete set of problems appeared in competition exams as well as fresh set of
problems.
The book is categorized into units which are then sub-divided into chapters and the
concepts of the problems are addressed in the relevant chapters. The aim of the book is
to avoid the unnecessary elaboration and highlights only those concepts and techniques
which are absolutely necessary. Again time is a critical factor both from the point of view
of preparation duration and time taken for solving each problem in the examination. So
the problems solving methods is the books are those which take the least distance to the
solution.
But however to make a comment that this book is absolute for GATE preparation will be
an inappropriate one. The theory for the preparation of the examination should be followed
from the standard books. But for a wide collection of problems, for a variety of problems
and the efficient way of solving them, what one needs to go needs to go through is there
in there in the book. Each unit (e.g. Networks) is subdivided into average seven number of
chapters on an average each of which contains 40 problems which are selected so as to avoid
unnecessary redundancy and highly needed completeness.
I shall appreciate and greatly acknowledge the comments and suggestion from the users of
this book.
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
CONTENTS
SP 1
Electric Circuit and Fields
SP 1 - 83
SP 2
Signals and Systems
SP 84 - 124
SP 3
Electrical Machines
SP 125 - 200
SP 4
Power Systems
SP 201 - 277
SP 5
Control Systems
SP 278 - 343
SP 6
Electrical & Electronics Measurement SP 344 - 389
SP 7
Analog Electronics
SP 390 - 451
SP 8
Digital Electronics
SP 452 - 493
SP 8
Power Electronics
SP 494 - 551
SP 9
Engineering Mathematics
SP 552 - 595
SP 9
General Aptitude
SP 596 - 623
***********
For online test series visit
www.gatehelp.com
Chapter 1
Electric Circuits and Fields
Page 1
CHAPTER 1
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND FIELDS
YEAR 2014 EE01
ONE MARK
EE SP 1.1
The three circuit elements shown in the figure are part of an electric circuit. The
total power absorbed by the three circuit elements in watts is _____.
EE SP 1.2
C 0 is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with air as dielectric (as

in figure (a)). If, half of the entire gap as shown in figure (b) is filled with a
dielectric of permittivity e r , the expression for the modified capacitance is
nodia
(A) C 0 ^1 + e r h
2
(C) C 0 e r
2
EE SP 1.3
(B) ^C 0 + e r h
(D) C 0 ^1 + e r h
A combination of 1 mF capacitor with an initial voltage vc ^0 h =- 2 V in series

with a 100 W resistor is connected to a 20 mA ideal dc current source by operating
both switches at t = 0 s as shown. Which of the following graphs shown in the
options approximates the voltage vs across the current source over the next few
seconds ?
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Page 2
EE SP 1.4
Chapter 1
nodia
The undesirable property of an electrical insulating material is
(A) high dielectric strength
(B) high relative permittivity
(C) high thermal conductivity
(D) high insulation resistivity
YEAR 2014 EE01
EE SP 1.5
EE SP 1.6
TWO MARKS.
In the figure, the value of resistor R is ^25 + I/2h ohms , where I is the current
in amperes. The current I is _____.
The following four vector fields are given in Cartesian co-ordinate system. The
vector field which does not satisfy the property of magnetic flux density is
(A) y2 ax + z2 ay + x2 az
(B) z2 ax + x2 ay + y2 az
(C) x2 ax + y2 ay + z2 az
(D) y2 z2 ax + x2 z2 ay + x2 y2 az
YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 1.7
ONE MARK
Two identical coupled inductors are connected in series. The measured inductances
for the two possible series connections are 380 mH and 240 mH . Their mutual
inductance in mH is _____.
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Chapter 1
EE SP 1.8
Page 3
The switch SW shown in the circuit is kept at position 1 for a long duration.
At t = 0+ , the switch is moved to position 2. Assuming Vo2 > Vo1 , the voltage
vc ^ t h across the capacitor is
(A) vc ^ t h =- Vo2 ^1 - e-t/2RC h - Vo1

(B) vc ^ t h = Vo2 ^1 - e-t/2RC h + Vo1
(C) vc ^ t h =-^Vo2 + Vo1h^1 - e-t/2RC h - Vo1

(D) vc ^ t h = ^Vo2 - Vo1h^1 - e-t/2RC h + Vo1
EE SP 1.9
nodia
A parallel plate capacitor consisting two dielectric materials is shown in the

figure. The middle dielectric slab is placed symmetrically with respect to the
plates.
If the potential difference between one of the plates and the nearest surface of
dielectric interface is 2 Volts, then the ratio e 1 : e 2 is
(A) 1 : 4
(B) 2 : 3
(C) 3 : 2
(D) 4 : 1
YEAR 2014 EE02

EE SP 1.10
TWO MARKS
The voltage across the capacitor, as shown in the figure, is expressed as

vc ^ t h = A1 sin ^w 1 t - q 1h + A2 sin ^w 2 t - q 2h
The values of A1 and A2 respectively, are

(A) 2.0 and 1.98
(B) 2.0 and 4.20
(C) 2.5 and 3.50
(D) 5.0 and 6.40
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Page 4
EE SP 1.11
Chapter 1
The magnitude of magnetic flux density ^B h at a point having normal distance

d meters from an infinitely extended wire carrying current of I A is 2mpdI (in
SI units). An infinitely extended wire is laid along the x -axis and is carrying
current of 4 A in the + ve x direction. Another infinitely extended wire is
laid along the y axis and is carrying 2 A current in the + ve y direction. m 0 is
permeability of free space. Assume i , j , k to be unit vectors along x , y and z
axes respectively.
0
nodia
Assuming right handed coordinate system, magnetic field intensity, H at

coordinate ^2, 1, 0h will be
(A) 3 k weber/m2
(B) 4 i A/m
2p
3p
(C) 3 k A/m
(D) 0 A/m
2p
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 1.12
EE SP 1.13
ONE MARK.
Let d : ^ f v h = x2 y + y2 z + z2 x , where f and v are scalar and vector fields

respectively. If v = yi + zj + xk , then v : df is
(A) x2 y + y2 z + z2 x
(B) 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
(C) x + y + z
(D) 0
The line A to neutral voltage is 10 15c V for a balanced three phase star
connected load with phase sequence ABC . The voltage of line B with respect to
line C is given by
(A) 10 3 105c V
(B) 10 105c V
(C) 10 3 - 75c V
EE SP 1.14
(D) - 10 3 90c V
The driving point impedance Z ^s h for the circuit shown below is
4
2
(A) s +3 3s + 1
s + 2s
2
(C) 4 s +2 1
s +s +1
4
2
(B) s +22s + 4
s +2
3
(D) 4 s +2 1
s +s +1
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Chapter 1
EE SP 1.15
A non-ideal voltage source Vs has an internal impedance of Zs . If a purely resistive

load is to be chosen that maximizes the power transferred to the load, its value
must be
(A) 0
(B) real part of Zs
(C) magnitude of Zs
(D) complex conjugate of Zs
YEAR 2014 EE03

EE SP 1.16
EE SP 1.17
EE SP 1.18
Page 5
TWO MARKS
The power delivered by the current source, in the figure, is ____.
nodia
A perfectly conducting metal plate is placed in x -y plane in a right handed

coordinate system. A charge of + 32pe 0 2 coulombs is placed at coordinate
^0, 0, 2h. e 0 is the permittivity of free space. Assume i , j , k to be unit vectors
along x , y and z axes respectively. At the coordinate ^ 2 , 2 , 0h, the electric
field vector E (Newtons/Coulomb) will be
(A) 2 2 k
(B) - 2k
(C) 2k
(D) - 2 2 k
A series RLC circuit is observed at two frequencies. At w 1 = 1 krad/s , we note

that source voltage V1 = 100 0c V results in a current I1 = 0.03 31c A . At
w 2 = 2 krad/s , the source voltage V2 = 100 0c V results in a current I2 = 2 0c A
. The closest values for R, L, C out of the following options are
(A) R = 50 W ; L = 25 mH ; C = 10 mF ;
(B) R = 50 W ; L = 10 mH ; C = 25 mF ;
(C) R = 50 W ; L = 50 mH ; C = 5 mF ;
(D) R = 50 W ; L = 5 mH ; C = 50 mF ;
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Page 6
EE SP 1.19
Chapter 1
The Nortons equivalent source in amperes as seen into terminals X and Y is

____.
nodia
YEAR 2013
EE SP 1.20
ONE MARK
Consider a delta connection of resistors and its equivalent star connection as shown
below. If all elements of the delta connection are scaled by a factor k , k > 0 , the
elements of the corresponding star equivalent will be scaled by a factor of
(A) k2
(B) k
(C) 1/k
(D)
EE SP 1.21
The flux density at a point in space is given by Bv = 4xavx + 2kyavy + 8avz Wb/m2 .
The value of constant k must be equal to
(A) - 2
(B) - 0.5
(C) + 0.5
(D) + 2
EE SP 1.22
A single-phase load is supplied by a single-phase voltage source. If the current

flowing from the load to the source is 10+ - 150cA and if the voltage at the load
terminal is 100+60cV , then the
(A) load absorbs real power and delivers reactive power
(B) load absorbs real power and absorbs reactive power
(C) load delivers real power and delivers reactive power
(D) load delivers real power and absorbs reactive power
EE SP 1.23
A source vs ^ t h = V cos 100pt has an internal impedance of ^4 + j3h W . If a purely

resistive load connected to this source has to extract the maximum power out of
the source, its value in W should be
(B) 4
(A) 3
(C) 5
(D) 7
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Chapter 1
EE SP 1.24
The transfer function
(A) 0.5s + 1
s+1
(C) s + 2
s+1
V2 ^s h
of the circuit shown below is
V1 ^s h
(B) 3s + 6
s+2
(D) s + 1
s+2
nodia
YEAR 2013
EE SP 1.25
EE SP 1.26
TWO MARKS
A dielectric slab with 500 mm # 500 mm cross-section is 0.4 m long. The slab
is subjected to a uniform electric field of Ev = 6avx + 8avy kV/mm . The relative
permittivity of the dielectric material is equal to 2. The value of constant e0 is
8.85 # 10-12 F/m . The energy stored in the dielectric in Joules is
(B) 8.85 # 10-5
(A) 8.85 # 10-11
(D) 885
(C) 88.5
Three capacitors C1 , C2 and C 3 whose values are 10 mF , 5 mF , and 2 mF

respectively, have breakdown voltages of 10 V, 5 V and 2 V respectively. For the
interconnection shown below, the maximum safe voltage in Volts that can be
applied across the combination, and the corresponding total charge in mC stored
in the effective capacitance across the terminals are respectively,
(A) 2.8 and 36

(C) 2.8 and 32
EE SP 1.27
Page 7
(B) 7 and 119

(D) 7 and 80
In the circuit shown below, if the source voltage VS = 100+53.13c V then the
Thevenins equivalent voltage in Volts as seen by the load resistance RL is
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Page 8
(A) 100+90c
(C) 800+90c
(B) 800+0c
(D) 100+60c
YEAR 2012
EE SP 1.28
ONE MARK
The impedance looking into nodes 1 and 2 in the given circuit is
nodia
(A) 50 W
(C) 5 kW
EE SP 1.29
(B) 100 W
(D) 10.1 kW
In the circuit shown below, the current through the inductor is
(B) - 1 A
1+j
2 A
1+j
(C) 1 A
1+j
(A)
EE SP 1.30
EE SP 1.31
Chapter 1
(D) 0 A
(s2 + 9) (s + 2)
(s + 1) (s + 3) (s + 4)
is excited by sin (wt). The steady-state output of the system is zero at
(A) w = 1 rad/s
(B) w = 2 rad/s
(C) w = 3 rad/s
(D) w = 4 rad/s
A system with transfer function G (s) =
The average power delivered to an impedance (4 - j3) W by a current

5 cos (100pt + 100) A is
(A) 44.2 W
(B) 50 W
(C) 62.5 W
(D) 125 W
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Chapter 1
EE SP 1.32
Page 9
In the following figure, C1 and C2 are ideal capacitors. C1 has been charged to 12
V before the ideal switch S is closed at t = 0. The current i (t) for all t is
(A) zero
(B) a step function
(C) an exponentially decaying function (D) an impulse function

YEAR 2012
EE SP 1.33
nodia
If VA - VB = 6 V then VC - VD is
(A) - 5 V
(C) 3 V
EE SP 1.34
TWO MARKS
(B) 2 V
(D) 6 V
Assuming both the voltage sources are in phase, the value of R for which
maximum power is transferred from circuit A to circuit B is
(A) 0.8 W
(C) 2 W
(B) 1.4 W
(D) 2.8 W
Common Data for Questions 35 and 36 :

With 10 V dc connected at port A in the linear nonreciprocal two-port network
shown below, the following were observed :
(i) 1 W connected at port B draws a current of 3 A
(ii) 2.5 W connected at port B draws a current of 2 A
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Page 10
Chapter 1
EE SP 1.35
With 10 V dc connected at port A, the current drawn by 7 W connected at port

B is
(A) 3/7 A
(B) 5/7 A
(C) 1 A
(D) 9/7 A
EE SP 1.36
For the same network, with 6 V dc connected at port A, 1 W connected at port

B draws 7/3 A. If 8 V dc is connected to port A, the open circuit voltage at port
B is
(A) 6 V
(B) 7 V
(C) 8 V
(D) 9 V
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 37 and 38 :
nodia
In the circuit shown, the three voltmeter readings are V1 = 220 V, V2 = 122 V,
V3 = 136 V .
EE SP 1.37
EE SP 1.38
The power factor of the load is

(A) 0.45
(C) 0.55
(B) 0.50
(D) 0.60
If RL = 5 W , the approximate power consumption in the load is

(A) 700 W
(B) 750 W
(C) 800 W
(D) 850 W
YEAR 2011
EE SP 1.39
ONE MARK
The r.m.s value of the current i (t) in the circuit shown below is
(A) 1 A
2
(C) 1 A
(B) 1 A
2
(D) 2 A
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Chapter 1
EE SP 1.40
The voltage applied to a circuit is 100 2 cos (100pt) volts and the circuit draws
a current of 10 2 sin (100pt + p/4) amperes. Taking the voltage as the reference
phasor, the phasor representation of the current in amperes is
(A) 10 2 - p/4
(B) 10 - p/4
(C) 10 + p/4
EE SP 1.41
(D) 10 2 + p/4
In the circuit given below, the value of R required for the transfer of maximum
power to the load having a resistance of 3 W is
nodia
(B) 3 W
(D) infinity
(A) zero
(C) 6 W
YEAR 2011
EE SP 1.42
EE SP 1.43
Page 11
TWO MARKS
A lossy capacitor Cx , rated for operation at 5 kV, 50 Hz is represented by an

equivalent circuit with an ideal capacitor C p in parallel with a resistor R p . The
value C p is found to be 0.102 F and value of R p = 1.25 MW . Then the power loss
and tan d of the lossy capacitor operating at the rated voltage, respectively, are
(A) 10 W and 0.0002
(B) 10 W and 0.0025
(C) 20 W and 0.025
(D) 20 W and 0.04
A capacitor is made with a polymeric dielectric having an er of 2.26 and a
dielectric breakdown strength of 50 kV/cm. The permittivity of free space is 8.85
pF/m. If the rectangular plates of the capacitor have a width of 20 cm and a
length of 40 cm, then the maximum electric charge in the capacitor is
(A) 2 C
(B) 4 C
(C) 8 C
(D) 10 C
Common Data For Q. 44 and 45

The input voltage given to a converter is vi = 100 2 sin (100pt) V
The current drawn by the converter is
ii = 10 2 sin (100pt - p/3) + 5 2 sin (300pt + p/4) + 2 2 sin (500pt - p/6) A
EE SP 1.44
The input power factor of the converter is

(A) 0.31
(B) 0.44
(C) 0.5
(D) 0.71
EE SP 1.45
The active power drawn by the converter is

(A) 181 W
(B) 500 W
(C) 707 W
(D) 887 W
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Page 12
Chapter 1

An RLC circuit with relevant data is given below.
EE SP 1.46
The power dissipated in the resistor R is

(A) 0.5 W
(B) 1 W
nodia
(C)
2W
(D) 2 W
EE SP 1.47
The current IC in the figure above is

(A) - j2 A
(B) - j
(C) + j
(D) + j2A
1
2
1
2
YEAR 2010
EE SP 1.48
The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time. It is opened at t = 0.
At t = 0+ , the current through the 1 mF capacitor is
(A) 0 A
(C) 1.25 A
EE SP 1.49
ONE MARK
(B) 1 A
(D) 5 A
As shown in the figure, a 1 W resistance is connected across a source that has a

load line v + i = 100 . The current through the resistance is
(A) 25 A
(C) 100 A
(B) 50 A
(C) 200 A
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Chapter 1
YEAR 2010
EE SP 1.50
TWO MARKS
If the 12 W resistor draws a current of 1 A as shown in the figure, the value of

resistance R is
(A) 4 W
(C) 8 W
EE SP 1.51
(B) 6 W
(D) 18 W
nodia
The two-port network P shown in the figure has ports 1 and 2, denoted by
terminals (a,b) and (c,d) respectively. It has an impedance matrix Z with
parameters denoted by Zij . A 1 W resistor is connected in series with the network
at port 1 as shown in the figure. The impedance matrix of the modified two-port
network (shown as a dashed box ) is
Z11 + 1
(A) e
Z21
Z11 + 1
(C) e
Z21
Z12 + 1
Z22 + 1o
Z12
Z22 o
Z11 + 1 Z12
(B) e
Z21 Z22 + 1o
Z11 + 1 Z12
(D) e
Z21 + 1 Z22 o
YEAR 2009
EE SP 1.52
ONE MARK
The current through the 2 kW resistance in the circuit shown is
(A) 0 mA
(C) 2 mA
EE SP 1.53
Page 13
(B) 1 mA
(D) 6 mA
How many 200 W/220 V incandescent lamps connected in series would consume
the same total power as a single 100 W/220 V incandescent lamp ?
(A) not possible
(B) 4
(C) 3
(D) 2
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Page 14
YEAR 2009
EE SP 1.54
EE SP 1.55
TWO MARKS
In the figure shown, all elements used are ideal. For time t < 0, S1 remained closed
and S2 open. At t = 0, S1 is opened and S2 is closed. If the voltage Vc2 across the
capacitor C2 at t = 0 is zero, the voltage across the capacitor combination at
t = 0+ will be
(A) 1 V
(B) 2 V
(C) 1.5 V
(D) 3 V
nodia
The equivalent capacitance of the input loop of the circuit shown is
(A) 2 mF
(C) 200 mF
EE SP 1.56
Chapter 1
(B) 100 mF
(D) 4 mF
For the circuit shown, find out the current flowing through the 2 W resistance.
Also identify the changes to be made to double the current through the 2 W
resistance.
(A) (5 A; PutVS = 30 V)
(C) (5 A; Put IS = 10 A)
(B) (2 A; PutVS = 8 V)
(D) (7 A; Put IS = 12 A)
Statement for Linked Answer Question 57 and 58 :
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Chapter 1
Page 15
EE SP 1.57
For the circuit given above, the Thevenins resistance across the terminals A and B is
(A) 0.5 kW
(B) 0.2 kW
(C) 1 kW
(D) 0.11 kW
EE SP 1.58
For the circuit given above, the Thevenins voltage across the terminals A and B is
(A) 1.25 V
(B) 0.25 V
(C) 1 V
(D) 0.5 V
YEAR 2008
EE SP 1.59
ONE MARK
The number of chords in the graph of the given circuit will be
nodia
(A) 3
(C) 5
EE SP 1.60
(B) 4
(D) 6
The Thevenins equivalent of a circuit operation at w = 5 rads/s, has

Voc = 3.71+ - 15.9% V and Z0 = 2.38 - j0.667 W . At this frequency, the minimal
realization of the Thevenins impedance will have a
(A) resistor and a capacitor and an inductor
(B) resistor and a capacitor
(C) resistor and an inductor
(D) capacitor and an inductor
YEAR 2008
EE SP 1.61
The time constant for the given circuit will be
(A) 1/9 s
(C) 4 s
EE SP 1.62
TWO MARKS
(B) 1/4 s
(D) 9 s
The resonant frequency for the given circuit will be
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Page 16
EE SP 1.63
(A) 1 rad/s
(B) 2 rad/s
(C) 3 rad/s
(D) 4 rad/s
Chapter 1
Assuming ideal elements in the circuit shown below, the voltage Vab will be
(A) - 3 V
(C) 3 V
(B) 0 V
nodia
(D) 5 V
Statement for Linked Answer Question 64 and 65
The current i (t) sketched in the figure flows through a initially uncharged 0.3
nF capacitor.
EE SP 1.64
The charge stored in the capacitor at t = 5 ms , will be

(A) 8 nC
(B) 10 nC
(C) 13 nC
(D) 16 nC
EE SP 1.65
The capacitor charged upto 5 ms, as per the current profile given in the figure,
is connected across an inductor of 0.6 mH. Then the value of voltage across the
capacitor after 1 ms will approximately be
(A) 18.8 V
(B) 23.5 V
(C) - 23.5 V
(D) - 30.6 V
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Chapter 1
EE SP 1.66
EE SP 1.67
Page 17
In the circuit shown in the figure, the value of the current i will be given by
(A) 0.31 A
(B) 1.25 A
(C) 1.75 A
(D) 2.5 A
Two point charges Q1 = 10 mC and Q2 = 20 mC are placed at coordinates (1,1,0)

and (- 1, - 1, 0) respectively. The total electric flux passing through a plane
z = 20 will be
(A) 7.5 mC
(B) 13.5 mC
(C) 15.0 mC
nodia
(D) 22.5 mC
EE SP 1.68
EE SP 1.69
A capacitor consists of two metal plates each 500 # 500 mm2 and spaced 6 mm
apart. The space between the metal plates is filled with a glass plate of 4 mm
thickness and a layer of paper of 2 mm thickness. The relative primitivities of
the glass and paper are 8 and 2 respectively. Neglecting the fringing effect, the
capacitance will be (Given that e0 = 8.85 # 10 - 12 F/m )
(A) 983.3 pF
(B) 1475 pF
(C) 637.7 pF
(D) 9956.25 pF
A coil of 300 turns is wound on a non-magnetic core having a mean circumference

of 300 mm and a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2. The inductance of the coil
corresponding to a magnetizing current of 3 A will be
(Given that m0 = 4p # 10 - 7 H/m)
(A) 37.68 mH
(B) 113.04 mH
(C) 3.768 mH
(D) 1.1304 mH
YEAR 2007
EE SP 1.70
ONE MARK
Divergence of the vector field

V (x, y, z) =- (x cos xy + y) it + (y cos xy) jt + (sin z2 + x2 + y2) kt is
(A) 2z cos z2
(B) sin xy + 2z cos z2
(C) x sin xy - cos z
(D) None of these
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YEAR 2007
EE SP 1.71
Chapter 1
TWO MARKS
The state equation for the current I1 in the network shown below in terms of the
voltage VX and the independent source V , is given by
(A) dI1 =- 1.4VX - 3.75I1 + 5 V

4
dt
(B) dI1 = 1.4VX - 3.75I1 - 5 V
dt
4
(C) dI1 =- 1.4VX + 3.75I1 + 5 V
4
dt
(D) dI1 =- 1.4VX + 3.75I1 - 5 V
dt
4
EE SP 1.72
EE SP 1.73
nodia
The R-L-C series circuit shown in figure is supplied from a variable frequency
voltage source. The admittance - locus of the R-L-C network at terminals AB for
increasing frequency w is
In the circuit shown in figure. Switch SW1 is initially closed and SW2 is open.
The inductor L carries a current of 10 A and the capacitor charged to 10 V with
polarities as indicated. SW2 is closed at t = 0 and SW1 is opened at t = 0 . The
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Chapter 1
Page 19
current through C and the voltage across L at (t = 0+) is
EE SP 1.74
EE SP 1.75
EE SP 1.76
(A) 55 A, 4.5 V
(B) 5.5 A, 45 V
(C) 45 A, 5.5 A
(D) 4.5 A, 55 V
A 3 V DC supply with an internal resistance of 2 W supplies a passive non-linear

2
. The power dissipated in the
resistance characterized by the relation VNL = INL
non linear resistance is
(A) 1.0 W
(B) 1.5 W
(C) 2.5 W
(D) 3.0 W
nodia
In the figure given below all phasors are with reference to the potential at point
''O'' . The locus of voltage phasor VYX as R is varied from zero to infinity is shown
by
The matrix A given below in the node incidence matrix of a network. The columns
correspond to branches of the network while the rows correspond to nodes.
Let V = [V1V2 .....V6]T denote the vector of branch voltages while I = [i1 i2 .....i6]T
that of branch currents. The vector E = [e1 e2 e3 e4]T denotes the vector of node
voltages relative to a common ground.
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Page 20
Chapter 1
R1 1 1 0 0 0 V
W
S
S 0 -1 0 -1 1 0 W
S- 1 0 0 0 - 1 - 1W
W
S
S 0 0 -1 1 0 1 W
X
T
Which of the following statement is true ?
(A) The equations V1 - V2 + V3 = 0,V3 + V4 - V5 = 0 are KVL equations for the
network for some loops
(B) The equations V1 - V3 - V6 = 0,V4 + V5 - V6 = 0 are KVL equations for the
network for some loops
(C) E = AV
(D) AV = 0 are KVI equations for the network
EE SP 1.77
nodia
A solid sphere made of insulating material has a radius R and has a total charge
Q distributed uniformly in its volume. What is the magnitude of the electric field
intensity, E , at a distance r (0 < r < R) inside the sphere ?
1 Qr
4pe0 R3
Q
(C) 1 2
4pe0 r
3 Qr
4pe0 R3
QR
(D) 1
4pe0 r3
(A)
(B)
An inductor designed with 400 turns coil wound on an iron core of 16 cm2 cross
sectional area and with a cut of an air gap length of 1 mm. The coil is connected
to a 230 V, 50 Hz ac supply. Neglect coil resistance, core loss, iron reluctance and
leakage inductance, (m0 = 4p # 10 - 7 H/M)
EE SP 1.78
EE SP 1.79
The current in the inductor is

(A) 18.08 A
(C) 4.56 A
(B) 9.04 A
(D) 2.28 A
The average force on the core to reduce the air gap will be
(A) 832.29 N
(B) 1666.22 N
(C) 3332.47 N
(D) 6664.84 N
YEAR 2006
EE SP 1.80
ONE MARK
In the figure the current source is 1+0 A, R = 1 W , the impedances are ZC =- j W

and ZL = 2j W . The Thevenin equivalent looking into the circuit across X-Y is
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Chapter 1
(A)
2 +0 V, (1 + 2j) W
(C) 2+45% V, (1 + j) W
Page 21
(B) 2+45% V, (1 - 2j) W

(D)
2 +45% V, (1 + j) W
YEAR 2006
EE SP 1.81
TWO MARKS
The parameters of the circuit shown in the figure are Ri = 1 MW

R0 = 10 W, A = 106 V/V If vi = 1 mV , the output voltage, input impedance and
output impedance respectively are
nodia
(A) 1 V, 3, 10 W
(C) 1 V, 0, 3
EE SP 1.82
(B) 1 V, 0, 10 W
(D) 10 V, 3, 10 W
In the circuit shown in the figure, the current source I = 1 A , the voltage source
V = 5 V, R1 = R2 = R3 = 1 W, L1 = L2 = L3 = 1 H, C1 = C2 = 1 F
The currents (in A) through R3 and through the voltage source V respectively
will be
(A) 1, 4
(B) 5, 1
(C) 5, 2
(D) 5, 4
EE SP 1.83
The parameter type and the matrix representation of the relevant two port
parameters that describe the circuit shown are
0 0
(A) z parameters, = G
0 0
0 0
(C) h parameters, = G
0 0
1 0
(B) h parameters, = G
0 1
1 0
(D) z parameters, = G
0 1
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EE SP 1.84
Chapter 1
The circuit shown in the figure is energized by a sinusoidal voltage source V1 at

a frequency which causes resonance with a current of I .
The phasor diagram which is applicable to this circuit is
nodia
EE SP 1.85
An ideal capacitor is charged to a voltage V0 and connected at t = 0 across an

ideal inductor L. (The circuit now consists of a capacitor and inductor alone). If
1
, the voltage across the capacitor at time t > 0 is given by
we let w0 = LC
(A) V0
(B) V0 cos (w0 t)
(C) V0 sin (w0 t)
(D) V0 e - w t cos (w0 t)

0
EE SP 1.86
An energy meter connected to an immersion heater (resistive) operating on an

AC 230 V, 50 Hz, AC single phase source reads 2.3 units (kWh) in 1 hour. The
heater is removed from the supply and now connected to a 400 V peak square
wave source of 150 Hz. The power in kW dissipated by the heater will be
(A) 3.478
(B) 1.739
(C) 1.540
(D) 0.870
EE SP 1.87
Which of the following statement holds for the divergence of electric and magnetic
flux densities ?
(A) Both are zero
(B) These are zero for static densities but non zero for time varying densities.
(C) It is zero for the electric flux density
(D) It is zero for the magnetic flux density
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Chapter 1
YEAR 2005
EE SP 1.88
ONE MARK
In the figure given below the value of R is
(A) 2.5 W
(C) 7.5 W
EE SP 1.89
Page 23
(B) 5.0 W
(D) 10.0 W
nodia
The RMS value of the voltage u (t)= 3 + 4 cos (3t) is
(A) 17 V
(B) 5 V
(C) 7 V
(D) (3 + 2 2 ) V
EE SP 1.90
EE SP 1.91
For the two port network shown in the figure the Z -matrix is given by
Z1
Z1 + Z2
(A) =
Z1 + Z2
Z2 G
Z1
Z1
(B) =
Z1 + Z2 Z2 G
Z1
Z2
(C) =
Z2 Z1 + Z2 G
Z1 Z1
(D) =
Z1 Z1 + Z2 G
In the figure given, for the initial capacitor voltage is zero. The switch is closed
at t = 0 . The final steady-state voltage across the capacitor is
(A) 20 V
(C) 5 V
EE SP 1.92
(B) 10 V
(D) 0 V
If Ev is the electric intensity, 4 (4 # Ev) is equal to

(A) Ev
(B) Ev
(C) null vector
(D) Zero
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Chapter 1
YEAR 2005
TWO MARKS

A coil of inductance 10 H and resistance 40 W is connected as shown in the
figure. After the switch S has been in contact with point 1 for a very long time,
it is moved to point 2 at, t = 0 .
EE SP 1.93
If, at t = 0+ , the voltage across the coil is 120 V, the value of resistance R is
nodia
(A) 0 W
(C) 40 W
EE SP 1.94
EE SP 1.95
EE SP 1.96
(B) 20 W
(D) 60 W
For the value as obtained in (a), the time taken for 95% of the stored energy to
be dissipated is close to
(A) 0.10 sec
(B) 0.15 sec
(C) 0.50 sec
(D) 1.0 sec
The RL circuit of the figure is fed from a constant magnitude, variable frequency
sinusoidal voltage source Vin . At 100 Hz, the Rand L elements each have a
voltage drop mRMS .If the frequency of the source is changed to 50 Hz, then new
voltage drop across R is
(A)
5
8
uRMS
(B)
2
3
uRMS
(C)
8
5
uRMS
(D)
3
2
uRMS
For the three-phase circuit shown in the figure the ratio of the currents IR: IY : IB
is given by
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Chapter 1
(A) 1 : 1 :
(C) 1 : 1 : 0
EE SP 1.97
Page 25
(B) 1 : 1 : 2
(D) 1 : 1 : 3/2
The circuit shown in the figure is in steady state, when the switch is closed at
t = 0 .Assuming that the inductance is ideal, the current through the inductor at
t = 0+ equals
nodia
(A) 0 A
(B) 0.5 A
(C) 1 A
(D) 2 A
EE SP 1.98
The charge distribution in a metal-dielectric-semiconductor specimen is shown in

the figure. The negative charge density decreases linearly in the semiconductor
as shown. The electric field distribution is as shown in
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EE SP 1.99
Chapter 1
In the given figure, the Thevenins equivalent pair (voltage, impedance), as seen
at the terminals P-Q, is given by
(A) (2 V, 5 W)
(B) (2 V, 7.5 W)
(C) (4 V, 5 W)
nodia
(D) (4 V, 7.5 W)
YEAR 2004
EE SP 1.100
The value of Z in figure which is most appropriate to cause parallel resonance

at 500 Hz is
(A) 125.00 mH
(C) 2.0 mF
EE SP 1.101
(B) 304.20 mF
(D) 0.05 mF
A parallel plate capacitor is shown in figure. It is made two square metal plates
of 400 mm side. The 14 mm space between the plates is filled with two layers of
dielectrics of er = 4 , 6 mm thick and er = 2 , 8 mm thick. Neglecting fringing of
fields at the edge the capacitance is
(A) 1298 pF
(C) 354 pF
EE SP 1.102
ONE MARK
(B) 944 pF
(D) 257 pF
The inductance of a long solenoid of length 1000 mm wound uniformly with 3000
turns on a cylindrical paper tube of 60 mm diameter is
(A) 3.2 mH
(B) 3.2 mH
(D) 3.2 H
(C) 32.0 mH
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Chapter 1
YEAR 2004
EE SP 1.103
EE SP 1.104
(A) 12 V
(B) 24 V
(C) 30 V
(D) 44 V
In figure, Ra , Rb and Rc are 20 W, 20 W and 10 W respectively. The resistances R1

, R2 and R 3 in W of an equivalent star-connection are
nodia
(B) 5, 2.5, 5
(D) 2.5, 5, 2.5
In figure, the admittance values of the elements in Siemens are

YR = 0.5 + j0, YL = 0 - j1.5, YC = 0 + j0.3 respectively. The value of I as a phasor
when the voltage E across the elements is 10+0% V
(A) 1.5 + j0.5

(C) 0.5 + j1.8
EE SP 1.106
TWO MARKS
In figure, the value of the source voltage is
(A) 2.5, 5, 5
(C) 5, 5, 2.5
EE SP 1.105
Page 27
(B) 5 - j18
(D) 5 - j12
In figure, the value of resistance R in W is
(A) 10
(C) 30
(B) 20
(D) 40
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EE SP 1.107
EE SP 1.108
EE SP 1.109
In figure, the capacitor initially has a charge of 10 Coulomb. The current in the
circuit one second after the switch S is closed will be
(A) 14.7 A
(B) 18.5 A
(C) 40.0 A
(D) 50.0 A
The rms value of the current in a wire which carries a d.c. current of 10 A and a
sinusoidal alternating current of peak value 20 A is
(A) 10 A
(B) 14.14 A
(C) 15 A
(D) 17.32 A
nodia
0.9 0.2
The Z-matrix of a 2-port network as given by =
0.2 0.6G
The element Y22 of the corresponding Y-matrix of the same network is given by
(A) 1.2
(B) 0.4
(C) - 0.4
(D) 1.8
YEAR 2003
EE SP 1.110
ONE MARK
Figure Shows the waveform of the current passing through an inductor of

resistance 1 W and inductance 2 H. The energy absorbed by the inductor in the
first four seconds is
(A) 144 J
(C) 132 J
EE SP 1.111
Chapter 1
(B) 98 J
(D) 168 J
A segment of a circuit is shown in figure vR = 5V, vc = 4 sin 2t .The voltage vL is
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Chapter 1
(A) 3 - 8 cos 2t
(C) 16 sin 2t
EE SP 1.112
(B) 60+30%
nodia
(C) 70+30%
(D) 34.4+65%
Two conductors are carrying forward and return current of +I and - I as shown
in figure. The magnetic field intensity H at point P is
(A) I Y
pd
(C) I Y
2pd
EE SP 1.114
(B) 32 sin 2t
(D) 16 cos 2t
In the figure, Z1 = 10+ - 60%, Z2 = 10+60%, Z3 = 50+53.13% . Thevenin impedance

seen form X-Y is
(A) 56.66+45%
EE SP 1.113
Page 29
(B) I X
pd
(D) I X
2pd
Two infinite strips of width w m in x -direction as shown in figure, are carrying

forward and return currents of +I and - I in the z - direction. The strips are
separated by distance of x m. The inductance per unit length of the configuration
is measured to be L H/m. If the distance of separation between the strips in
snow reduced to x/2 m, the inductance per unit length of the configuration is
(A) 2L H/m
(C) L/2 H/m
(B) L/4 H/m

(D) 4L H/m
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YEAR 2003
EE SP 1.115
EE SP 1.116
Chapter 1
TWO MARKS
In the circuit of figure, the magnitudes of VL and VC are twice that of VR . Given
that f = 50 Hz , the inductance of the coil is
(A) 2.14 mH
(B) 5.30 H
(C) 31.8 mH
(D) 1.32 H
nodia
In figure, the potential difference between points P and Q is
(A) 12 V
(B) 10 V
(C) - 6 V
(D) 8 V
EE SP 1.117
Two ac sources feed a common variable resistive load as shown in figure. Under
the maximum power transfer condition, the power absorbed by the load resistance
RL is
(A) 2200 W
(B) 1250 W
(C) 1000 W
(D) 625 W
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EE SP 1.118
Page 31
In figure, the value of R is
(A) 10 W
(B) 18 W
(C) 24 W
nodia
(D) 12 W
EE SP 1.119
In the circuit shown in figure, the switch S is closed at time (t = 0). The voltage
across the inductance at t = 0+ , is
(A) 2 V
(B) 4 V
(C) - 6 V
(D) 8 V
EE SP 1.120
The h-parameters for a two-port network are defined by

E1
h11 h12 I1
= I G = =h h G =E G
2
21 22
2
For the two-port network shown in figure, the value of h12 is given by
(A) 0.125
(B) 0.167
(C) 0.625
(D) 0.25
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EE SP 1.121
A point charge of +I nC is placed in a space with permittivity of 8.85 # 10 - 12

F/m as shown in figure. The potential difference VPQ between two points P and
Q at distance of 40 mm and 20 mm respectively fr0m the point charge is
(A) 0.22 kV
(C) - 2.24 kV
EE SP 1.122
EE SP 1.123
Chapter 1
(B) - 225 V
(D) 15 V
A parallel plate capacitor has an electrode area of 100 mm2, with spacing of
0.1 mm between the electrodes. The dielectric between the plates is air with
a permittivity of 8.85 # 10 - 12 F/m. The charge on the capacitor is 100 V. The
stored energy in the capacitor is
(A) 8.85 pJ
(B) 440 pJ
(C) 22.1 nJ
(D) 44.3 nJ
nodia
A composite parallel plate capacitor is made up of two different dielectric material

with different thickness (t1 and t2 ) as shown in figure. The two different dielectric
materials are separated by a conducting foil F. The voltage of the conducting
foil is
(A) 52 V
(C) 67 V
(B) 60 V
(D) 33 V
***********
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Chapter 1
Page 33
SOLUTION
SOL 1.1
Correct answer is 330 W.

We redraw the given electric circuit as
nodia
From the given circuit, we have the following observations for the connected
batteries:
100 V battery: As the current flows through the battery from positive to negative
terminal, so it absorbs power.
80 V battery: As the current flows through the battery from negative to positive
terminal, so it delivers power.
15 V battery: As the current flows through the battery negative to positive
terminal, so it delivers power.
Thus, the net power absorbed by circuit elements is obtained as
Pnet = Power absorbed by 100 V battery
[Power emitted by 80 V battery + Power emitted by 15 V battery]
= 100 # 10 - 6^80 # 8h + ^15 # 2h@
= 1000 - 640 - 30
= 330 W
SOL 1.2
Correct option is (A).

We redraw the given parallel plate capacitors as
(a)
(b)
For the capacitor shown in figure (a), we have

C0 = eo A
d
...(1)
A = Area of the parallel plate capacitor

d = distance between the plates
Again, the capacitor shown in figure (b) can be considered as the two capacitors
C1 and C2 connected in parallel. So, we have
where,
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Page 34
C1 =
Chapter 1
eo
d
A
2
eo e r
d
Therefore, we get the net capacitance as
and
C2 =
A
2
C net = C1 + C2
Ae o /2 Ae o e r /2 Ae o Ae o e r
+
=
+
= Ae o ^1 + e r h
d
d
2d
2d
2d
Thus, from equations (1) and (2), we get
C net = Co ^1 + e r h
2
=
SOL 1.3
...(2)
nodia
Correct answer is (C)
We have the given circuit as
In the given circuit, the switches operates as shown by the respective arrows. So,
at t = 0 ,
Switch 1 (switch across Vs ) changes it state from short circuit to open circuit.
Switch 2 changes it state from open circuit to short circuit.
Therefore, we have the equivalent circuit at t = 0- as (given Vc ^0 h =- 2 V )
So, from the circuit, we get

Vs = 0 V t = 0
Again, we consider the circuit for t = 0+ . By s -domain analysis, we have the
equivalent voltage across capacitor as
I ^s h Vc ^0+h
s
^
h
V
=
+
S
Sc
So, we draw the equivalent circuit for given initial voltage across capacitor as
-
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Chapter 1
Page 35
Therefore, we redraw the complete circuit for t = 0+ as
Applying KVL, we get

-2
b 5 l + I + 100I = Vs
Sc
nodia
- 2 + 20 # 10
s
s
Thus, we obtain
or
-3
1
20 # 10-3 V
100
+
#
s
s
s # 1006
3
Vs =- 2 + 20 #2 10 + 2
s
s
s
= 22 # 10 4
s
So,
Vs ^ t h = 2 # 10 4 t
i.e. the plot of source voltage is a straight line passing through origin, as shown
below.
SOL 1.4
Correct option is (B).

Undesirable property of electrical insulating material is its high relative
permittivity ê r h.
SOL 1.5
Correct answer is 10 A.
We redraw the given circuit as
Applying KVL in the circuit, we have

300 = IR
300 = I b 25 + I l
2
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Chapter 1
2
300 = 25I + I
2
I 2 + 50I - 600 = 0
I 2 + 60I - 10I - 600 = 0
I Î + 60h - 10 Î + 60h = 0
Î - 10hÎ + 60h = 0
So,
I = 10 A , - 60 A
Now, for the two obtained values of current, we get
R = b 25 + 10 l = 30
2
R = b 25 - 60 l =- 5
2
negative)
(Resistance can not be
nodia
Thus, the current through the circuit is
I = 10 A
SOL 1.6
Correct option is (C).

According to Maxwell fourth equation
D:B = 0
i.e. the divergence of magnetic field is zero. Now, we check this property for each
of the given vectors.
Option (A):
So,
Option (B):
So,
Option (C):
So,
B = y 2 a x + z 2 ay + x 2 a z
D : B = 2 y2 + 2 z2 + 2 x2 = 0
2x
2y
2z
B = z 2 a x + x 2 ay + y 2 a z
D : B = 2 z2 + 2 x2 + 2 y2 = 0
2x
2y
2z
B = x 2 a x + y 2 ay + z 2 a z
D : B = 2 x2 + 2 y2 + 2 z2
2x
2y
2z
= 2x + 2y + 2z ! 0
Option (D):
B = y 2 z 2 a x + x 2 z 2 ay + x 2 y 2 a z
D : B = 2 y2 z2 + 2 x2 z2 + 2 x2 y2 = 0
2x
2y
2z
Thus, the vector given in option (C) does not satisfy the property of magnetic
flux density.
So,
SOL 1.7
Correct answer is 35.

There are two possible connections
(1) Series adding connection
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Chapter 1
Page 37
Equivalent inductance
Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M
380 = L + L + 2M
or
L + M = 190
(2) Series opposing connection
...(1)
Equivalent inductance
Leq = L1 + L2 - 2M
240 = L + L - 2M
or
L - M = 120
Substituting eq (2) from eq (1), we get
nodia
...(2)
2L = 70
or
SOL 1.8
L = 35 mH
Correct option is (D).

For t < 0 , the switch was at position 1 and circuit is in steady state. In steady
state capacitor behaves as open circuit. So
Therefore
vC ^0-h =- Vo1
Step 2 : For t > 0 , the switch moves to position 2. Again in steady state capacitor
acts as an open circuit.
vC ^3h = Vo2
Time constant
t = RTh C
RTh is the Thevenin resistance across the capacitor terminal after t = 0 . So
t = 2RC
Now, at any time t > 0 , capacitor voltage is given by
vC ^ t h = vC ^3h + 6vC ^0 h - vC ^3h@e-t/t
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Chapter 1
= Vo2 + 6- Vo1 - Vo2@e-t/2RC

= Vo2 + 6- Vo1 - Vo2@e-t/2RC
or,
vC ^ t h = Vo2 ^1 - e- 2RC h - Vo1 e- 2RC

t
or,
vC ^ t h = Vo2 ^1 - e- 2RC h - Vo1 e- 2RC - Vo1 ^1 - e- 2RC h + Vo1 ^1 - e-t/2RC h

t
vC ^ t h = ^Vo2 - Vo1h^1 - e- 2RC h + Vo1

t
or,
SOL 1.9
nodia
As shown in Figure above this arrangement is equivalent to series combination

of three capacitors C1 , C2 and C 3 . We have
C1 = Ae 1 = 4Ae 1
d
d/4
C2 = Ae 2 = 2Ae 2
d
d/2
C 3 = Ae 1 = 4Ae 1
d
d/4
Now given that voltage across first capacitor is C1 is 2 V, so we write
1 /jwC 1
V =2
VC1 =
1 + 1 + 1 # s
j w C 1 j wC 2 j w C 3
C2 C3
10 = 2
C 2 C 3 + C1 C 3 + C1 C 2 #
^Vs = 10 Vh
Substituting values of C1 , C2 and C 3 , we get

8e 1 e 2
# 10 = 2
8e 1 e 2 + 16e 12 + 8e 1 e 2
8e 1 e 2
=1
5
16e 1 e 2 + 16e 12
e2
=1
2e 2 + 2e 1
5
2 e 2 + 2 e 1 = 5e 2
2e 1 = 3e 2
e1 = 3
e2
2
e1 : e 2 = 3 : 2
SOL 1.10

Since there are two sources with different frequencies ( w 1 = 10 , w 2 = 5 ), we use
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Chapter 1
Page 39
superposition to obtain vC ^ t h.
First consider source v ^ t h = 20 sin 10t . Open circuit current source and redrawing
circuit in domain with w 1 = 10 rad/ sec .
1
j10
(Using voltage division)
VC1 =
# 20
1+ 1
j10
1
=
20
1 + j10 #
VC1 = 20 - tan-1 10
101
A1 = VC1 = 20 = 1.99 A
101
Now, consider current source i ^ t h = 10 sin 5t . Short circuit voltage source and
redrawing circuit in frequency domain with w 2 = 5 rad/ sec .
nodia
IC2 =
1 10 0c = j5
10 0c
1 + j5 #
1+ 1
j5
VC2 = IC2 # 1
j5
10 0c
VC2 =
1 + j5
VC2 = 10 - tan-5
26
A2 = VC2 = 10 = 1.96 A
26
SOL 1.11
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Chapter 1
H By wire on x -axis = I k
2pd
=4# 1 k
1
2p
H by wire on y -axis = I ^- k h
2pd
= 2 # 1 ^- k h
2
2p
H on (2, 1, 0) = 4 k - 1 k
2p
2p
H = 3 k A/m
2p
SOL 1.12

Given the relation
nodia
...(1)
d : ^ f v h = x2 y + y2 z + z2 x
where f , v are scalar and vector field respectively. From the properties of vector
field, we have
d : ^ f v h = v : ^df h - f ^d : v h
or
Again, we have
So,
v : ^df h = d : ^ f v h + f ^d : v h
...(2)
v = yi + zj + xk
2y 2z 2x
d:v =
+
+
2x 2y 2z
=0
Therefore, we get
f ^d : v h = 0
Substituting it in equation (2), we get
v : ^df h = d : ^ f v h
Thus,
SOL 1.13
v : ^df h = x2 y + y2 z + z2 x
[from equation (1)]

We sketch the phasor diagram for three phase star connected load as
Since, line A to neutral voltage is

A = 10 15c V
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Page 41
So, for balance 3-phase, we have

B = 10 - 105c
and
C = 10 - 225c
Therefore, the voltage of line B with respect to line C is
vBC = vB - vC
= 10 - 105c - 10 - 225c
= 10 3 - 75c
SOL 1.14

We have the impedance circuit,
nodia
The capacitor and inductor can be replaced with its equivalent reactance (in
frequency domain) as shown below.
So, we have the equivalent circuit as
Solving the above circuit, we get the equivalent driving point impedance as
Z ^s h = s + 1 || bs + 1 l
s
s
2
= s + 1 || b s + 1 l
s
s
or
1 s2 + 1
# s
= s+ s
1 + s2 + 1
s
s
2
+
s
1
= s+ 3
s + 2s
4
2
Z ^s h = s +3 3s + 1
s + 2s
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SOL 1.15
Chapter 1

According to Gausss law, the total electric flux coming out of the concentric
spherical surface is equal to the charge enclosed by the surface, i.e.
Q = D : ds
Since, the electric potential is defined as
Q
v =
4pe 0 r
Q = v # 4pe 0 r
= 4pe 0 r
So,
# D : ds = 4pe r
Hence,
SOL 1.16
(since, v = 1 volt)
To obtain the Norton equivalent along X -Y terminal, we redraw the given circuit
as
nodia
In the network, 5 W resistor is short-circuit. So, the equivalent circuit is
Now, writing the KVL equation in two loops, we have

5 - 5I1 - 5 Î1 - Isc h = 0
- 5 Îsc - I1h - 2.5Isc + 2.5 = 0
Solving equation (1),
10I1 - 5Isc = 5
2I1 = Isc + 1
...(1)
...(2)
...(3)
Solving equation (2),

or
7.5Isc - 5I1 = 2.5

3Isc - 2I1 = 1
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Page 43
[using equation (3)]

3Isc - Isc - 1 = 1
2Isc = 2
Thus,
Isc = 1 A
i.e. the Norton equivalent source as seen into terminals X and Y is 1 A.
or
or
SOL 1.17
Correct answer is 3 W.
To obtain the required unknown, we redraw the given circuit as
nodia
Applying KCL at node Vx , we have
Vx - 1 + Vx = 2
1
1
2Vx - 1 = 2
or
Vx = 3
2
Therefore, the power delivered by current source is obtained as
= Voltage across current source # current through
or
current source
= 3#2 = 3W
2
SOL 1.18

We have the given system of a charge and a perfectly conducting metal plate as
shown below.
Due to presence of conducting plane, we can assume an image charge for the
system as shown below
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Chapter 1
So, we can observe from the figure that electric field vector along x -y plane
is cancelled, i.e. zero. Therefore, the electric field vector acts along negative z
-direction and given as
"
...(1)
E = d E1 + E2 n^- kth
2
2
where E1 and E2 are the field intensity due to the charge Q and - Q at point
( 2 , 2 , 0). So, we obtain
Q
32pe 0 2
E1 = 1 2 = 1
4pe 0 r
4pe 0 ( ( 2 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 + (2) 2) 2
= 2
Similarly, we get, E2 = 2
Substituting these values in equation (1), we obtain
nodia
"
2 +
2
=- 2kt
E =e
SOL 1.19
2 - kt
o^ h
2

Consider the circuit shown below with non-ideal voltage source Vs , an internal
impedance Zs = Rs + jXs , and purely resistive load RL .
Current through the circuit is given by

Vs
Rs + RL + jXs
Vs
I =
^Rs + RL h + ^Xs h2
I =
or
Therefore, the power transferred to load is

P = I 2 RL
=
V s2 RL
^^Rs + RL h2 + X s2h
For maximum power, we have
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Page 45
dP = 0
dRL
or
[^Rs + RL h2 + X s2 ] 1 - 2RL ^Rs + RL h

=0
2
^^Rs + RL h2 + X s2h
or
R s2 + R L2 + 2Rs RL + X s2 - 2Rs RL - 2R L2 = 0
R s2 + X s2 = R L2
or
or
RL = R s2 + X s2
i.e. to maximise the power transferred to pure resistive load (RL ), its value must
be equal to the magnitude of Zs of internal circuit.
SOL 1.20

Given the current and voltage at different frequencies as
At w 1 = 1 krad /s,
V1 = 100 0
I1 = 0.03 31c
At w 2 = 2 krad /s,
V2 = 100 0
I 2 = 2 0c
From the given data, it is clear that voltage and current are in phase at w 2 = 2 .
So, it satisfies the resonance condition. Therefore, we have
R = V = 100 = 50 W
2
I
Also, for the resonance circuit, we have
wL = 1
wC
1
or
103 # 2 # L =
2 # C # 103
or
...(1)
4 # 106 L = 1
C
Again, at w = 1 krad/s, we have
cos 31c = R
Z
R
or
cos 31c =
2
2
R + b wL - 1 l
wC
nodia
cos 31c =
or
50
2500 + b103 L -
1
103 C l
...(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2), we get

L = 10 mH and C . 25 mF
SOL 1.21

In the equivalent star connection, the resistance can be given as
RC =
Rb Ra
Ra Rc
Rb Rc
; RB =
and RA =
Ra + Rb + Rc
Ra + Rb + Rc
Ra + Rb + Rc
So, if the delta connection components Ra , Rb and Rc are scaled by a factor k

then
2
^k Rb h^k Rc h
Rb Rc
= k RA
=k
RAl =
kRa + kRb + kRc
k Ra + Rb + Rc
Hence, it is also scaled by a factor k
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SOL 1.22
Chapter 1

Given, flux density
Bv = 4x avx + 2ky avy + 8 avz
Since, magnetic flux density is always divergence less.
i.e.,
d$Bv = 0
So, for given vector flux density, we have
d$Bv = 4 + 2k + 0 = 0
k =- 2
or,
SOL 1.23

Consider the voltage source and load shown in figure
nodia
We obtain the power delivered by load as
Pdelivered = I L* VL = ^10 + 150ch^10 60ch = 100 210c

= 1000 cos 210c + j1000 sin 210c =- 866.025 - j500
As both the reactive and average power (real power) are negative so, power is
absorbed by load. i.e., load absorbs real as well as reactive power.
SOL 1.24
SOL 1.25

For the purely resistive load, maximum average power is transferred when
where RTh + jXTh
2
2
+ XTh
RL = RTh
is the equivalent thevinin (input) impedance of the circuit.
i.e.,
RL =
42 + 32 = 5 W

For the given capacitance, C = 100mF in the circuit, we have the reactance.
4
1
= 10
XC = 1 =
6
sc
s
s # 100 # 10
So,
SOL 1.26
10 4 + 10 4
V2 ^s h
s+1
= 4 s
4 = s+2
V1 ^s h
10 + 10 4 + 10
s
s

Energy density stored in a dielectric medium is obtained as
wE = 1 e E 2 J/m2
2
The electric field inside the dielectric will be same to given field in free space
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Page 47
only if the field is tangential to the interface

2
So,
wE = 1 2e0 ^ 62 + 82 h # 106 /mm2
2
Therefore, the total stored energy is
WE =
#W
v
dv = e0 100 # 106 /mm2 # ^500 # 500h mm2 # ^0.4h
= e0 # 100 # 106 # 0.4 # 25 # 10 4

= 8.85 # 10-12 # 1013 = 88.5 J
SOL 1.27
nodia
Consider that the voltage across the three capacitors C1 , C 2 and C 3 are V1 , V2 and
V3 respectively. So, we can write
V2 = C 3
....(1)
V3
C2
Since, Voltage is inversely proportional to capacitance
Now, given that
C1 = 10 mF ; ^V1hmax = 10V
C2 = 5 mF ; ^V2hmax = 5 V
C 3 = 2 mF ; ^V3hmax = 2V
So, from Eq (1) we have
V2 = 2
5
V3
for
We obtain,
^V3hmax = 2
V2 = 2 # 2 = 0.8 volt < 5
5
i.e.,
V2 < ^V2hmax
Hence, this is the voltage at C2 . Therefore,
V3 = 2 volt
V2 = 0.8 volt
and
V1 = V2 + V3 = 2.8 volt
Now, equivalent capacitance across the terminal is
Ceq = C 2 C 3 + C1
C2 + C3
= 5 # 2 + 10 = 80 mF
5+2
7
Equivalent voltage is (max. value)
Vmax = V1 = 2.8
So, charge stored in the effective capacitance is
Q = Ceq Vmax = b 80 l # ^2.8h = 32 mC
7
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SOL 1.28
Chapter 1

For evaluating the equivalent thevenin voltage seen by the load RL , we open the
circuit across it (also if it consist dependent source).
The equivalent circuit is shown below
As the circuit open across RL so

I2 = 0
or,
j40I2 = 0
i.e., the dependent source in loop 1 is short circuited. Therefore,
^ j4h Vs
VL1 =
j4 + 3
j40
100 53.13c
VTh = 10 VL1 =
j4 + 3
40 90c
100 53.13c
=
5 53.13c
= 800 90c
nodia
SOL 1.29
Applying nodal analysis at top node.

V1 + 1 0c V1 + 1 0c
= 1 0c
+
1
j1
V1 (j 1 + 1) + j 1 + 1 0c = j1
V1 = - 1
1 + j1
Current
1
V1 + 1 0c - 1 + j + 1
=
I1 =
j1
j1
j
=
= 1 A
(1 + j) j 1 + j
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SOL 1.30
Page 49

(s2 + 9) (s + 2)
(s + 1) (s + 3) (s + 4)
(- w2 + 9) (jw + 2)
G (jw) =
(jw + 1) (jw + 3) (jw + 4)
The steady state output will be zero if
G (s) =
G (jw) = 0
-w 2 + 9 = 0
w = 3 rad/s
SOL 1.31

We put a test source between terminal 1, 2 to obtain equivalent impedance
nodia
ZTh = Vtest
Itest
Applying KCL at top right node

Vtest + Vtest - 99I = I
test
b
9 k + 1k 100
Vtest + Vtest - 99I = I
test
b
10 k 100
...(i)
Ib =- Vtest =-Vtest
9k + 1k
10k
But
Substituting Ib into equation (i), we have

Vtest + Vtest + 99Vtest = I
test
10 k 100
10 k
100Vtest + Vtest = I
test
10 # 103 100
2Vtest = I
test
100
Vtest
ZTh = Itest = 50 W
SOL 1.32

In phasor form
Z = 4 - j3
Z = 5 - 36.86cW
I = 5 100c A
Average power delivered :
Pavg. = 1 I 2 Z cos q
2
= 1 # 25 # 5 cos 36.86c = 50 W
2
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Chapter 1
Alternate Method:
Z = (4 - j3) W
I = 5 cos (100pt + 100) A
2
Pavg = 1 Re $ I Z .
2
= 1 # Re "(5) 2 # (4 - j3),
2
= 1 # 100 = 50 W
2
SOL 1.33

The s -domain equivalent circuit is shown as below.
nodia
vc (0) /s
v (0)
= c
1 + 1
1 + 1
C1 C 2
C1 s C 2 s
= b C1 C2 l (12 V)
C1 + C 2
I (s) =
vC (0) = 12 V
= 12Ceq
Taking inverse Laplace transform for the current in time domain,
i (t) = 12Ceq d (t)
SOL 1.34
(Impulse)

In the given circuit,
VA - VB = 6 V
So current in the branch,
IAB = 6 = 3 A
2
We can see, that the circuit is a one port circuit looking from terminal BD as
shown below
For a one port network current entering one terminal, equals the current leaving
the second terminal. Thus the outgoing current from A to B will be equal to the
incoming current from D to C as shown
i.e.
IDC = IAB = 3 A
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The total current in the resistor 1 W will be

I1 = 2 + IDC
(Writing KCL at node D )
= 2+3 = 5A
VCD = 1 # (- I1) =- 5 V
So,
SOL 1.35
nodia
We obtain Thevenin equivalent of circuit B .
Thevenin Impedance :
ZTh = R
Thevenin Voltage :
VTh = 3 0c V
Now, circuit becomes as
I1 = 10 - 3
2+R
Power transfer from circuit A to B
P = (I 12) 2 R + 3I1
Current in the circuit,
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Chapter 1
2
= :10 - 3D R + 3 :10 - 3D = 49R 2 + 21
2+R
2+R
(2 + R)
(2 + R)
49R + 21 (2 + R)
=
= 42 + 70R2
2
(2 + R)
(2 + R)
2
dP = (2 + R) 70 - (42 + 70R) 2 (2 + R) = 0
dR
(2 + R) 4
(2 + R) [(2 + R) 70 - (42 + 70R) 2] = 0
140 + 70R - 84 - 140R = 0

56 = 70R
R = 0.8 W
SOL 1.36

When 10 V is connected at port A the network is
nodia
Now, we obtain Thevenin equivalent for the circuit seen at load terminal, let
Thevenin voltage is VTh, 10 V with 10 V applied at port A and Thevenin resistance
is RTh .
IL =
VTh,10 V
RTh + RL
For RL = 1 W , IL = 3 A
3=
VTh,10 V
RTh + 1
...(i)
2=
VTh,10 V
RTh + 2.5
...(ii)
For RL = 2.5 W , IL = 2 A
Dividing above two

3 = RTh + 2.5
2
RTh + 1
Substituting RTh
3RTh + 3 = 2RTh + 5
RTh = 2 W
into equation (i)
VTh,10 V = 3 (2 + 1) = 9 V
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Note that it is a non reciprocal two port network. Thevenin voltage seen at port
B depends on the voltage connected at port A. Therefore we took subscript
VTh,10 V . This is Thevenin voltage only when 10 V source is connected at input
port A. If the voltage connected to port A is different, then Thevenin voltage
will be different. However, Thevenins resistance remains same.
Now, the circuit is
nodia
For RL = 7 W ,
SOL 1.37
IL =
VTh,10 V
= 9 = 1A
2 + RL 2 + 7

Now, when 6 V connected at port A let Thevenin voltage seen at port B is VTh,6 V
. Here RL = 1 W and IL = 7 A
3
VTh, 6 V = RTh # 7 + 1 # 7 = 2 # 7 + 7 = 7 V
3
3
3 3
This is a linear network, so VTh at port B can be written as
VTh = V1 a + b
where V1 is the input applied at port A.
We have V1 = 10 V , VTh,10 V = 9 V
...(i)
9 = 10a + b
When V1 = 6 V , VTh, 6 V = 9 V
...(ii)
7 = 6a + b
Solving (i) and (ii)
a = 0.5 , b = 4
Thus, with any voltage V1 applied at port A, Thevenin voltage or open circuit
voltage at port B will be
So,
VTh, V = 0.5V1 + 4
For
V1 = 8 V
1
VTh,8 V = 0.5 # 8 + 4 = 8 = Voc

SOL 1.38
(open circuit voltage)

By taking V1, V2 and V3 all are phasor voltages.
V1 = V2 + V3
Magnitude of V1, V2 and V3 are given as
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Chapter 1
V1 = 220 V , V2 = 122 V , V3 = 136 V

Since voltage across R is in same phase with V1 and the voltage V3 has a phase
difference of q with voltage V1 , we write in polar form
V1 = V2 0c + V3 q
V1 = V2 + V3 cos q + jV3 sin q
V1 = (V2 + V3 cos q) + jV3 sin q
V1 =
(V2 + V3 cos q) 2 + (V2 sin q) 2
220 =
(122 + 136 cos q) 2 + (136 sin q) 2
Solving, power factor

cos q = 0.45
SOL 1.39

Voltage across load resistance
nodia
Power absorbed in RL
SOL 1.40
VRL = V3 cos q = 136 # 0.45 = 61.2 V

2
(61.2) 2
- 750 W
PL = V RL =
5
RL

The frequency domains equivalent circuit at w = 1 rad/ sec .
Since the capacitor and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude, the net
impedance of that branch will become zero.
Equivalent circuit
Current
rms value of current
SOL 1.41
i (t) = sin t = (1 sin t) A

1W
i rms = 1 A
2

Voltage in time domain
v (t) = 100 2 cos (100pt)
Current in time domain
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Page 55
i (t) = 10 2 sin (100pt + p/4)

Applying the following trigonometric identity
sin (f) = cos (f - 90c)
So,
i (t) = 10 2 cos (100pt + p/4 - p/2)

= 10 2 cos (100pt - p/4)
I = 10 2 - p/4
2
In phasor form,
SOL 1.42
nodia
Power transferred to the load
2
10
RL
l
Rth + RL
For maximum power transfer Rth , should be minimum.
Rth = 6R = 0
6+R
P = I 2 RL = b
R =0
Note: Since load resistance is constant so we choose a minimum value of Rth
SOL 1.43
2
(5 103) 2
Power loss = V rated = #
= 20 W
Rp
1.25 # 106
For an parallel combination of resistance and capacitor
1
1
=
tan d =
wC p R p 2p # 50 # 1.25 # 0.102
= 1 = 0.025
40
SOL 1.44

Charge
Q = CV = e0 er A V = (e0 er A)V
d
d
C = e0 er A
d
Q = Q max
We have e0 = 8.85 # 10 F/cm , er = 2.26 , A = 20 # 40 cm2
-14
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Chapter 1
V = 50 103 kV/cm
#
d
Maximum electrical charge on the capacitor
V = V
when
b d l = 50 kV/cm
d
max
Thus,
Q = 8.85 # 10-14 # 2.26 # 20 # 40 # 50 # 103

= 8 mC
SOL 1.45

vi = 100 2 sin (100pt) V
Fundamental component of current
ii = 10 2 sin (100pt - p/3) A
1
nodia
Input power factor
I1 (rms)
cos f1
Irms
I1 (rms) is rms values of fundamental component of current and Irms is the rms value
of converter current.
10
pf =
cos p/3 = 0.44
2
10 + 52 + 22
pf =
SOL 1.46

Only the fundamental component of current contributes to the mean ac input
power. The power due to the harmonic components of current is zero.
So,
Pin = Vrms I1rms cos f1
= 100 # 10 cos p/3
= 500 W
SOL 1.47

Power delivered by the source will be equal to power dissipated by the resistor.
P = Vs Is cos p/4
= 1#
SOL 1.48
2 cos p/4 = 1 W

IC = Is - I RL =
=
2 p/ 4 -
2 - p/ 4
2 $^cos p/4 + j sin p/4h - ^cos p/4 - j sin p/4h.
= 2 2 j sin p/4 = 2j
SOL 1.49

For t < 0 , the switch was closed for a long time so equivalent circuit is
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Page 57
Voltage across capacitor at t = 0

5 =4 V
4#1
Now switch is opened, so equivalent circuit is
vc (0) =
For capacitor at t = 0+
vc (0+) = vc (0) = 4 V
v (0+)
current in 4 W resistor at t = 0+ , i1 = c
=1A
4
nodia
so current in capacitor at t = 0+ , ic (0+) = i1 = 1 A
SOL 1.50

Thevenin equivalent across 1 X resistor can be obtain as following
Open circuit voltage
vth = 100 V
(i = 0)
(vth = 0 )
Short circuit current
isc = 100 A
So,
Rth = vth = 100 = 1 W
isc
100
Equivalent circuit is
i = 100 = 50 A
1+1
SOL 1.51

The circuit is
Current in R W resistor is
i = 2-1 = 1 A
Voltage across 12 W resistor is
VA = 1 # 12 = 12 V
So,
i = VA - 6 = 12 - 6 = 6 W
1
R
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SOL 1.52
Chapter 1
V l1 = Zl11 I l1 + Zl12 I l2
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V l2 = Zl21 I l1 + Zl22 I l2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
Here, I1 = I l1, I2 = I l2
When R = 1 W is connected
V l1 = V1 + I l1 # 1 = V1 + I1
V l1
V l1
So,
Zl11
Zl12
Similarly for output port
V l2
So, Zl21 = Z21 , Zl22 = Z22
nodia
= Z11 + 1
= Z12
= Zl21 I l1 + Zl22 I l2 = Zl21 I1 + Zl22 I2
Z11 + 1 Z12
Z =>
Z21 Z22H
Z-matrix is
SOL 1.53
= Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + I1
= (Z11 + 1) I1 + Z12 I2
In the bridge
R1 R 4 = R 2 R 3 = 1
So it is a balanced bridge
I = 0 mA
SOL 1.54

Resistance of the bulb rated 200 W/220 V is
2
(220) 2
= 242 W
R1 = V =
200
P1
Resistance of 100 W/220 V lamp is
2
(220) 2
= 484 W
RT = V =
100
P2
To connect in series
RT = n # R1
484 = n # 242
n =2
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Chapter 1
SOL 1.55
Page 59

For t < 0 , S1 is closed and S2 is opened so the capacitor C1 will charged upto 3
volt.
VC1 (0) = 3 Volt
Now when switch positions are changed, by applying charge conservation
Ceq VC (0+) = C1 VC (0+) + C2 VC (0+)
(2 + 1) # 3 = 1 # 3 + 2 # VC (0+)
9 = 3 + 2VC (0+)
VC (0+) = 3 Volt
1
SOL 1.56
nodia
Applying KVL in the input loop
v1 - i1 (1 + 1) # 103 - 1 (i1 + 49i1) = 0
jwC
Input impedance,
Equivalent capacitance,
v1 = 2 # 103 i1 + 1 50i1
jw C
1
Z1 = v1 = 2 # 103 +
i1
jw (C/50)
100 nF
Ceq = C =
= 2 nF
50
50
SOL 1.57

Voltage across 2 X resistor, VS = 2 V
Current,
I2W = VS = 4 = 2 A
2
2
To make the current double we have to take
VS = 8 V
SOL 1.58

To obtain equivalent Thevenin circuit, put a test source between terminals AB
Applying KCL at super node
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Page 60
Chapter 1
VP - 5 + VP + VS = I
S
2
2
1
VP - 5 + VP + 2VS = 2IS
2VP + 2VS = 2Is + 5
VP + VS = IS + 2.5
&
So,
VP - VS = 3VS
VP = 4VS
4VS + VS = IS + 2.5
5VS = IS + 2.5
VS = 0.2IS + 0.5
For Thevenin equivalent circuit
nodia
VS = IS Rth + Vth
By comparing (2) and (3),
Thevenin resistance Rth = 0.2 kW
SOL 1.59
SOL 1.60
...(1)

From above
...(2)
...(3)
Vth = 0.5 V

No. of chords is given as
l = b-n+1
b " no. of branches
n " no. of nodes
l " no. of chords
b = 6, n = 4
l = 6 - 4 + 1= 3
SOL 1.61

Impedance
Zo = 2.38 - j0.667 W
Constant term in impedance indicates that there is a resistance in the circuit.
Assume that only a resistance and capacitor are in the circuit, phase difference
in Thevenin voltage is given as
(Due to capacitor)
q =- tan- 1 (wCR)
j
Zo = R wC
1 = 0.667
So,
wC
and
R = 2.38 W
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Chapter 1
Page 61
q =- tan- 1 b 1 # 2.38 l =- 74.34c =[ 15.9c

0.667
given
Voc = 3.71+ - 15.9c
So, there is an inductor also connected in the circuit
SOL 1.62

Time constant of the circuit can be calculated by simplifying the circuit as follows
nodia
Ceq = 2 F
3
Equivalent Resistance
Req = 3 + 3 = 6 W
Time constant
SOL 1.63
t = Req Ceq = 6 # 2 = 4 sec

3

Impedance of the circuit is
1
j wC
1
j wC
R
1 - jwCR
R
= jwL +
# 1 - jwCR
1
+
w
j
CR
+R
R (1 - jwCR)
= j wL +
1 + w2 C2 R2
jwL (1 + w2 C2 R2) + R - jwCR2
=
1 + w2 C2 R2
j [wL (1 + w2 C2 R2) - wCR2]
R
=
+
1 + w2 C2 R2
1 + w2 C2 R2
For resonance Im (Z) = 0
So,
wL (1 + w2 C2 R2) = wCR2
L = 0.1 H, C = 1 F, R = 1 W
So,
w # 0.1 [1 + w2 (1) (1)] = w (1) (1) 2
Z = jw L +
1 + w2 = 10
&
SOL 1.64
w=
9 = 3 rad/sec

Applying KVL in the circuit
i = 1 A,
Vab - 2i + 5 = 0
Vab = 2 # 1 - 5 =- 3 Volt
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SOL 1.65
Chapter 1

Charge stored at t = 5 m sec
5
Q =
# i (t) dt
=area under the curve
nodia
Q =Area OABCDO
=Area (OAD)+Area(AEB)+Area(EBCD)
= 1#2#4+1#2#3+3#2
2
2
= 4 + 3 + 6 = 13 nC
SOL 1.66

Initial voltage across capacitor
Q
V0 = o = 13 nC = 43.33 Volt
0.3 nF
C
When capacitor is connected across an inductor it will give sinusoidal esponse as
where
At t = 1 m sec ,
SOL 1.67
vc (t) = Vo cos wo t
1
wo = 1 =
-9
LC
0.3 # 10 # 0.6 # 10- 3
= 2.35 # 106 rad/sec
vc (t) = 43.33 cos (2.35 # 106 # 1 # 10- 6)
= 43.33 # (- 0.70) =- 30.44 V

Writing node equations at node A and B
Va - 5 + Va - 0 = 0
1
1
2Va - 5 = 0
Va = 2.5 V
Similarly
Vb - 4Vab ++Vb - 0 = 0
3
1
Vb - 4 (Va - Vb)
+ Vb = 0
3
Vb - 4 (2.5 - Vb) + 3Vb = 0
8Vb - 10 = 0
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Page 63
Vb = 1.25 V
i = Vb = 1.25 A
1
Current
SOL 1.68
Correct option is ().
SOL 1.69

Here two capacitance C1 and C2 are connected in series, so equivalent capacitance
is
Ceq = C1 C2
C1 + C 2
nodia
- 12
-6
# 500 # 10
C1 = e0 er1 A = 8.85 # 10 # 8 # 500
d1
4 # 10- 3
= 442.5 # 10- 11 F
- 12
-6
# 500 # 10
C2 = e0 er2 A = 8.85 # 10 # 2 # 500
3
d2
2 # 10
= 221.25 # 10- 11 F
- 11
- 11
Ceq = 442.5 # 10 - 11 # 221.25 # 10- 11
442.5 # 10 + 221.25 # 10
= 147.6 # 10- 11
- 1476 pF
SOL 1.70

Circumference
no. of turns
Cross sectional area
Inductance of coil
l = 300 mm
n = 300
A = 300 mm2
m n2 A
L = 0
l
4p # 10- 7 # (300) 2 # 300 # 10- 6
(300 # 10- 3)
= 113.04 mH
=
SOL 1.71

Divergence of a vector field is given as
Divergence = 4: V
In cartesian coordinates
4 = 2 it + 2 tj + 2 kt
2x
2y
2z
So
4: V = 2 6- (x cos xy + y)@ + 2 6(y cos xy)@ + 2 6(sin z2 + x2 + y2)@
2x
2y
2z
=- x (- sin xy) y + y (- sin xy) x + 2z cos z2 = 2z cos z2
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Page 64
SOL 1.72
Chapter 1

Writing KVL for both the loops
V - 3 (I1 + I2) - Vx - 0.5 dI1 = 0
dt
V - 3I1 - 3I2 - Vx - 0.5 dI1 = 0
dt
...(1)
In second loop
- 5I2 + 0.2Vx + 0.5 dI1 = 0
dt
I2 = 0.04Vx + 0.1 dI1
dt
...(2)
Put I2 from eq(2) into eq(2)

V - 3I1 - 3 :0.04Vx + 0.1 dI1 D - Vx - 0.5 dI1 = 0
dt
dt
0.8 dI1 =- 1.12Vx - 3I1 + V
dt
dI1 =- 1.4V - 3.75I + 5 V
x
1
4
dt
SOL 1.73
nodia
Impedance of the given network is
Z = R + j b wL - 1 l
wC
1
AdmittanceY = 1 =
Z
R + j b wL - 1 l
wC
R - j ^wL - w1C h
R - j ^wL - w1C h
1
=
=
#
R + j ^wL - w1C h R - j ^wL - w1C h
R2 + ^wL - w1C h2
j ^wL - w1C h
R
= 2
R + ^wL - w1C h2 R2 + ^wL - w1C h2
= Re (Y) + Im (Y)
Varying frequency for Re (Y) and Im (Y) we can obtain the admittance-locus.
SOL 1.74

At t = 0+ , when switch positions are changed inductor current and capacitor
voltage does not change simultaneously
So at t = 0+
vc (0+) = vc (0-) = 10 V
iL (0+) = iL (0-) = 10 A
The equivalent circuit is
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Page 65
Applying KCL
vL (0+) vL (0+) - vc (0+)
+
= iL (0+) = 10
10
10
2vL (0+) - 10 = 100
Voltage across inductor at t = 0+
vL (0+) = 100 + 10 = 55 V
2
nodia
So, current in capacitor at t = 0+
vL (0+) - vc (0+)
iC (0 ) =
10
= 55 - 10 = 4.5 A
10
+
SOL 1.75

The circuit is
Applying KVL
2
= VNL
3 - 2 # I NL
2
2
3 - 2I NL
= I NL
2
3I NL
= 3 & INL = 1 A
VNL = (1) 2 = 1 V
SOL 1.76

In the circuit
VX = V+0c
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Page 66
Chapter 1
Vy - 2V+0c
+ (Vy) jwC = 0
R
Vy (1 + jwCR) = 2V+0c
Vy = 2V+0c
1 + jwCR
VYX = VX - VY = V -
2V
1 + jwCR
VYX = V - 2V =- V
R " 0,
R " 3,
VYX = V - 0 = V
So power dissipated in the non-linear resistance
P = VNL INL = 1 # 1 = 1 W
SOL 1.77

In node incidence matrix
b1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b 6
V
R
n1 S 1 1 1 0 0 0 W
n2S 0 - 1 0 - 1 1 0 W
n 3SS- 1 0 0 0 - 1 - 1WW
n 4S 0 0 - 1 1 0 1 W
X
T
In option (C)
nodia
E = AV
V
R
S1 1 1 0 0 0W
S 0 -1 0 -1 1 0 W
T
T
8e1 e2 e 3 e 4B = S- 1 0 0 0 - 1 - 1W8V1 V2 -- V6B
W
S
S 0 0 -1 1 0 1 W
X
R V RT
V
Se1W S V1 + V2 + V3 W
Se2W S- V2 - V4 + V5W
Se W = S- V - V - V W which is true.
5
6W
S 3W S 1
Se 4W S- V3 + V4 + V6W
T X T
X
SOL 1.78

Assume a Gaussian surface inside the sphere (x < R)
From gauss law

y = Q enclosed
=
Q enclosed =
# D : ds = Q enclosed
3
Q
4 pr3 = Qr
#
3
4
3
R3
3 pR
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Chapter 1
So,
or
SOL 1.79
Qr3
R3
Qr3
Q r
D # 4pr2 = 3 =
4pe0 R3
R
# D : ds
Page 67
a D = e0 E

Inductance is given as
L =
m0 N2 A
l
4p # 10- 7 # (400) 2 # (16 # 10- 4)

(1 # 10- 3)
= 321.6 mH
` XL = 2pfL
V = IXL = 230
2pfL
230
=
= 2.28 A
2 # 3.14 # 50 # 321.6 # 10- 3
=
SOL 1.80
SOL 1.81
nodia
Energy stored is inductor
E = 1 LI2
2
= 1 # 321.6 # 10- 3 # (2.28) 2
2
Force required to reduce the air gap of length 1 mm is
F = E = 0.835- 3 = 835 N
l
1 # 10
Thevenin voltage:
Vth = I (R + ZL + ZC )
= 1+0c [1 + 2j - j]
= 1 (1 + j) =
2 +45% V
Thevenin impedance:
Zth = R + ZL + ZC = 1 + 2j - j = (1 + j) W
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SOL 1.82
Chapter 1

In the given circuit
Output voltage
vo = Avi = 106 # 1 mV = 1 V
Input impedance
Zi = vi = vi = 3
0
ii
Output impedance
Zo = vo = Avi = Ro = 10 W
io
io
SOL 1.83
nodia

All sources present in the circuit are DC sources, so all inductors behaves as
short circuit and all capacitors as open circuit
Equivalent circuit is
Voltage across R 3 is
5 = I1 R 3
5 = I1 (1)
I1 = 5 A
By applying KCL, current through voltage source
(current through R 3 )
1 + I 2 = I1
I2 = 5 - 1 = 4 A
SOL 1.84

Given Two port network can be described in terms of h-parametrs only.
SOL 1.85

At resonance reactance of the circuit would be zero and voltage across inductor
and capacitor would be equal
VL = VC
At resonance impedance of the circuit
Z R = R1 + R 2
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Current
IR = V1 +0c
R1 + R 2
Voltage
V2 = IR R2 + j (VL - VC )
V2 = V1 +0c R2
R1 + R 2
Page 69
Voltage across capacitor

1
I
jw C # R
= 1 # VR +0c
R1 + R 2
jwC
= VR + - 90c
wC (R1 + R2)
VC =
So phasor diagram is
SOL 1.86
nodia
This is a second order LC circuit shown below
Capacitor current is given as

iC (t) = C
dvc (t)
dt
Taking Laplace transform

IC (s) = CsV (s) - V (0), V (0) " initial voltage
Current in inductor
iL (t) = 1
L
# vc (t) dt
V (s)
IL (s) = 1
L s
For t > 0 , applying KCL(in s-domain)
IC (s) + IL (s) = 0
V (s)
=0
CsV (s) - V (0) + 1
L s
1
2
:s + LCs D V (s) = Vo
V (s) = Vo 2 s 2 ,
s + w0
Taking inverse Laplace transformation
v (t) = Vo cos wo t ,
a w20 = 1
LC
t>0
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SOL 1.87
Chapter 1

Power dissipated in heater when AC source is connected
2
P = 2.3 kW = V rms
R
(230) 2
R
2.3 # 103 =
R = 23 W (Resistance of heater)
Now it is connected with a square wave source of 400 V peak to peak
Power dissipated is
2
P = V rms ,
R
=
SOL 1.88
(200) 2
= 1.739 kW
23
nodia
(Divergence of electric field intensity is non-Zero)
4: B = 0
(Divergence of magnetic field intensity is zero)

Current in the circuit
I =
Or
SOL 1.90
100
=8 A
R + (10 || 10)
(given)
100 = 8
R+5
R = 60 = 7.5 W
8

Rms value is given as
mrms =
=
SOL 1.91
Vrms = Vp =200 (for square wave)

From maxwells first equation
4: D = rv
r
4: E = v
e
Maxwells fourth equation
SOL 1.89
Vp - p = 400 V & Vp = 200 V
32 +
(4) 2
2
9 + 8 = 17 V

Writing KVL in input and output loops
V1 - (i1 + i2) Z1 = 0
V1 = Z1 i1 + Z1 i2
Similarly
V2 - i2 Z2 - (i1 + i2) Z1 = 0
V2 = Z1 i1 + (Z1 + Z2) i2
From equation (1) and (2) Z -matrix is given as
Z1
Z1
Z =>
Z1 Z1 + Z2H
...(1)
...(2)
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SOL 1.92
Page 71

In final steady state the capacitor will be completely charged and behaves as an
open circuit
Steady state voltage across capacitor

vc (3) = 20 (10)
10 + 10
nodia
= 10 V
SOL 1.93

We know that divergence of the curl of any vector field is zero
4 (4 # E) = 0
SOL 1.94

When the switch is at position 1, current in inductor is given as
120 = 2 A
20 + 40
At t = 0 , when switch is moved to position 1,inductor current does not change
simultaneously so
iL (0-) =
iL (0+) = iL (0-)=2 A
Voltage across inductor at t = 0+
vL (0+) = 120 V
By applying KVL in loop
120 = 2 (40 + R + 20)
120 = 120 + R
R = 0W
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SOL 1.95
Chapter 1

Let stored energy and dissipated energy are E1 and E2 respectively. Then
Current
i 22 = E2 = 0.95
E1
i 12
i2 = 0.95 i1 = 0.97i1
Current at any time t, when the switch is in position (2) is given by
R
60
i (t) = i1 e- L t = 2e- 10 t = 2e- 6t

After 95% of energy dissipated current remaining in the circuit is
i = 2 - 2 # 0.97 = 0.05 A
0.05 = 2e- 6t
t . 0.50 sec
So,
SOL 1.96
nodia
At f1 = 100 Hz, voltage drop across R and L is mRMS
mRMS = Vin .R
R + jw1 L
V (jw L)
= in 1
R + jw1 L
So,
R = w1 L
At f2 = 50 Hz, voltage drop across R
mlRMS = Vin .R
R + jw2 L
mRMS
R + jw2 L
=
=
R + jw1 L
mlRMS
=
=
=
mlRMS =
SOL 1.97
w12 L2 + w22 L2 ,
w12 L2 + w12 L2
R2 + w22 L2
R2 + w12 L2
R = w1 L
f 12 + f 22
w12 + w22 =
2f 12
2w12
(100) 2 + (50) 2
= 5
8
2 (100) 2
8m
5 RMS

In the circuit
I B = IR +0c + Iy +120c
I B2 = I R2 + I y2 + 2IR Iy cos b 120c l
2
Since
so,
= I R2 + I y2 + IR Iy
I R = Iy
I B2 = I R2 + I R2 + I R2
= 3I R2
IB = 3 IR
=
3 Iy
IR: Iy: IB = 1: 1: 3
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Chapter 1
SOL 1.98
Page 73

Switch was opened before t = 0 , so current in inductor for t < 0
iL (0-) = 10 = 1 A
10
Inductor current does not change simultaneously so at t = 0 when switch is
closed current remains same
nodia
iL (0+) = iL (0-)=1 A
SOL 1.99
SOL 1.100

Electric field inside a conductor (metal) is zero. In dielectric charge distribution
os constant so electric field remains constant from x1 to x2 . In semiconductor
electric field varies linearly with charge density.
Thevenin voltage:
Nodal analysis at P
Vth - 4 + Vth = 0
10
10
2Vth - 4 = 0
Vth = 2 V
Thevenin resistance:
Rth = 10 W || 10 W = 5 W
SOL 1.101

Resonance will occur only when Z is capacitive, in parallel resonance condition,
suseptance of circuit should be zero.
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Chapter 1
1 + j wC = 0
j wL
1 - w2 LC = 0
1 (resonant frequency)
LC
1
1
C = 2 =
= 0.05 m F
2
4 # p # (500) 2 # 2
wL
w=
SOL 1.102

Here two capacitor C1 and C2 are connected in series so equivalent Capacitance is
Ceq = C1 C2
C1 + C 2
8.85 # 10- 12 # 4 (400 # 10- 3) 2
C1 = e0 er1 A =
d1
6 # 10- 3
nodia
Similarly
- 12
16 # 10- 2 = 94.4 10- 11 F
= 8.85 # 10 # 4 #
#
-3
6 # 10
8.85 # 10- 12 # 2 # (400 # 10- 3) 2

C2 = e0 er2 A =
d2
8 # 10- 3
- 12
16 # 10- 12
= 8.85 # 10 # 2 #
-3
8 # 10
- 11
= 35.4 # 10 F
- 11
- 11
= 25.74 # 10- 11 - 257 pF
Ceq = 94.4 # 10 # 35.4 #-10
11
(94.4 + 35.4) # 10
SOL 1.103

Inductance of the Solenoid is given as
m N2 A
L = 0
l
Where
SOL 1.104
A " are of Solenoid

l " length
4p # 10- 7 # (3000) 2 # p (30 # 10- 3) 2
L =
(1000 # 10- 3)
= 31.94 # 10- 3 H
- 32 mH

In the circuit
Voltage
So,
VA = (2 + 1) # 6 = 18 Volt
2 = E - VA
6
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Page 75
2 = E - 18
6
E = 12 + 18 = 30 V
SOL 1.105
SOL 1.106

Delta to star (T - Y) conversions is
Rb Rc
R1 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
Ra Rc
R2 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
Ra Rb
R3 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
given as
= 10 # 10 = 2.5 W
20 + 10 + 10
= 20 # 10 = 5 W
20 + 10 + 10
= 20 # 10 = 5 W
20 + 10 + 10
nodia
For parallel circuit
I = E = EYeq
Zeq
Yeq " Equivalent admittance of the circuit

Yeq = YR + YL + YC
= (0.5 + j0) + (0 - j1.5) + (0 + j0.3)
= 0.5 - j1.2
So, current I = 10 (0.5 - j1.2) = (5 - j12) A
SOL 1.107

In the circuit
100
(10 || R)
10 + (10 || R) #
100
10R
=
f 10 + 10R pb 10 + R l
10 + R
= 1000R = 50R
100 + 20R
5+R
Current in R W resistor
2 = VA
R
2 = 50R
R (5 + R)
Voltage
or
SOL 1.108
VA =
R = 20 W

Since capacitor initially has a charge of 10 coulomb, therefore
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Page 76
Chapter 1
vc (0) " initial voltage across capacitor

Q 0 = Cvc (0)
10 = 0.5vc (0)
vc (0) = 10 = 20 V
0.5
When switch S is closed, in steady state capacitor will be charged completely
and capacitor voltage is
vc (3) = 100 V
At any time t transient response is
t
vc (t) = vc (3) + [vc (0) - vc (3)] e- RC

t
vc (t) = 100 + (20 - 100) e- 2 # 0.5

= 100 - 80e- t
nodia
Current in the circuit
i (t) = C dvc = C d [100 - 80e- t]

dt
dt
= C # 80e- t
= 0.5 # 80e- t
= 40e- t
At t = 1 sec,
i (t) = 40e- 1 = 14.71 A
SOL 1.109

Total current in the wire
I = 10 + 20 sin wt
102 +
Irms =
(20) 2
2
= 100 + 200
=
300 = 17.32 A
SOL 1.110

From Z to Y parameter conversion
Z11 Z12 - 1
Y11 Y12
>Y Y H = >Z Z H
21
22
21
22
0.6 - 0.2
Y11 Y12
So,
>Y Y H = 0.150 >- 0.2 0.9 H
12
22
Y22 = 0.9 = 1.8
0.50
SOL 1.111

Energy absorbed by the inductor coil is given as
t
EL =
# Pdt
0
Where power
P = VI = I bL dI l
dt
t
So,
EL =
dt
# LIb dI
dt l
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Page 77
For0 # t # 4 sec
4
dt
# Ib dI
dt l
EL = 2
a dI = 3, 0 # t # 2
,
#
#
* dt
0
2
= 0, 2 < t < 4
2
= 6 # I.dt =6(area under the curve i (t) - t )
2
=2
I (3) dt + 2
I (0) dt
= 6 # 1 # 2 # 6 = 36 J
2
Energy absorbed by 1 W resistor is
t
ER =
I2 Rdt =
# (3t) 2 # 1dt +
0
# (6) 2 dt
2
I = 3t, 0 # t # 2
)
= 6A 2 # t # 4
nodia
3 2
= 9 # :t D + 36[t]2 = 24 + 72 =96 J
3 0
Total energy absorbed in 4 sec
E = EL + ER = 36 + 96 = 132 J
SOL 1.112

Applying KCL at center node
iL = iC + 1 + 2
iL = iC + 3
iC =- C dvc =- 1 d [4 sin 2t]
dt
dt
so
Voltage across inductor
=- 8 cos 2t
iL =- 8 cos 2t + 3
(current through inductor)
vL = L diL = 2 # d [3 - 8 cos 2t] = 32 sin 2t

dt
dt
SOL 1.113

Thevenin impedance can be obtain as following
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Chapter 1
Zth = Z 3 + (Z1 || Z2)

Z1 = 10+ - 60c
Given that
= 10 c
1-
3j
m = 5 (1 -
3 j)
3j
m = 5 (1 +
3 j)
Z2 = 10+60c
= 10 c
1+
Z 3 = 50+53.13c
3 + 4j
= 50 b
= 10 (3 + 4j)
5 l
5 (1 - 3j) 5 (1 + 3 j)
5 (1 - 3 j) + 5 (1 + 3 j)
25 (1 + 3)
= 10 (3 + 4j) +
10
Zth = 10 (3 + 4j) +
So,
nodia
= 30 + 40j + 10 = 40 + 40j
Zth = 40 2 +45c W
SOL 1.114

Due to the first conductor carrying + I current, magnetic field intensity at point
P is
H 1 = I Y (Direction is determined using right hand rule)
2pd
Similarly due to second conductor carrying - I current, magnetic field intensity
is
H 2 = - I (- Y) = I Y
2pd
2pd
Total magnetic field intensity at point P.
H = H1 + H 2
= I Y+ I Y = I Y
2pd
2pd
pd
SOL 1.115
Correct option is ( ).
SOL 1.116

Given that magnitudes of VL and VC are twice of VR
VL = VC = 2VR (Circuit is at resonance)
Voltage across inductor
VL = iR # jwL
Current iR at resonance
%
iR = 5+0 = 5 = 1 A
5
R
so,
VL = wL = 2VR
wL = 2 # 5
2 # p # 50 # L = 10
L = 10 = 31.8 mH
314
VR = 5 V, at resonance
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Chapter 1
SOL 1.117
Page 79

Applying nodal analysis in the circuit
At node P
2 + VP - 10 + VP = 0
2
8
16 + 4VP - 40 + VP = 0
5VP - 24 = 0
VP = 24 Volt
5
At node Q
V - 10 VQ - 0
+
2= Q
6
4
24 = 3VQ - 30 + 2VQ
5VQ - 54 = 0
VQ = 54 V
5
Potential difference between P-Q
nodia
VPQ = VP - VQ
= 24 - 54 =- 6 V
5
5
SOL 1.118

First obtain equivalent Thevenin circuit across load RL
Thevenin voltage
Vth - 110+0c + Vth - 90+0c 0
=
6 + 8j
6 + 8j
2Vth - 200+0c = 0
Vth = 100+0c V
Thevenin impedance
Zth = (6 + 8j) W || (6 + 8j) W

= (3 + 4j) W
For maximum power transfer
RL = Zth =
32 + 42 = 5 W
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Chapter 1
Power in load
2
P = ieff
RL
2
100
P =
5
3 + 4j + 5 #
(100) 2
5
80 #
= 625 Watt
SOL 1.119
nodia
Applying mesh analysis in the circuit
I1 = 10 A, I2 =- 5 A
Current in 2 W resistor
I2W = I1 - (- I2)
= 10 - (- 5) = 15 A
So, voltage
VA = 15 # 2 = 30 Volt
Now we can easily find out current in all branches as following
Current in resistor R is 5 A
5 = 100 - 40
R
R = 60 = 12 W
5
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Chapter 1
SOL 1.120
Page 81

Before t = 0 , the switch was opened so current in inductor and voltage across
capacitor for t < 0 is zero
vc (0-) = 0 , iL (0- ) = 0
at t = 0 , when the switch is closed, inductor current and capacitor voltage does
not change simultaneously so
vc (0+) = vc (0-) = 0 , iL (0+) = iL (0-) = 0
At t = 0+ the circuit is
nodia
Simplified circuit
Voltage across inductor (at t = 0+ )

vL (0+) = 10 # 2
3+2
= 4 Volt
SOL 1.121

Given that
E1 = h11 I1 + h12 E2
and
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 E2
Parameter h12 is given as
h12 = E1
E2 I = 0 (open circuit)
1
At node A
E A - E1 + E A - E 2 + E A = 0
2
2
4
5EA = 2E1 + 2E2
...(1)
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Chapter 1
Similarly
E1 - E A + E1 = 0
2
2
2E1 = EA
...(2)
From (1) and (2)

5 (2E1) = 2E1 + 2E2 4
8E1 = 2E2
h12 = E1 = 1
4
E2
SOL 1.122

VPQ = VP - VQ
KQ KQ
=
OP OQ
nodia
9
10- 9 - 9 # 109 # 1 # 10- 9
= 9 # 10 # 1 #
-3
40 # 10
20 # 10- 3
= 9 # 103 : 1 - 1 D =- 225 Volt
40 20
SOL 1.123

Energy stored in Capacitor is
E = 1 CV2
2
- 12
-6
# 10
C = e0 A = 8.85 # 10 # 100
3
d
0.1 # 10
= 8.85 # 10- 12 F
E = 1 # 8.85 # 10- 12 # (100) 2
2
= 44.3 nJ
SOL 1.124

The figure is as shown below
The Capacitor shown in Figure is made up of two capacitor C1 and C2 connected

in series.
C1 = e0 er1 A , C2 = e0 er2 A
t1
t2
Since C1 and C2 are in series charge on both capacitor is same.
Q1 = Q 2
C1 (100 - V) = C2 V (Let V is the voltage of foil)
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Chapter 1
Page 83
e0 er1 A (100 - V) = e0 er2 A V

t2
t1
3 (100 - V) = 4 V
0.5
1
300 - 3V = 2V
300 = 5V & V = 60 Volt
************
nodia
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Page 84
Signals and Systems
Chapter 2
CHAPTER 2
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
2014 EE01
EE SP 2.1
EE SP 2.2
ONE MARK
Let X ^s h = 2 3s + 5
be the Laplace Transform of a signal x ^ t h. Then, x ^0+h
s + 10s + 21
is
(A) 0
(B) 3
(C) 5
(D) 21
nodia
For a periodic square wave, which one of the following statements is TRUE ?
(A) The Fourier series coefficients do not exist.
(B) The Fourier series coefficients exist but the reconstruction converges at no
point.
(C) The Fourier series coefficients exist and the reconstruction converges at
most points.
(D) The Fourier series coefficients exist and the reconstruction converges at
every point.
2014 EE02
EE SP 2.3
TWO MARKS
Let f ^ t h be a continuous time signal and let F ^wh be its Fourier Transform
defined by
F ^w h =
Define g ^ t h by
#
g^t h = #
-3
3
-3
f ^ t h e-jwt dt
F û h e-jut du
What is the relationship between f ^ t h and g ^ t h ?

(A) g ^ t h would always be proportional to f ^ t h
(B) g ^ t h would be proportional to f ^ t h if f ^ t h is an even function

(C) g ^ t h would be proportional to f ^ t h only if f ^ t h is a sinusoidal function
(D) g ^ t h would never be proportional to f ^ t h
EE SP 2.4
The function shown in the figure can be represented as
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Chapter 2
Signals and Systems
Page 85
^t - T h
^t - 2T h
u ^t - 2T h
u ^t - T h T
T
(B) u ^ t h + t u ^t - T h - t u ^t - 2T h
T
T
^t - T h
^t - 2T h
(C) u ^ t h - u ^t - T h +
u^t h u^t h
T
T
^t - T h
^t - 2T h
(D) u ^ t h +
u ^t - 2T h
u ^t - T h - 2
T
T
(A) u ^ t h - u ^t - T h +
2014 EE02
EE SP 2.5
EE SP 2.6
ONE MARK
Consider an LTI system with transfer function

1
H ^s h =
s ^s + 4h
If the input to the system is cos ^3t h and the steady state output is A sin ^3t + ah
, then the value of A is
(A) 1/30
(B) 1/15
(C) 3/4
(D) 4/3
nodia
Consider an LTI system with impulse response h ^ t h = e-5t u ^ t h. If the output of

the system is y ^ t h = e-3t u ^ t h - e-5t u ^ t h then the input, x ^ t h, is given by
(A) e-3t u ^ t h
(B) 2e-3t u ^ t h
(C) e-5t u ^ t h
(D) 2e-5t u ^ t h
2014 EE02
EE SP 2.7
EE SP 2.8
TWO MARKS
A discrete system is represented by the difference equation

a a - 1 X1 ^k h
X1 ^k + 1h
>
H = >a + 1 a H>
H
X2 ^k + 1h
X2 ^k h
It has initial conditions X1 ^0 h = 1; X2 ^0 h = 0 . The pole locations of the system
for a = 1, are
(A) 1 ! j0
(B) - 1 ! j0
(C) ! 1 + j0
(D) 0 ! j1
An input signal x ^ t h = 2 + 5 sin ^100pt h is sampled with a sampling frequency of
400 Hz and applied to the system whose transfer function is represented by
-N
Y ^z h
= 1 c 1 - z -1 m
N 1-z
X ^z h
where, N represents the number of samples per cycle. The output y ^n h of the
system under steady state is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 5
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 2
2014 EE03
EE SP 2.9
ONE MARK
A function f ^ t h is shown in the figure.
The Fourier transform F ^wh of f ^ t h is

(A) real and even function of w
(B) real and odd function of w
(C) imaginary and odd function of w
nodia
(D) imaginary and even function of w
EE SP 2.10
A signal is represented by
1
t <1
x^t h = *
0
t >1
The Fourier transform of the convolved signal y ^ t h = x ^2t h * x ^t/2h is
(A) 42 sin a w k sin ^2w h

2
w
(C) 42 sin ^2wh
w
EE SP 2.11
(B) 42 sin a w k
2
w
(D) 42 sin2 w
w
For the signal f ^ t h = 3 sin 8pt + 6 sin 12pt + sin 14pt , the minimum sampling
frequency (in Hz) satisfying the Nyquist criterion is _____.
2014 EE03
EE SP 2.12
TWO MARKS
A continuous-time LTI system with system function H ^wh has the following polezero plot. For this system, which of the alternatives is TRUE ?
(A) H ^0 h
(B) H ^wh
(C) H ^0 h
(D) H ^wh
> ^w h ; w > 0
has multiple maxima, at w 1 and w 2
< H ^w h ; w > 0
= constant; - 3 < w < 3
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EE SP 2.13
Signals and Systems
A sinusoid x ^ t h of unknown frequency is sampled by an impulse train of period

20 ms. The resulting sample train is next applied to an ideal lowpass filter with
cutoff at 25 Hz . The filter output is seen to be a sinusoid of frequency 20 Hz.
This means that x ^ t h
(A) 10 Hz
(B) 60 Hz
(C) 30 Hz
EE SP 2.14
Page 87
(D) 90 Hz
A differentiable non constant even function x ^ t h has a derivative y ^ t h, and

their respective Fourier Transforms are X ^wh and Y ^wh. Which of the following
statments is TRUE ?
(A) X ^wh and Y ^wh are both real
(B) X ^wh is real and Y ^wh is imaginary
(C) X ^wh and Y ^wh are both imaginary
(D) X ^wh is imaginary and Y ^wh is real
nodia
YEAR 2013
EE SP 2.15
ONE MARK
A band-limited signal with a maximum frequency of 5 kHz is to be sampled.

According to the sampling theorem, the sampling frequency which is not valid is
(A) 5 kHZ
(B) 12 kHz
(C) 15 kHz
(D) 20 kHz
EE SP 2.16
EE SP 2.17
EE SP 2.18
For a periodic signal v ^ t h = 30 sin 100t + 10 cos 300t + 6 sin ^500t + p/4h, the
fundamental frequency in rad/s
(A) 100
(B) 300
(C) 500
(D) 1500
Two systems with impulse responses h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h are connected in cascade.
Then the overall impulse response of the cascaded system is given by
(A) product of h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h
(B) sum of h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h
(C) convolution of h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h
(D) subtraction of h2 ^ t h from h1 ^ t h
Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE for a continuous time
causal and stable LTI system?
(A) All the poles of the system must lie on the left side of the jw axis
(B) Zeros of the system can lie anywhere in the s-plane
(C) All the poles must lie within s = 1
(D) All the roots of the characteristic equation must be located on the left side
of the jw axis.
EE SP 2.19
The impulse response of a system is h ^ t h = tu ^ t h. For an input u ^t - 1h, the
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Signals and Systems
output is
2
(A) t u ^ t h
2
(C)
Chapter 2
(B)
^t - 1h2
u ^t - 1h
2
t ^t - 1h
u ^t - 1h
2
2
(D) t - 1 u ^t - 1h
2
YEAR 2013
EE SP 2.20
TWO MARKS
The impulse response of a continuous time system is given by h ^ t h = d ^t - 1h + d ^t - 3h

. The value of the step response at t = 2 is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
nodia
YEAR 2012
EE SP 2.21
EE SP 2.22
ONE MARK
If x [n] = (1/3) n - (1/2) n u [n], then the region of convergence (ROC) of its z
-transform in the z -plane will be
(A) 1 < z < 3
(B) 1 < z < 1
3
3
2
(C) 1 < z < 3
(D) 1 < z
2
3
The unilateral Laplace transform of f (t) is 2 1

. The unilateral Laplace
s +s+1
transform of tf (t) is
(A) - 2 s
(B) - 2 2s + 1 2
(s + s + 1) 2
(s + s + 1)
(C) 2 s
(D) 2 2s + 1 2
(s + s + 1) 2
(s + s + 1)
YEAR 2012
TWO MARKS
EE SP 2.23
Let y [n] denote the convolution of h [n] and g [n], where h [n] = (1/2) n u [n] and
g [n] is a causal sequence. If y [0] = 1 and y [1] = 1/2, then g [1] equals
(A) 0
(B) 1/2
(C) 1
(D) 3/2
EE SP 2.24
The Fourier transform of a signal h (t) is H (jw) = (2 cos w) (sin 2w) /w . The value
of h (0) is
(A) 1/4
(B) 1/2
(C) 1
(D) 2
EE SP 2.25
The input x (t) and output y (t) of a system are related as y (t) =
. The system is
# x (t) cos (3t) dt

-3
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(A) time-invariant and stable

(B) stable and not time-invariant
(C) time-invariant and not stable
(D) not time-invariant and not stable
YEAR 2011
EE SP 2.26
ONE MARK
The Fourier series expansion f (t) = a 0 +
/ an cos nwt + bn sin nwt
of
n=1
the periodic signal shown below will contain the following nonzero terms
nodia
(A) a 0 and bn, n = 1, 3, 5, ...3
(B) a 0 and an, n = 1, 2, 3, ...3
(C) a 0 an and bn, n = 1, 2, 3, ...3
(D) a 0 and an n = 1, 3, 5, ...3
EE SP 2.27
Given two continuous time signals x (t) = e-t and y (t) = e-2t which exist for
t > 0 , the convolution z (t) = x (t) * y (t) is
(A) e-t - e-2t
(B) e-3t
(C) e+t
(D) e-t + e-2t
YEAR 2011
TWO MARKS
EE SP 2.28
Let the Laplace transform of a function f (t) which exists for t > 0 be F1 (s)
and the Laplace transform of its delayed version f (t - t) be F2 (s). Let F1 * (s)
be the complex conjugate of F1 (s) with the Laplace variable set s = s + jw . If
F (s) F1 * (s)
, then the inverse Laplace transform of G (s) is an ideal
G (s) = 2
F1 (s) 2
(A) impulse d (t)
(B) delayed impulse d (t - t)
(C) step function u (t)
(D) delayed step function u (t - t)
EE SP 2.29
The response h (t) of a linear time invariant system to an impulse d (t), under
initially relaxed condition is h (t) = e-t + e-2t . The response of this system for a
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Chapter 2
unit step input u (t) is

(A) u (t) + e-t + e-2t
(B) (e-t + e-2t) u (t)
(C) (1.5 - e-t - 0.5e-2t) u (t)
(D) e-t d (t) + e-2t u (t)
YEAR 2010
EE SP 2.30
ONE MARK
For the system 2/ (s + 1), the approximate time taken for a step response to
reach 98% of the final value is
(A) 1 s
(B) 2 s
nodia
(C) 4 s
(D) 8 s
EE SP 2.31
The period of the signal x (t) = 8 sin `0.8pt + p j is

4
(A) 0.4p s
(B) 0.8p s
(C) 1.25 s
(D) 2.5 s
EE SP 2.32
The system represented by the input-output relationship y (t) =

(A) Linear and causal
5t
# x (t) dt, t > 0 is

-3
(B) Linear but not causal

(C) Causal but not linear
(D) Neither liner nor causal
EE SP 2.33
The second harmonic component of the periodic waveform given in the figure
has an amplitude of
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2/p
(D)
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YEAR 2010
EE SP 2.34
TWO MARKS
x (t) is a positive rectangular pulse from t =- 1 to t =+ 1 with unit height as

shown in the figure. The value of
transform of x (t)} is.
(A) 2
X (w) 2 dw " where X (w) is the Fourier
(B) 2p
(D) 4p
nodia
(C) 4
EE SP 2.35
#- 3
Given the finite length input x [n] and the corresponding finite length output y [n]
of an LTI system as shown below, the impulse response h [n] of the system is
(A) h [n] = {1, 0, 0, 1}

(C) h [n] = {1, 1, 1, 1}
-
(B) h [n] = {1, 0, 1}

(D) h [n] = {1, 1, 1}
-
Common Data Questions Q. 36 and 37

Given f (t) and g (t) as show below
EE SP 2.36
EE SP 2.37
g (t) can be expressed as

(A) g (t) = f (2t - 3)
(C) g (t) = f`2t - 3 j
2
(B) g (t) = f` t - 3j
2
(D) g (t) = f` t - 3 j
2 2
The Laplace transform of g (t) is

(A) 1 (e3s - e5s)
s
(B) 1 (e - 5s - e - 3s)
s
- 3s
(C) e (1 - e - 2s)
s
(D) 1 (e5s - e3s)

s
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Chapter 2
YEAR 2009
EE SP 2.38
ONE MARK
A Linear Time Invariant system with an impulse response h (t) produces output
y (t) when input x (t) is applied. When the input x (t - t) is applied to a system
with impulse response h (t - t), the output will be
(A) y (t)
(B) y (2 (t - t))
(C) y (t - t)
(D) y (t - 2t)
YEAR 2009
EE SP 2.39
TWO MARKS
nodia
A cascade of three Linear Time Invariant systems is causal and unstable. From
this, we conclude that
(A) each system in the cascade is individually causal and unstable
(B) at least on system is unstable and at least one system is causal
(C) at least one system is causal and all systems are unstable
(D) the majority are unstable and the majority are causal
EE SP 2.40
The Fourier Series coefficients of a periodic signal x (t) expressed as

x (t) = k3=- 3 ak e j2pkt/T are given by a- 2 = 2 - j1, a- 1 = 0.5 + j0.2 , a 0 = j2 ,
a 1 = 0.5 - j0.2 , a 2 = 2 + j1 and ak = 0 for k > 2

Which of the following is true ?
(A) x (t) has finite energy because only finitely many coefficients are non-zero
(B) x (t) has zero average value because it is periodic
(C) The imaginary part of x (t) is constant
(D) The real part of x (t) is even
EE SP 2.41
The z-transform of a signal x [n] is given by 4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 - 6z2 + 2z3

It is applied to a system, with a transfer function H (z) = 3z - 1 - 2
Let the output be y [n]. Which of the following is true ?
(A) y [n] is non causal with finite support
(B) y [n] is causal with infinite support
(C) y [n] = 0; n > 3
(D) Re [Y (z)] z = e =- Re [Y (z)] z = e
ji
- ji
Im [Y (z)] z = e = Im [Y (z)] z = e ; - p # q < p

ji
- ji
YEAR 2008
EE SP 2.42
ONE MARK
The impulse response of a causal linear time-invariant system is given as h (t).

Now consider the following two statements :
Statement (I): Principle of superposition holds
Statement (II): h (t) = 0 for t < 0
Which one of the following statements is correct ?
(A) Statements (I) is correct and statement (II) is wrong
(B) Statements (II) is correct and statement (I) is wrong
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(C) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are wrong

(D) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct
EE SP 2.43
A signal e - at sin (wt) is the input to a real Linear Time Invariant system. Given K
and f are constants, the output of the system will be of the form Ke - bt sin (vt + f)
where
(A) b need not be equal to a but v equal to w
(B) v need not be equal to w but b equal to a
(C) b equal to a and v equal to w
(D) b need not be equal to a and v need not be equal to w
nodia
YEAR 2008
EE SP 2.44
TWO MARKS
z
Given X (z) =
with z > a , the residue of X (z) zn - 1 at z = a for n $ 0
2
(z - a)
will be
(A) an - 1
(B) an
(D) nan - 1
(C) nan
EE SP 2.45
A system with x (t) and output y (t) is defined by the input-output relation :
y (t) =
- 2t
#- 3x (t) dt
The system will be

(A) Casual, time-invariant and unstable
(B) Casual, time-invariant and stable
(C) non-casual, time-invariant and unstable
(D) non-casual, time-variant and unstable
EE SP 2.46
A signal x (t) = sinc (at) where a is a real constant ^sinc (x) = px h is the input
to a Linear Time Invariant system whose impulse response h (t) = sinc (bt), where
b is a real constant. If min (a, b) denotes the minimum of a and b and similarly,
max (a, b) denotes the maximum of a and b, and K is a constant, which one of
the following statements is true about the output of the system ?
(A) It will be of the form Ksinc (gt) where g = min (a, b)
(B) It will be of the form Ksinc (gt) where g = max (a, b)
(C) It will be of the form Ksinc (at)
(D) It can not be a sinc type of signal
sin (px)
EE SP 2.47
Let x (t) be a periodic signal with time period T , Let y (t) = x (t - t0) + x (t + t0)
for some t0 . The Fourier Series coefficients of y (t) are denoted by bk . If bk = 0 for
all odd k , then t0 can be equal to
(A) T/8
(B) T/4
(C) T/2
(D) 2T
EE SP 2.48
H (z) is a transfer function of a real system. When a signal x [n] = (1 + j) n is the
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 2
input to such a system, the output is zero. Further, the Region of convergence
(ROC) of ^1 - 12 z - 1h H(z) is the entire Z-plane (except z = 0 ). It can then be
inferred that H (z) can have a minimum of
(A) one pole and one zero
(B) one pole and two zeros
(C) two poles and one zero
D) two poles and two zeros
EE SP 2.49
Let x (t) = rect^t - 12 h (where rect (x) = 1 for - 12 # x #
1
2
and zero otherwise.
sin (px)
If sinc (x) = px , then the FTof x (t) + x (- t) will be given by

(B) 2 sinc` w j
(A) sinc` w j
2p
2p
(C) 2 sinc` w j cos ` w j
(D) sinc` w j sin ` w j
2p
2
2p
2
EE SP 2.50
nodia
Given a sequence x [n], to generate the sequence y [n] = x [3 - 4n], which one of
the following procedures would be correct ?
(A) First delay x (n) by 3 samples to generate z1 [n], then pick every 4th sample
of z1 [n] to generate z2 [n], and than finally time reverse z2 [n] to obtain y [n].
(B) First advance x [n] by 3 samples to generate z1 [n], then pick every 4th
sample of z1 [n] to generate z2 [n], and then finally time reverse z2 [n] to
obtain y [n]
(C) First pick every fourth sample of x [n] to generate v1 [n], time-reverse v1 [n]
to obtain v2 [n], and finally advance v2 [n] by 3 samples to obtain y [n]
(D) First pick every fourth sample of x [n] to generate v1 [n], time-reverse v1 [n]
to obtain v2 [n], and finally delay v2 [n] by 3 samples to obtain y [n]
YEAR 2007
EE SP 2.51
ONE MARK
Let a signal a1 sin (w1 t + f) be applied to a stable linear time variant system. Let
the corresponding steady state output be represented as a2 F (w2 t + f2). Then
which of the following statement is true?
(A) F is not necessarily a Sine or Cosine function but must be periodic
with w1 = w2 .
(B) F must be a Sine or Cosine function with a1 = a2
(C) F must be a Sine function with w1 = w2 and f1 = f2
(D) F must be a Sine or Cosine function with w1 = w2
EE SP 2.52
The frequency spectrum of a signal is shown in the figure. If this is ideally

sampled at intervals of 1 ms, then the frequency spectrum of the sampled signal
will be
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Signals and Systems
Page 95
nodia
YEAR 2007
EE SP 2.53
TWO MARKS
A signal x (t) is given by

1, - T/4 < t # 3T/4
x (t) = *- 1, 3T/4 < t # 7T/4
- x (t + T)
Which among the following gives the fundamental fourier term of x (t) ?
(B) p cos ` pt + p j
(A) 4 cos ` pt - p j
4
4
2T
p
T
4
(C) 4 sin ` pt - p j
(D) p sin ` pt + p j
4
p
T
4
4
2T
EE SP 2.54
Consider the discrete-time system shown in the figure where the impulse response
of G (z) is g (0) = 0, g (1) = g (2) = 1, g (3) = g (4) = g = 0
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Chapter 2
This system is stable for range of values of K

(A) [- 1, 12 ]
(B) [- 1, 1]
(D) [- 12 , 2]
(C) [- 12 , 1]
Common Data Questions Q. 55 and 56

A signal is processed by a causal filter with transfer function G (s)
EE SP 2.55
nodia
For a distortion free output signal wave form, G (s) must
(A) provides zero phase shift for all frequency
(B) provides constant phase shift for all frequency
(C) provides linear phase shift that is proportional to frequency
(D) provides a phase shift that is inversely proportional to frequency
EE SP 2.56
G (z) = az - 1 + bz - 3 is a low pass digital filter with a phase characteristics same as

that of the above question if
(A) a = b
(B) a =- b
(D) a = b(- 1/3)
(C) a = b(1/3)
EE SP 2.57
If u (t), r (t) denote the unit step and unit ramp functions respectively and
u (t) * r (t) their convolution, then the function u (t + 1) * r (t - 2) is given by
(A) 12 (t - 1) u (t - 1)
(B) 12 (t - 1) u (t - 2)
(C)
EE SP 2.58
1
2
(t - 1) 2 u (t - 1)
(D) None of the above
X (z) = 1 - 3z - 1, Y (z) = 1 + 2z - 2 are Z transforms of two signals x [n], y [n]

respectively. A linear time invariant system has the impulse response h [n]
defined by these two signals as h [n] = x [n - 1] * y [n] where * denotes discrete
time convolution. Then the output of the system for the input d [n - 1]
(A) has Z-transform z - 1 X (z) Y (z)
(B) equals d [n - 2] - 3d [n - 3] + 2d [n - 4] - 6d [n - 5]
(C) has Z-transform 1 - 3z - 1 + 2z - 2 - 6z - 3
(D) does not satisfy any of the above three
YEAR 2006
EE SP 2.59
ONE MARK
The following is true

(A) A finite signal is always bounded
(B) A bounded signal always possesses finite energy
(C) A bounded signal is always zero outside the interval [- t0, t0] for some t0
(D) A bounded signal is always finite
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Chapter 2
EE SP 2.60
Signals and Systems
Page 97
x (t) is a real valued function of a real variable with period T . Its trigonometric
Fourier Series expansion contains no terms of frequency w = 2p (2k) /T; k = 1, 2g
Also, no sine terms are present. Then x (t) satisfies the equation
(A) x (t) =- x (t - T)
(B) x (t) = x (T - t) =- x (- t)
(C) x (t) = x (T - t) =- x (t - T/2)
(D) x (t) = x (t - T) = x (t - T/2)
EE SP 2.61
A discrete real all pass system has a pole at z = 2+30% : it, therefore
(A) also has a pole at 12 +30%
(B) has a constant phase response over the z -plane: arg H (z) = constant
constant
nodia
(C) is stable only if it is anti-causal
(D) has a constant phase response over the unit circle: arg H (eiW) = constant
YEAR 2006
EE SP 2.62
EE SP 2.63
TWO MARKS
x [n] = 0; n < - 1, n > 0, x [- 1] =- 1, x [0] = 2 is the input and

y [n] = 0; n < - 1, n > 2, y [- 1] =- 1 = y [1], y [0] = 3, y [2] =- 2 is the output of a
discrete-time LTI system. The system impulse response h [n] will be
(A) h [n] = 0; n < 0, n > 2, h [0] = 1, h [1] = h [2] =- 1
(B) h [n] = 0; n < - 1, n > 1, h [- 1] = 1, h [0] = h [1] = 2
(C) h [n] = 0; n < 0, n > 3, h [0] =- 1, h [1] = 2, h [2] = 1
(D) h [n] = 0; n < - 2, n > 1, h [- 2] = h [1] = h [- 1] =- h [0] = 3
n
The discrete-time signal x [n]
X (z) = n3= 0 3 z2n , where
2+n
transform-pair relationship, is orthogonal to the signal
n
(A) y1 [n] ) Y1 (z) = n3= 0 ` 2 j z - n
3
denotes a
/
(B) y2 [n] ) Y2 (z) = / n3= 0 (5n - n) z - (2n + 1)
(C) y3 [n] ) Y3 (z) = / n3=- 3 2 - n z - n
(D) y4 [n] ) Y4 (z) = 2z - 4 + 3z - 2 + 1
EE SP 2.64
A continuous-time system is described by y (t) = e - x (t) , where y (t) is the output

and x (t) is the input. y (t) is bounded
(A) only when x (t) is bounded
(B) only when x (t) is non-negative
(C) only for t # 0 if x (t) is bounded for t $ 0
(D) even when x (t) is not bounded
EE SP 2.65
The running integration, given by y (t) =
#- 3 x (t') dt'
(A) has no finite singularities in its double sided Laplace Transform Y (s)
(B) produces a bounded output for every causal bounded input
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Chapter 2
(C) produces a bounded output for every anticausal bounded input

(D) has no finite zeroes in its double sided Laplace Transform Y (s)
YEAR 2005
EE SP 2.66
For the triangular wave from shown in the figure, the RMS value of the voltage
is equal to
nodia
(A)
1
6
(C) 1
3
EE SP 2.67
TWO MARKS
(B)
(D)
1
3
2
3
2
The Laplace transform of a function f (t) is F (s) = 5s 2+ 23s + 6 as t " 3, f (t)
s (s + 2s + 2)
approaches
(A) 3
(B) 5
(D) 3
(C) 17
2
EE SP 2.68
The Fourier series for the function f (x) = sin2 x is

(A) sin x + sin 2x
(B) 1 - cos 2x
(C) sin 2x + cos 2x
(D) 0.5 - 0.5 cos 2x
EE SP 2.69
If u (t) is the unit step and d (t) is the unit impulse function, the inverse z
-transform of F (z) = z +1 1 for k > 0 is
(A) (- 1) k d (k)
(B) d (k) - (- 1) k
(C) (- 1) k u (k)
(D) u (k) - (- 1) k
YEAR 2004
TWO MARKS
EE SP 2.70
The rms value of the resultant current in a wire which carries a dc current of 10
A and a sinusoidal alternating current of peak value 20 is
(A) 14.1 A
(B) 17.3 A
(C) 22.4 A
(D) 30.0 A
EE SP 2.71
The rms value of the periodic waveform given in figure is
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Chapter 2
Signals and Systems
Page 99
(A) 2 6 A
(B) 6 2 A
(C)
(D) 1.5 A
4/3 A
***********
nodia
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Signals and Systems
Chapter 2
SOLUTION
SOL 2.1

Given the Laplace transform,
X ^s h =
3s + 5
s2 + 10s + 21
From final value theorem, we know
x ^ t h = lim sX ^s h
s"3
So, we obtain
x ^0+h = lim sX ^0+h
nodia
s"3
= lim s d
s"3
= lim s
s"3
SOL 2.2
3s + 5
n
s2 + 10s + 21
s _3 + s5 i
s 2 `1 + 10s + 21
s j
2
3+ 5
3
=3
1 + 10 + 21
3 3

Consider a periodic square wave shown below.
For the square wave, we observe that the Fourier series coefficients exist and the
reconstruction converges at most point.
SOL 2.3

Given the Fourier transform pair,
F ^w h =
# f ^t he
-jwt
dt
and the function g ^ t h is defined as

-3
g^t h =
# Fû he
-jut
du
...(1)
-3
Again, the inverse Fourier transform of F ^wh is written as

f ^t h =
# F ^w h e
jwt
dw
-3
Replacing t by - t and w by u in above expression, we get

f ^- t h =
# Fû he
-jut
du
-3
...(2)
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Page 101
Thus, by comparing equations (1) and (2), we have

g ^ t h = f ^- t h
If f ^ t h be an even function, then
f ^- t h = f ^ t h
which in turn gives
g (t ) = f (t )
i.e. g (t ) will be proportional to f ^ t h, if f ^ t h is an even function.
SOL 2.4

We have the waveform,
nodia
The function represented in the waveform can be resolved in the following four
waveforms; where u (t) is the unit step function.
Thus, the function shown in the waveform is

^t - T h
^t - 2T h
u ^t - 2T h
u ^t - T h f ^ t h = u ^ t h - u ^t - T h +
T
T
SOL 2.5

Let input
x ^ t h = k cos 3t , k = 1
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y ^ t h = A sin ^3t + ah
We can see that output differs only in phase. In Laplace domain
Y ^s h = X ^s h H ^s h
Y ^s h = X ^s h H ^s h
Y ^ jwh = X ^ jwh H ^ jwh

1
A = 1#
w w2 + 16
1
A = 1#
3 9 + 16
= 1
15
For w = 3 ,
SOL 2.6
nodia
Impulse response
Laplace transform,
h ^ t h = e-5t u ^ t h
H ^s h = 1
s+5
y ^ t h = e-3t u ^ t h - e-5t u ^ t h
Laplace transform,
Y (s) = 1 + 1
s+3 s+5
2
=
^s + 3h^s + 5h
We know that,
Y (s) = X ^s h H ^s h
Y ^s h
So,
X ^s h =
H ^s h
Substituting Y ^s h and H ^s h, we get
X ^s h = 2
s+3
Taking inverse Laplace, transform
Output,
x ^ t h = 2e-3t u ^ t h
SOL 2.7

Characteristic equation
zI - A = 0
a a-1
A =>
a+1 a H
where
z
zI - A = >
0
So,
z
a a-1
H->
H
0
a+1 a
z - a -a + 1
H
=>
-a - 1 z - a
For a = 1,
z-1 0
H
zI - A = >
-2 z - 1
zI - A = 0
^z - 1h2 = 0
z = 1 ! j0
The roots of characteristic equation gives the system poles.
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Chapter 2
SOL 2.8
Signals and Systems

Input signal,
Sample signal,
Page 103
x ^ t h = 2 + 5 sin ^100pt h
x ^nTs h = 2 + 5 sin ^100p # nTs h
Ts " Sampling period, Ts = 1
400
x ^nTs h = 2 + 5 sin b100p # n # 1 l
400
x ^nTs h = 2 + 5 sin a np k
4
Transfer function
H ^z h =
N
Y ^z h
= 1 c 1 - z-1 m
N 1-z
X ^z h
N-1
z-n
= 1
N n=0
1
0 # n # N-1
N
=*
0
otherwise
400
=
=8
f = 100p = 50 Hz
50
2p
1
0#n#7
= *8
0
otherwise
= x ^n h * h ^n h
5
5
= )2, 2 + 2 , ^2 + 5h, c 2 + 2 m, 2 .......3
nodia
h ^n h
or
N=
fs
f
h ^n h
So
y ^n h
x ^n h
Solving the convolution
y ^n h =
N-1
/ x^k hh^n - k h
n=0
The integration sum of sine term will be zero and for constant term
y ^n h =
/ 2 # 18 = 2
n=0
SOL 2.9

We have the waveform of function f (t) as
From the waveform, we observe that f (t) is an odd function, i.e.

f (- t) =- f (t)
Hence, the Fourier transform of the function is imaginary.
SOL 2.10

Given the signal,
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1, t < 1
x (t ) = *
0, t > 1
The waveform for the given signal is drawn as
Since, the waveform of rectangular function rect (t ) is
nodia
So, comparing the two waveforms, we get
x (t ) = rect a t k
2
Now, the Fourier transform pair for rectangular function is
rect c t m * t sin C c wt m
t
2p
so,
Similarly,
rect b t l * 2 sin C c w m = 2 sin w

2
p
w
rect c t m * 4 sin C b 2w l =
p
4
4 sin ^2wh 2 sin ^2wh

=
2w
w
sin ^ w2 h
w
rect (t ) * sin C c m = w
2p
2
and
Therefore, we have the fourier transforms

F "x (2t), = F "rect (t ),
sin ^ w2 h
= w
2
2 sin (2w)
w
Thus, we obtain the fourier transform of signal y (t ) as
F {y (t )} = F {x (2t) * x (t/2)}
= F {x (2t)} .F {x (t/2)}
sin ^ w2 h 2 sin (2w)
= w
w
2
and
F {x (t/2)} = F {rect (t/4)} =
= 42 sin b w l sin (2w)

2
w
SOL 2.11
Correct answer is 14 Hz.

Given the signal,
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Page 105
f ^ t h = 3 sin 8pt + 6 sin 12pt + sin 14pt

According to Nyquist criterion the sampling frequency is
f s > 2f max
where fmax is the maximum frequency of the message signal. For the given signal,
we have maximum frequency as
or
w max = 14p
2pf max = 14p
or
f max = 7
Thus, the sampling frequency is
fs > 2 # 7
or
fs > 14
i.e. minimum sampling frequency is 14 Hz.
SOL 2.12
nodia

To obtain the system function, we redraw the given pole-zero plot as
From the pole-zero plot, we obtain the transfer function as

(S - Z1) (S - Z 1*) (S - Z2) (S - Z 2*)
H ^w h = K
(S - P1) (S - P 1*) (S - P2) (S - P 2*)
(S - Z1) (S - Z 1*) (S - Z2) (S - Z 2*)
So,
| H (w) | = K
(S - P1) (S - P 1*) (S - P2) (S - P 2*)
Since, we can observe from the pole-zero plot that
...(1)
| P1 | = | Z2 |
and
| P2 | = | Z1 |
Thus, the numerator and denominator terms of equation are cancelled. Hence,
we get
| H (w) | = K
SOL 2.13

Given the period of sampling train, TS = 20 ms
1
So, the sampling frequency is fS =
= 50 Hz
20 # 10-3
Let the frequency of signal x (t ) be fx
After sampling the signal, the sampled signal has the frequency
fS - fx = 50 - fx
and
fS + fx = 50 + fx
Now, the sampled signal is applied to an ideal low-pass filter with cut off frequency,
fc = 25 Hz
Since, the output of the filter carried a single frequency component of 20 Hz. So,
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Chapter 2
it is clear that only lower component (fs - fx ) passes through the filter, i.e.
fS - fx < 25
and
fS - fx = 20
50 - fx = 20
fx = 50 - 20 = 30 Hz
SOL 2.14

Given the relation,
y (t ) = d x (t )
dt
From the properties of Fourier transform we know that
if
y (t ) = d x (t )
dt
nodia
...(1)
Y (w) = jwX (w)
where X (w) and Y (w) are the Fourier transform of x (t ) and y (t ) respectively.
Now, we have the function x (t ), which is differentiable, non-constant, even
Then
function. So, its frequency response will be real, i.e. X (w) is real
Hence, equation (1) gives the result that Y (w) is imaginary.
SOL 2.15

Given, the maximum frequency of the band-limited signal
fm = 5 kHz
According to the Nyquist sampling theorem, the sampling frequency must be
greater than the Nyquist frequency which is given as
fN = 2fm = 2 # 5 = 10 kHz
So, the sampling frequency fs must satisfy
fs $ fN
fs $ 10 kHz
only the option (A) does not satisfy the condition therefore, 5 kHz is not a
valid sampling frequency.
SOL 2.16

Given, the signal
v ^ t h = 30 sin 100t + 10 cos 300t + 6 sin ^500t + p4 h
So we have
w1 = 100 rad/s ; w2 = 300 rad/s and w3 = 500 rad/s
Therefore, the respective time periods are
T1 = 2p = 2p sec
w1 100
T2 = 2p = 2p sec
w2
300
T3 = 2p sec
500
So, the fundamental time period of the signal is
LCM ^2p, 2p, 2ph
L.C.M. ^T1, T2 T3h =
HCF ^100, 300, 500h
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Page 107
T0 = 2p
100
or,
Thus, the fundamental frequency in rad/sec is

w0 = 2p = 100 rad/s
10
SOL 2.17
SOL 2.18
SOL 2.19

If the two systems with impulse response h1 ^ t h and h2 ^ t h are connected in
cascaded configuration as shown in figure, then the overall response of the system
is the convolution of the individual impulse responses.
nodia

For a system to be casual, the R.O.C of system transfer function H ^s h which is
rational should be in the right half plane and to the right of the right most pole.
For the stability of LTI system. All poles of the system should lie in the
left half of S -plane and no repeated pole should be on imaginary axis. Hence,
options (A), (B), (D) satisfies both stability and causality an LTI system.
But, Option (C) is not true for the stable system as, S = 1 have one pole
in right hand plane also.
Given, the input
x ^ t h = u ^t - 1h
Its Laplace transform is
-s
X ^s h = e
s
The impulse response of system is given
h^t h = t u^t h
Its Laplace transform is
H ^s h = 12
s
Hence, the overall response at the output is
-s
Y ^s h = X ^s h H ^s h = e 3
s
Its inverse Laplace transform is
^t - 1h2
y^t h =
u ^t - 1h
2
SOL 2.20

Given, the impulse response of continuous time system
h ^ t h = d ^t - 1h + d ^t - 3h
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From the convolution property, we know

x ^ t h * d ^t - t 0h = x ^t - t 0h
So, for the input
x ^ t h = u ^ t h (Unit step fun n )

The output of the system is obtained as
y^t h = u^t h * h^t h
= u ^ t h * 6d ^t - 1h + d ^t - 3h@
= u ^t - 1h + u ^t - 3h
y ^2 h = u ^2 - 1h + u ^2 - 3h = 1
At t = 2
SOL 2.21

n
n
x [ n] = b 1 l - b 1 l u [ n]
3
2
n
-n
n
= b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [- n - 1] - b 1 l u (n)
3
3
2
Taking z -transform
nodia
X 6z @ =
-
1 n -n
1 -n -n
b 3 l z u [n ] +
b 3 l z u [- n - 1]
n =- 3
n =- 3
-1
1 n -n
1 n -n
1 -n -n
1 n -n
b 2 l z u [n ] =
b3l z +
b3l z b2l z
n =- 3
n=0
n =- 3
n=0
/
3
/ b 31z l + / b 13 z l
n=0
14
42
4
43
I
m=1
1 44 2
44 3
II
/ b 21z l
Taking m =- n
n=0
14
42
4
43
III
1 < 1 or z > 1
3
3z
Series II converges if 1 z < 1 or z < 3
3
Series III converges if 1 < 1 or z > 1
2z
2
Region of convergence of X (z) will be intersection of above three
So,
ROC : 1 < z < 3
2
Series I converges if
SOL 2.22

Using s -domain differentiation property of Laplace transform.
If
f (t)
F (s)
dF (s)
L
tf (t)
ds
L [tf (t)] = - d ; 2 1
ds s + s + 1E
= 2 2s + 1 2
(s + s + 1)
So,
SOL 2.23

Convolution sum is defined as
y [n] = h [n] * g [n] =
For causal sequence,
y [n] =
/ h [n] g [n - k]
k =- 3
/ h [n] g [n - k]
k=0
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y [n] = h [n] g [n] + h [n] g [n - 1] + h [n] g [n - 2] + .....

For n = 0 ,
y [0] = h [0] g [0] + h [1] g [- 1] + ...........

= h [0] g [0]
= h [0] g [0]
For n = 1,
g [- 1] = g [- 2] = ....0
...(i)
y [1] = h [1] g [1] + h [1] g [0] + h [1] g [- 1] + ....

= h [1] g [1] + h [1] g [0]
1 = 1 g [1] + 1 g [0]
2
2
2
1
h [1] = b 1 l = 1
2
2
1 = g [1] + g [0]
From equation (i),
nodia
g [1] = 1 - 1 = 0
So,
SOL 2.24
g [1] = 1 - g [0]
y [0] 1
= =1
g [0] =
h [0] 1
(2 cos w) (sin 2w)

= sin 3w + sin w
w
w
w
We know that inverse Fourier transform of sin c function is a rectangular function.
H (jw) =
So, inverse Fourier transform of H (jw)

h (t) = h1 (t) + h2 (t)
h (0) = h1 (0) + h2 (0)
=1+1 =1
2 2
SOL 2.25

y (t) =
Time invariance :
Let,
# x (t) cos (3t) dt

-3
x (t) = d (t)
y (t) =
# d (t) cos (3t) dt

-3
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= u (t) cos (0) = u (t)

For a delayed input (t - t 0) output is
y (t, t 0) =
# d (t - t ) cos (3t) dt
0
-3
= u (t) cos (3t 0)

y (t - t 0) = u (t - t 0)
Delayed output
y (t, t 0) ! y (t - t 0)
System is not time invariant.
Stability :
Consider a bounded input x (t) = cos 3t
y (t) =
-3
cos2 3t =
t
= 1 1dt - 1
2 -3
2
As t " 3, y (t) " 3 (unbounded)
System is not stable.
SOL 2.26
1 - cos 6t
2
-3
# cos 6t dt
nodia
-3
f (t) = a 0 +
/ (an cos wt + bn sin nwt)
n=1
The given function f (t) is an even function, therefore bn = 0

f (t) is a non zero average value function, so it will have a non-zero value of a 0
T/2
a 0 = 1 # f (t) dt (average value of f (t))
^T/2h 0
an is zero for all even values of n and non zero for odd n
T
an = 2 # f (t) cos (nwt) d (wt)
T 0
So, Fourier expansion of f (t) will have a 0 and an , n = 1, 3, 5f3

SOL 2.27

x (t) = e-t
Laplace transformation
X (s) =
1
s+1
y (t) = e-2t
Y (s) = 1
s+2
Convolution in time domain is equivalent to multiplication in frequency domain.
z (t) = x (t) ) y (t)
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Z (s) = X (s) Y (s) = b 1 lb 1 l

s+1 s+2
By partial fraction and taking inverse Laplace transformation, we get
Z (s) = 1 - 1
s+1 s+2
z (t) = e-t - e-2t
SOL 2.28

L
f (t)
F1 (s)
e-st F1 (s) = F2 (s)

F (s) F 1)(s) e-st F1 (s) F 1)(s)
=
G (s) = 2
F1 (s) 2
F1 (s) 2
e-sE F1 (s) 2
)
2
=
"a F1 (s) F 1 (s) = F1 (s)
F1 (s) 2
= e-st
Taking inverse Laplace transform
L
f (t - t)
nodia
g (t) = L - 1 [e-st] = d (t - t)
SOL 2.29
h (t) = e-t + e-2t
Laplace transform of h (t) i.e. the transfer function

H (s) = 1 + 1
s+1 s+2
For unit step input
r (t) = m (t)
R (s) = 1
s
or
Y (s) = R (s) H (s)
Output,
= 1; 1 + 1 E
s s+1 s+2
By partial fraction
Y (s) = 3 - 1 - b 1 l 1
2s s + 1
s+2 2
Taking inverse Laplace
e-2t u (t)
y (t) = 3 u (t) - e-t u (t) 2
2
= u (t) 61.5 - e-t - 0.5e-2t@
SOL 2.30

System is given as
2
(s + 1)
R (s) = 1
s
H (s) =
Step input
Output
Y (s) = H (s) R (s)

= 2 b1l
(s + 1) s
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Chapter 2
=2- 2
s (s + 1)
y (t) = (2 - 2e- t) u (t)
Final value of y (t),
yss (t) = lim y (t) = 2
t"3
Let time taken for step response to reach 98% of its final value is ts .
So,
2 - 2e- ts = 2 # 0.98
0.02 = e- ts
ts = ln 50
= 3.91 sec.
SOL 2.31
nodia
Period of x (t),
T = 2p = 2 p
0.8 p
w
= 2.5 sec
SOL 2.32

Input output relationship
y (t) =
5t
#- 3x (t) dt,
t>0
Causality :
y (t) depends on x (5t), t > 0 system is non-causal.
For example t = 2
y (2) depends on x (10) (future value of input)
Linearity :
Output is integration of input which is a linear function, so system is linear.
SOL 2.33

Fourier series of given function
x (t) = A0 +
an cos nw0 t + bn sin nw0 t
n=1
So,
a x (t) =- x (t) odd function

A0 = 0
an = 0
T
bn = 2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt
T 0
T/2
T
= 2=
(1) sin nw0 t dt +
(- 1) sin nw0 t dt G
T 0
T/2
T/2
T
= 2 =c cos nw0 t m - c cos nw0 t m G
- nw0 0
- nw0 T/2
T
= 2 6(1 - cos np) + (cos 2np - cos np)@
nw0 T
= 2 61 - (- 1) n @
np
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4 , n odd
bn = * np
0 , n even
So only odd harmonic will be present in x (t)
For second harmonic component (n = 2) amplitude is zero.
SOL 2.34

By parsvals theorem
1 3 X (w) 2 dw =
2p - 3
#- 3
SOL 2.35
#- 3 x2 (t) dt
3
X (w) 2 dw = 2p # 2 = 4p
nodia
Given sequences
x [n] = {1, - 1}, 0 # n # 1

-
y [n] = {1, 0, 0, 0, - 1}, 0 # n # 4

If impulse response is h [n] then
y [ n ] = h [ n ] * x [ n]
Length of convolution (y [n]) is 0 to 4, x [n] is of length 0 to 1 so length of h [n]
will be 0 to 3.
Let
h [n] = {a, b, c, d}
Convolution
y [n] = {a, - a + b, - b + c, - c + d, - d}
Comparing we have
a =1
-a + b = 0 & b = a = 1
-b + c = 0 & c = b = 1
-c + d = 0 & d = c = 1
So,
SOL 2.36
h [n] = {1, 1, 1, 1}
-

We can observe that if we scale f (t) by a factor of 1 and then shift, we will get
2
g (t).
First scale f (t) by a factor of 1
2
g1 (t) = f (t/2)
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Chapter 2
g (t) = g1 (t - 3) = f` t - 3 j
2
Shift g1 (t) by 3,
nodia
g (t) = f` t - 3 j
2 2
SOL 2.37

g (t) can be expressed as
g (t) = u (t - 3) - u (t - 5)
By shifting property we can write Laplace transform of g (t)
G (s) = 1 e - 3s - 1 e - 5s
s
s
- 3s
= e (1 - e - 2s)
s
SOL 2.38

L
Let
X (s)
x (t)
L
Y (s)
y (t)
L
H (s)
h (t)
So output of the system is given as
Y (s) = X (s) H (s)
Now for input
So now output is
x (t - t)
e - st X (s)
h (t - t)
e- st H (s)
(shifting property)
Y' (s) = e - st X (s) $ e - ts H (s)

= e - 2st X (s) H (s)
= e - 2st Y (s)
y' (t) = y (t - 2t)
SOL 2.39

Let three LTI systems having response H1 (z), H2 (z) and H 3 (z) are
Cascaded as showing below
Assume
H1 (z) = z2 + z1 + 1 (non-causal)
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H2 (z) = z3 + z2 + 1 (non-causal)
Overall response of the system
H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z) H3 (z)
H (z) = (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) H3 (z)
To make H (z) causal we have to take H3 (z) also causal.
Let
H3 (z) = z - 6 + z - 4 + 1
= (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) (z - 6 + z - 4 + 1)
H (z) " causal
Similarly to make H (z) unstable atleast one of the system should be unstable.
SOL 2.40

Given signal
nodia
x (t) =
/ ak e j2pkt/T
k =- 3
Let w0 is the fundamental frequency of signal x (t)

x (t) =
/ ak e jkw t
0
k =- 3
a 2p = w0
T
x (t) = a - 2 e - j2w t + a - 1 e - jw t + a0 + a1 e jw t + a2 e j2w t

0
= (2 - j) e - 2jw t + (0.5 + 0.2j) e - jw t + 2j +

0
+ (0.5 - 0.2) e jw t + (2 + j) e j2w t

0
= 2 6e - j2w t + e j2w t @ + j 6e j2w t - e - j2w t @ +

0
0.5 6e jw t + e - jw t @ - 0.2j 6e+ jw t - e - jw t @ + 2j

= 2 (2 cos 2w0 t) + j (2j sin 2w0 t) + 0.5 (2 cos w0 t) 0.2j (2j sin w0 t) + 2j
= 64 cos 2w0 t - 2 sin 2w0 t + cos w0 t + 0.4 sin w0 t @ + 2j
0
Im [x (t)] = 2 (constant)
SOL 2.41

Z-transform of x [n] is
X (z) = 4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 - 6z2 + 2z3
Transfer function of the system
H (z) = 3z - 1 - 2
Output
Y (z) = H (z) X (z)
Y (z) = (3z - 1 - 2) (4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 - 6z2 + 2z3)
= 12z -4 + 9z -2 + 6z -1 - 18z + 6z2 - 8z -3 - 6z -1 - 4 + 12z2 - 4z3
= 12z - 4 - 8z - 3 + 9z - 2 - 4 - 18z + 18z2 - 4z3
Or sequence y [n] is
y [n] = 12d [n - 4] - 8d [n - 3] + 9d [n - 2] - 4d [n] 18d [n + 1] + 18d [n + 2] - 4d [n + 3]
y [n] =
Y 0, n < 0
So y [n] is non-causal with finite support.
SOL 2.42
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Since the given system is LTI, So principal of Superposition holds due to linearity.
For causal system h (t) = 0 , t < 0
Both statement are correct.
SOL 2.43

For an LTI system output is a constant multiplicative of input with same
frequency.
Here
input g (t) = e - at sin (wt)
output y (t) = Ke - bt sin (vt + f)

Output will be in form of Ke - at sin (wt + f)
So
\= b, v = w
SOL 2.44
nodia
z
, z >a
(z - a) 2
at z = a is
= d (z - a) 2 X (z) zn - 1 z = a
dz
z
= d (z - a) 2
zn - 1
dz
(z - a) 2
z=a
n
d
=
z
dz z = a
X (z) =
Given that
Residue of X (z) zn - 1
= nzn - 1 z = a
= nan - 1
SOL 2.45

Input-output relation
y (t) =
- 2t
#- 3x (t) dt
Causality :
Since y (t) depends on x (- 2t), So it is non-causal.
Time-variance :
y (t) =
- 2t
#- 3x (t - t0) dt =Y y (t - t0)
So this is time-variant.
Stability :
Output y (t) is unbounded for an bounded input.
For example
Let
x (t) = e - t (bounded)
y (t) =
SOL 2.46
- 2t
- t - 2t
#- 3e- t dt = 8-e 1 B- 3 $ Unbounded

Output y (t) of the given system is
Or
Given that,
y (t) = x (t) ) h (t)

Y (jw) = X (jw) H (jw)
x (t) = sinc (at) and h (t) = sinc (bt)
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Fourier transform of x (t) and h (t) are

X (jw) = F [x (t)] = p rect` w j, - a < w < a
a
2a
H (jw) = F [h (t)] = p rect` w j, - b < w < b
b
2b
2
Y (jw) = p rect` w j rect` w j
ab
2a
2b
nodia
Y (jw) = K rect ` w j
2g
So,
g = min (a, b)
y (t) = K sinc (gt)
Where
And
SOL 2.47

Let ak is the Fourier series coefficient of signal x (t)
Given
y (t) = x (t - t0) + x (t + t0)
Fourier series coefficient of y (t)
bk = e - jkwt ak + e jkwt ak
bk = 2ak cos kwt0
bk = 0 (for all odd k )
kwt0 = p , k " odd
2
k 2p t0 = p
2
T
t0 = T
4
0
For k = 1,
SOL 2.48
SOL 2.49

Given signal
So,
Similarly
x (t) = rect `t - 1 j
2
1, - 1 # t - 1 # 1 or 0 # t # 1
2
2 2
x (t) = *
0, elsewhere
x (- t) = rect`- t - 1 j
2
1, - 1 # - t - 1 # 1 or - 1 # t # 0
2
2 2
x (- t) = *
0, elsewhere
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F [x (t) + x (- t)] =
=
Chapter 2
#- 3 x (t) e- jwt dt + #- 3 x (- t) e- jwt dt

3
#0 (1) e- jwt dt + #- 1 (1) e- jwt dt

1
- jw t
- jw t
= ;e E +;e E
- jw 0
- jw - 1
= 1 (1 - e - jw) + 1 (e jw - 1)
jw
jw
- jw /2
jw /2
=e
(e jw/2 - e - jw/2) + e
(e jw/2 - e - jw/2)
jw
jw
(e jw/2 - e - jw/2) (e - jw/2 + e jw/2)

jw
= 2 sin ` w j $ 2 cos ` w j
w
2
2
= 2 cos w sinc` w j
2
2p
SOL 2.50
nodia
In option (A)
z1 [n] = x [n - 3]
z2 [n] = z1 [4n] = x [4n - 3]
y [n] = z2 [- n]
= x [- 4n - 3] =
Y x [3 - 4n]
In option (B)
z1 [n] = x [n + 3]
z2 [n] = z1 [4n] = x [4n + 3]
y [n] = z2 [- n] = x [- 4n + 3]
In option (C)
v1 [n] = x [4n]
v2 [n] = v1 [- n] = x [- 4n]
y [n] = v2 [n + 3]
= x [- 4 (n + 3)] =
Y x [3 - 4n]
In option (D)
v1 [n] = x [4n]
v2 [n] = v1 [- n] = x [- 4n]
y [n] = v2 [n - 3] = x [- 4 (n - 3)] =
Y x [3 - 4n]
SOL 2.51

For an LTI system input and output have identical wave shape (i.e. frequency of
input-output is same) within a multiplicative constant (i.e. Amplitude response
is constant)
So F must be a sine or cosine wave with w1 = w2
SOL 2.52

The spectrum of sampled signal s (jw) contains replicas of U (jw) at frequencies
!nfs .
Where
n = 0, 1, 2.......
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1
= 1 kHz
fs = 1 =
Ts
1 m sec
nodia
SOL 2.53

Given signal has the following wave-form
Function x(t) is periodic with period 2T and given that

x (t) =- x (t + T) (Half-wave symmetric)
So we can obtain the Fourier series representation of given function.
SOL 2.54

System response is given as
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G (z)
H (z) =
1 - KG (z)
g [n] = d [n - 1] + d [n - 2]
G (z) = z - 1 + z - 2
(z - 1 + z - 2)
= 2 z+1
-1
-2
z - Kz - K
1 - K (z + z )
For system to be stable poles should lie inside unit circle.
So
H (z) =
z #1
2
z = K ! K + 4K # 1 K ! K2 + 4K # 2
2
K 2 + 4K # 2 - K
K2 + 4K # 4 - 4K + K2
nodia
8K # 4
K # 1/2
SOL 2.55

Output is said to be distortion less if the input and output have identical wave
shapes within a multiplicative constant. A delayed output that retains input
waveform is also considered distortion less.
Thus for distortion less output, input-output relationship is given as
y (t) = Kg (t - td )
Taking Fourier transform.
Y (w) = KG (w) e - jwt = G (w) H (w)

H (w) & transfer function of the system
d
H (w) = Ke - jwt
Amplitude response H (w) = K
Phase response,
qn (w) =- wtd
For distortion less output, phase response should be proportional to frequency.
So,
SOL 2.56

G (z) z = e = ae- jw + be- 3jw
for linear phase characteristic a = b .
jw
SOL 2.57

Given Convolution is,
h (t) = u (t + 1) ) r (t - 2)
Taking Laplace transform on both sides,
H (s) = L [h (t)] = L [u (t + 1)] ) L [r (t - 2)]
We know that, L [u (t)] = 1/s
and
So
(Time-shifting property)
L [u (t + 1)] = es c 12 m
s
L [r (t)] = 1/s2
(Time-shifting property)
L [r (t - 2) = e - 2s c 12 m
s
H (s) = ;es ` 1 jE;e - 2s c 12 mE
s
s
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H (s) = e - s c 13 m
s
h (t) = 1 (t - 1) 2 u (t - 1)
2
SOL 2.58

Impulse response of given LTI system.
h [ n ] = x [ n - 1] ) y [ n ]
Taking z -transform on both sides.
H (z) = z - 1 X (z) Y (z)
We have X (z) = 1 - 3z - 1 and Y (z) = 1 + 2z - 2
So
a x [n - 1]
nodia
z - 1 x (z)
H (z) = z - 1 (1 - 3z - 1) (1 + 2z - 2)
Output of the system for input u [n] = d [n - 1] is ,
y (z) = H (z) U (z)
U [n ]
U (z) = z - 1
So
Y (z) = z - 1 (1 - 3z - 1) (1 + 2z - 2) z - 1
= z - 2 (1 - 3z - 1 + 2z - 2 - 6z - 3)
= z - 2 - 3z - 3 + 2z - 4 - 6z - 5
Taking inverse z-transform on both sides we have output.
y [n] = d [n - 2] - 3d [n - 3] + 2d [n - 4] - 6d [n - 5]
SOL 2.59

A bounded signal always possesses some finite energy.
t0
#- t
E =
g (t) 2 dt < 3
SOL 2.60

Trigonometric Fourier series is given as
3
/ an cos nw0 t + bn sin nw0 t
x (t) = A0 +
n=1
Since there are no sine terms, so bn = 0

bn = 2
T0
#0
= 2=
T0
T0
#0
x (t) sin nw0 t dt
T0 /2
x (t) sin nw0 t dt +
#T /2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt G

0
Where t = T - t & dt =- dt
= 2;
T0
= 2;
T0
= 2;
T0
T0 /2
#T
#T /2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt E

0
TO
#T /2 x (T - t) sin n` 2Tp T - t j dt ++ #T /2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt E

O
T0
T0
#T /2 x (T - t) sin (2np - nw0) dt+ #T /2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt E
= 2 ;T0
bn = 0 if
x (T - t) sin nw0 (T - t) (- dt)+
T0
T0
#T /2 x (T - t) sin (nw0 t) dt + + #T /2 x (t) sin nw0 t dt E
x (t) = x (T - t)
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From half wave symmetry we know that if

x (t) =- x`t ! T j
2
Then Fourier series of x (t) contains only odd harmonics.
SOL 2.61

Z -transform of a discrete all pass system is given as
-1
)
H (z) = z - z-0 1
1 - z0 z
It has a pole at z 0 and a zero at 1/z)
0.
Given system has a pole at
z = 2+30% = 2
( 3 + j)
= ( 3 + j)
2
nodia
system is stable if z < 1 and for this it is anti-causal.
SOL 2.62

According to given data input and output Sequences are
x [n] = {- 1, 2}, - 1 # n # 0
y [n] = {- 1, 3, - 1, - 2}, - 1 # n # 2
If impulse response of system is h [n] then output
y [n] = h [n] ) x [n]
Since length of convolution (y [n]) is - 1 to 2, x [n] is of length - 1 to 0 so length
of h [n] is 0 to 2.
Let
h [n] = {a, b, c}
Convolution
So, a = 1
y [n] = {- a, 2a - b, 2b - c, 2c}
y [n] = {- 1, 3, - 1, - 2}
-
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2a - b = 3 & b =- 1
2a - c =- 1 & c =- 1
Impulse response h [n] = "1, - 1, - 1,
SOL 2.63
SOL 2.64

Output
y (t) = e - x (t)
If x (t) is unbounded, x (t) " 3
y (t) = e - x (t) " 0 (bounded)
So y (t) is bounded even when x (t) is not bounded.
SOL 2.65
nodia
y (t) =
Given
# x (t') dt'
-3
Laplace transform of y (t)

X (s)
, has a singularity at s = 0
Y (s) =
s
t
# x (t') dt'
For a causal bounded input, y (t)=
is always bounded.
-3
SOL 2.66

RMS value is given by
1
T
Vrms =
Where
#0
V2 (t) dt
2
T
` T j t, 0 # t # 2
V (t) = *
So
1
T
#0
T <t#T
2
0,
V 2 (t) dt = 1 =
T
#0
T/2
= 1 $ 42
T T
2t 2
` T j dt +
#0
T /2
#T/2 (0) dt G
t2 dt
T/2
3
= 43 ; t E
T 3 0
3
= 43 # T = 1
24
6
T
Vrms =
SOL 2.67
1 V
6

By final value theorem
lim f (t) = lim s F (s)
t"3
s"0
= lim s
s"0
SOL 2.68
(5s2 + 23s + 6)
= 6 =3
2
2
s (s + 2s + 2)
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Page 124
Signals and Systems
Chapter 2
f (x) = sin2 x = 1 - cos 2x

2
= 0.5 - 0.5 cos 2x
f (x) = A0 +
/ an cos nw0 x + bn sin nw0 x

n=1
f (x) = sin2 x is an even function so bn = 0

A0 = 0.5
- 0.5, n = 1
an = )
0
, otherwise
2
p
w0 =
= 2p = 2
T0
T
SOL 2.69
nodia
F (z) =
Z-transform
f (k) = d (k) - (- 1) k
Z
1
(- 1) k
1 + z- 1
so,
Thus
SOL 2.70
1 = 1- z = 1- 1
z+1
z+1
1 + z- 1

Total current in wire
I = 10 + 20 sin wt
Irms =
SOL 2.71
(10) 2 +
(20) 2
= 17.32 A
2

Root mean square value is given as
1 T I2 (t) dt
T 0
- 12 t, 0 # t < T
2
I (t) = * ` T j
T/2 < t # T
6,
Irms =
From the graph,
So
1
T
#0
I2 dt = 1 =
T
#0
T /2
- 12t 2
` T j dt +
#T/2 (6) 2 dt G
T/2
t3
= 1 e 144
+ 36 6t @TT/2 o
;
T T2 3 E0
T3 + 36 T
= 1 ; 144
c
` 2 jE
2
T T 24 m
= 1 [6T + 18T] = 24
T
Irms =
24 = 2 6 A
***********
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
Page 125
CHAPTER 3
ELECTRIC MACHINES
YEAR 2014 EE01
ONE MARK
EE SP 3.1
An 8-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor is operating at a speed of 700 rpm.

The frequency of the rotor current of the motor in Hz is ______.
EE SP 3.2
For a specified input voltage and frequency, if the equivalent radius of the core of
a transformer is reduced by half, the factor by which the number of turns in the
primary should change to maintain the same no load current is
(A) 1/4
(B) 1/2
nodia
(C) 2
EE SP 3.3
(D) 4
A star connected 400 V, 50 Hz, 4 pole synchronous machine gave the following
open circuit and short circuit test results :
Open circuit test : Voc = 400 V (rms, line-to-line) at field current, I f = 2.3 A
Short circuit test : Isc = 10 A (rms, phase) at field current, I f = 1.5 A
The value of per phase synchronous impedance in W at rated voltage is_____.
YEAR 2014 EE01
TWO MARKS
EE SP 3.4
The core loss of a single phase, 230/115 V , 50 Hz power transformer is measured

from 230 V side by feeding the primary (230 V side) from a variable voltage
variable frequency source while keeping the secondary open circuited. The core
loss is measured to be 1050 W for 230 V, 50 Hz input. The core loss is again
measured to be 500 W for 138 V, 30 Hz input. The hysteresis and eddy current
losses of the transformer for 230 V, 50 Hz input are respectively,
(A) 508 W and 542 W
(B) 468 W and 582 W
(C) 498 W and 552 W
(D) 488 W and 562 W
EE SP 3.5
A 15 kW, 230 V dc shunt motor has armature circuit resistance of 0.4 W and
field circuit resistance of 230 W . At no load and rated voltage, the motor runs at
1400 rpm and the line current drawn by the motor is 5 A. At full load, the motor
draws a line current of 70 A. Neglect armature reaction. The full load speed of
the motor in rpm is_____.
EE SP 3.6
A 3 phase, 50 Hz, six pole induction motor has a rotor resistance of 0.1 W and
reactance of 0.92 W . Neglect the voltage drop in stator and assume that the rotor
resistance is constant. Given that the full load slip is 3%, the ratio of maximum
torque to full load torque is
(A) 1.567
(B) 1.712
(C) 1.948
(D) 2.134
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
YEAR 2014 EE02

EE SP 3.7
Assuming an ideal transformer, the Thevenins equivalent voltage and impedance

as seen from the terminals x and y for the circuit in figure are
(A) 2 sin ^wt h, 4 W

(C) 1 sin ^wt h, 2 W
EE SP 3.8
ONE MARK
(B) 1 sin ^wt h, 1 W

(D) 2 sin ^wt h, 0.5 W
nodia
A single phase, 50 kVA, 1000 V/100 V two winding transformer is connected as

an autotransformer as shown in the figure.
The kVA rating of the autotransformer is ________.

EE SP 3.9
A three-phase, 4-pole, self excited induction generator is feeding power to a load

at a frequency f 1 . If the load is partially removed, the frequency becomes f 2 . If
the speed of the generator is maintained at 1500 rpm in both the cases, then
(A) f 1 , f 2 > 50 Hz and f 1 > f 2
(B) f 1 < 50 Hz and f 2 > 50 Hz
(C) f 1 , f 2 < 50 Hz and f 2 > f 1
(D) f 1 > 50 Hz and f 2 < 50 Hz
EE SP 3.10
A single phase induction motor draws 12 MW power at 0.6 lagging power. A

capacitor is connected in parallel to the motor to improve the power factor of the
combination of motor and capacitor to 0.8 lagging. Assuming that the real and
reactive power drawn by the motor remains same as before, the reactive power
delivered by the capacitor in MVAR is ______.
EE SP 3.11
In a constant V/f control of induction motor, the ratio V/f is maintained

constant from 0 to base frequency, where V is the voltage applied to the motor
at fundamental frequency f . Which of the following statements relating to low
frequency operation of the motor is TRUE ?
(A) At low frequency, the stator flux increases from its rated value.
(B) At low frequency, the stator flux decreases from its rated value.
(C) At low frequency, the motor saturates.
(D) At low frequency, the stator flux remains unchanged at its rated value.
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
YEAR 2014 EE02
Page 127
TWO MARKS
EE SP 3.12
A 250 V dc shunt machine has armature circuit resistance of 0.6 W and field
circuit resistance of 125 W . The machine is connected to 250 V supply mains. The
motor is operated as a generator and then as a motor separately. The line current
of the machine in both the cases is 50 A. The ratio of the speed as a generator
to the speed as a motor is _____.
EE SP 3.13
A three phase slip-ring induction motor, provided with a commutator winding,

is shown in the figure. The motor rotates in clockwise direction when the rotor
windings are closed.
nodia
If the rotor winding is open circuited and the system is made to run at rotational
speed f r with the help of prime-mover in anti-clockwise direction, then the
frequency of voltage across slip rings is f 1 and frequency of voltage across
commutator brushes is f 2 . The values of f 1 and f 2 respectively are
(B) f - f r and f
(A) f + f r and f
(C) f - f r and f + f r
(D) f + f r and f - f r
EE SP 3.14
A 20-pole alternators is having 180 identical stator slots with 6 conductors in

each slot. All the coils of a phase are in series. If the coils are connected to realize
single-phase winding, the generated voltage is V1 . If the coils are reconnected to
realize three phase star connected winding, the generated phase voltage is V2 .
Assuming full pitch, single-layer winding, the ratio V1 /V2 is
(A) 1
(B) 1
2
3
(C) 3
(D) 2
EE SP 3.15
For a single phase, two winding transformer, the supply frequency and voltage
are both increased by 10%. The percentage changes in the hysteresis loss and
eddy current loss, respectively, are
(A) 10 and 21
(B) - 10 and 21
(D) - 21 and 10
(C) 21 and 10
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 3.16
ONE MARK
In a synchronous machine, hunting is predominantly damped by

(A) mechanical losses in the rotor
(B) iron losses in the rotor
(C) copper losses in the stator
(D) copper losses in the rotor
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EE SP 3.17
Electric Machines
Chapter 3
A single phase induction motor is provided with capacitor and centrifugal switch
in series with auxiliary winding. The switch is expected to operate at a speed of
0.7 Ns, but due to malfunctioning the switch fails to operate. The torque-speed
characteristic of the motor is represented by
nodia
EE SP 3.18
EE SP 3.19
The no-load speed of a 230 V separately excited dc motor is 1400 rpm. The
armature resistance drop and the brush drop are neglected. The field current is
kept constant at rated value. The torque of the motor in Nm for an armature
current of 8 A is ________.
The torque speed characteristics of motor ^TM h and load ^TL h for two cases are
shown in the figures (a) and (b). The load torque is equal to motor torque at
points P , Q , R and S .
The stable operating points are

(A) P and R
(C) Q and R
(B) P and S
(D) Q and S
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
YEAR 2014 EE03

EE SP 3.20
Page 129
TWO MARKS
An open circuit test is performed on 50 Hz transformer, using variable frequency

source and keeping V/f ratio constant, to separate its eddy current and hysteresis
losses. The variation of core loss/frequency as function of frequency is shown in
the figure
nodia
The hysteresis and eddy current losses of the transformer at 25 Hz respectively

are
(A) 250 W and 2.5 W
(B) 250 W and 62.5 W
(C) 312.5 W and 62.5 W
(D) 312.5 W and 250 W
EE SP 3.21
A non-salient pole synchronous generator having synchronous reactance of 0.8

pu is supplying 1 pu power to a unity power factor load at a terminal voltage
of 1.1 pu. Neglecting the armature resistance, the angle of the voltage behind
the synchronous reactance with respect to the angle of the terminal voltage in
degrees is _______.
EE SP 3.22
A separately excited 300 V DC shunt motor under no load runs at 900 rpm
drawing an armature current of 2 A. The armature resistance is 0.5 W and
leakage inductance is 0.01 H. When loaded, the armature current is 15 A. Then,
the speed in rpm is _____.
EE SP 3.23
The load shown in the figure absorbs 4 kW at a power factor of 0.89 lagging.
Assuming the transformer to be ideal, the value of the reactance X to improve

the input power factor to unity is _________.
EE SP 3.24
The parameters measured for a 220 V/110 V, 50 Hz , single phase transformer

are :
Self inductance of primary winding = 45 mH
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Page 130
Electric Machines
Chapter 3
Self inductance of secondary winding = 30 mH

Mutual inductance between primary and secondary windings = 20 mH
Using the above parameters, the leakage ^Ll1, Ll2h and magnetizing ^Lm h inductance
as referred to primary side in the equivalent circuit respectively, are
(A) 5 mH, 20 mH and 40 mH
(B) 5 mH, 80 mH and 40 mH
(C) 25 mH, 10 mH and 20 mH
(D) 45 mH, 30 mH and 20 mH
YEAR 2013
EE SP 3.25
ONE MARK
Leakage flux in an induction motor is

(A) flux that leaks through the machine
nodia
(B) flux that links both stator and rotor windings
(C) flux that links none of the windings
(D) flux that links the stator winding or the rotor winding but not both
EE SP 3.26
The angle d in the swing equation of a synchronous generator is the

(A) angle between stator voltage and current
(B) angular displacement of the rotor with respect to the stator
(C) angular displacement of the stator mmf with respect to a synchronously
rotating axis.
(D) angular displacement of an axis fixed to the rotor with respect to a
synchronously rotating axis
EE SP 3.27
A single-phase transformer has no-load loss of 64 W, as obtained from an open

circuit test. When a short-circuit test is performed on it with 90% of the rated
currents flowing in its both LV and HV windings, he measured loss is 81 W. The
transformer has maximum efficiency when operated at
(A) 50.0% of the rated current
(B) 64.0% of the rated current
(C) 80.0% of the rated current
(D) 88.8% of the rated current
YEAR 2013
TWO MARKS
EE SP 3.28
A 4-pole induction motor, supplied by a slightly unbalanced three-phase 50 Hz

source, is rotating at 1440 rpm. The electrical frequency in Hz of the induced
negative sequence current in the rotor is
(A) 100
(B) 98
(C) 52
(D) 48
EE SP 3.29
The following arrangement consists of an ideal transformer and an attenuator

which attenuates by a factor of 0.8. An ac voltage VWX1 = 100 V is applied
across WX to get an open circuit voltage VYZ1 across YZ. Next, an ac voltage
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
Page 131
VYZ2 = 100 V is applied across YZ to get an open circuit voltage VWX2 across WX.
Then, VYZ1 /VWX1 , VWX2 /VYZ2 are respectively,
(A) 125/100 and 80/100
(B) 100/100 and 80/100
(C) 100/100 and 100/100
(D) 80/100 and 80/100
nodia
YEAR 2012
EE SP 3.30
ONE MARK
The slip of an induction motor normally does not depend on

(A) rotor speed
(B) synchronous speed
(C) shaft torque
(D) core-loss component

YEAR 2012
TWO MARKS
EE SP 3.31
A 220 V, 15 kW, 100 rpm shunt motor with armature resistance of 0.25 W, has
a rated line current of 68 A and a rated field current of 2.2 A. The change in
field flux required to obtain a speed of 1600 rpm while drawing a line current of
52.8 A and a field current of 1.8 A is
(A) 18.18% increase
(B) 18.18% decrease
(C) 36.36% increase
(D) 36.36% decrease
EE SP 3.32
The locked rotor current in a 3-phase, star connected 15 kW, 4 pole, 230 V, 50 Hz
induction motor at rated conditions is 50 A. Neglecting losses and magnetizing
current, the approximate locked rotor line current drawn when the motor is
connected to a 236 V, 57 Hz supply is
(A) 58.5 A
(B) 45.0 A
(C) 42.7 A
(D) 55.6 A
EE SP 3.33
A single phase 10 kVA, 50 Hz transformer with 1 kV primary winding draws

0.5 A and 55 W, at rated voltage and frequency, on no load. A second transformer
has a core with all its linear dimensions 2 times the corresponding dimensions
of the first transformer. The core material and lamination thickness are the same
in both transformer. The primary winding of both the transformers have the save
number of turns. If a rate voltage of 2 kV at 50 Hz is applied to the primary of
the second transformer, then the no load current and power, respectively, are
(A) 0.7 A, 77.8 A
(B) 0.7 A, 155.6 W
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Electric Machines
(C) 1 A, 110 W
Chapter 3
(D) 1 A, 220 W
YEAR 2011
EE SP 3.34
ONE MARK
A 4 point starter is used to start and control the speed of a

(A) dc shunt motor with armature resistance control
(B) dc shunt motor with field weakening control
(C) dc series motor
(D) dc compound motor
EE SP 3.35
A three phase, salient pole synchronous motor is connected to an infinite bus. It

is operated at no load a normal excitation. The field excitation of the motor is
first reduced to zero and then increased in reverse direction gradually. Then the
armature current.
(A) Increases continuously
nodia
(B) First increases and then decreases steeply
(C) First decreases and then increases steeply

(D) Remains constant
EE SP 3.36
A single phase air core transformer, fed from a rated sinusoidal supply, is operating
at no load. The steady state magnetizing current drawn by the transformer from
the supply will have the waveform
YEAR 2011
EE SP 3.37
TWO MARKS
A 220 V, DC shunt motor is operating at a speed of 1440 rpm. The armature

resistance is 1.0 W and armature current is 10 A. of the excitation of the machine
is reduced by 10%, the extra resistance to be put in the armature circuit to
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
Page 133
maintain the same speed and torque will be

(B) 2.1 W
(A) 1.79 W
(D) 3.1 W
(C) 18.9 W
EE SP 3.38
A three-phase 440 V, 6 pole, 50 Hz, squirrel cage induction motor is running at

a slip of 5%. The speed of stator magnetic field to rotor magnetic field and speed
of rotor with respect of stator magnetic field are
(A) zero, - 5 rpm
(B) zero, 955 rpm
(C) 1000 rpm, - 5 rpm
(D) 1000 rpm, 955 rpm
nodia
YEAR 2010
EE SP 3.39
A Single-phase transformer has a turns ratio 1:2, and is connected to a purely

resistive load as shown in the figure. The magnetizing current drawn is 1 A, and
the secondary current is 1 A. If core losses and leakage reactances are neglected,
the primary current is
(A) 1.41 A
(C) 2.24 A
EE SP 3.40
ONE MARK
(B) 2 A
(D) 3 A
A balanced three-phase voltage is applied to a star-connected induction motor,

the phase to neutral voltage being V . The stator resistance, rotor resistance
referred to the stator, stator leakage reactance, rotor leakage reactance referred
to the stator, and the magnetizing reactance are denoted by rs , rr , Xs , Xr and
Xm , respectively. The magnitude of the starting current of the motor is given by
Vs
Vs
(A)
(B)
2
2
2
(rs + rr ) + (Xs + Xr )
rs + (Xs + Xm) 2
Vs
Vs
(C)
(D)
2
2
2
(rs + rr ) + (Xm + Xr )
rs + (Xm + Xr ) 2
YEAR 2010
EE SP 3.41
TWO MARKS
A separately excited dc machine is coupled to a 50 Hz, three-phase, 4-pole

induction machine as shown in figure. The dc machine is energized first and
the machines rotate at 1600 rpm. Subsequently the induction machine is also
connected to a 50 Hz, three-phase source, the phase sequence being consistent
with the direction of rotation. In steady state
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
(A) both machines act as generator

(B) the dc machine acts as a generator, and the induction machine acts as a
motor
(C) the dc machine acts as a motor, and the induction machine acts as a
generator
(D) both machines act as motors
EE SP 3.42
nodia
A balanced star-connected and purely resistive load is connected at the secondary

of a star-delta transformer as shown in figure. The line-to line voltage rating of
the transformer is 110 V/200 V.
Neglecting the non-idealities of the transformer, the impedance Z of the equivalent
star-connected load, referred to the primary side of the transformer, is
(A) (3 + j0) W
(C) (0.866 + j0.5) W
(B) (0.866 - j0.5) W

(D) (1 + j0) W
Common Data for Questions 43 and 44

A separately excited DC motor runs at 1500 rpm under no-load with
200 V applied to the armature. The field voltage is maintained at
its rated value. The speed of the motor, when it delivers a torque of
5 Nm, is 1400 rpm as shown in figure. The rotational losses and armature reaction
are neglected.
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
Page 135
EE SP 3.43
The armature resistance of the motor is

(A) 2 W
(B) 3.4 W
(C) 4.4 W
(D) 7.7 W
EE SP 3.44
nodia
For the motor to deliver a torque of 2.5 Nm at 1400 rpm, the armature voltage
to be applied is
(A) 125.5 V
(B) 193.3 V
(C) 200 V
(D) 241.7 V
YEAR 2009
EE SP 3.45
ONE MARK
A field excitation of 20 A in a certain alternator results in an armature current

of 400 A in short circuit and a terminal voltage of 2000 V on open circuit. The
magnitude of the internal voltage drop within the machine at a load current of
200 A is
(A) 1 V
(B) 10 V
(C) 100 V
(D) 1000 V
EE SP 3.46
The single phase, 50 Hz iron core transformer in the circuit has both the vertical
arms of cross sectional area 20 cm2 and both the horizontal arms of cross
sectional area 10 cm2 . If the two windings shown were wound instead on opposite
horizontal arms, the mutual inductance will
(A) double
(C) be halved
EE SP 3.47
(B) remain same

(D) become one quarter
A 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor supplied from a balanced 3-phase source drives
a mechanical load. The torque-speed characteristics of the motor(solid curve) and of the
load(dotted curve) are shown. Of the two equilibrium points A and B, which of
the following options correctly describes the stability of A and B ?
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
(A) A is stable, B is unstable
(B) A is unstable, B is stable
(C) Both are stable
(D) Both are unstable
YEAR 2009
EE SP 3.48
TWO MARKS
nodia
A 200 V, 50 Hz, single-phase induction motor has the following connection

diagram and winding orientations as shown. MM is the axis of the main stator
winding(M1 M2) and AA is that of the auxiliary winding(A1 A2). Directions of
the winding axis indicate direction of flux when currents in the windings are in
the directions shown. Parameters of each winding are indicated. When switch S
is closed the motor
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
rotates clockwise
rotates anti-clockwise
does not rotate
rotates momentarily and comes to a halt
Common Data for Questions 49 and 50 :

The circuit diagram shows a two-winding, lossless transformer with
no leakage flux, excited from a current source, i (t), whose waveform
is also shown. The transformer has a magnetizing inductance of
400/p mH.
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EE SP 3.49
EE SP 3.50
Electric Machines
Page 137
nodia
The peak voltage across A and B, with S open is
(B) 800 V
(A) 400 V
p
(D) 800 V
(C) 4000 V
p
p
If the wave form of i (t) is changed to i (t) = 10 sin (100pt) A, the peak voltage
across A and B with S closed is
(A) 400 V
(B) 240 V
(C) 320 V
(D) 160 V
The star-delta transformer shown above is excited on the star side with balanced,
4-wire, 3-phase, sinusoidal voltage supply of rated magnitude. The transformer is
under no load condition
EE SP 3.51
With both S1 and S2 open, the core flux waveform will be

(A) a sinusoid at fundamental frequency
(B) flat-topped with third harmonic
(C) peaky with third-harmonic
(D) none of these
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EE SP 3.52
Electric Machines
Chapter 3
With S2 closed and S1 open, the current waveform in the delta winding will be
(A) a sinusoid at fundamental frequency
(B) flat-topped with third harmonic
(C) only third-harmonic
(D) none of these
EE SP 3.53
Figure shows the extended view of a 2-pole dc machine with 10 armature

conductors. Normal brush positions are shown by A and B, placed at the
interpolar axis. If the brushes are now shifted, in the direction of rotation, to A
and B as shown, the voltage waveform VA'B' will resemble
nodia
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 54 and 55
The figure above shows coils-1 and 2, with dot markings as shown, having 4000
and 6000 turns respectively. Both the coils have a rated current of 25 A. Coil-1
is excited with single phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply.
EE SP 3.54
400
The coils are to be connected to obtain a single-phase, 1000
V,
auto-transformer to drive a load of 10 kVA. Which of the options given should
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
Page 139
be exercised to realize the required auto-transformer ?

(A) Connect A and D; Common B
(B) Connect B and D; Common C
(C) Connect A and C; Common B
(D) Connect A and C; Common D
EE SP 3.55
In the autotransformer obtained in Question 16, the current in each coil is

(A) Coil-1 is 25 A and Coil-2 is 10 A
(B) Coil-1 is 10 A and Coil-2 is 25 A
(C) Coil-1 is 10 A and Coil-2 is 15 A
(D) Coil-1 is 15 A and Coil-2 is 10 A
nodia
YEAR 2008
EE SP 3.56
ONE MARK
Distributed winding and short chording employed in AC machines will result in

(A) increase in emf and reduction in harmonics
(B) reduction in emf and increase in harmonics
(C) increase in both emf and harmonics
(D) reduction in both emf and harmonics
EE SP 3.57
Three single-phase transformer are connected to form a 3-phase transformer

bank. The transformers are connected in the following manner :
The transformer connecting will be represented by

(A) Y d0
(B) Y d1
(C) Y d6
(D) Y d11
EE SP 3.58
In a stepper motor, the detent torque means

(A) minimum of the static torque with the phase winding excited
(B) maximum of the static torque with the phase winding excited
(C) minimum of the static torque with the phase winding unexcited
(D) maximum of the static torque with the phase winding unexcited
EE SP 3.59
It is desired to measure parameters of 230 V/115 V, 2 kVA,

single-phase transformer. The following wattmeters are available in a laboratory:
W1 : 250 V, 10 A, Low Power Factor
W3 : 150 V, 10 A, High Power Factor
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
The Wattmeters used in open circuit test and short circuit test of the transformer
will respectively be
(A) W1 and W2
(B) W2 and W4
(C) W1 and W4
(D) W2 and W3
YEAR 2008
EE SP 3.60
EE SP 3.61
A 230 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole, single-phase induction motor is rotating in the clockwise

(forward) direction at a speed of 1425 rpm. If the rotor resistance at standstill is
7.8 W, then the effective rotor resistance in the backward branch of the equivalent
circuit will be
(A) 2 W
(B) 4 W
(C) 78 W
(D) 156 W
nodia
A 400 V, 50 Hz 30 hp, three-phase induction motor is drawing

50 A current at 0.8 power factor lagging. The stator and rotor copper losses are
1.5 kW and 900 W respectively. The friction and windage losses are 1050 W and
the core losses are 1200 W. The air-gap power of the motor will be
(A) 23.06 kW
(B) 24.11 kW
(C) 25.01 kW
EE SP 3.62
TWO MARKS
(D) 26.21 kW
The core of a two-winding transformer is subjected to a magnetic flux variation

as indicated in the figure.
The induced emf (ers) in the secondary winding as a function of time will be of
the form
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
Page 141

A 3-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole slip ring induction motor is feed from the
rotor side through an auto-transformer and the stator is connected to a variable
resistance as shown in the figure.
nodia
The motor is coupled to a 220 V, separately excited d.c generator feeding power
to fixed resistance of 10 W. Two-wattmeter method is used to measure the
input power to induction motor. The variable resistance is adjusted such the
motor runs at 1410 rpm and the following readings were recorded W1 = 1800 W,
W2 =- 200 W.
EE SP 3.63
The speed of rotation of stator magnetic field with respect to rotor structure will
be
(A) 90 rpm in the direction of rotation
(B) 90 rpm in the opposite direction of rotation
(C) 1500 rpm in the direction of rotation
(D) 1500 rpm in the opposite direction of rotation
EE SP 3.64
Neglecting all losses of both the machines, the dc generator power output and
the current through resistance (Rex) will respectively be
(A) 96 W, 3.10 A
(B) 120 W, 3.46 A
(C) 1504 W, 12.26 A
(D) 1880 W, 13.71 A
EE SP 3.65
A 400 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole, 1400 rpm, star connected squirrel cage induction motor
has the following parameters referred to the stator:
R'r = 1.0 W, Xs = X'r = 1.5 W
Neglect stator resistance and core and rotational losses of the motor. The motor
is controlled from a 3-phase voltage source inverter with constant V/f control.
The stator line-to-line voltage(rms) and frequency to obtain the maximum torque
at starting will be :
(A) 20.6 V, 2.7 Hz
(B) 133.3 V, 16.7 Hz
(C) 266.6 V, 33.3 Hz
(D) 323.3 V, 40.3 Hz

A 240 V, dc shunt motor draws 15 A while supplying the rated load at a speed
of 80 rad/s. The armature resistance is 0.5 W and the field winding resistance is
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
80 W.
EE SP 3.66
The net voltage across the armature resistance at the time of plugging will be
(A) 6 V
(B) 234 V
(C) 240 V
(D) 474 V
EE SP 3.67
The external resistance to be added in the armature circuit to limit the armature
current to 125% of its rated value is
(A) 31.1 W
(B) 31.9 W
(C) 15.1 W
(D) 15.9 W
nodia
A synchronous motor is connected to an infinite bus at 1.0 pu voltage and

draws 0.6 pu current at unity power factor. Its synchronous reactance is 1.0 pu
resistance is negligible.
EE SP 3.68
EE SP 3.69
The excitation voltage (E ) and load angle (d) will respectively be

(A) 0.8 pu and 36.86c lag
(B) 0.8 pu and 36.86c lead
(C) 1.17 pu and 30.96c lead
(D) 1.17 pu and 30.96c lag
Keeping the excitation voltage same, the load on the motor is increased such
that the motor current increases by 20%. The operating power factor will become
(A) 0.995 lagging
(B) 0.995 leading
(C) 0.791 lagging
(D) 0.848 leading
YEAR 2007
ONE MARK
EE SP 3.70
In a transformer, zero voltage regulation at full load is

(A) not possible
(B) possible at unity power factor load
(C) possible at leading power factor load
(D) possible at lagging power factor load
EE SP 3.71
The dc motor, which can provide zero speed regulation at full load without any
controller is
(A) series
(B) shunt
(C) cumulative compound
(D) differential compound
EE SP 3.72
The electromagnetic torque Te of a drive and its connected load torque TL are
as shown below. Out of the operating points A, B, C and D, the stable ones are
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
Page 143
(A) A, C, D
(B) B, C
(C) A, D
(D) B, C, D
nodia
YEAR 2007
EE SP 3.73
TWO MARKS
A three-phase synchronous motor connected to ac mains is running at full load

and unity power factor. If its shaft load is reduced by half, with field current held
constant, its new power factor will be
(A) unity
(B) leading
(C) lagging
(D) dependent on machine parameters
EE SP 3.74
A 100 kVA, 415 V(line), star-connected synchronous machine

generates rated open circuit voltage of 415 V at a field current
of 15 A. The short circuit armature current at a field current of
10 A is equal to the rated armature current. The per unit saturated synchronous
reactance is
(A) 1.731
(B) 1.5
(C) 0.666
(D) 0.577
EE SP 3.75
A single-phase, 50 kVA, 250 V/500 V two winding transformer has an efficiency

of 95% at full load, unity power factor. If it is re-configured as a 500 V/750 V
auto-transformer, its efficiency at its new rated load at unity power factor will be
(A) 95.752%
(B) 97.851%
(C) 98.276%
(D) 99.241%
EE SP 3.76
A three-phase, three-stack, variable reluctance step motor has 20 poles on each

rotor and stator stack. The step angle of this step motor is
(A) 3c
(B) 6c
(C) 9c
(D) 18c
EE SP 3.77
A three-phase squirrel cage induction motor has a starting torque of 150% and
a maximum torque of 300% with respect to rated torque at rated voltage and
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
rated frequency. Neglect the stator resistance and rotational losses. The value of
slip for maximum torque is
(A) 13.48%
(B) 16.42%
(C) 18.92%
(D) 26.79%
Common Data for Question 78 to 80

A three phase squirrel cage induction motor has a starting current of seven times
the full load current and full load slip of 5%
EE SP 3.78
EE SP 3.79
EE SP 3.80
If an auto transformer is used for reduced voltage starting to provide 1.5 per unit
starting torque, the auto transformer ratio(%) should be
(A) 57.77 %
(B) 72.56 %
(C) 78.25 %
(D) 81.33 %
nodia
If a star-delta starter is used to start this induction motor, the per unit starting
torque will be
(A) 0.607
(B) 0.816
(C) 1.225
(D) 1.616
If a starting torque of 0.5 per unit is required then the per unit starting current
should be
(A) 4.65
(B) 3.75
(C) 3.16
(D) 2.13
YEAR 2006
ONE MARK
EE SP 3.81
In transformers, which of the following statements is valid ?

(A) In an open circuit test, copper losses are obtained while in short circuit
test, core losses are obtained
(B) In an open circuit test, current is drawn at high power factor
(C) In a short circuit test, current is drawn at zero power factor
(D) In an open circuit test, current is drawn at low power factor
EE SP 3.82
For a single phase capacitor start induction motor which of the following
statements is valid ?
(A) The capacitor is used for power factor improvement
(B) The direction of rotation can be changed by reversing the main winding
terminals
(C) The direction of rotation cannot be changed
(D) The direction of rotation can be changed by interchanging the supply
terminals
EE SP 3.83
In a DC machine, which of the following statements is true ?

(A) Compensating winding is used for neutralizing armature reaction while
interpole winding is used for producing residual flux
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Electric Machines
Page 145
(B) Compensating winding is used for neutralizing armature reaction while

interpole winding is used for improving commutation
(C) Compensating winding is used for improving commutation while interpole
winding is used for neutralizing armature reaction
(D) Compensation winding is used for improving commutation while interpole
winding is used for producing residual flux
YEAR 2006
EE SP 3.84
TWO MARKS
A 220 V DC machine supplies 20 A at 200 V as a generator. The armature

resistance is 0.2 ohm. If the machine is now operated as a motor at same terminal
voltage and current but with the flux increased by 10%, the ratio of motor speed
to generator speed is
(A) 0.87
(B) 0.95
nodia
(C) 0.96
EE SP 3.85
(D) 1.06
A synchronous generator is feeding a zero power factor (lagging) load at rated

current. The armature reaction is
(A) magnetizing
(B) demagnetizing
(C) cross-magnetizing
(D) ineffective
EE SP 3.86
Two transformers are to be operated in parallel such that they share load in
proportion to their kVA ratings. The rating of the first transformer is 500
kVA ratings. The rating of the first transformer is 500 kVA and its pu leakage
impedance is 0.05 pu. If the rating of second transformer is 250 kVA, its pu
leakage impedance is
(A) 0.20
(B) 0.10
(C) 0.05
(D) 0.025
EE SP 3.87
The speed of a 4-pole induction motor is controlled by varying the supply

frequency while maintaining the ratio of supply voltage to supply frequency (
V/f ) constant. At rated frequency of 50 Hz and rated voltage of 400 V its speed
is 1440 rpm. Find the speed at 30 Hz, if the load torque is constant
(A) 882 rpm
(B) 864 rpm
(C) 840 rpm
(D) 828 rpm
EE SP 3.88
A 3-phase, 4-pole, 400 V 50 Hz , star connected induction motor has following

circuit parameters
r1 = 1.0 W, r'2 = 0.5 W, X1 = X'2 = 1.2 W, Xm = 35 W
The starting torque when the motor is started direct-on-line is (use approximate
equivalent circuit model)
(A) 63.6 Nm
(B) 74.3 Nm
(C) 190.8 Nm
(D) 222.9 Nm
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
EE SP 3.89
A 3-phase, 10 kW, 400 V, 4-pole, 50Hz, star connected induction motor draws 20
A on full load. Its no load and blocked rotor test data are given below.
No Load Test :
400 V
6A
1002 W
Blocked Rotor Test :
90 V
15 A
762 W
Neglecting copper loss in no load test and core loss in blocked rotor test, estimate
motors full load efficiency
(A) 76%
(B) 81%
(C) 82.4%
(D) 85%
EE SP 3.90
A 3-phase, 400 V, 5 kW, star connected synchronous motor having an internal

reactance of 10 W is operating at 50% load, unity p.f. Now, the excitation is
increased by 1%. What will be the new load in percent, if the power factor is to
be kept same ? Neglect all losses and consider linear magnetic circuit.
(A) 67.9%
(B) 56.9%
nodia
(C) 51%
(D) 50%
A 4-pole, 50 Hz, synchronous generator has 48 slots in which a

double layer winding is housed. Each coil has 10 turns and is short
pitched by an angle to 36c electrical. The fundamental flux per pole is
0.025 Wb
EE SP 3.91
The line-to-line induced emf(in volts), for a three phase star connection is
approximately
(A) 808
(B) 888
(C) 1400
(D) 1538
EE SP 3.92
The line-to-line induced emf(in volts), for a three phase connection is approximately
(A) 1143
(B) 1332
(C) 1617
(D) 1791
EE SP 3.93
The fifth harmonic component of phase emf(in volts), for a three phase star
connection is
(A) 0
(B) 269
(C) 281
(D) 808

A 300 kVA transformer has 95% efficiency at full load 0.8 p.f. lagging and 96%
efficiency at half load, unity p.f.
EE SP 3.94
The iron loss (Pi) and copper loss (Pc) in kW, under full load operation are
(B) Pc = 6.59, Pi = 9.21
(A) Pc = 4.12, Pi = 8.51
(C) Pc = 8.51, Pi = 4.12
(D) Pc = 12.72, Pi = 3.07
EE SP 3.95
What is the maximum efficiency (in %) at unity p.f. load ?
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Electric Machines
Page 147
(A) 95.1
(B) 96.2
(C) 96.4
(D) 98.1
YEAR 2005
EE SP 3.96
EE SP 3.97
The equivalent circuit of a transformer has leakage reactances X1, X'2 and
magnetizing reactance XM . Their magnitudes satisfy
(A) X1 >> X'2 >> XM
(B) X1 << X'2 << XM
(C) X1 . X'2 >> XM
(D) X1 . X'2 << XM
Which three-phase connection can be used in a transformer to introduce a phase

difference of 30c between its output and corresponding input line voltages
(A) Star-Star
(B) Star-Delta
nodia
(C) Delta-Delta
EE SP 3.98
(D) Delta-Zigzag
On the torque/speed curve of the induction motor shown in the figure four points
of operation are marked as W, X, Y and Z. Which one of them represents the
operation at a slip greater than 1 ?
(A) W
(C) Y
EE SP 3.99
ONE MARK
(B) X
(D) Z
For an induction motor, operation at a slip s , the ration of gross power output
to air gap power is equal to
(A) (1 - s) 2
(B) (1 - s)
(C)
(1 - s)
(D) (1 -
s)
YEAR 2005
EE SP 3.100
TWO MARKS
Two magnetic poles revolve around a stationary armature carrying two coil
(c1 - c1l , c2 - c2l ) as shown in the figure. Consider the instant when the poles are
in a position as shown. Identify the correct statement regarding the polarity of
the induced emf at this instant in coil sides c1 and c2 .
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
(A) 9 in c1 , no emf in c2
(B) 7 in c1 , no emf in c2
(C) 9 in c2 , no emf in c1
(D) 7 in c2 , no emf in c1
EE SP 3.101
nodia
A 50 kW dc shunt is loaded to draw rated armature current at any given speed.

When driven
(i) at half the rated speed by armature voltage control and
(ii) at 1.5 times the rated speed by field control, the respective output powers
delivered by the motor are approximately.
(A) 25 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii)
(B) 25 kW in (i) and 50 kW in (ii)
(C) 50 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii)
(D) 50 kW in (i) and 50 kW in (ii)
EE SP 3.102
In relation to the synchronous machines, which on of the following statements is

false ?
(A) In salient pole machines, the direct-axis synchronous reactance is greater
than the quadrature-axis synchronous reactance.
(B) The damper bars help the synchronous motor self start.
(C) Short circuit ratio is the ratio of the field current required to produces the
rated voltage on open circuit to the rated armature current.
(D) The V-cure of a synchronous motor represents the variation in the
armature current with field excitation, at a given output power.
EE SP 3.103
In relation to DC machines, match the following and choose the correct

combination
List-I
List-II
Performance Variables
Proportional to
P. Armature emf (E )
1. Flux(f), speed (w) and armature current (Ia)
Q. Developed torque (T )
2. f and w only
R Developed power (P )
3. f and Ia only
4. Ia and w only
5. Ia only
Codes:
(A)
(B)
P
3
2
Q
3
5
R
1
4
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Electric Machines
(C)
(D)
EE SP 3.104
3
2
5
3
Page 149
4
1
Under no load condition, if the applied voltage to an induction motor is reduced

from the rated voltage to half the rated value,
(A) the speed decreases and the stator current increases
(B) both the speed and the stator current decreases
(C) the speed and the stator current remain practically constant
(D) there is negligible change in the speed but the stator current decreases
EE SP 3.105
A three-phase cage induction motor is started by direct-on-line (DOL) switching

at the rated voltage. If the starting current drawn is 6 times the full load current,
and the full load slip is 4%, then ratio of the starting developed torque to the full
load torque is approximately equal to
(A) 0.24
(B) 1.44
nodia
(C) 2.40
EE SP 3.106
EE SP 3.107
(D) 6.00
In a single phase induction motor driving a fan load, the reason for having a high
resistance rotor is to achieve
(A) low starting torque
(B) quick acceleration
(C) high efficiency
(D) reduced size
Determine the correctness or otherwise of the following assertion[A] and the

reason[R]
Assertion [A] : Under V/f control of induction motor, the maximum value of
the developed torque remains constant over a wide range of speed in the subsynchronous region.
Reason [R] : The magnetic flux is maintained almost constant at the rated value
by keeping the ration V/f constant over the considered speed range.
(A) Both [A] and [R] are true and [R] is the correct reason for [A]
(B) Both [A] and [R] are true and but [R] is not the correct reason for [A]
(C) Both [A] and [R] are false
(D) [A] is true but [R] is false

A 1000 kVA, 6.6 kV, 3-phase star connected cylindrical pole synchronous
generator has a synchronous reactance of 20 W. Neglect the armature resistance
and consider operation at full load and unity power factor.
EE SP 3.108
The induced emf(line-to-line) is close to

(A) 5.5 kV
(B) 7.2 kV
(C) 9.6 kV
(D) 12.5 kV
EE SP 3.109
The power(or torque) angle is close to

(A) 13.9c
(C) 24.6c
(B) 18.3c
(D) 33.0c
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Chapter 3
YEAR 2004
EE SP 3.110
ONE MARK
A 500 kVA, 3-phase transformer has iron losses of 300 W and full load copper
losses of 600 W. The percentage load at which the transformer is expected to
have maximum efficiency is
(A) 50.0%
(B) 70.7%
(C) 141.4%
EE SP 3.111
EE SP 3.112
(D) 200.0%
For a given stepper motor, the following torque has the highest numerical value
(A) Detent torque
(B) Pull-in torque
(C) Pull-out torque
(D) Holding torque
nodia
The following motor definitely has a permanent magnet rotor
(A) DC commutator motor
(B) Brushless dc motor
(C) Stepper motor
(D) Reluctance motor
EE SP 3.113
The type of single-phase induction motor having the highest power factor at full
load is
(A) shaded pole type
(B) split-phase type
(C) capacitor-start type
(D) capacitor-run type
EE SP 3.114
The direction of rotation of a 3-phase induction motor is clockwise when it

is supplied with 3-phase sinusoidal voltage having phase sequence A-B-C. For
counter clockwise rotation of the motor, the phase sequence of the power supply
should be
(A) B-C-A
(B) C-A-B
(C) A-C-B
(D) B-C-A or C-A-B
EE SP 3.115
For a linear electromagnetic circuit, the following statement is true

(A) Field energy is equal to the co-energy
(B) Field energy is greater than the co-energy
(C) Field energy is lesser than the co-energy
(D) Co-energy is zero
YEAR 2004
EE SP 3.116
TWO MARKS
The synchronous speed for the seventh space harmonic mmf wave of a 3-phase,
8-pole, 50 Hz induction machine is
(A) 107.14 rpm in forward direction
(B) 107.14 rpm in reverse direction
(C) 5250 rpm in forward direction
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Electric Machines
Page 151
(D) 5250 rpm in reverse direction

EE SP 3.117
A rotating electrical machine its self-inductances of both the stator and the rotor
windings, independent of the rotor position will be definitely not develop
(A) starting torque
(B) synchronizing torque
(C) hysteresis torque
(D) reluctance torque
EE SP 3.118
The armature resistance of a permanent magnet dc motor is 0.8 W. At no load,

the motor draws 1.5 A from a supply voltage of 25 V and runs at 1500 rpm.
The efficiency of the motor while it is operating on load at 1500 rpm drawing a
current of 3.5 A from the same source will be
(A) 48.0%
(B) 57.1%
nodia
(C) 59.2%
EE SP 3.119
(D) 88.8%
A 50 kVA, 3300/230 V single-phase transformer is connected as an autotransformer shown in figure. The nominal rating of the autotransformer will be
(A) 50.0 kVA

(C) 717.4 kVA
(B) 53.5 kVA

(D) 767.4 kVA
EE SP 3.120
The resistance and reactance of a 100 kVA, 11000/400 V, 3- Y distribution

transformer are 0.02 and 0.07 pu respectively. The phase impedance of the
transformer referred to the primary is
(A) (0.02 + j0.07) W
(B) (0.55 + j1.925) W
(C) (15.125 + j52.94) W
(D) (72.6 + j254.1) W
EE SP 3.121
A single-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz 4-pole, capacitor-start induction motor had the

following stand-still impedances
Auxiliary winding Za = 8.0 + j6.0 W
Main winding Zm = 6.0 + j4.0 W ,
The value of the starting capacitor required to produce 90c phase difference
between the currents in the main and auxiliary windings will be
(A) 176.84 mF
(B) 187.24 mF
(C) 265.26 mF
(D) 280.86 mF
EE SP 3.122
Two 3-phase, Y-connected alternators are to be paralleled to a set of common

busbars. The armature has a per phase synchronous reactance of 1.7 W and
negligible armature resistance. The line voltage of the first machine is adjusted
to 3300 V and that of the second machine is adjusted to 3200 V. The machine
voltages are in phase at the instant they are paralleled. Under this condition, the
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
synchronizing current per phase will be

(A) 16.98 A
(B) 29.41 A
(C) 33.96 A
(D) 58.82 A
EE SP 3.123
A 400 V, 15 kW, 4-pole, 50Hz, Y-connected induction motor has full load slip of
4%. The output torque of the machine at full load is
(A) 1.66 Nm
(B) 95.50 Nm
(C) 99.47 Nm
(D) 624.73 Nm
EE SP 3.124
For a 1.8c, 2-phase bipolar stepper motor, the stepping

100 steps/second. The rotational speed of the motor in rpm is
(A) 15
(B) 30
(C) 60
(D) 90
EE SP 3.125
EE SP 3.127
is
nodia
A 8-pole, DC generator has a simplex wave-wound armature containing 32 coils

of 6 turns each. Its flux per pole is 0.06 Wb. The machine is running at 250 rpm.
The induced armature voltage is
(A) 96 V
(B) 192 V
(C) 384 V
EE SP 3.126
rate
(D) 768 V
A 400 V, 50 kVA, 0.8 p.f. leading 3-connected, 50 Hz synchronous machine has

a synchronous reactance of 2 W and negligible armature resistance. The friction
and windage losses are 2 kW and the core loss is 0.8 kW. The shaft is supplying
9 kW load at a power factor of 0.8 leading. The line current drawn is
(A) 12.29 A
(B) 16.24 A
(C) 21.29 A
(D) 36.88 A
A 500 MW, 3-phase, Y-connected synchronous generator has a rated voltage of
21.5 kV at 0.85 p.f. The line current when operating at full load rated conditions
will be
(A) 13.43 kA
(B) 15.79 kA
(C) 23.25 kA
(D) 27.36 kA
YEAR 2003
ONE MARK
EE SP 3.128
A simple phase transformer has a maximum efficiency of 90% at full load and
unity power factor. Efficiency at half load at the same power factor is
(A) 86.7%
(B) 88.26%
(C) 88.9%
(D) 87.8%
EE SP 3.129
Group-I lists different applications and Group-II lists the motors for these
applications. Match the application with the most suitable motor and choose the
right combination among the choices given thereafter
Group-I
Group-II
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Electric Machines
Page 153
P.
Food mixer
1. Permanent magnet dc motor
Cassette tape recorder
2. Single-phase induction motor
R.
Domestic water pump
3. Universal motor
S.
Escalator
4. Three-phase induction motor

5. DC series motor
6. Stepper motor
Codes:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
EE SP 3.130
P
3
1
3
3
Q
6
3
1
2
R
4
2
2
1
S
5
4
4
4
nodia
A stand alone engine driven synchronous generator is feeding a partly inductive

load. A capacitor is now connected across the load to completely nullify the
inductive current. For this operating condition.
(A) the field current and fuel input have to be reduced
(B) the field current and fuel input have to be increased
(C) the field current has to be increased and fuel input left unaltered
(D) the field current has to be reduced and fuel input left unaltered
EE SP 3.131
Curves X and Y in figure denote open circuit and full-load zero power factor(zpf)
characteristics of a synchronous generator. Q is a point on the zpf characteristics
at 1.0 p.u. voltage. The vertical distance PQ in figure gives the voltage drop
across
(A) Synchronous reactance

(C) Potier reactance
EE SP 3.132
(B) Magnetizing reactance

(D) Leakage reactance
No-load test on a 3-phase induction motor was conducted at different supply

voltage and a plot of input power versus voltage was drawn. This curve was
extrapolated to intersect the y-axis. The intersection point yields
(A) Core loss
(B) Stator copper loss
(C) Stray load loss
(D) Friction and windage loss
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Electric Machines
YEAR 2003
EE SP 3.133
Chapter 3
TWO MARKS
Figure shows an ideal single-phase transformer. The primary and secondary coils
are wound on the core as shown. Turns ratio N1 /N2 = 2 .The correct phasors of
voltages E1, E2 , currents I1, I2 and core flux F are as shown in
nodia
EE SP 3.134
To conduct load test on a dc shunt motor, it is coupled to a generator which

is identical to the motor. The field of the generator is also connected to the
same supply source as the motor. The armature of generator is connected to
a load resistance. The armature resistance is 0.02 p.u. Armature reaction and
mechanical losses can be neglected. With rated voltage across the motor, the
load resistance across the generator is adjusted to obtain rated armature current
in both motor and generator. The p.u value of this load resistance is
(A) 1.0
(B) 0.98
(C) 0.96
(D) 0.94
EE SP 3.135
Figure shows a 3- Y connected, 3-phase distribution transformer used to step

down the voltage from 11000 V to 415 V line-to-line. It has two switches S1 and
S 2 . Under normal conditions S1 is closed and S 2 is open. Under certain special
conditions S1 is open and S 2 is closed. In such a case the magnitude of the
voltage across the LV terminals a and c is
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EE SP 3.136
Electric Machines
Page 155
(A) 240 V
(B) 480 V
(C) 415 V
(D) 0 V
Figure shows an ideal three-winding transformer. The three windings 1, 2, 3 of

the transformer are wound on the same core as shown. The turns ratio N1: N2: N3 is
4: 2: 1. A resistor of 10 W is connected across winding-2. A capacitor of reactance
2.5 W is connected across winding-3. Winding-1 is connected across a 400 V, ac
supply. If the supply voltage phasor V1 = 400+0% , the supply current phasor I1 is
given by
nodia
(A) (- 10 + j10) A
(C) (10 + j10) A
EE SP 3.137
EE SP 3.138
(B) (- 10 - j10) A
(D) (10 - j10) A
Following are some of the properties of rotating electrical machines

P. Stator winding current is dc, rotor winding current is ac.
Q. Stator winding current is ac, rotor winding current is dc.
R. Stator winding current is ac, rotor winding current is ac.
S. Stator has salient poles and rotor has commutator.
T. Rotor has salient poles and sliprings and stator is cylindrical.
U. Both stator and rotor have poly-phase windings.
DC machines, Synchronous machines and Induction machines exhibit some of
the above properties as given in the following table.
Indicate the correct combination from this table
DC Machine
Synchronous Machines
Induction Machines
(A) P,S
(B) Q,U
(C) P,S
(D) R,S
Q,T
P,T
R,U
Q,U
R,U
R,S
Q,T
P,T
When stator and rotor windings of a 2-pole rotating electrical machine are excited,
each would produce a sinusoidal mmf distribution in the airgap with peal values
Fs and Fr respectively. The rotor mmf lags stator mmf by a space angle d at any
instant as shown in figure. Thus, half of stator and rotor surfaces will form one
pole with the other half forming the second pole. Further, the direction of torque
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
acting on the rotor can be clockwise or counter-clockwise.
The following table gives four set of statement as regards poles and torque. Select
the correct set corresponding to the mmf axes as shown in figure.
EE SP 3.139
nodia
Stator Surface
ABC forms
Stator Surface
CDA forms
Rotor Surface
abc forms
Rotor surface
cda forms
Torque
is
(A) North Pole

(B) South Pole
South Pole
North Pole
North Pole
North Pole
South Pole
South Pole
(C) North Pole
South Pole
South Pole
North Pole
(D) South Pole
North Pole
South Pole
North Pole
Clockwise
Counter
Clockwise
Counter
Clockwise
Clockwise
A 4-pole, 3-phase, double-layer winding is housed in a 36-slot stator for an ac

machine with 60c phase spread. Coil span is 7 short pitches. Number of slots in
which top and bottom layers belong to different phases is
(A) 24
(B) 18
(C) 12
(D) 0
EE SP 3.140
A 3-phase induction motor is driving a constant torque load at rated voltage

and frequency. If both voltage and frequency are halved, following statements
relate to the new condition if stator resistance, leakage reactance and core loss
are ignored
1. The difference between synchronous speed and actual speed remains same
2. The airgap flux remains same
3. The stator current remains same
4. The p.u. slip remains same
Among the above, current statements are
(A) All
(B) 1, 2 and 3
(C) 2, 3 and 4
(D) 1 and 4
EE SP 3.141
A single-phase induction motor with only the main winding excited would exhibit
the following response at synchronous speed
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(A) Rotor current is zero

(B) Rotor current is non-zero and is at slip frequency
(C) Forward and backward rotaling fields are equal
(D) Forward rotating field is more than the backward rotating field
EE SP 3.142
A dc series motor driving and electric train faces a constant power load. It is
running at rated speed and rated voltage. If the speed has to be brought down to
0.25 p.u. the supply voltage has to be approximately brought down to
(A) 0.75 p.u
(B) 0.5 p.u
(C) 0.25 p.u
(D) 0.125 p.u
nodia
***********
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
SOLUTION
SOL 3.1
Correct answer is 3.33 Hz.

For the given induction motor, we have
P = 8 , f = 50 Hz , Nr = 700 rpm
So, we obtain
Ns =
120f
= 120 # 50 = 750 rpm
8
P
Therefore, the slip

s = Ns - Nr = 750 - 700 = 1
15
750
Ns
Thus, the frequency of rotor current of the motor is obtained as
nodia
Frequency of rotor current = s # f
= 1 # 50 = 3.33 Hz
15
SOL 3.2

EMF equation of Transformer is given by
E = 2 pffN
where f is the flux density, given as
f = B#A
Now, the given radius is reduced by half, i.e.
r " r/2
So, the area will be reduced by 1/4, i.e.
A " A/4
To maintain no load current constant [in turn emf (E ) to be constant], number
of turn should be increased by 4 times.
SOL 3.3
Correct answer is 15.06 W .

For the open circuit test, we have line-to-line voltage at I f = 2.3 A as
Voc = 400 V
So, the open circuit phase voltage is obtained as
Voc = 400 V
3
I = 2.3 A
Again, for short circuit test, we have phase rms current at I f = 1.5 A as
Isc = 10 A I = 1.5 A
L-L
Ph
Ph
Since Isc and I f are linearly related, so we get the short circuit phase current at
I f = 2.3 A as
Iscl = 10 # 2.3 = 46 A
1.5
3
I = 2.3 A
Thus, per phase synchronous impedance is
V
Z ph = oc
Iscl I = 2.3 A
Ph
Ph
Ph
400/ 3
= 400 #
46
46/3
3 = 15.06 W
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SOL 3.4
Electric Machines
Page 159

For V = 230 V and f = 50 Hz , we have
Core loss = 1050 W
or
Iron loss + Hysteresis loss = 1050 W
Since, iron loss and hysteresis loss are given by
...(i)
Iron loss = Pi = ki V 2
Hysteresis loss = PH = KH V 1.6 f - 0.6
Substituting it in equation (i), we get
^230h1.6
Ki ^230h2 + KH
= 1050
^50h0.6
or
Ki ^52900h + KH ^574.62h = 1050
Again, for V = 138 V and f = 30 Hz , we have
and
nodia
or
or
...(ii)
Core loss = 500 W

Iron loss + Hysteresis loss = 500 W
^138h1.6
= 500
KP ^138h2 + KH
^30h0.6
or
KP ^19044h + KH ^344.77h = 500
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
and
For 230 V, 50 Hz; we have
...(ii)
KP = 0.01024
KH = 0.855
Hysteresis loss = KH V 1.6 f - 0.6

= 0.855 # ^230h1.6 # ^50h-0.6
= 508.53 W
Hence, the eddy loss is
Eddy loss = KIV = 0.01024 # 52900
2
= 541.69 W
SOL 3.5
Correct answer is 1241. rpm.

For the given data, we draw the circuit as
So, the current through field resistance is

I f = V = 230 = 1 A
230
Rf
Hence, we have the armature current,
Ia = I - I f = 5 - 1 = 4 A
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Chapter 3
From the given circuit, we have

or
V = E f 1 + Ia # Rs
230 = E f 1 + 4 # 0.4
or
At full load,
E f 1 = 228.4 V
I = 70 A
So,
Ia = 70 - 1 = 69 A
and
E f 2 = 230 - 69 # 0.4 = 202.4 V
as
emf \ flux # speed
For DC shunt motor flux ^fh is constant. So,
Ef \ w
Ef 1
or
= w1
w2
Ef 2
228.4 = 1400
or
w2
202.4
Thus,
w 2 = 202.4 # 1400 = 1241.1 rpm
228.4
SOL 3.6
nodia
For the induction motor, we have
s f R2
R + ^s f X2h2
or
Tmax ^maxm torqueh \ 1
2X2
Tf
2s R X
So, we get
= 2 f 2 2 2
Tmax
R 2 + ^s f X2h
Tf
2
or
=
Tmax
s max + s f
sf
s max
Now, the slip at full load is 3% , i.e.
Tf (Full load torque) \
2
2
...(i)
s f = 0.003
and
s max = R2 = 0.1 = 0.108
X2 0.92
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get
Tf
2
=
0.108 + 0.03
Tmax
0.03
0.108
Tmax = 3.623 + 0.276
or
2
Tf
Tmax = 1.948
or
Tf
i.e. the ratio of maximum torque to full load torque is 1.948.
SOL 3.7
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Page 161
Referring to secondary side
VTh = b N2 l Vs
N1
VTh = 2 sin ^wt h = 2 sin ^wt h
1
2
RTh = b 2 l RP
1
2
= b 2 l RP = 4 # 1 = 4 W
1
SOL 3.8
nodia

From the given information for the two winding transformer, we have
V1 = 1000 V , V2 = 100 V , S 0 = 50 kVA
So,
I1 = 50 A , I2 = 500 A
For the autotransformer as shown in figure
Vi = V1 = 1000 V
Vo = V1 + V2 = 1000 + 100 = 1100 V
Rating of auto transformer
S 0a = V0 # I2a
= 1100 # 500 = 550 kVA
SOL 3.9
Î2a = I2h
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
As the load decreases, the speed increases. Relative speed between stator rmf
and rotor speed reduced which decrease the slip consequently emf induced in the
rotor and current decreases. Hence frequency decreases.
SOL 3.10
So
f 1, f 2 < 50 Hz
but
f2 > f1
Let complex power (kVA) is given as
S = P + jQ
P " Real power ^W h
Q " Reactive Power ^VR h
P = S cos q
Q = S sin q
or
Q = P sin q = P tan q
cos q
Initially when the real power is 12 MW and power factor is 0.6, the reactive
power is
Real power
Reactive power
nodia
Q1 = P1 tan q 1
q = cos-1 ^0.6h = 53.13c

= 12 tan ^53.13ch
= 12 # 4 = 16 MVR
3
Now, when capacitor is added, improved power factor angle
Q2 = cos-1 ^0.80h = 36.86c
Total reactive power after adding capacitor
Q2 = P1 tan q 2
Q2 = 12 # tan ^36.86ch
= 12 # 3 = 9 MAR
4
From the power triangle (before and after capacitor is added)
(P1 is same)
Reactive power delivered by capacitor

QC = Q1 - Q2
= 16 - 9 = 7 MVR
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SOL 3.11
Electric Machines
Page 163

V = Constant
f
At low frequency the stator plan decrease from its rated value as at low frequency
will increase the flux density which results in saturation of stator are therefore
stator flux decreases.
SOL 3.12
Correct answer is 1.27 .

When the machine is running as a generator
Field current
Isn = 250 = 2 A
120
Armature current
IL = 50 A
Ia = IL + Isn = 50 + 2 = 52 A
Load current
Armature current
IlL = 50 A
Ila = I lL - I lsn = 50 - 2 = 48 A
Load current
nodia
Induced Emf
Eg = 250 + 52 ^0.6h = 281.2 V
When the machine is running as a motor
Field current
Ilsn = 250 = 2 A
125
Induced Emf
Em = 250 - 48 ^0.6h = 221.2 V
For DC machine, f is constant, so
Ng
= Nm
Em
Eg
Ng
E
Speed Ratio
= g = 281.2 = 1.27
Nm
Em 221.2
SOL 3.13

Given that Rotor winding is open circuit and rotor is rotating anti-clockwise,
therefore
Slip
s = Ns + N r
Ns
or
f 1 = fs + f r = f + fr
So frequency of voltage across slip rings is ^ f + fr h Hz .
At the same time, frequency of voltage across commutator brushes is same as
rotor frequency
f2 = f
SOL 3.14

For single phase winding
no. of coils in the phase
n = 180 = 9
20 # 1
The slop span in electric degree
180
= 180 = 20c
no. of slots per pole 180/20
sin ^nr/2h
sin ^9 # 20/2h
=
= 0.6398
kd1 =
n sin ^r/2h
9 # sin ^20/2h
N1 = no. of slots # no. of conductors = 180 # 6 = 540
2
2
r =
Distribution factor
No. of turns,
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
Now for three phase winding

Slot span
No. of coils in a phase group
r = 20c
180 = 3
20 # 3
sin ^nr/2h
sin ^3 # 20/2h
=
= 0.9597
kd 2 =
n sin ^r/2h
3 # sin ^20/2h
1
N2 = no. of slots # no. of conductor #
2
no. of phase
= 180 # 6 # 1
2
3
n =
Distribution factor
no. of turns,
= 180
The rms value of generator voltage
nodia
V1 = 4.44 kd 1 ffN1
V2 = 4.44kd2 ffN2
V1 = kd 1 # N1 = 0.6398 # 540
0.9597 # 180
V2
kd 2 # N2
For single, phase,

For three phase,
-2
SOL 3.15

Hysteris loss in transformer
n
Ph = kn fB max
Where, the kn is the proportionality constant dependent on the characteristics
and volume of material, n is known as steinmetz exponents.
B max \ V
f
Change in voltage and frequency is same, so B max is constant.
So,
Ph \ f
Change in voltage and frequency is same, so B max is constant.
So,
Ph \ f
Therefore percentage change in hysteris loss will be same as that of change in
frequency
TPh = Tf = 10%
Eddy current loss is given by
Pe = ke ^B max f d h2
Where
d =
B max =
f =
ke =
Again,
So,
lamination thickness
maximum flux density
frequency
Proportionality constant
(Constant)
B max \ V
f
Pe \ f 2
2
Pe1 = f 1
Pe2
f 22
f1
f
=
= 1
1.1
f2
f + 0.1f
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Pe1 = 1 2
Pe2 b 1.1 l
So
Pe2 = ^1.1h2 Pe1

= 1.21Pe1
Now, percentage change in eddy current loss
TPe = Pe2 - Pe1 # 100
Pe1
= 1.21 - 1 # 100
1
or
= 21%
SOL 3.16
SOL 3.17

After sudden change of the load in three phase synchronous machine, the rotor
has to search or hunt for its new equilibrium position. It causes the hunting,
which can be damped by rotor copper losses.
nodia
Correct answer is (C).

If the switch operates correctly, then the torque-speed characteristic is
But, the switch does not operate due to malfunctioning. So, there will be no
discontinuity in the characteristic curve. Thus, we have the modified characteristic
curve of the motor as
SOL 3.18
Correct answer is 12.55 N-m.

A dc motor circuit is shown below.
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
Given
No load speed,
Armature current,
N = 1400 rpm
Ia = 8 A
V = 230 V
So, we obtain the torque of the motor as
t = V Ia = 2pV Ia
w
60 # N
Excitation voltage,
= 2p230 # 8
60 # 1400
= 9.55 # 230 # 8
1400
= 12.55 N-m
SOL 3.19
SOL 3.20
nodia

Since, increase in torque accelerates the motor, so the slope of torque speed
characteristic should be negative to restore the speed to original value, which in
turn makes the system stable.
Thus, for stable operating point, the slope of torque-speed characteristic should
be negative.
Hence, the points P and S are stable operating points.
Since, we know that
where
PC = PH f + Pe f 2
PC = total core losses of the transformer
f = frequency
PH = Hysteresis losses constant
...(i)
Pe = eddy current losses constant

Now, we have the plot of core loss/frequency versus frequency as
So, we rewrite equation (i) as

PC = P + P f
...(ii)
H
e
f
i.e. the plot between PC /f and f is a straight line. From the graph, we have the
values of PH and Pe as
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PH = 10 ;
Page 167
Pe = 1
10
From equation (i), we have the hysteresis and eddy current losses as
Pe =
PH f = 10 # 25 = 250 W
Pe f 2 = 1 # ^25h2 = 62.5 W
10
Thus, we get
SOL 3.21
PH f + Pe f 2
S
S
Hysteresis loss Eddy current loss
Correct answer is 33.47.

For the non-salient synchronous generator, we have
Synchronous reactance,
Supplied power,
Power, factor,
XS = 0.8 p.u.
P = 1 p.u.
nodia
cos f = 1
Terminal voltage,
Vt = 1.1 p.u.
Since, power factor is unity, so phase angle of armature current is also zero. So,
we get
1
=
= 1
Ia = P
Vt cos f (1.1) (1) 1.1
or
Ia = 1 < 0c
1.1
Again, we define the armature current as
E +d - Vt +0
Ia = f
jXS
E f +d = Ia (jXS ) + Vt < 0
= 1 (j 0.8) + 1.1+0
1.1+0
= 1 0.8+90c + 1.1+0
1.1+0
= 1.1+0 + 0.8 +90c
1.1
or
E f cos d + jE f sin d = 1.1 + j 0.8
1.1
Now, we have the power equation
E V
P = f t sin d
XS
E (1.1)
1= f
sin d
0.8
E f sin d = 0.8
1.1
So, from equation (i), we get
So,
E f cos d = 1.1
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (iii), we get
E f sin d
0.8
=
1.1 # 1.1
E f cos d
tan d = 0.8
1.21
0.8
d = tan-1 b 1.21 l = 33.47c
SOL 3.22
...(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)
Correct answer is 880 rpm.

At no load, we have
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Electric Machines
Armature resistance,
ra = 0.5 W
Armature current,
Leakage inductance,
So, we draw the circuit as
Ia = 2 A
L = 0.01 H
Chapter 3
Since, we have 300 V dc shunt motor, so we obtain
nodia
E no load (1) = V - Ia Ra
E1 = 300 - 2 ^0.5h
or
= 300 - 1 = 299 V
Again, when the load is applied, we have
Armature resistance,
ra = 0.5 W
Armature current,
So, we draw the circuit as
Ia = 15 A
Therefore, we obtain
E load (2) = V - Ia Ra
E2 = 300 - 15 # 0.5
= 300 - 7.5 = 292.5
or
Since, we know that
E\N
So,
or
or
SOL 3.23
E1 = N1
N2
E2
299 = 900
292.5
N2
(given N1 = 900 rpm )
N2 = 880 rpm
Correct answer is 23.618 ohm.

We have the transformer circuit,
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Given the power absorbed by load; P2 = 4 kW = 4000 W .

and the power factor is cos f 2 = 0.89 lagging
From the given circuit, voltage across load is V2 = 110 V
So, the current through the load is
P2 + - f
I2 =
2
V2 cos f 2
4000 + - cos-1 0.89
=
110 # 0.89
nodia
= 40.858+ - 27.13c
This is the current through secondary winding of transformer. So, the current
through primary winding is given by
I1 = N 2
I 2 N1
where N1 = number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding.
N1 = 2
1
N2
I1 = 1
So,
2
I2
Therefore,
I1 = I2 = 40.858+ - 27.13c
2
2
= 20.43+27.13c
Since, it is required to improve the input power factor to unity. So, the input
current should be red. Therefore, the imaginary part of I1 should pass through
reactance X . Thus, current through X is
IX = Im {I1}
= 20.43 sin (27.13c)
= 9.31
Hence, the reactance is
X = 220 = 220
9.31
IX
= 23.618 W
SOL 3.24

For long transmission lines (over 200 km), parameters of a line are not lumped
but distributed uniformally throughout its length. The ABCD parameter of
equivalent p circuit are given as
V
R
S 1 + YZ Z b1 + YZ lW
A B
6 W
2
S
...(i)
>C DH = S
YZ
W
YZ
1+
b
l
Y
1
+
6
S
2 W
X
T
The p -equivalent circuit
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Chapter 3
ABCD parameter of above circuit

A B
1 + Y2 Z
Zl
>
H =>
H
C D
Y1 + Y2 + Y1 Y2 Z 1 + Y1 Z
comparing equation (i) and (ii), we get
YZ
Zl = B = Z b1 + 6 l
where Z = zl = total series impedance/phase
Y = yl = total shunt admittance/phase
So,
Z = j 0.5 # 400 = j200 W
Y = j 5 # 10-6 # 400 = j2 # 10-3 W
j 2 20-3 # j 200
So,
Zl = j 200 c1 + #
m = j 200 (- 0.066)
6
...(ii)
nodia
= j 200 # 0.934 = j 186.8 W
| Zl | = 186.8 W
Primary leakage reactance
Ll1 = L1 - 2M = 45 - 2 (20) = 5 mH
Self inductance of secondary winding refers to primary side
N1 2
V1 2
Ll2 = b N2 l L2 = bV2 l L 2
220 2
= b 110 l # 30
So,
Ll2 = 120 mH
Leakage inductance of secondary referred to primary side
Ll2 = Ll2 - 2M
= 120 - 2 (20) = 80 mH
Magnetizing inductance, Lm = 2M = 2 (20) = 40 mm
SOL 3.25

Leakage flux in an induction motor is flux that linked the stator winding or the
rotor winding but not both.
SOL 3.26

The angle d in the swing equation of a synchronous generator is the angular
displacement of an axis fixed to the rotor with respect to a synchronously rotating
axis.
SOL 3.27

Since, the no-load loss (when load is not connected) is 64 W. So, the open
circuit loss is
W0 = 6 watt (no load)
As the 90% of rated current flows in its both LV and HV windings, the lost is
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measured as
copper loss at 90% load = 81 watt
or,
Wcu ât 90%h = 81 watt
Now, we have the copper loss for x load as
2
Wcu ^x h = Wcu ât full loadh # c Ix m
IFL
2
I
or,
Wcu ât full loadh = Wcu ât x% loadh # c FL m
I
x
= ^81h #
1
^0.9h2
= 100 watt
For maximum efficiency we must have
copper lossed = no-load loss
= 64 watt
Consider at x% load copper loss is 64 watt. So,
^x2h Wcu ât full loadh = 64
64 = 0.8
or,
x =
100
nodia
x = 80% load
or
SOL 3.28

Given,
f = 50 Hz
frequency of source,
no. of poles
P =4
rotating speed
N = 1440 rpm
Now, the synchronous speed is determined as
120f
NS =
P
= 120 ^50h = 1500 rpm
4
So, the slip in the motor is
S = NS - N = 1500 - 1440 = 0.04
1500
NS
Now, the electrical frequency of the induced negative sequence current in rotor
is obtained as
f0 = ^2 - 5h f
where f is stator frequency given as f = 50 Hz .
Therefore,
f0 = ^2 - 0.04h 50 = 98 Hz
SOL 3.29

For the given transformer, we have
V = 1.25
1
VWX
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
VYZ = 0.8 (attenuation factor)

V
VYZ = 0.8 1.25 = 1
^ h^
h
VWX
Since,
So,
VYZ = VWX
or,
VYZ
= 100
100
VWX
V
= 100 V ; WX = 100
100
VYZ
VWX = 100 V ;
at
nodia
1
at
VWZ
SOL 3.30
S = ns - n
ns
Slip is given as
where,
ns = synchronous speed
n = rotor speed
Thus, slip depend on synchronous speed and the rotor speed. Also, torque
increases with increasing slip up to a maximum value and then decreases. Slip
does not depend on core/loss component.
SOL 3.31

E \ nf
where n " speed, f " flux and E " back emf
Given that,
Vt = 250 V , Ra = 0.25 W
Armature current,
Now,
Armature current,
n1 = 1000 rpm , IL1 = 68 A , IF1 = 2.2 A

Ia1 = IL1 - IF1 = 68 - 2.2 = 65.8 A
E1 = Vt - Ia, Ra
= 250 - (65.8) (0.25) = 203.55 V
n2 = 1600 rpm , IL2 = 52.8 A , IF 2 = 1.8 A
Ia = IL2 - IF 2 = 52.8 - 1.8 = 51 A
E2 = Vt - Ia Ra
2
E1
E2
203.55
207.45
= 220 - (51) (0.25) = 207.25 V

f
= a n1 kc 1 m
n 2 f2
f
= b 1000 lc 1 m
1600 f2
f 2 = 0.6369f1
f1 - f2
100
f1 #
f - 0.6369f1
= 1
# 100
f1
% reduce in flux =
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- 36.3%
SOL 3.32

Given that magnetizing current and losses are to be neglected. Locked rotor line
current.
E2
(R2 = 0)
I2 = E2 =
2
Z2
R 2 + X 22
I2 = E2 = E2 \ E2
X2
wL 2
f
50
230
57
So
=
I l b 236 lb 50 l
2
I2l = 45.0 A
SOL 3.33
nodia

Since the core length of the second transformer is 2 times of the first, so the
core area of the second transformer is twice of the first.
Let subscript 1 is used for first transformer and 2 is used for second transform.
Area
a2 = 2a1
Length
l2 =
2 l1
N 2 ma
L =
l
Magnetizing inductance,
N = no. of turns
m = length of flux path
a = cross section area
l = length
L\a
l
N and m are same for both the

transformer
L1 = a1 : l 2
a 2 l1
L2
L 1 = a1 :
2a1
L2
2 l1
l1
L 2 = 2 L1
Thus, magnetizing reactance of second transformer is
Magnetizing current
2 times of first.
Xm2 =
2 Xm1
Im = V
Xm
Im1 = V1 : Xm2 = V1
2 Xm1
b 2V1 lc Xm1 m
Im2 V2 Xm1
(V2 = 2V1)
Im2 = 2 Im1
Thus, magnetizing current of second transformer
Im2 = 2 # 0.5 = 0.707 A
Since voltage of second transformer is twice that of first and current is
that of first, so power will be 2 2 times of first transformer.
2 times
P2 = 2 2 # 55 = 155.6 W
SOL 3.34

The armature current of DC shunt motor
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
Ia = V - Eb
Ra
at the time of starting, Eb = 0 . If the full supply voltage is applied to the motor,
it will draw a large current due to low armature resistance.
A variable resistance should be connected in series with the armature resistance
to limit the starting current.
A 4-point starter is used to start and control speed of a dc shut motor.
SOL 3.35
SOL 3.36
SOL 3.37

The Back emf will go to zero when field is reduced, so Current input will be
increased. But when Field increases (though in reverse direction) the back emf
will cause the current to reduce.
nodia

An air-core transformer has linear B -H characteristics, which implies that
magnetizing current characteristic will be perfectly sinusoidal.
Initially
Eb = V - Ia Ra = 220 - 1 # 10 = 210 V
Now the flux is reduced by 10% keeping the torque to be constant, so the current
will be
1
Ia f1 = Ia f2
f
Ia = Ia 1 = 10 # 1 = 11.11 A
0.9
f2
1
&
Eb \ Nf
Nf
Eb
= 2 2 = 0.9
Eb
N1 f 1
2
` f2 = 0.9f1
N1 = N 2
Eb = 0.9Eb = 0.9 # 210 = 189 V

Now adding a series resistor R in the armature resistor, we have
2
Eb = V - Ia (Ra + R)
2
189 = 220 - 11.11 (1 + R)

R = 1.79 W
SOL 3.38
Option ( ) is correct.
The steady state speed of magnetic field
ns = 120 # 50 = 1000 rpm
6
S = 0.05
nr = (1 - S) ns
= 0.95 # 1000 = 950 rpm
In the steady state both the rotor and stator magnetic fields rotate in synchronism
, so the speed of rotor field with respect to stator field would be zero.
Speed of rotor which respect to stator field
Speed of rotor
= nr - ns = 950 - 1000 =- 50 rpm

None of the option matches the correct answer.
SOL 3.39

Given
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Chapter 3
Electric Machines
Page 175
I 0 = 1 amp (magnetizing current)

Primary current IP = ?
I2 = 1 A
I2l = secondary current reffered to Primary
= 2 # 1 = 2 amp
1
nodia
IP =
i 02 + i 22
= 1+4 =
SOL 3.40
SOL 3.41
5 = 2.24 Amp

Synchronize speed of induction machine
120f
= 120 # 50 = 1500 rpm
Ns =
4
P
Speed of machine = 1600 rpm
= Actual speed of induction machine

slip = 1500 - 1600 = - 1 =- 0.066 (negative)
15
1500
Hence induction machine acts as induction generator and dc machine as dc
motor.
SOL 3.42

T = 2.5 Nm at 1400 rpm
V =?
T = Eb Ib
~
2.5 = 186.6 # Ia # 60
2p # 1400
than
Ia = 1.963 A
V = Eb + Ia Ra
= 186.6 + 1.963 # 3.4 = 193.34 V
SOL 3.43
SOL 3.44

Given no-load speed N1 = 1500 rpm
Va = 200 V, T = 5 Nm, N = 1400 rpm
emf at no load
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Eb1 = Va = 200 V
E
N \ Eb & N1 = b
N2 Eb
Eb = b N2 l Eb = 1400 # 200 = 186.67 V
1500
N1
T = Eb Îa /wh & 186.67 # 60 Ia = 5
2p # 1400
1
Ia = 3.926 A
V = Eb + Ia Ra
Ra = Va - Eb = 200 - 186.67 = 3.4 W
3.926
Ia
SOL 3.45
nodia
So,
Given field excitation of = 20 A

Armature current = 400 A
Short circuit and terminal voltage = 200 V
On open circuit, load current = 200 A
Internal resistance = 2000 = 5 W
400
Internal vol. drop = 5 # 200
= 1000 V
SOL 3.46
SOL 3.47

Given single-phase iron core transformer has both the vertical arms of cross
section area 20 cm2 , and both the horizontal arms of cross section are 10 cm2
So, Inductance = NBA (proportional to cross section area)
1
When cross section became half, inductance became half.
Given 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
At point A if speed -, Torque speed ., Torque .

So A is stable.
At point B if speed - Load torque .
So B is un-stable.
SOL 3.48
SOL 3.49
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Peak voltage across A and B with S open is

V = m di = m # (slope of I - t)
dt
= 400 # 10- 3 # : 10 - 3 D = 800 V
p
p
5 # 10
SOL 3.50
SOL 3.51

Wave form
SOL 3.52
SOL 3.53
SOL 3.54
VAlBl
nodia

When both S1 and S2 open, star connection consists 3rd harmonics in line current
due to hysteresis A saturation.
Since S2 closed and S1 open, so it will be open delta connection and output will
be sinusoidal at fundamental frequency.
N1
N2
I
V
= 4000
= 6000
= 25 A
= 400 V , f = 50 Hz
Coil are to be connected to obtain a single Phase, 400 V auto transfer to drive
1000
Load 10 kVA. Connected A & D common B
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SOL 3.55
Electric Machines
Chapter 3

Given 3-phase, 400 V, 5 kW, Star connected synchronous motor.
Internal Resistance = 10 W
Operating at 50% Load, unity p.f. So
kVA rating = 25 # 400 = 1000
Internal Resistance = 10 W
So
kVA rating = 1000 # 10 = 10000 kVA
SOL 3.56
SOL 3.57
SOL 3.58

Distributed winding and short chording employed in AC machine will result in
reduction of emf and harmonics.
nodia
Transformer connection will be represented by Y d1.

Detent torque/Restraining toque:
The residual magnetism in the permanent magnetic material produced.
The detent torque is defined as the maximum load torque that can be applied
to the shaft of an unexcited motor without causing continuous rotation. In case
the motor is unexcited.
SOL 3.59

Given: 1-f transformer, 230 V/115 V, 2 kVA
In one circuit test the wattmeter W2 is used and in short circuit test of transformer
W3 is used.
SOL 3.60

Given: 230 V, 50 Hz, 4-Pole, 1-f induction motor is rotating in
clock-wise(forward) direction
Ns = 1425 rpm
Rotar resistance at stand still(R2 ) = 7.8 W
So
Ns = 120 # 50 = 1500
4
Slip(S ) = 1500 - 1425 = 0.05
1500
Resistance in backward branch rb = R2 = 7.8
=4W
2 - 0.05
2-S
SOL 3.61

Given: a 400 V, 50 Hz, 30 hp, 3-f induction motor
Current = 50 A at 0.8 p.f. lagging
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Stator and rotor copper losses are 1.5 kW and 900 W

fraction and windage losses = 1050 W
Core losses = 1200 W = 1.2 kW
So,
Input power in stator =
3 # 400 # 50 # 0.8
= 27.71 kW
Air gap power = 27.71 - 1.5 - 1.2

= 25.01 kW
SOL 3.62

Induced emf in secondary
=- N2
df
dt
nodia
During - 0 < t < 1,
E1 =- (100)
df
=- 12 V
dt
E1 and E2 are in opposition
E2 = 2E1 = 24 V
df
During time 1 < t < 2 ,
= 0 , then E1 = E2 = 0
dt
df
During 2 < t < 2.5 ,
=- 24 V
E1 =- (100)
dt
E2 =- 0 - 48 V
Then
SOL 3.63

Given 3-f, 440 V, 50 Hz, 4-Pole slip ring motor
Motor is coupled to 220 V
N = 1410 rpm, W1 = 1800 W, W2 = 200 W

120f
= 120 # 50 = 1500 rpm
Ns =
4
P
So,
Relative speed = 1500 - 1410

= 90 rpm in the direction of rotation.
SOL 3.64

Neglecting losses of both machines
Slip(S ) = Ns - N = 1500 - 1410 = 0.06
1500
Ns
total power input to induction motor is
Pin = 1800 - 200 = 1600 W
Output power of induction motor
Pout = (1 - S) Pin = (1 - 0.06) 1600 = 1504 W
Losses are neglected so dc generator input power = output power
= 1504 W
So,
SOL 3.65
I R = 1504
I = 1504 = 12.26 A
10

Given 400 V, 50 Hz, 4-Pole, 1400 rpm star connected squirrel cage induction
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
motor.
R = 1.00 W, Xs = Xlr = 1.5 W
Rlr
So, for max. torque slip Sm =
Xsm + Xlrm
For starting torque Sm = 1
Then
Xsm + Xlrm = Rlr
2pfm Ls + 0.2pfm Llr = 1
Frequency at max. torque
1
fm =
2p (Ls + Llr )
Xs
= 1.5
Ls =
2p # 50 2p # 50
Llr = 1.5
2p # 50
1
fm =
= 50 = 16.7 Hz
1.5 + 1.5
3
50
50
In const V/f control method
nodia
V1 = 400 = 8
50
f1
V2 = 8
f1
So
SOL 3.66
V2 = f2 # 8
= 16.7 # 8 = 133.3 V

Given: V = 240 V , dc shunt motor
I = 15 A
Rated load at a speed = 80 rad/s
Armature Resistance = 0.5 W
Field winding Resistance = 80 W
So,
SOL 3.67
E = 240 - 12 # 0.5 = 234

Vplugging = V + E = 240 + 234 = 474 V

External Resistance to be added in the armature circuit to limit the armature
current to 125%.
474
So
Ia = 12 # 1.25 =
Ra + R external
Ra + R external = 31.6
R external = 31.1 W
SOL 3.68

A synchronous motor is connected to an infinite bus at 1.0 p.u. voltage and
0.6 p.u. current at unity power factor. Reactance is 1.0 p.u. and resistance is
negligible.
So,
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Page 181
V = 1+0c p.u.
Ia = 0.6+0c p.u.
Zs = Ra + jXs = 0 + j1 = 1+90c p.u.
V = E+d + Ia Zs = 1+0c - 0.6+0c # 1+90c
E+d = 1.166+ - 30.96c p.u.
Excitation voltage = 1.17 p.u.
Load angle (d) = 30.96c(lagging)
SOL 3.69
SOL 3.70

In transformer zero voltage regulation at full load gives leading power factor.
SOL 3.71
nodia

Speed-armature current characteristic of a dc motor is shown as following
The shunt motor provides speed regulation at full load without any controller.
SOL 3.72

From the given characteristics point A and D are stable
SOL 3.73

When the 3-f synchronous motor running at full load and unity power factor
and shaft load is reduced half but field current is constant then it gives leading
power factor.
SOL 3.74

Given star connected synchronous machine, P = 100 kVA
Open circuit voltage V = 415 V and field current is 15 A, short circuit armature
current at a field current of 10 A is equal to rated armature current.
So,
Line synchronous impedance
open circuit line voltage
=
3 # short ckt phase current
415
=
= 1.722
100
# 1000
3 #c
m
3 # 415
SOL 3.75
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Chapter 3
Given 1-f transformer

P = 50 kVA , V = 250 V/500 V
Two winding transformer efficiency 95% at full load unity power factor.
50 # 1 # 1
50 # Wcu + Wi
So
Wcu + Wi = 2.631
Reconfigured as a 500 V/750 V auto-transformer
Efficiency
95% =
nodia
auto-transformer efficiency
h=
150
= 98.276%
150 + 2.631
SOL 3.76

Given 3-f, 3-stack
Variable reluctance step motor has 20-poles
Step angle = 360 = 6c
3 # 20
SOL 3.77

Given a 3-f squirrel cage induction motor starting torque is 150% and maximum
torque 300%
So
TStart = 1.5TFL
Tmax
TStart
Then
Tmax
TStart
Tmax
From equation (1) and (2)
2S max
2
S max + 1
2
S max - 4S max + 1
So
S max
SOL 3.78
= 3TFL
=1
2
= 22S max 2
S max + 1
...(1)
...(2)
=1
2
=0
= 26.786%

Given 3-f squirrel cage induction motor has a starting current of seven the full
load current and full load slip is 5%
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ISt = 7I Fl
S Fl = 5%
TSt = ISt 2 x2 S
bTFl l # # Fl
TFl
1.5 = (7) 2 # x2 # 0.05
x = 78.252%
SOL 3.79
SOL 3.80

Star delta starter is used to start this induction motor. So
ISt 2 S = 1 72 0.05
TSt = 1
#
b
3
3# #
TFl
I Fl l # Fl
TSt = 0.816
TFl
nodia
Given starting torque is 0.5 p.u.
TSt = Isc 2 S
So,
b I Fl l # Fl
TFl
2
0.5 = b Isc l # 0.05
I Fl
Per unit starting current
Isc =
0.5 = 3.16 A
0.05
I Fl
SOL 3.81

In transformer, in open circuit test, current is drawn at low power factor but in
short circuit test current drawn at high power factor.
SOL 3.82

A single-phase capacitor start induction motor. It has cage rotor and its stator
has two windings.
The two windings are displaced 90c in space. The direction of rotation can be
changed by reversing the main winding terminals.
SOL 3.83

In DC motor, compensating winding is used for neutralizing armature reactance
while interpole winding is used for improving commutation.
Interpoles generate voltage necessary to neutralize the e.m.f of self induction in
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
the armature coils undergoing commutation. Interpoles have a polarity opposite

to that of main pole in the direction of rotation of armature.
SOL 3.84

Given: A 230 V, DC machine, 20 A at 200 V as a generator.
Ra = 0.2 W
The machine operated as a motor at same terminal voltage and current, flux
increased by 10%
So for generator
Eg = V + Ia Ra
nodia
for motor
So
SOL 3.85
SOL 3.86

A synchronous generator is feeding a zero power factor(lagging) load at rated
current then the armature reaction is demagnetizing.
Given the rating of first transformer is 500 kVA
Per unit leakage impedance is 0.05 p.u.
Rating of second transformer is 250 kVA
actual impedance
So,
Per unit impedance =
base impedance
and, Per unit leakage impedance \ 1
kVA
Then
SOL 3.87
= 200 + 20 # 0.2
Eg = 204 volt
Em = V - Ia Ra
= 200 - 20 # 0.2
Em = 196 volt
N
Eg
f
= g # g
Nm
Em
fm
204 = Ng
1
196
Nm # 1.1
Nm =
196
= 0.87
204 # 1.1
Ng
500 kVA # 0.05 = 250 kVA # x

x = 500 # 0.05 = 0.1 p.u.
250

Given speed of a 4-pole induction motor is controlled by varying the supply
frequency when the ratio of supply voltage and frequency is constant.
f = 50 Hz , V = 400 V , N = 1440 rpm
So
V \f
V1 = f1
V2
f2
V2 = 400 # 30 = 240 V
50
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So
Page 185
2
T \ cV m S
f
S2 = V1 2 f2 T2
S1 bV2 l # f1 # T1
Given
T1 = T2
Then
2
S2 = 0.04 # b 400 l # 30
50
240
S2 = 0.066
Nr = Ns (1 - S)
120f
P
Nr = 120 # 30 ^1 - 0.066h
4
Nr =
So
nodia
= 840.6 rpm
SOL 3.88

Given a 3-f induction motor
P = 4 , V = 400 V , f = 50 Hz
r1 = 1.0 W , r2l= 0.5 W
X1 = Xl2 = 1.2 W, Xm = 35 W
So, Speed of motor is
120f
Ns =
= 120 # 50 = 1500 rpm
4
P
Torque
SOL 3.89
V2 rl2
Tst = 180 #
2pNs
(r1 + rl2) 2 + X 2
400 2 0.5
c 3m#
180
=
2 # 3.14 # 1500 # (1.5) 2 + (2.4) 2
= 63.58 Nm

Given that 3-f induction motor star connected
P = 10 kW , V = 400 V, Poles = 4, f = 50 Hz
Full load current I Fl = 20 A
output
Efficiency =
input
So
Cu losses at full load
2
= b 20 l # 762 = 1354.67
15
Total losses = 1354.67 + 1002 = 2356.67
10000
Efficiency =
100 = 81%
10000 + 2356.67 #
SOL 3.90

Given 3-f star connected synchronous motor
internal reactance = 10 W
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Operating at 50% load, unity power factor, 400 V, 5 kW

Excitation increased = 1%
So,
full load current
I Fl =
5 # 103
= 7.22
3 # 400 # 1
E 2 = (V cos q - Ia Ra) 2 + (V sin q - Ia Xs) 2

400 2 + 10 3.6 2 = 2133.7289
^ # h
3m
Excitation will increase 1% then E2
So,
E =
E2 = 2133.7289 # 0.01 = 236

Ia X =
(E2) 2 - V 2
nodia
(236) 2 - c 400 m = 48.932
3
Ia = 48.932 = 4.8932
10
4
.
8932
Load (%) =
= 67.83 %
7.22
=
SOL 3.91

Given P = 4 , f = 50 Hz
Slots = 48 , each coil has 10 turns
Short pitched by an angle(a) to 36c electrical
Flux per pole = 0.05 Wb
So,
E ph = 4.44 ffTph KW
Slot/Pole/ph = 48 = 4
4#3
Slot/Pole = 48 = 12
4
Slot angle = 180 = 15c
12
sin (4 # 15/2)
Kd =
= 0.957
4 sin (15/2)
K p = cos a = cos 18c = 0.951
2
In double layer wdg
No. of coil = No of slots
No. of turns/ph = 48 # 10 = 160
3
Then
E ph = 4.44 # 0.025 # 50 # 0.957 # 0.951 # 160

= 808 V
EL =
3 # 808
EL = 1400 V (approximate)
SOL 3.92

line to line induced voltage, so in 2 phase winding
Slot/ pole/ph = 6
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Tph = 480 = 240

2
Slot angle = 180 # 4 = 15c
48
sin 6 # (15/2)
Kd =
= 0.903
6 sin (15/2)
K p = cos b 36 l = 0.951
2
E ph = 4.44 # 0.025 # 50 # 240 # 0.951 # 0.903
= 1143
SOL 3.93
SOL 3.94

Fifth harmonic component of phase emf
So
Angle = 180 = 36c
5
the phase emf of fifth harmonic is zero.
nodia
Given that: A 300 kVA transformer
Efficiency at full load is 95% and 0.8 p.f. lagging
96% efficiency at half load and unity power factor
So
For Ist condition for full load
kVA # 0.8
95% =
kVA # 0.8 + Wcu + Wi
...(1)
Second unity power factor half load

96% =
So
Then
SOL 3.95
...(2)
Wcu + Wi = 12.63
0.25Wcu + 0.96Wi = 6.25
Wcu = 8.51, Wi = 4.118

Efficiency (h) =
So
SOL 3.96
kVA # 0.5
kVA # 0.5 + Wcu + Wi
X # p.f. # kVA
X # kVA + Wi + Wcu # X2
4.118 = 0.6956
8.51
0.6956 # 1 # 300
h% =
0.6956 # 300 + 4.118 + 8.51 # (0.6956) 2
h = 96.20%
X =

The leakage reactances X1 , and X2l are equal and magnetizing reactance Xm is
higher than X1 , and X2l
X1 . X2l << Xm
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SOL 3.97

Three phase star delta connection of transformer induces a phase difference of
30c between output and input line voltage.
SOL 3.98

Given torque/speed curve of the induction motor
nodia
When the speed of the motor is in forward direction then slip varies from 0 to 1
but when speed of motor is in reverse direction or negative then slip is greater
then 1. So at point W slip is greater than 1.
SOL 3.99

For an induction motor the ratio of gross power output to air-gap is equal to
(1 - s)
gross power
So
= (1 - s)
airgap power
SOL 3.100

Given that two magnetic pole revolve around a stationary armature.
At c1 the emf induced upward and no emf induced at c2 and c2l
SOL 3.101

Given A 50 kW DC shunt motor is loaded, then
at half the rated speed by armature voltage control
So
P\N
Pnew = 50 = 25 kW
2
At 1.5 time the rated speed by field control
P = constant
P = 50 kW
So
SOL 3.102
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In synchronous machine, when the armature terminal are shorted the field current
should first be decreased to zero before started the alternator.
In open circuit the synchronous machine runs at rated synchronous speed. The
field current is gradually increased in steps.
The short circuit ratio is the ratio of field current required to produced the rated
voltage on open to the rated armature current.
SOL 3.103

E = PNf b Z l
A
In DC motor,
or
E = Kfwn
So armature emf E depends upon f and w only and torque developed depends
upon
PZfIa
T =
2pA
So, torque(T ) is depends of f and Ia and developed power(P ) is depend of flux
f, speed w and armature current Ia .
SOL 3.104
SOL 3.105
nodia

Given a three-phase cage induction motor is started by direct on line switching
at rated voltage. The starting current drawn is 6 time the full load current.
Full load slip = 4%
So
ISt 2
TSt
bTFl l = b I Fl l # S Fl
= (6) 2 # 0.04 = 1.44
SOL 3.106

Given single-phase induction motor driving a fan load, the resistance rotor is
high
So
...(1)
Eb = V - Ia Ra
Pmech = Ea Ia
t = Pmech
wm
...(2)
From equation (1) and (2) the high resistance of rotor then the motor achieves
quick acceleration and torque of starting is increase.
SOL 3.107

Given V/f control of induction motor, the maximum developed torque remains
same
we have,
E = 4.44Kw ffT1
If the stator voltage drop is neglected the terminal voltage E1 . To avoid saturation
and to minimize losses motor is operated at rated airgap flux by varying terminal
voltage with frequency. So as to maintain (V/f ) ratio constant at the rated
1
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
value, the magnetic flux is maintained almost constant at the rated value which
keeps maximum torque constant.
SOL 3.108

Given
P = 1000 kVA , 6.6 kV
Reactance = 20 W and neglecting the armature resistance at full load and unity
power factor
P =
So
I =
3 VL IL
1000 = 87.47 A
3 # 6. 6
nodia
IX = 87.47 # 20 = 1.75 kV
2
2
= c 6.5 m + (1.75) 2
E ph
3
So,
6.5 2
2
c 3 m + (1.75)
= 4.2 kV
E ph =
E ph
EL = 3 E ph
EL = 1.732 # 4.2 = 7.26 kV
SOL 3.109
a Star connection

Torque angle az = tan- 1 b Xs l
Ra
az = tan- 1 c
SOL 3.110
3 # 1.75 = 24.6c
m
6.6

Given that
Transformer rating is 500 kVA
Iron losses = 300 W
full load copper losses = 600 W
Maximum efficiency condition
Wi = X2 Wc
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So,
X =
Wi =
Wc
Page 191
300 = 0.707
600
efficiency% = 0.707 # 100 = 70.7%

SOL 3.111

Stepper motor is rotated in steps, when the supply is connected then the torque
is produced in it. The higher value of torque is pull out torque and less torque
when the torque is pull in torque.
SOL 3.112

The stepper motor has the permanent magnet rotor and stator has made of
windings, its connected to the supply.
SOL 3.113
SOL 3.114
SOL 3.115
nodia

1-phase induction motor is not self starting, so its used to start different method
at full load condition, capacitor-run type motor have higher power factor. In this
type the capacitor is connected in running condition.
Given that if 3-f induction motor is rotated in clockwise then the phase sequence
of supply voltage is A-B-C. In counter clock wise rotation of the motor the phase
sequence is change so in the counter clockwise rotation the phase sequence is
A-C-B.
In linear electromagnetic
co-energy.
circuit
the
field
energy
is
equal
to
the
Wf = W f' = 1 Li2 = 1 yi = 1 y2
2
2
2L
Wf = field energy
W f' = co energy
SOL 3.116

Given that
8-Pole, 50 Hz induction machine in seventh space harmonic mmf wave.
So,
Synchronous speed at 7th harmonic is = Ns /7
120f
Speed of motor Ns =
= 120 # 50 = 750 rpm
8
P
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Electric Machines
Chapter 3
Synchronous speed is = Ns = 750 = 107.14 rpm in forward direction

7
7
SOL 3.117

Rotating electrical machines having its self inductance of stator and rotor
windings is independent of the rotor position of synchronizing torque.
synchronizing torque
Tsynchronizing = 1 m dP Nm/elect. radian
ws dd
= b 1 m dP l pP Nm/mech.degree
ws dd 180
SOL 3.118

Given that the armature of a permanent magnet dc motor is
nodia
Ra = 0.8 W
At no load condition
V = 25 V , I = 1.5 A , N = 1500 rpm

No load losses = E # I
a E = V - IRa
So no load losses
= (25 - 1.5 # 0.8) 1.5 = 35.7 W
At load condition
I = 3.5 A
Iron losses = I2 R = (3.5) 2 # 0.8 = 9.8 W
Total losses = No load losses + iron losses
Total power P
P
P
Efficiency
h
= 35.7 + 9.8 = 45.5 W

= VI
= 25 # 3.5
= 87.5 W
output
=
input
total power - losses
=
total power
= 87.5 - 45.5 # 100
87.5
= 48.0%
SOL 3.119

Given that 50 kVA, 3300/230 V, 1-f transform
Vin = 3300 V
Vout = 3300 + 230 = 3530 V
Output current I2 and output voltage 230 V
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So
3
I2 = 50 # 10 = 217.4 A
230
When the output voltage is Vout then kVA rating of auto transformer will be
I2 = 3530 # 217.4
= 767.42 kVA
SOL 3.120

Given that 100 kVA, 11000/400 V, Delta-star distribution transformer resistance
is 0.02 pu and reactance is 0.07 pu
So
pu impedance Z pu = 0.02 + j0.07
Base impedance referred to primary
2
(11 # 103) 2
= 3630 W
Z Base = V P =
VL IL /3
100 # 103
3
The phase impedance referred to primary
nodia
Z primary = Z pu # Z Base
= (0.02 + j0.07) (3630) = 72.6 + j254.1
SOL 3.121

Given that
230 V, 50 Hz, 4-Pole, capacitor-start induction motor
Zm = Rm + Xm = 6.0 + j4.0 W
ZA = RA + XA = 8.0 + j6.0 W
Phase angle of main winding
+I m = + - Z m
=- + (6 + j4) =- +33.7c
So angle of the auxiliary winding when the capacitor is in series.
+IA =- + (8 + j6) + 1
jwC
j
= + (8 + j6) wC
a = +I A - +I m
So
90 =- tan >f
-1
6- 1
wC p - (- 33.7)H
8
1 = 18
wC
w = 2pf
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Electric Machines
So
C =
Chapter 3
1
1
=
18 # 2 # 3.14 # 50
18 # 2pf
= 176.8 mF
SOL 3.122

Given that the armature has per phase
1.7 W and two alternator is connected in parallel
So,
synchronous
reactance
of
nodia
both alternator voltage are in phase
So,
E f1 = 3300
3
E f2 = 3200
3
Synchronizing current or circulating current
EC
=
TS1 + TS2
Reactance of both alternator are same
E - Ef 2
So
= f1
TS 1 + TS 2
= 1 b 3300 - 3200 l = 16.98 A
3 1.7 + 1.7
SOL 3.123

Given V = 400 V, 15 kW power and P = 4
f = 50 Hz , Full load slip (S ) = 4%
120f
So
= 120 # 50 = 1500 rpm
Ns =
4
P
Actual speed = synchronous speed - slip
N = 1500 - 4 # 1500 = 1440 rpm
100
P
Torque developed
,
where ws (1 - S) = 2pN
T =
60
ws (1 - S)
3
= 15 # 10 # 60 = 99.47 Nm
2p # 1440
SOL 3.124

Given 1.8c angle, 2-f Bipolar stepper motor and stepping rate is
100 step/second
So step required for one revolution
= 360 = 200 steps
1.8
a Time required for one revolution = 2 seconds
rev/sec = 0.5 rps
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and
SOL 3.125
Page 195
rev/min = 30 rpm

Given that:
P = 8 Pole, DC generator has wave-wound armature containing 32 coil of 6 turns
each. Simplex wave wound flux per pole is 0.06 Wb
N = 250 rpm
So induced armature voltage
fZNP
Eg =
60A
Z = total no.of armature conductor
= 2CNC = 2 # 32 # 6 = 384
Eg = 0.06 # 250 # 3.84 # 8
60 # 2
nodia
a A = 2 for wave winding
Eg = 384 volt
SOL 3.126

Given a 400 V, 50 Hz and 0.8 p.f. loading delta connection 50 Hz synchronous
machine, the reactance is 2 W. The friction and windage losses are 2 kW and core
losses is 0.8 kW and shaft is supply 9 kW at a 0.8 loading power factor
So
Input power = 9 kW + 2 kW + 0.8 kW = 11.8 kW
Input power =
I2 =
SOL 3.127
3 V2 I2 = 11.8 kW
11.8 kW
= 21.29 A
3 # 400 # 0.8

Given that 500 MW, 3-f star connected synchronous generator has a rated
voltage of 21.5 kV and 0.85 Power factor
So
3 VL IL = 500 MW
500 # 106
IL =
3 # 21.5 # 103 # 0.85
= 15.79 # 103
IL = 15.79 kA
SOL 3.128

Given that 1-f transformer, maximum efficiency 90% at full load and unity
power factor
V2 I2 cos f2
So
h=
V2 I2 cos f2 + Pi + Pc
(L.F) cos f2
=
(L.F) cos f2 + Pi(Pu) + Pc
where L.F. is the load fator.
At full load, load factor is
L.F. = Pi = 1
Pc
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so,
Chapter 3
cos f2 = 1 at unity power factor

90% = 1 # 1
1 + 2Pi
Pi = 0.0555 MVA
At half load, load factor is
L.F = 1 = .5
2
0.5 # 1
So,
h=
# 100 = 87.8%
0.5 # 0.0555 # (0.5) 2 + 0.0555
SOL 3.129
SOL 3.130
SOL 3.131

In food mixer the universal motor is used and in cassette tap recorder permanent
magnet DC motor is used. The Domestic water pump used the single and three
phase induction motor and escalator used the three phase induction motor.
nodia

Given a engine drive synchronous generator is feeding a partly inductive load. A
capacitor is connected across the load to completely nullify the inductive current.
Then the motor field current has to be reduced and fuel input left unaltered.
Given open circuit and full-load zero power factor of a synchronous generator. At
point Q the zero power factor at 1.0 pu voltage. The voltage drop at point PQ is
across synchronous reactance.
SOL 3.132

Given no load test on 3-f induction motor, the graph between the input power
and voltage drop is shown in figure, the intersection point yield the friction and
windage loss.
SOL 3.133
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SOL 3.134
Electric Machines
Page 197
Given that: The armature resistance in per unit is 0.2

so,
Ra = 0.2
back emf equation of motor is
Eb = V - Ia Ra
given that no mechanical losses and armature reaction is neglected, so per unit
value of emf induced by motor is
nodia
Eb = 0.98
The DC shunt motor is mechanically coupled by the generator so the emf
induced by motor and generator is equal
Eg = Eb
so voltage generated by the generator is
V = 0.98 - 1 # 0.2 = 0.96

per unit value of load resistance is equal to 0.96
SOL 3.135
SOL 3.136

Given that when the switch S 1 is closed and S 2 is open then the 11000 V is step
down at 415 V output
Second time when the switch S 1 is open and switch S 2 is closed then 2-phase
supply is connected to the transformer then the ratio of voltage is
V1 = N1 = 11000 = 26.50
415
V2
N2
The output terminal a and c are in opposite phase so cancelled with each other
and terminal is equal to zero volt.
Given that
Resistance
So
R
V1
V1
V2
V2
and
V1
V3
N1 : N2: N 3 is 4: 2: 1
= 10 W
= 400 V
= N1 = 4
N2 2
= 2V1 = 200 V
4
= N1 = 4
N3 1
V3 = 100 V
so current in secondary winding
I2 = V2 = 200 = 20 A
10
R
The current in third winding when the capacitor is connected
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I 3 = V3 = 100 = j40
- jXc - j2.5
When the secondary winding current I2 is referred to primary side i.e I 1'
I 1' = N2 = 2
So
I2
N1 4
I 1' = 20 = 10 A
2
and winding third current I 3 is referred to Primary side i.e I 1'' . I 3 flows to opposite
to I1
I 1'' = N 3 = 1
So
N1 4
- I3
so
I 1'' =- j10
So total current in primary winding is
nodia
I1 = I 1'' + I 2'' = 10 - j10 A
SOL 3.137

Given that:
P Stator winding current is dc, rotor winding current is ac
Q
R
S
Stator winding current is ac, rotor winding current is dc

Stator winding current is ac, rotor winding current is ac
Stator has salient pole and rotor has commutator
T
U
Rotor has salient pole and slip rings and stator is cylindrical
Both stator and rotor have poly-phase windings
So
DC motor/machines:
The stator winding is connected to dc supply and rotor winding flows ac current.
Stator is made of salient pole and Commutator is connected to the rotor so rotor
winding is supply ac power.
Induction machines:
In induction motor the ac supply is connected to stator winding and rotor and
stator are made of poly-phase windings.
Synchronous machines:
In this type machines the stator is connected to ac supply but rotor winding is
excited by dc supply. The rotor is made of both salient pole and slip rings and
stator is made of cylindrical.
SOL 3.138

Given that
Fs is the peak value of stator mmf axis. Fr is the peak value of
rotor mmf axis. The rotor mmf lags stator mmf by space angle
d. The direction of torque acting on the rotor is clockwise or counter clockwise.
When the opposite pole is produced in same half portion of stator and rotor
then the rotor moves. So portion of stator is north-pole in ABC and rotor abc is
produced south pole as well as portion surface CDA is produced south pole and
the rotor cda is produced North pole.
The torque direction of the rotor is clock wise and torque at surface is in counter
clockwise direction.
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SOL 3.139
Electric Machines
Page 199

Given that:
A 4-pole, 3-f, double layer winding has 36 slots stator with 60c phase spread,
coil span is 7 short pitched
so,
Pole pitch = slot = 36 = 9
4
pole
Slot/pole/phase = 3
so, 3-slots in one phase, if it is chorded by 2 slots then
Out of 3 " 2 have different phase
Out of 36 " 24 have different phase.
Given that:
3-f induction motor is driving a constant load torque at rated voltage and
frequency. Voltage and frequency are halved and stator resistance, leakage
reactance and core losses are ignored.
Then the motor synchronous speed and actual speed difference are same.
120f
Ns =
P
The leakage reactance are ignored then the air gap flux remains same and the
stator resistance are ignored then the stator current remain same.
SOL 3.140
nodia
SOL 3.141

Given that: 1-f induction motor main winding excited then the rotating field of
motor changes, the forward rotating field of motor is greater then the back ward
rotating field.
SOL 3.142

Given that:
A dc series motor driving a constant power load running at rated speed and
rated voltage. Its speed brought down 0.25 pu. Then
Emf equation of dc series motor
E = V - (Ra + Rse)
Ra + Rse = R
so,
E = V - IR = KfN
then
N = E
Kf
In series motor faI
so,
N = V - IR
KI
At constant power load
E # I = T # W = Const
T = KfI = KI 2
If W is decreased then torque increases to maintain power constant.
T \ I2
W = 1 then T = 4
4
...(1)
...(2)
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So current is increased 2 time and voltage brought down to 0.5 pu.

***********
nodia
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Chapter 4
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Page 201
CHAPTER 4
POWER SYSTEMS
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 4.1
ONE MARK
Three-phase to ground fault takes place at locations F1 and F2 in the system

shown in the figure.
nodia
If the fault takes place at location F1 , then the voltage and the current at bus
A are VF1 and IF1 respectively. If the fault takes place at location F2 , then the
voltage and the current at bus A and VF2 and IF2 respectively. The correct
statement about voltages and currents during faults at F1 and F2 is
(B) VF1 leads IF1 and VF2 lags IF2
(A) VF1 leads IF1 and VF2 leads IF2
(C) VF1 lags IF1 and VF2 leads IF2
(D) VF1 lags IF1 and VF2 lags IF2
EE SP 4.2
A 2-bus system and corresponding zero sequence network are shown in the figure.
The transformers T1 and T2 are connected as
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 4.3
TWO MARKS
In an unbalanced three phase system, phase current Ia = 1 ^ - 90ch pu , negative

sequence current Ib = 4 ^- 150ch pu , zero sequence current Ic = 3 90c pu . The
magnitude of phase current Ib in pu is
(A) 1.00
(B) 7.81
(C) 11.53
(D) 13.00
2
EE SP 4.4
A three phase synchronous generator is to be connected to the infinite bus. The

lamps are connected as shown in the figure for the synchronization. The phase
sequence of bus voltage is R-Y-B and that of incoming generator voltage is
Rl - Yl - Bl.
nodia
It was found that the lamps are becoming dark in the sequence La - Lb - Lc . It
means that the phase sequence of incoming generator is
(A) opposite to infinite bus and its frequency is more than infinite bus
(B) opposite to infinite bus but its frequency is less than infinite bus
(C) same as infinite bus and its frequency is more than infinite bus
(D) same as infinite bus and its frequency is less than infinite bus
EE SP 4.5
A distribution feeder of 1 km length having resistance, but negligible reactance,

is fed from both the ends by 400 V, 50 Hz balanced sources. Both voltage sources
S1 and S2 are in phase. The feeder supplies concentrated loads of unity power
factor as shown in the figure.
The contributions of S1 and S2 in 100 A current supplied at location P respectively,

are
(A) 75 A and 25 A
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(B) 50 A and 50 A
(C) 25 A and 75 A
(D) 0 A and 100 A
EE SP 4.6
A two bus power system shown in the figure supplies load of 1.0 + j0.5 p.u.
nodia
The values of V1 in p.u. and d 2 respectively are
(A) 0.95 and 6.00c
(B) 1.05 and - 5.44c

(C) 1.1 and - 6.00c
(D) 1.1 and - 27.12c
EE SP 4.7
The fuel cost functions of two power plants are
C1 = 0.05Pg 12 + APg1 + B
C2 = 0.10Pg 22 + 3APg2 + 2B
Plant P1 :
Plant P2 :
where, Pg1 and Pg2 are the generated powers of two plants, and A and B are the
constants. If the two plants optimally share 1000 MW load at incremental fuel
cost of 100 Rs/MWh, the ratio of load shared by plants P1 and P2 is
(A) 1 : 4
(B) 2 : 3
(C) 3 : 2
(D) 4 : 1
EE SP 4.8
The over current relays for the line protection and loads connected at the buses
are shown in the figure.
The relays are IDMT in nature having the characteristic

0.14 # Time Multiplier Setting
^Plug Setting Multiplierh0.02 - 1
The maximum and minimum fault currents at bus B are 2000 A and 500 A
respectively. Assuming the time multiplier setting and plug setting for relay RB
to be 0.1 and 5 A respectively, the operating time of RB (in seconds) is_____.
top =
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Chapter 4
YEAR 2014 EE02
ONE MARK
EE SP 4.9
A three phase star-connected load is drawing power at a voltage of 0.9 pu and

0.8 power factor lagging. The three phase base power and base current are 100
MVA and 437.38 A respectively. The line-to-line load voltage in kV is _____.
EE SP 4.10
Shunt reactors are sometimes used in high voltage transmission systems to

(A) limit the short circuit current through the line
(B) compensate for the series reactance of the line under heavily loaded
condition
(C) limit over-voltages at the load side under lightly loaded condition.
(D) compensate for the voltage drop in the line under heavily loaded condition.
nodia
YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 4.11
EE SP 4.12
TWO MARKS
A synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus with excitation voltage

E f = 1.3 pu . The generator has a synchronous reactance of 1.1 pu and is delivering
real power (P) of 0.6 pu to the bus. Assume the infinite bus voltage to be 1.0 pu.
Neglect stator resistance. The reactive power (Q) in pu supplied by the generator
to the bus under this condition is _____.
There are two generators in a power system. No-load frequencies of the generators
are 51.5 Hz and 51 Hz, respectively, and both are having droop constant of
1 Hz/MW . Total load in the system is 2.5 MW. Assuming that the generators
are operating under their respective droop characteristics, the frequency of the
power system in Hz in the steady state is ______.
EE SP 4.13
The horizontally placed conductors of a single phase line operating at 50 Hz

are having outside diameter of 1.6 cm, and the spacing between centers of the
conductors is 6 m. The permittivity of free space is 8.854 # 10-12 F/m . The
capacitance to ground per kilometer of each line is
(B) 8.4 # 10-9 F
(A) 4.2 # 10-9 F
(C) 4.2 # 10-12 F
(D) 8.4 # 10-12 F
EE SP 4.14
A three phase, 100 MVA, 25 kV generator has solidly grounded neutral. The
positive, negative, and the zero sequence reactances of the generator are 0.2 pu,
0.2 pu and 0.05 pu, respectively, at the machine base quantities. If a bolted single
phase to ground fault occurs at the terminal of the unloaded generator, the fault
current in amperes immediately after the fault is_____.
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 4.15
ONE MARK
In a long transmission line with r , l , g and c are the resistance, inductance,

shunt conductance and capacitance per unit length, respectively, the condition
for distortionless transmission is
(A) rc = lg
(B) r = l/c
(C) rg = lc
(D) g = c/l
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EE SP 4.16
Power Systems
Page 205
For a fully transposed transmission line

(A) positive, negative and zero sequence impedances are equal
(B) positive and negative sequence impedances are equal
(C) zero and positive sequence impedances are equal
(D) negative and zero sequence impedances are equal
EE SP 4.17
A 183 bus power system has 150 PQ buses and 32 PV buses. In the general
case, to obtain the load flow solution using Newton-Raphson method in polar
coordinates, the minimum number of simultaneous equations to be solved is
_____.
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 4.18
EE SP 4.19
EE SP 4.20
TWO MARKS
nodia
For a 400 km long transmission line, the series impedance is ^0.0 + j0.5h W/km
and the shunt admittance is ^0.0 + j5.0h mmho/km . The magnitude of the series
impedance (in W ) of the equivalent p circuit of the transmission line is ____.
The complex power consumed by a constant-voltage load is given by ^P1 + jQ1h,

where, 1 kW # P1 # 1.5 kW and 0.5 kVAR # Q1 # 1 kVAR
A compensating shunt capacitor is chosen such that Q # 0.25 kVAR , where
Q is the net reactive power consumed by the capacitor load combination. The
reactive power (in kVAR) supplied by the capacitor is ____.
The figure shows the single line diagram of a single machine infinite bus system.
The inertia constant of the synchronous generator H = 5 MW-s/MVA. Frequency

is 50 Hz. Mechanical power is 1 pu. The system is operating at the stable
equilibrium point with rotor angle d equal to 30c. A three phase short circuit
fault occurs at a certain location on one of the circuits of the double circuit
transmission line. During fault, electrical power in pu is Pmax sin d . If the values of
d and dd/dt at the instant of fault clearing are 45c and 3.762 radian/s respectively,
then Pmax (in pu) is ______.
YEAR 2013
EE SP 4.21
TWO MARKS
For a power system network with n nodes, Z 33 of its bus impedance matrix is
j0.5 per unit. The voltage at node 3 is 1.3 - 10c per unit. If a capacitor having
reactance of - j3.5 per unit is now added to the network between node 3 and the
reference node, the current drawn by the capacitor per unit is
(A) 0.325 - 100c
(B) 0.325 80c
(C) 0.371 - 100c
(D) 0.433 80c
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Chapter 4
Statement for Linked Answer Questions: 22 and 23

In the following network, the voltage magnitudes at all buses are equal to 1 pu,
the voltage phase angles are very small, and the line resistances are negligible.
All the line reactances are equal to j1 W
EE SP 4.22
EE SP 4.23
nodia
The voltage phase angles in rad at buses 2 and 3 are
(B) q2 = 0 , q3 =- 0.1
(A) q2 =- 0.1, q3 =- 0.2
(C) q2 = 0.1, q3 = 0.1
(D) q2 = 0.1, q3 = 0.2
If the base impedance and the line-to line base voltage are 100 ohms and 100 kV
respectively, then the real power in MW delivered by the generator connected at
the slack bus is
(A) - 10
(B) 0
(D) 20
(C) 10
YEAR 2012
ONE MARK
EE SP 4.24
The bus admittance matrix of a three-bus three-line system is

R- 13 10
5VW
S
Y = j S 10 - 18 10W
SS 5 10 - 13WW
T
X
If each transmission line between the two buses is represented by an equivalent p
-network, the magnitude of the shunt susceptance of the line connecting bus 1 and
2 is
(B) 2
(A) 4
(C) 1
(D) 0
EE SP 4.25
A two-phase load draws the following phase currents : i1 (t) = Im sin (wt - f 1),
i2 (t) = Im cos (wt - f 2). These currents are balanced if f 1 is equal to.
(B) f 2
(A) - f 2
(C) (p/2 - f 2)
(D) (p/2 + f 2)
EE SP 4.26
The figure shows a two-generator system applying a load of PD = 40 MW ,

connected at bus 2.
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Page 207
The fuel cost of generators G1 and G2 are :

C1 (PG1) = 10000 Rs/MWh and C2 (PG2) = 12500 Rs/MWh and the loss in the line
is Ploss (pu) = 0.5PG21 (pu), where the loss coefficient is specified in pu on a 100 MVA
base. The most economic power generation schedule in MW is
(B) PG1 = 22, PG2 = 20
(A) PG1 = 20, PG2 = 22
(D) PG1 = 0, PG2 = 40
(C) PG1 = 20, PG2 = 20
EE SP 4.27
nodia
The sequence components of the fault current are as follows : I positive = j 1.5 pu,
I negative =- j 0.5 pu, I zero =- j1 pu . The type of fault in the system is
(A) LG
(B) LL
(C) LLG
(D) LLLG
YEAR 2012
EE SP 4.28
For the system below, SD1 and SD2 are complex power demands at bus 1 and bus
2 respectively. If V2 = 1 pu , the VAR rating of the capacitor (QG2) connected
at bus 2 is
(A) 0.2 pu
(C) 0.312 pu
EE SP 4.29
TWO MARKS
(B) 0.268 pu
(D) 0.4 pu
A cylinder rotor generator delivers 0.5 pu power in the steady-state to an infinite

bus through a transmission line of reactance 0.5 pu. The generator no-load voltage
is 1.5 pu and the infinite bus voltage is 1 pu. The inertia constant of the generator
is 5 MW- s/MVA and the generator reactance is 1 pu. The critical clearing angle,
in degrees, for a three-phase dead short circuit fault at the generator terminal is
(A) 53.5
(B) 60.2
(C) 70.8
(D) 79.6
YEAR 2011
EE SP 4.30
ONE MARK
A nuclear power station of 500 MW capacity is located at 300 km away from a

load center. Select the most suitable power evacuation transmission configuration
among the following options
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Page 208
EE SP 4.31
EE SP 4.32
Power Systems
Chapter 4
nodia
A negative sequence relay is commonly used to protect
(A) an alternator
(B) an transformer
(C) a transmission line
(D) a bus bar
For enhancing the power transmission in along EHV transmission line, the most
preferred method is to connect a
(A) Series inductive compensator in the line
(B) Shunt inductive compensator at the receiving end
(C) Series capacitive compensator in the line
(D) Shunt capacitive compensator at the sending end
YEAR 2011
EE SP 4.33
TWO MARKS
A load center of 120 MW derives power from two power stations connected by
220 kV transmission lines of 25 km and 75 km as shown in the figure below. The
three generators G1, G2 and G 3 are of 100 MW capacity each and have identical
fuel cost characteristics. The minimum loss generation schedule for supplying the
120 MW load is
P1 = 80 MW + losses
(A) P2 = 20 MW
P3 = 20 MW
P1 = 60 MW
(B) P2 = 30 MW + losses
P3 = 30 MW
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Power Systems
P1 = 40 MW
(C) P2 = 40 MW
P3 = 40 MW + losses
EE SP 4.34
P1 = 30 MW + losses
(D) P2 = 45 MW
P3 = 45 MW
The direct axis and quadrature axis reactances of a salient pole alternator are
1.2 p.u and 1.0 p.u respectively. The armature resistance is negligible. If this
alternator is delivering rated kVA at upf and at rated voltage then its power
angle is
(A) 30c
(B) 45c
(C) 60c
EE SP 4.35
Page 209
(D) 90c
nodia
A three bus network is shown in the figure below indicating the p.u. impedance
of each element.
The bus admittance matrix, Y -bus, of the network is

R 0.3 - 0.2 0 V
R- 15
0 VW
5
S
W
S
(A) j S- 0.2 0.12 0.08W
(B) j S 5
7.5 - 12.5W
SS 0 0.08 0.02WW
SS 0 - 12.5 2.5 WW
XV
TR
V X
RT0.1 0.2
0
0
10
5
S
W
S
W
(C) j S0.2 0.12 - 0.08W
(D) j S 5 7.5 12.5W
SS 0 12.5 - 10WW
SS 0 - 0.08 0.10 WW
T
X
T
X
Statement For Linked Answer Questions : 36 and 37

EE SP 4.36
Two generator units G1 and G2 are connected by 15 kV line with a bus at the
mid-point as shown below
G1 = 250 MVA , 15 kV, positive sequence reactance XG = 25% on its own base
G2 = 100 MVA , 15 kV, positive sequence reactance XG = 10% on its own base L1
and L2 = 10 km , positive sequence reactance XL = 0.225 W/km
1
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Page 210
Power Systems
Chapter 4
nodia
EE SP 4.37
In the above system, the three-phase fault MVA at the bus 3 is

(A) 82.55 MVA
(B) 85.11 MVA
(C) 170.91 MVA
(D) 181.82 MVA
YEAR 2010
EE SP 4.38
ONE MARK
Power is transferred from system A to system B by an HVDC link as shown in

the figure. If the voltage VAB and VCD are as indicated in figure, and I 2 0 , then
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Chapter 4
Power Systems
Page 211
(A) VAB 1 0,VCD < 0,VAB > VCD

(B) VAB 2 0,VCD 2 0,VAB 1 VCD
(C) VAB 2 0,VCD 2 0,VAB > VCD
(D) VAB 2 0,VCD < 0
EE SP 4.39
Consider a step voltage of magnitude 1 pu travelling along a lossless transmission

line that terminates in a reactor. The voltage magnitude across the reactor at the
instant travelling wave reaches the reactor is
nodia
(A) - 1 pu
(C) 2 pu
EE SP 4.40
(B) 1 pu
(D) 3 pu
Consider two buses connected by an impedence of (0 + 5j) W . The bus 1 voltage

is 100+30c V, and bus 2 voltage is 100+0c V. The real and reactive power
supplied by bus 1 respectively are
(A) 1000 W, 268 VAr
(B) - 1000 W, - 134 VAr
(D) - 276.9 W, 56.7 VAr
(C) 276.9 W, - 56.7 VAr
YEAR 2010
TWO MARKS
EE SP 4.41
A three-phase, 33 kV oil circuit breaker is rated 1200 A, 2000 MVA, 3 s. The

symmetrical breaking current is
(A) 1200 A
(B) 3600 A
(C) 35 kA
(D) 104.8 kA
EE SP 4.42
Consider a stator winding of an alternator with an internal high-resistance ground

fault. The currents under the fault condition are as shown in the figure The
winding is protected using a differential current scheme with current transformers
of ratio 400/5 A as shown. The current through the operating coils is
(A) 0.1875 A
(C) 0.375 A
(B) 0.2 A
(D) 60 kA
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Page 212
EE SP 4.43
EE SP 4.44
Power Systems
The zero-sequence circuit of the three phase transformer shown in the figure is
nodia
A 50 Hz synchronous generator is initially connected to a long lossless transmission

line which is open circuited at the receiving end. With the field voltage held
constant, the generator is disconnected from the transmission line. Which of the
following may be said about the steady state terminal voltage and field current
of the generator ?
(A) The magnitude

not change.
(B) The magnitude
change.
(C) The magnitude
increases
(D) The magnitude
decreases.
EE SP 4.45
Chapter 4
of terminal voltage decreases, and the field current does

of terminal voltage increases, and the field current does not
of terminal voltage increases, and the field current
of terminal voltage does not change and the field current
Consider a three-phase, 50 Hz, 11 kV distribution system. Each of the conductors

is suspended by an insulator string having two identical porcelain insulators. The
self capacitance of the insulator is 5 times the shunt capacitance between the link
and the ground, as shown in the figures. The voltages across the two insulators are
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Chapter 4
Power Systems
(A) e1 = 3.74 kV, e2 = 2.61 kV

(C) e1 = 6.0 kV, e2 = 4.23 kV
EE SP 4.46
Page 213
(B) e1 = 3.46 kV, e2 = 2.89 kV

(D) e1 = 5.5 kV, e2 = 5.5 kV
Consider a three-core, three-phase, 50 Hz, 11 kV cable whose conductors are

denoted as R, Y and B in the figure. The inter-phase capacitance(C1 ) between
each line conductor and the sheath is 0.4 mF . The per-phase charging current is
nodia
(A) 2.0 A
(C) 2.7 A
EE SP 4.47
(B) 2.4 A
(D) 3.5 A
For the power system shown in the figure below, the specifications of the
components are the following :
G1 : 25 kV, 100 MVA, X = 9%
G2 : 25 kV, 100 MVA, X = 9%
T1 : 25 kV/220 kV, 90 MVA, X = 12%
T2 : 220 kV/25 kV, 90 MVA, X = 12%
Line 1: 200 kV, X = 150 ohms
Choose 25 kV as the base voltage at the generator G1 , and 200 MVA as the MVA
base. The impedance diagram is
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
nodia
YEAR 2009
ONE MARK
EE SP 4.48
Out of the following plant categories

(i) Nuclear
(ii) Run-of-river
(iii) Pump Storage
(iv) Diesel
The base load power plant are
(A) (i) and (ii)
(B) (ii) and (iii)
(C) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(D) (i), (iii) and (iv)
EE SP 4.49
For a fixed value of complex power flow in a transmission line having a sending
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Chapter 4
Power Systems
Page 215
end voltage V , the real loss will be proportional to

(A) V
(B) V 2
(C) 12
V
(D) 1
V
YEAR 2009
EE SP 4.50
TWO MARKS
For the Y-bus matrix of a 4-bus system given in per unit, the buses having shunt
elements are
R- 5 2 2.5 0 V
W
S
S 2 - 10 2.5 4 W
YBUS = j S
2.5 2.5 - 9 4 W
W
S
S0
4
4 - 8W
X
T
(A) 3 and 4
(B) 2 and 3
nodia
(C) 1 and 2
EE SP 4.51
(D) 1, 2 and 4
Match the items in List-I (To) with the items in the List-II (Use) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists.
List-I
List-II
a.
improve power factor
1.
shunt reactor
b.
reduce the current ripples
2.
shunt capacitor
c.
increase the power flow in line
3.
series capacitor
4.
series reactor
d. reduce the Ferranti effect

(A) a " 2, b " 3, c " 4, d " 1
(B) a " 2, b " 4, c " 3, d " 1
(C) a " 4, b " 3, c " 1, d " 2
(D) a " 4, b " 1, c " 3, d " 2
EE SP 4.52
Match the items in List-I (Type of transmission line) with the items in List-II
(Type of distance relay preferred) and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists.
List-I
List-II
a.
Short Line
1.
Ohm Relay
b.
Medium Line
2.
Reactance Relay
c.
Long Line
3.
Mho Relay
(B) a " 3, b " 2, c " 1

(D) a " 1, b " 3, c " 2
(A) a " 2, b " 1, c " 3

(C) a " 1, b " 2, c " 3
EE SP 4.53
Three generators are feeding a load of 100 MW. The details of the generators are
Rating
(MW)
Efficiency
(%)
Regulation (Pu.)
( on 100 MVA base)
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
Generator-1
100
20
0.02
Generator-2
100
30
0.04
Generator-3
100
40
0.03
In the event of increased load power demand, which of the following will happen
?
(A) All the generator will share equal power
(B) Generator-3 will share more power compared to Generator-1
(C) Generator-1 will share more power compared to Generator-2
(D) Generator-2 will share more power compared to Generator-3
EE SP 4.54
A 500 MW, 21 kV, 50 Hz, 3-phase, 2-pole synchronous generator having a rated
p.f = 0.9, has a moment of inertia of 27.5 # 103 kg-m2 .The inertia constant (H
) will be
(A) 2.44 s
(B) 2.71 s
nodia
(C) 4.88 s
(D) 5.42 s
YEAR 2008
EE SP 4.55
ONE MARK
A two machine power system is shown below. The Transmission line XY has
positive sequence impedance of Z1 W and zero sequence impedance of Z0 W
An a phase to ground fault with zero fault impedance occurs at the centre of the
transmission line. Bus voltage at X and line current from X to F for the phase
a, are given by Va Volts and Ia amperes, respectively. Then, the impedance
measured by the ground distance relay located at the terminal X of line XY will
be given by
(B) ^Z0 /2h W
(A) ^Z1 /2h W
(D) ^Va /Ia h W
(C) (Z0 + Z1) /2 W
EE SP 4.56
An extra high voltage transmission line of length 300 km can be approximate by

a lossless line having propagation constant b = 0.00127 radians per km. Then
the percentage ratio of line length to wavelength will be given by
(A) 24.24 %
(B) 12.12 %
(C) 19.05 %
(D) 6.06 %
EE SP 4.57
A-3-phase transmission line is shown in figure :
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Chapter 4
Power Systems
Page 217
Voltage drop across the transmission line is given by the following equation :
VR V
V R
R
S3 Va W SZs Zm Zm WSIa W
S3 Vb W = SZm Zs Zm WSIb W
SS3 V WW SSZ Z Z WWSSI WW
c
s
m
m
c
X
X
T
T
T
Shunt capacitance of the X line can be neglect. If the has positive sequence
impedance of 15 W and zero sequence impedance of 48 W, then the values of Zs
and Zm will be
(A) Zs = 31.5 W; Zm = 16.5 W
(B) Zs = 26 W; Zm = 11 W
nodia
(D) Zs = 11 W; Zm = 26 W
YEAR 2008
EE SP 4.58
TWO MARKS
Voltages phasors at the two terminals of a transmission line of length 70 km have

a magnitude of 1.0 per unit but are 180 degree out of phase. Assuming that the
maximum load current in the line is 1/5th
of minimum 3-phase fault current. Which one of the following transmission line
protection schemes will not pick up for this condition ?
(A) Distance protection using ohm relay with zoen-1 set to 80% of the line
impedance.
(B) Directional over current protection set to pick up at 1.25 times the
maximum load current
(C) Pilot relaying system with directional comparison scheme
(D) Pilot relaying system with segregated phase comparison scheme
EE SP 4.59
A loss less transmission line having Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of 2280 MW
is provided with a uniformly distributed series capacitive compensation of 30%.
Then, SIL of the compensated transmission line will be
(A) 1835 MW
(B) 2280 MW
(C) 2725 MW
(D) 3257 MW
EE SP 4.60
A loss less power system has to serve a load of 250 MW. There are tow generation
(G 1 and G 2 ) in the system with cost curves C1 and C2 respectively defined as
follows ;
2
C1 (PG1) = PG1 + 0.055 # PG1
2
C2 (PG2) = 3PG2 + 0.03 # PG2
Where PG1 and PG2 are the MW injections from generator G 1 and G 2 respectively.
Thus, the minimum cost dispatch will be
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
(A) PG1 = 250 MW; PG2 = 0 MW

(B) PG1 = 150 MW; PG2 = 100 MW
(C) PG1 = 100 MW; PG2 = 150 MW
(D) PG1 = 0 MW; PG2 = 250 MW
EE SP 4.61
A loss less single machine infinite bus power system is shown below :
The synchronous generator transfers 1.0 per unit of power to the infinite bus. The
critical clearing time of circuit breaker is 0.28 s. If another identical synchronous
generator is connected in parallel to the existing generator and each generator is
scheduled to supply 0.5 per unit of power, then the critical clearing time of the
circuit breaker will
(A) reduce to 0.14 s
(B) reduce but will be more than 0.14 s
nodia
(C) remain constant at 0.28 s
(D) increase beyond 0.28 s
EE SP 4.62
Single line diagram of a 4-bus single source distribution system is shown below.
Branches e1, e2, e3 and e4 have equal impedances. The load current values indicated
in the figure are in per unit.
Distribution companys policy requires radial system operation with minimum

loss. This can be achieved by opening of the branch
(B) e2
(A) e1
(C) e3
(D) e4
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Page 219
Given that: Vs1 = Vs2 = 1 + j0 p.u ;

The positive sequence impedance are
Zs1 = Zs2 = 0.001 + j0.01 p.u and ZL = 0.006 + j0.06 p.u
3-phase Base MVA = 100
voltage base = 400 kV(Line to Line)
Nominal system frequency = 50 Hz.
The reference voltage for phase a is defined as V (t) = Vm cos (wt).
A symmetrical three phase fault occurs at centre of the line, i.e. point F at
time t 0 . The positive sequence impedance from source S1 to point F equals
0.004 + j0.04 p.u. The wave form corresponding to phase a fault current from
bus X reveals that decaying d.c. offset current is negative and in magnitude at
its maximum initial value, Assume that the negative sequence impedances are
equal to positive sequence impedance and the zero sequence impedances are
three times positive sequence impedances.
EE SP 4.63
EE SP 4.64
nodia
The instant (t0) of the fault will be
(A) 4.682 ms
(B) 9.667 ms
(C) 14.667 ms
(D) 19.667 ms
The rms value of the component of fault current (If ) will be

(A) 3.59 kA
(B) 5.07 kA
(C) 7.18 kA
(D) 10.15 kA
EE SP 4.65
Instead of the three phase fault, if a single line to ground fault occurs on phase
a at point F with zero fault impedance, then the rms of the ac component of
fault current (Ix) for phase a will be
(A) 4.97 p.u
(B) 7.0 p.u
(C) 14.93 p.u
(D) 29.85 p.u
YEAR 2007
EE SP 4.66
ONE MARK
Consider the transformer connections in a part of a power system shown in the

figure. The nature of transformer connections and phase shifts are indicated for
all but one transformer.
Which of the following connections, and the corresponding phase shift q, should
be used for the transformer between A and B ?
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
(A) Star-star (q = 0%)

(B) Star-Delta (q =- 30%)
(C) Delta-star (q = 30%)
nodia
(D) Star-Zigzag (q = 30%)
EE SP 4.67
The incremental cost curves in Rs/MWhr for two generators supplying a common
load of 700 MW are shown in the figures. The maximum and minimum generation
limits are also indicated. The optimum generation schedule is :
(A) Generator A : 400 MW, Generator B : 300 MW

(B) Generator A : 350 MW, Generator B : 350 MW
(C) Generator A : 450 MW, Generator B : 250 MW
(D) Generator A : 425 MW, Generator B : 275 MW
EE SP 4.68
Two regional systems, each having several synchronous generators and loads are
inter connected by an ac line and a HVDC link as shown in the figure. Which of
the following statements is true in the steady state :
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Power Systems
Page 221
(A) Both regions need not have the same frequency

(B) The total power flow between the regions (Pac + Pdc) can be changed by
controlled the HDVC converters alone
(C) The power sharing between the ac line and the HVDC link can be changed
by controlling the HDVC converters alone.
(D) The directions of power flow in the HVDC link (Pdc ) cannot be reversed
EE SP 4.69
Considered a bundled conductor of an overhead line consisting of three identical

sub-conductors placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle as shown in the
figure. If we neglect the charges on the other phase conductor and ground, and
assume that spacing between sub-conductors is much larger than their radius,
the maximum electric field intensity is experienced at
nodia
(A) Point X
(C) Point Z
(B) Point Y
(D) Point W
YEAR 2007
EE SP 4.70
TWO MARKS
The figure below shows a three phase self-commutated voltage source converter
connected to a power system. The converters dc bus capacitor is marked as C
in the figure. The circuit in initially operating in steady state with d = 0 and the
capacitor dc voltage is equal to Vdc0 . You may neglect all losses and harmonics.
What action should be taken to increase the capacitor dc voltage slowly to a new
steady state value.
(A) Make d positive and maintain it at a positive value

(B) Make d positive and return it to its original value
(C) Make d negative and maintain it at a negative value
(D) Make d negative and return it to its original value
EE SP 4.71
The total reactance and total suspectance of a lossless overhead EHV line,
operating at 50 Hz, are given by 0.045 pu and 1.2 pu respectively. If the velocity
of wave propagation is 3 # 105 km/s, then the approximate length of the line is
(B) 172 km
(A) 122 km
(C) 222 km
(D) 272 km
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EE SP 4.72
EE SP 4.73
Power Systems
Consider the protection system shown in the figure below. The circuit breakers
numbered from 1 to 7 are of identical type. A single line to ground fault with zero
fault impedance occurs at the midpoint of the line (at point F), but circuit breaker
4 fails to operate (Stuck breaker). If the relays are coordinated correctly, a
valid sequence of circuit breaker operation is
nodia
(A) 1, 2, 6, 7, 3, 5
(B) 1, 2, 5, 5, 7, 3
(C) 5, 6, 7, 3, 1, 2
(D) 5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7
A three phase balanced star connected voltage source with frequency w rad/s
is connected to a star connected balanced load which is purely inductive. The
instantaneous line currents and phase to neutral voltages are denoted by (ia, ib, ic)
and (Van, Vbn, Vcn) respectively, and their rms values are denoted by V and I .
R
V
1
- 13 W RSia VW
S 0
3
1 WS W
If R = 8Van Vbn Vcn B S- 13
0
i , then the magnitude of
3 W b
S 1
SSi WW
1
0 W c
S 3 - 3
T
XT X
of R is
(A) 3VI
(C) 0.7VI
EE SP 4.74
Chapter 4
(B) VI
(D) 0
Consider a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus by two identical

parallel transmission line. The transient reactance x of the generator is 0.1 pu
and the mechanical power input to it is constant at 1.0 pu. Due to some previous
disturbance, the rotor angle (d) is undergoing an undamped oscillation, with the
maximum value of d (t) equal to 130% .One of the parallel lines trip due to the
relay maloperation at an instant when d (t) = 130% as shown in the figure. The
maximum value of the per unit line reactance, x such that the system does not
lose synchronism subsequent to this tripping is
(A) 0.87
(C) 0.67
(B) 0.74
(D) 0.54
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EE SP 4.75
EE SP 4.76
Power Systems
Page 223
Suppose we define a sequence transformation between a-b-c and p-n-o

variables as follows :
R V
VR V
R
Sfa W
S 1 1 1W Sfp W
2p
Sfb W = k Sa2 a 1W Sfn W where a = e j 3 and k and is a constant
SSf WW
SSa a2 1WW SSf WW
VR V
R V
R V R
R V
o
c
Va W
Vp W S0.5 0 0 W Sip W
Sia W
S
S
T X
XT X
T
Now, if it is given that : SVn W = S 0 0.5 0 W Sin W and SVb W = Z Sib W then,
SSi WW
SSV WW SS 0 0 2.0 WW SSi WW
SSV WW
0
c
o
c
XT X R T X
TV X
VT X T
R
S1.0 0.5 0.5 W
S 1.0 0.5 0.75 W
(B) Z = S0.5 1.0 0.5 W
(A) Z = S0.75 1.0 0.5 W
SS0.5 0.5 1.0 WW
SS 0.5 0.75 1.0 WW
X V
X
T R
T R
V
.
.
.
. 5 - 0. 5 W
1
0
.
1
0
0
75
0
0
5
W
S
2S
(C) Z = 3k2 S 0.5 1.0 0.75 W
(D) Z = k S- 0.5 1.0 - 0.5 W
3S
SS0.75 0.5 1.0 WW
S- 0.5 - 0.5 1.0 WW
X
X
T
T
Consider the two power systems shown in figure A below, which are initially not
interconnected, and are operating in steady state at the same frequency. Separate
load flow solutions are computed individually of the two systems, corresponding
to this scenario. The bus voltage phasors so obtain are indicated on figure A.
These two isolated systems are now interconnected by a short transmission line
as shown in figure B, and it is found that P1 = P2 = Q1 = Q2 = 0 .
nodia
The bus voltage phase angular difference between generator bus X and generator
bus Y after interconnection is
(A) 10c
(B) 25c
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Power Systems
(C) - 30c
EE SP 4.77
Chapter 4
(D) 30c
A 230 V (Phase), 50 Hz, three-phase, 4-wire, system has a phase sequence ABC.
A unity power-factor load of 4 kW is connected between phase A and neutral N.
It is desired to achieve zero neutral current through the use of a pure inductor and
a pure capacitor in the other two phases. The value of inductor and capacitor is
(A) 72.95 mH in phase C and 139.02 mF in Phase B
(B) 72.95 mH in Phase B and 139.02 mF in Phase C
(C) 42.12 mH in Phase C and 240.79 mF in Phase B
(D) 42.12 mH in Phase B and 240.79 mF in Phase C
EE SP 4.78
An isolated 50 Hz synchronous generator is rated at 15 MW which is also the

maximum continuous power limit of its prime mover. It is equipped with a speed
governor with 5% droop. Initially, the generator is feeding three loads of 4 MW
each at 50 Hz. One of these loads is programmed to trip permanently if the
frequency falls below 48 Hz .If an additional load of 3.5 MW is connected then
the frequency will settle down to
(A) 49.417 Hz
(B) 49.917 Hz
(C) 50.083 Hz
(D) 50.583 Hz
nodia
YEAR 2006
EE SP 4.79
ONE MARK
The concept of an electrically short, medium and long line is primarily based on
the
(A) nominal voltage of the line
(B) physical length of the line
(C) wavelength of the line
(D) power transmitted over the line
EE SP 4.80
Keeping in view the cost and overall effectiveness, the following circuit breaker
is best suited for capacitor bank switching
(A) vacuum
(B) air blast
(C) SF6
(D) oil
EE SP 4.81
In a biased differential relay the bias is defined as a ratio of

(A) number of turns of restraining and operating coil
(B) operating coil current and restraining coil current
(C) fault current and operating coil current
(D) fault current and restraining coil current
EE SP 4.82
An HVDC link consist of rectifier, inverter transmission line and other equipments.
Which one of the following is true for this link ?
(A) The transmission line produces/ supplies reactive power
(B) The rectifier consumes reactive power and the inverter supplies reactive
power from/ to the respective connected AC systems
(C) Rectifier supplies reactive power and the inverted consumers reactive power
to/ from the respective connected AC systems
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Chapter 4
Power Systems
Page 225
(D) Both the converters (rectifier and inverter) consume reactive power from
the respective connected AC systems
YEAR 2006
TWO MARKS
EE SP 4.83
The A, B , C , D constants of a 220 kV line are : A = D = 0.94+1c, B = 130+73c

, C = 0.001+90c If the sending end voltage of the line for a given load delivered
at nominal voltage is 240 kV, the % voltage regulation of the line is
(A) 5
(B) 9
(C) 16
(D) 21
EE SP 4.84
A single phase transmission line and a telephone line are both symmetrically
strung one below the other, in horizontal configurations, on a common tower,
The shortest and longest distances between the phase and telephone conductors
are 2.5 m and 3 m respectively.
The voltage (volt/km) induced in the telephone circuit, due to 50 Hz current of
100 amps in the power circuit is
(A) 4.81
(B) 3.56
(C) 2.29
(D) 1.27
EE SP 4.85
nodia
Three identical star connected resistors of 1.0 pu are connected to an unbalanced

3-phase supply. The load neutral is isolated. The symmetrical components of the
line voltages in pu. are: Vab = X+q1 , Vab = Y+q2 . If all the pu calculations are
with the respective base values, the phase to neutral sequence voltages are
(A) Van = X+ (q1 + 30c),Van = Y (q2 - 30c)
(B) Van = X+ (q1 - 30c),Van = Y+ (q2 + 30c)
(C) Van = 1 X+ (q1 - 30c),Van = 1 Y+ (q2 - 30c)
3
3
1
1
(D) Van =
Y+ (q2 - 60c)
X+ (q1 - 60c),Van =
3
3
1
EE SP 4.86
A generator is connected through a 20 MVA, 13.8/138 kV step down transformer,

to a transmission line. At the receiving end of the line a load is supplied through a
step down transformer of 10 MVA, 138/69 kV rating. A 0.72 pu. load, evaluated
on load side transformer ratings as base values , is supplied from the above
system. For system base values of 10 MVA and 69 kV in load circuit, the value
of the load (in per unit) in generator will be
(A) 36
(B) 1.44
(C) 0.72
(D) 0.18
EE SP 4.87
The Gauss Seidel load flow method has following disadvantages.

Tick the incorrect statement.
(A) Unreliable convergence
(B) Slow convergence
(C) Choice of slack bus affects convergence
(D) A good initial guess for voltages is essential for convergence
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Power Systems
Chapter 4

A generator feeds power to an infinite bus through a double circuit transmission
line. A 3-phase fault occurs at the middle point of one of the lines. The infinite
bus voltage is 1 pu, the transient internal voltage of the generator is 1.1 pu and
the equivalent transfer admittance during fault is 0.8 pu. The 100 MVA generator
has an inertia constant of 5 MJ/MVA and it was delivering 1.0 pu power prior of
the fault with rotor power angle of 30c. The system frequency is 50 Hz.
EE SP 4.88
EE SP 4.89
The initial accelerating power (in pu) will be

(A) 1.0
(B) 0.6
(C) 0.56
(D) 0.4
nodia
If the initial accelerating power is X pu, the initial acceleration in elect-deg/sec,

and the inertia constant in MJ-sec/elect-deg respectively will be
(B) 1800X , 0.056
(A) 31.4X , 18
(C) X/1800, 0.056
(D) X/31.4, 18
For a power system the admittance and impedance matrices for the fault studies
are as follows.
V
V
R
R
S- j8.75 j1.25 j2.50 W
Sj0.16 j0.08 j0.12 W
Z bus = Sj0.08 j0.24 j0.16 W
Ybus = S j1.25 - j6.25 j2.50 W
SS j2.50 - j2.50 - j5.00 WW
SSj0.12 j0.16 j0.34 WW
X
X
T
T
The pre-fault voltages are 1.0 pu. at all the buses. The system was unloaded
prior to the fault. A solid 3-phase fault takes place at bus 2.
EE SP 4.90
The post fault voltages at buses 1 and 3 in per unit respectively are
(A) 0.24, 0.63
(B) 0.31, 0.76
(C) 0.33, 0.67
(D) 0.67, 0.33
EE SP 4.91
The per unit fault feeds from generators connected to buses 1 and 2 respectively
are
(A) 1.20, 2.51
(B) 1.55, 2.61
(C) 1.66, 2.50
(D) 5.00, 2.50
EE SP 4.92
A 400 V, 50 Hz, three phase balanced source supplies power to a star connected
load whose rating is 12 3 kVA, 0.8 pf (lag). The rating (in kVAR) of the delta
connected (capacitive) reactive power bank necessary to bring the pf to unity is
(A) 28. 78
(B) 21.60
(C) 16.60
(D) 12.47
YEAR 2005
EE SP 4.93
ONE MARK
The p.u. parameter for a 500 MVA machine on its own base are:
inertia, M = 20 p.u. ; reactance, X = 2 p.u.
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Power Systems
Page 227
The p.u. values of inertia and reactance on 100 MVA common base, respectively, are
(A) 4, 0.4
(B) 100, 10
(C) 4, 10
(D) 100, 0.4
EE SP 4.94
An 800 kV transmission line has a maximum power transfer capacity of P . If it

is operated at 400 kV with the series reactance unchanged, the new maximum
power transfer capacity is approximately
(A) P
(B) 2P
(C) P/2
(D) P/4
EE SP 4.95
The insulation strength of an EHV transmission line is mainly governed by

(A) load power factor
(B) switching over-voltages
(C) harmonics
(D) corona
EE SP 4.96
nodia
High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission is mainly used for
(A) bulk power transmission over very long distances
(C) inter-connecting two systems with same nominal frequency
(C) eliminating reactive power requirement in the operation
(D) minimizing harmonics at the converter stations
YEAR 2005
TWO MARKS
EE SP 4.97
The parameters of a transposed overhead transmission line are given as :

Self reactance XS = 0.4W/km and Mutual reactance Xm = 0.1W/km The positive
sequence reactance X1 and zero sequence reactance X0 , respectively in W/km are
(A) 0.3, 0.2
(B) 0.5, 0.2
(C) 0.5, 0.6
(D) 0.3, 0.6
EE SP 4.98
At an industrial sub-station with a 4 MW load, a capacitor of

2 MVAR is installed to maintain the load power factor at 0.97 lagging. If the
capacitor goes out of service, the load power factor becomes
(A) 0.85
(B) 1.00
(C) 0.80 lag
(D) 0.90 lag
EE SP 4.99
The network shown in the given figure has impedances in p.u. as indicated. The
diagonal element Y22 of the bus admittance matrix YBUS of the network is
(A) - j19.8
(C) + j0.2
EE SP 4.100
(B) + j20.0
(D) - j19.95
A load centre is at an equidistant from the two thermal generating stations G1
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Page 228
Power Systems
Chapter 4
and G2 as shown in the figure. The fuel cost characteristic of the generating
stations are given by
F1 = a + bP1 + cP12 Rs/hour
F2 = a + bP2 + 2cP22 Rs/ hour
Where P1 and P2 are the generation in MW of G1 and G2 , respectively. For most

economic generation to meet 300 MW of load P1 and P2 respectively, are
(A) 150, 150
(B) 100, 200
(C) 200, 100
(D) 175, 125
EE SP 4.101
nodia
Two networks are connected in cascade as shown in the figure. With usual
notations the equivalent A, B, C and D constants are obtained. Given that,
C = 0.025+45c, the value of Z2 is
(A) 10+30c W
(C) 1 W
EE SP 4.102
(B) 40+ - 45c W

(D) 0 W
A generator with constant 1.0 p.u. terminal voltage supplies

power through a step-up transformer of 0.12 p.u. reactance and a
double-circuit line to an infinite bus bar as shown in the figure. The infinite bus
voltage is maintained at 1.0 p.u. Neglecting the resistances and suspectances of
the system, the steady state stability power limit of the system is 6.25 p.u. If one
of the double-circuit is tripped, then resulting steady state stability power limit
in p.u. will be
(A) 12.5 p.u.

(C) 10.0 p.u.
(B) 3.125 p.u.

(D) 5.0 p.u.

At a 220 kV substation of a power system, it is given that the three-phase fault
level is 4000 MVA and single-line to ground fault level is 5000 MVA Neglecting
the resistance and the shunt suspectances of the system.
EE SP 4.103
The positive sequence driving point reactance at the bus is

(A) 2.5 W
(B) 4.033 W
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Chapter 4
Power Systems
(C) 5.5 W
EE SP 4.104
Page 229
(D) 12.1 W
The zero sequence driving point reactance at the bus is

(A) 2.2 W
(B) 4.84 W
(C) 18.18 W
(D) 22.72 W
YEAR 2004
EE SP 4.105
ONE MARK
Total instantaneous power supplied by a 3-phase ac supply to a balanced R-L

load is
(A) zero
(B) constant
nodia
(C) pulsating with zero average
(D) pulsating with the non-zero average
EE SP 4.106
The rated voltage of a 3-phase power system is given as

(A) rms phase voltage
(B) peak phase voltage
(C) rms line to line voltage
(D) peak line to line voltage
EE SP 4.107
The phase sequences of the 3-phase system shown in figure is
(A) RYB
(B) RBY
(C) BRY
(D) YBR
EE SP 4.108
In the thermal power plants, the pressure in the working fluid cycle is developed by
(A) condenser
(B) super heater
(C) feed water pump
(D) turbine
EE SP 4.109
For harnessing low variable waterheads, the suitable hydraulic turbine with high
percentage of reaction and runner adjustable vanes is
(A) Kaplan
(B) Francis
(C) Pelton
(D) Impeller
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EE SP 4.110
Power Systems
Chapter 4
The transmission line distance protection relay having the property of being
inherently directional is
(A) impedance relay
(B) MHO relay
(C) OHM relay
(D) reactance relay
YEAR 2004
EE SP 4.111
A 800 kV transmission line is having per phase line inductance of

1.1 mH/km and per phase line capacitance of 11.68 nF/km. Ignoring the length
of the line, its ideal power transfer capability in MW is
(A) 1204 MW
(B) 1504 MW
nodia
(C) 2085 MW
EE SP 4.112
EE SP 4.113
TWO MARKS
(D) 2606 MW
A 110 kV, single core coaxial, XLPE insulated power cable delivering power at
50 Hz, has a capacitance of 125 nF/km. If the dielectric loss tangent of XLPE is
2 # 10 - 4 , then dielectric power loss in this cable in W/km is
(A) 5.0
(B) 31.7
(C) 37.8
(D) 189.0
A lightning stroke discharges impulse current of 10 kA (peak) on a

400 kV transmission line having surge impedance of 250 W The magnitude
of transient over-voltage travelling waves in either direction assuming equal
distribution from the point of lightning strike will be
(A) 1250 kV
(B) 1650 kV
(C) 2500 kV
(D) 2900 kV
EE SP 4.114
The generalized circuit constants of a 3-phase, 220 kV rated voltage, medium

length transmission line are
A = D = 0.936 + j0.016 = 0.936+0.98c
B = 35.5 + j138 = 142.0+76.4c W
C = (- 5.18 + j914) # 10 - 6 W
If the load at the receiving end is 50 MW at 220 kV with a power factor of 0.9
lagging, then magnitude of line to line sending end voltage should be
(A) 133.23 kV
(B) 220.00 kV
(C) 230. 78 kV
(D) 246.30 kV
EE SP 4.115
pu.
[equivalent
to
A
new
generator
having
Eg = 1.4+30c
(1.212 + j0.70) pu] and synchronous reactance 'XS ' of 1.0 pu on the system base,
is to be connected to a bus having voltage Vt , in the existing power system. This
existing power system can be represented by Thevenins voltage Eth = 0.9+0c pu
in series with Thevenins impedance Zth = 0.25+90c pu. The magnitude of the
bus voltage Vt of the system in pu will be
(A) 0.990
(B) 0.973
(C) 0.963
(D) 0.900
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EE SP 4.116
Power Systems
A 3-phase generator rated at 110 MVA, 11 kV is connected through circuit

breakers to a transformer . The generator is having direct axis sub-transient
reactance X''d = 19% , transient reactance X'd = 26% and synchronous reactance
=130%. The generator is operating at no load and rated voltage when a three
phase short circuit fault occurs between the breakers and the transformer . The
magnitude of initial symmetrical rms current in the breakers will be
(A) 4.44 kA
(B) 22.20 kA
(C) 30.39 kA
EE SP 4.117
Page 231
(D) 38.45 kA
A 3-phase transmission line supplies 3-connected load Z . The conductor c of

the line develops an open circuit fault as shown in figure. The currents in the
lines are as shown on the diagram. The +ve sequence current component in line
a will be
nodia
(A) 5.78+ - 30c
(C) 6.33+90c
(B) 5.78+90c
(D) 10.00+ - 30c
EE SP 4.118
A 500 MVA, 50 Hz, 3-phase turbo-generator produces power at

22 kV. Generator is Y-connected and its neutral is solidly grounded. It sequence
reactances are X1 = X2 = 0.15 pu and X 0 = 0.05 pu.It is operating at rated
voltage and disconnected from the rest of the system (no load). The magnitude
of the sub-transient line current for single line to ground fault at the generator
terminal in pu will be
(A) 2.851
(B) 3.333
(C) 6.667
(D) 8.553
EE SP 4.119
A 50 Hz, 4-pole, 500 MVA, 22 kV turbo-generator is delivering rated megavoltamperes at 0.8 power factor. Suddenly a fault occurs reducing in electric power
output by 40%. Neglect losses and assume constant power input to the shaft.
The accelerating torque in the generator in MNm at the time of fault will be
(A) 1.528
(B) 1.018
(C) 0.848
(D) 0.509
EE SP 4.120
A hydraulic turbine having rated speed of 250 rpm is connected to a synchronous

generator. In order to produce power at 50 Hz, the number of poles required in
the generator are
(A) 6
(B) 12
(C) 16
(D) 24
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Power Systems
YEAR 2003
EE SP 4.121
Chapter 4
ONE MARK
Bundled conductors are mainly used in high voltage overhead transmission lines
to
(A) reduces transmission line losses
(B) increase mechanical strength of the line
(C) reduce corona
(D) reduce sag
EE SP 4.122
EE SP 4.123
A power system consist of 300 buses out of which 20 buses are generator bus,
25 buses are the ones with reactive power support and 15 buses are the ones
with fixed shunt capacitors. All the other buses are load buses. It is proposed to
perform a load flow analysis in the system using Newton-Raphson method. The
size of the Newton Raphson Jacobian matrix is
(A) 553 # 553
(B) 540 # 540
(C) 555 # 555
(D) 554 # 554
nodia
Choose two appropriate auxiliary components of a HVDC transmission system

from the following
P. D.C line inductor
Q. A.C line inductor
R. Reactive power sources
S. Distance relays on D.C line

T. Series capacitance on A.C. line
(A) P and Q
(B) P and R
(C) Q and S
(D) S and T
EE SP 4.124
A round rotor generator with internal voltage E1 = 2.0 pu and X = 1.1 pu is

connected to a round rotor synchronous motor with internal voltage E2 = 1.3 pu
and X = 1.2 pu. The reactance of the line connecting the generator to the motor
is 0.5 pu. When the generator supplies 0.5 pu power, the rotor angle difference
between the machines will be
(A) 57.42c
(B) 1c
(C) 32.58c
(D) 122.58c
EE SP 4.125
The interrupting time of a circuit breaker is the period between the instant of
(A) initiation of short circuit and the arc extinction on an opening operation
(B) energizing of the trip circuit and the arc extinction on an opening
operation
(C) initiation of short circuit and the parting of primary arc contacts
(D) energizing of the trip circuit and the parting of primary arc contacts
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YEAR 2003
Page 233
TWO MARKS
EE SP 4.126
The ABCD parameters of a 3-phase overhead transmission line are

A = D = 0.9+0c, B = 200+90c W and C = 0.95 # 10 - 3 +90% S . At no-load condition
a shunt inductive, reactor is connected at the receiving end of the line to limit
the receiving-end voltage to be equal to the sending-end voltage. The ohmic
value of the reactor is
(A) 3 W
(B) 2000 W
(C) 105.26 W
(D) 1052.6 W
EE SP 4.127
A surge of 20 kV magnitude travels along a lossless cable towards

its junction with two identical lossless overhead transmission lines.
The inductance and the capacitance of the cable are 0.4 mH and
0.5 mF per km. The inductance and capacitance of the overhead transmission
lines are 1.5 mH and 0.015 mF per km. The magnitude of the voltage at the
junction due to surge is
(A) 36.72 kV
(B) 18.36 kV
(C) 6.07 kV
(D) 33.93 kV
EE SP 4.128
nodia
A dc distribution system is shown in figure with load current as marked. The two
ends of the feeder are fed by voltage sources such that VP - VQ = 3 V. The value
of the voltage VP for a minimum voltage of 220 V at any point along the feeder is
(A) 225.89 V
(B) 222.89 V
(C) 220.0 V
(D) 228.58 V
EE SP 4.129
A balanced delta connected load of (8 + j6) W per phase is connected to a 400 V,

50 Hz, 3-phase supply lines. If the input power factor is to be improved to 0.9
by connecting a bank of star connected capacitor the required kVAR of the of
the bank is
(A) 42.7
(B) 10.2
(C) 28.8
(D) 38.4
EE SP 4.130
A 3-phase 11 kV generator feeds power to a constant power unity power factor

load of 100 MW through a 3-phase transmission line. The line-to line voltage
at the terminals of the machine is maintained constant at 11 kV. The per unit
positive sequence impedance of the line based on 100 MVA and 11 kV is j0.2 .
The line to line voltage at the load terminals is measured to be less than 11 kV.
The total reactive power to be injected at the terminals of the load to increase
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
the line-to-line voltage at the load terminals to 11 kV is

(A) 100 MVAR
(B) 10.1 MVAR
(C) - 100 MVAR
(D) - 10.1 MVAR
EE SP 4.131
EE SP 4.132
The bus impedance matrix of a 4-bus power system is given by

Rj0.3435 j0.2860 j0.2723 j0.2277 V
W
S
Sj0.2860 j0.3408 j0.2586 j0.2414 W
Z bus = S
j0.2723 j0.2586 j0.2791 j0.2209 W
W
S
Sj0.2277 j0.2414 j0.2209 j0.2791 W
X
T
A branch having an impedance of j0.2 W is connected between
bus 2 and the reference. Then the values of Z22,new and Z23,new of the bus impedance
matrix of the modified network are respectively
(A) j0.5408 W and j0.4586 W
(B) j0.1260 W and j0.0956 W
(C) j0.5408 W and j0.0956 W
(D) j0.1260 W and j0.1630 W
nodia
A 20-MVA, 6.6-kV, 3-phase alternator is connected to a 3-phase transmission line.

The per unit positive-sequence, negative-sequence and zero-sequence impedances
of the alternator are j0.1, j0.1 and j0.04 respectively. The neutral of the alternator
is connected to ground through an inductive reactor of j0.05 p.u. The per unit
positive-, negative- and zero-sequence impedances of transmission line are
j0.1, j0.1 and j0.3, respectively. All per unit values are based on the machine
ratings. A solid ground fault occurs at one phase of the far end of the transmission
line. The voltage of the alternator neutral with respect to ground during the
fault is
(A) 513.8 V
(B) 889.9 V
(C) 1112.0 V
(D) 642.2 V
EE SP 4.133
Incremental fuel costs (in some appropriate unit) for a power plant consisting of
three generating units are
IC1 = 20 + 0.3P1, IC2 = 30 + 0.4P2, IC3 = 30
Where P1 is the power in MW generated by unit i for i = 1, 2 and 3. Assume
that all the three units are operating all the time. Minimum and maximum loads
on each unit are 50 MW and 300 MW respectively. If the plant is operating on
economic load dispatch to supply the total power demand of 700 MW, the power
generated by each unit is
(A) P1 = 242.86 MW; P2 = 157.14 MW; and P3 = 300 MW
(B) P1 = 157.14 MW; P2 = 242.86 MW; and P3 = 300 MW
(C) P1 = 300 MW; P2 = 300 MW; and P3 = 100 MW
(D) P1 = 233.3 MW; P2 = 233.3 MW; and P3 = 233.4 MW
EE SP 4.134
A list of relays and the power system components protected by the relays are
given in List-I and List-II respectively. Choose the correct match from the four
choices given below:
List-I
P.
List-II
Distance relay
1.
Transformers
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Power Systems
Page 235
Q.
Under frequency relay
2.
Turbines
R.
Differential relay
3.
Busbars
S.
Buchholz relay
4.
Shunt capacitors
5.
Alternators
6.
Transmission lines
Codes:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
EE SP 4.135
EE SP 4.136
P
6
4
5
6
Q
5
3
2
4
R
3
2
1
5
S
1
1
6
3
nodia
A generator delivers power of 1.0 p.u. to an infinite bus through a purely reactive
network. The maximum power that could be delivered by the generator is 2.0
p.u. A three-phase fault occurs at the terminals of the generator which reduces
the generator output to zero. The fault is cleared after tc second. The original
network is then restored. The maximum swing of the rotor angle is found to be
dmax = 110 electrical degree. Then the rotor angle in electrical degrees at t = tc is
(A) 55
(B) 70
(C) 69.14
(D) 72.4
A three-phase alternator generating unbalanced voltages is connected to an
unbalanced load through a 3-phase transmission line as shown in figure. The neutral
of the alternator and the star point of the load are solidly grounded. The phase
voltages of the alternator are Ea = 10+0c V, Eb = 10+ - 90c V, Ec = 10+120c V
. The positive-sequence component of the load current is
(A) 1.310+ - 107c A

(C) 0.996+ - 120c A
(B) 0.332+ - 120c A

(D) 3.510+ - 81c A
***********
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
SOLUTION
SOL 4.1
Correct option ( C).

We have the given system as
nodia
As fault always require/demand reactive power, so voltage should lead current.

Using this condition, we have the following observations for the given system:
At fault F2 which is not near to source require reactive power, hence
VF2 leads IF2
Fault F1 is near the source, so the current will lead voltage for active requirements,
i.e.
VF1 lags IF1
SOL 4.2

As the winding and neutral has affect then we represent transformer in zero
sequence network using switch diagram.
Switches 1, 1l " Primary

Switches 2, 2l, " Secondary winding
1, 2 " Series switches
1l, 2l " Shunt switches
Series switches are closed when transformer is star-connected.
Shunt switches are closed when transformer is delta-connected.
For ground effect 3X 0 .
Here, on T1 side series switch are closed hence star-connection and grounded due
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Chapter 4
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Page 237
to 3XGn . On T2 side, shunt switches are closed hence one delta and one star with
ground.
SOL 4.3
T1
T2

For the unbalanced three phase system, we have
nodia
Ia1 = 1 - 90c pu ;
Ib2 = 4 - 150c pu ;
Ic0 = 3 90c pu
The phase current is given by
Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0
...(i)
Now, we have
Ib2 = aIa2
So, for the given system
4 - 150c = 1 120c Ia2
or
Also, we have
Ia2 = 4 - 270c
Ia0 = Ib0 = Ic0 = 3 90c

Substituting these values in equation (i), we get
or
So,
Ia = 1 - 90c = Ia1 + 4 - 270c + 3 90c

Ia1 = 1 - 90c - 4 - 270c - 3 90c
= 8 - 90c
Ib1 = a2 Ia1
= 1 240c # 8 - 90c = 8 150c
Thus, we obtain
Ib = Ib1 + Ib2 + Ib0
= 8 150c + 4 - 150c + 3 90c
= 11.53 154.3c pu
SOL 4.4

Given the three phase synchronous generator,
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If all the bulbs glow dark simultaneously, then all the gear and infinite bus
are in same phase sequence. But, in the given problem, they are coming in
sequence (not simultaneously) La then Lb , and then Lc . So, phase sequence of
the generator is opposite to infinite bus system and frequency is high (as dark
period is for more time).
SOL 4.5
nodia
We have the distribution feeder as
Let current I be supplied by source ^s1h, and r be the resistance per unit length.
Applying KVL, we get
400 - ^r # 400h I - ^200r hÎ - 200h - ^200r hÎ - 300h - ^200r hÎ - 500h = 400
or
400Ir + 200Ir - 40000r + 200Ir - 60000r + 200Ir - 100000r = 0
or
1000Ir = 200000r
So,
I = 200 A
So, we redraw the current in distribution system as
Thus, the contribution of source ^s1h in 100 A load at P is 0 A , and the contribution
of s2 in 100 A load at P is 100 A.
SOL 4.6

Given the two bus power system,
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Now, the current through impedance Z is given by

I = V1 - V2
Z
For the given system, we have
V1 = V1 0c ; V2 = 1 d 2 , z = 0.1 90c
So, we obtain the current
V 0c - 1 d 2
= 1 + j0.5
I q = 1
0.1 90c
V1 0c - 1 d 2 = 0.11 116.56
or
V1 - ^cos d 2 - j sin d 2h = 0.11 6cos 116.56c + j sin 116.36c@
Comparing the real and imaginary terms, we get
or
- sin d 2 = 0.11 # sin 116.36c

- sin d 2 = 0.098
nodia
or
d 2 =- 5.65c
V1 - cos d 2 = 0.11 cos 116.56c
or
Also,
V1 = 1.05
or
SOL 4.7

The fuel cost functions for plant P1 and P2 are
C1 = 0.05Pg + APg + B
C2 = 0.10Pg + 3APg + 2B
Given
Pg + Pg = 1000 MW
dC1 = dC2 = 100
and
dPg
dPg
Also, from equations (i) and (ii), we have
dC1 = 2 0.05P + A
#
g
dPg
dC2 = 2 0.10P + 3A
#
g
dPg
Substituting equation (iii) in above expressions, we get
0.1Pg + A = 100
0.2Pg + 3A = 100
0.3Pg - 0.2Pg = 200
Hence, solving the equations (iii) and (v), we obtain
2
1
2
2
...(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)
...(iv)
...(v)
Pg = 800 MW
and
Pg = 200 MW
Therefore, the ratio of load shared by plants P1 and P2 is
Pg
= 800 = 4
200 1
Pg
1
SOL 4.8

We have the circuit,
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Chapter 4
The operating time of relays is given as

0.14 # Time multiplier setting (TMS)
top =
^plug setting multiplierh0.02 - 1
For relay RB , we have
TMS = 0.1
...(i)
PSM = maximum fault current

CT ratio
000
2
=
= 20
500/5
Substituting the values in equation (i), we get
0.1 = 0.14 # 0.1
top = 0.140#
0.617
^20h .02 - 1
= 0.226
SOL 4.9
nodia
p.u. value = Acual value in same units

Base value in same units
Base voltage = Base MVA
Base Current
6
Base voltage = 100 # 10 = 228.63 kV

437.38 A
0.9 p.u. = Actual value
228.63 kV
Vactual = 228.63 # 0.9 kV
= 205.77 kV
As load is star connected
VL - L = Vacutal = 205.77 kV
3
3
VL - L = 118.80 kV
SOL 4.10

Shunt reactors are used in high voltage transmission system to limit over voltages
at the load side under lightly loaded condition.
SOL 4.11

As active power in synchronous generator is given by
E V
d = Load angle
P = f sin d
Xs
0.6 = 1.3 # 1 sin d
{ E f = 1.3 pu , V = 1 pu , Xs = 1.1 pu , P = 0.6 pu }
1.1
sin d = 0.6 # 1.1
1.3 # 1
sin d = 0.5077
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d = 30.504c
Reactive power is given by
2
E V
Q = f cos d - V
Xs
Xs
2
= 1.3 # 1 cos ^30.504ch - 1
1. 1
1. 1
Q = 1.1818 # 0.8616 - 0.9090

Q = 0.1092 pu
SOL 4.12

Since the generators are in parallel, they will operate at the same frequency ^ f h
at steady loss. Let load on generator G1 is P1 and on G2 is P2 . Then we can write
for generator G1
51.5 - f
= droop constant
P1
51.5 - f
=1
P1
nodia
...(i)
51.5 - f = P1
Now in steady state total load is 2.5 MW , so load by second generator is ^2.5 - P1h
. For G2 we write
51 - f
=1
2.5 - P1
51 - f = 2.5 - P1
Adding eq (i) and (ii), we get
...(ii)
51.5 - f + 51 - f = P1 + 2.5 - P1
102.5 - 2f = 2.5
2f = 100
f = 50 Hz
SOL 4.13

C = 2pe 0
ln b d2 l
d1
d2 = distance b/w two sphere, d1 = radius of first sphere
-12
= 2 # p # 8.85 # 10
ln b 600 l
0.8
-12
C = 8.39 # 10 F/m
C = 8.39 # 10-12 # 10-3 F
Ceq . 8.4 # 10-9 F
SOL 4.14

For single line-to-ground fault, the symmetrical component of current (in pu)
Ea1
1
=
= 2.22 pu
Ia1 =
z 0 + z1 + z2 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.05
The magnitude of fault current
I f = 3Ia1 = 3 # 2.22 = 6.67 pu
Base value of current
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100 # 106
= 2309.40 A
3 # 25 # 103
So actual value of fault current
Ibase =
I f = 6.67 # 2309.40 = 15403.698 A

SOL 4.15

For a transmission line to be distortionless, the required condition is
R =G
L
C
G = shunt conductance (in siemens/meter)
C = capacitance (in Farad/meter)
R = Resistance (in ohm/meter)
where
nodia
L = inductance (in henries per meter)

So, for the given parameters of long transmission line, the required condition for
distortionless transmission becomes
r =g
c
l
rc = lg
or
SOL 4.16
SOL 4.17

A fully transposed transmission line is completely symmetrically and therefore
the phase impedance offered by it is independent of phase sequence of a balanced
set of current. In other word impedance offered by it to positive and negative
sequence currents are equal.
Given,
number of PQ buses = 150
number of PV buses = 32
For PQ buses, 2 equations are formed (one for P and other for Q)
For PV buses only 1 equation is formed (for Q only)
Thus, the minimum number of simultaneous equations, required to obtain the
load, is
Total number of equations = Number of equation for PQ buses +
Number of equation for PV buses.
= 2 # (number of PQ buses) + 1 # (number of PV buses)
= 2 # (150) + 1 # (32)
= 332
SOL 4.18
Correct answer is 187
SOL 4.19
Correct answer is 0.75kVAR.

Given the constant voltage load,
P1 + jQ1
where
1 kW < P1 < 1.5 kW
and
0.5 kVAR # Q1 # 1 kVAR
Now, the shunt capacitor is chosen such that reactive power across capacitor
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load is
Q # 0.25 kVAR
Since, we have Q1 = 1 kVAR , therefore, capacitor will supply
QC = .75 kVAR
i.e. capacitor must supply .75 kVAR .
SOL 4.20
SOL 4.21
SOL 4.22

Consider the voltage phase angles at buses 2 and 3 be Q2 and Q 3 since, all the
three buses have the equal voltage magnitude which is 1 Pu so, it is a D.C. load
flow. The injections at Bus 2 and 3 are respectively
P2 = 0.1 pu
P3 =- 0.2 pu
Therefore, the phase angles are obtained as
q2
P2
>q H = 6B@-1 >P H
3
3
where 6B@ is obtained as
R
V
1
S 1 + 1
W
X12 X23
X23 W
S
6B@ = S - 1
1 + 1 W
S X23
X23 X13 W
T
X
1 + 1 -1
2 -1
H=>
H
=>
-1 1 + 1
-1 2
Its inverse is obtained as
-1
2 1 0.1
2 -1
-1
>
H
H>
H
= 1>
6B@ = 1 - 2
3 + 1 2 - 0.2
Therefore,
q2
0
1 2 1 0.1
1 0
>q H = 3 >+ 1 2H>- 0.2H = 3 >- 0.3H = >- 0.1H
3
nodia
SOL 4.23
i.e.,
q2 = 0
and
q3 =- 0.1 rad

From the above solution, we have
P2 = 0.1
P3 =- 0.2
since,
P1 + P2 + P3 = 0 (Where P1 is injection at bus 1)
So,
P1 - P2 - P3 =- 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.1 pu
Now, the apparent power delivered to base is
3 2
2
^100 # 10 h
V
=
S =
100
R
6
= 100 # 10 VA
Therefore, the real power delivered by slack bus (bus 1)
P = P1 S = ^0.1h # 100 # 106
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= 10 # 106 watt = 10 MW
SOL 4.24

For bus admittance matrix,
Y11 + (Y12 + yline) + Y13 = 0
- j13 + (j10 + yline) + j 5 = 0
yline =- j2
Magnitude of susceptance is + 2
SOL 4.25

i1 (t) = Im sin (wt - f1)
i2 (t) = Im cos (wt - f2)
nodia
We know that,
So, i1 (t) can be written as
cos (q - 90c) = sin q
i1 (t) = Im cos (wt - f1 - 90c)

i2 (t) = Im cos (wt - f2)
I1 = Im f1 + 90c
Now, in phasor form
I 2 = Im f 2
Current are balanced if
I1 + I 2 = 0
Im f1 + 90c + Im f 2 = 0
Im cos ^f1 + 90ch + jIm sin ^f1 + 90ch + cos f 2 + j sin f 2 = 0
Im 8cos ^f1 + 90ch + j sin ^f1 + 90chB + Im 6cos f 2 + j sin f 2@ = 0
Im 8cos ^f1 + 90ch + cos f 2B + jIm 8sin f 2 + sin ^f1 + 90chB = 0
cos ^f1 + 90ch + cos f2 = 0
cos ^f1 + 90ch =- cos f2 = cos ^p + f2h
f1 + 90c = p + f2
f1 = p + f2
2
or,
SOL 4.26

Let penalty factor of plant G , is L1 given as
1
L1 =
1 - 2PL
2PG
2
G1
PL = 0.5P
2PL = 0.5 (2P ) = P
G
G
2PG
1
L1 =
1 - PG
1
So,
Penalty factor of plant G2 is

L2 =
For economic power generation
1
=1
2
1 - PL
2PG
2PL
ca 2PG = 0 m
2
C1 # L1 = C 2 # L 2
where C1 and C2 are the incremental fuel cost of plant G1 and G2 .
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(10000) b
So,
Page 245
1
= 12500 # 1
1 - PG l
4 = 1-P
G
5
PG = 1 pu
5
PG = 1 # 100 = 20 MW
5
2
PL = 0.5 b 1 l = 1 pu
5
50
PL = 1 # 100 = 2 MW
50
2
It is an 100 MVA, so
Loss
or
PL = PG + PG - PL
40 = 20 + P2 - 2
Total power,
nodia
PG = 22 MW
2
SOL 4.27

For double line-to-ground (LLG ) fault, relation between sequence current is
I positive =-Î negative + I zeroh
Gives values satisfy this relation, therefore the type of fault is LLG .
SOL 4.28

Complex power for generator
SG = SD1 + SD2 = 1 + 1 = 2 pu (Line is lossless)

Power transferred from bus 1 to bus 2 is 1 pu, so
V1 V2 sin (q1 - q2)
1=
X
V1 = V2 = 1 pu
= 1 # 1 sin (q1 - q2)
0.5
X = 0.5 pu
0.5 = sin (q1 - q2)
q1 - q2 = 30c
q2 = q1 - 30c =- 30c
(q1 = 0c)
So,
V1 = 1 0c V
1
V2 = 1 - 30c V
1 0c - 1 30c
I12 = V1 - V2 =
j 0.5
Z
Current,
= (1 - j 0.288) pu
Current in SD is I2 ,
2
SD = V2 I2)
1 = 1 - 30c I2)
2
I2 = 1 - 30c pu
IG = I2 - I12 = 1 - 30c - (1 - j 0.288)
Current in QG ,
2
= 0.268 - 120c
VAR rating of capacitor,
QC = V2 VG = 1 # 0.268 = 0.268 pu
SOL 4.29
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Total reactance,
X = j1 + j 0.5 = j1.5 pu
Critical angle is given as,
dcr = cos-1 [(p - 2d0) sin d0 - cos d0]
d0 " steady state torque angle.
Steady state power is given as
Pm = Pmax sin d0
E V
Pmax =
X
E V
Pm =
sin d0
X
(1.5) (1)
sin d0
0.5 =
1.5
where,
nodia
So,
...(i)
Pm = 0.5 pu
sin d0 = 0.5
d0 = 30c
d0 = 30c # p = 0.523
180c
In radian,
Substituting d0 into equation (i)
dcr = cos-1 [(p - 2 # 0.523) sin 30c - cos 30c]

= cos-1 [(2.095) (0.5) - 0.866]
= cos-1 (0.1815) - 79.6c
SOL 4.30
SOL 4.31

Negative phase sequence relay is used for the protection of alternators against
unbalanced loading that may arise due to phase-to-phase faults.
SOL 4.32

Steady state stability or power transfer capability
E V
Pmax =
X
To improve steady state limit, reactance X should be reduced. The stability may
be increased by using two parallel lines. Series capacitor can also be used to get
a better regulation and to increase the stability limit by decreasing reactance.
Hence (C) is correct option.
SOL 4.33

We know that
loss \ PG2
loss \ length
Distance of load from G1 is 25 km Distance of load from G2 & G 3 is 75 km
generally we supply load from nearest generator. So maximum of load should be
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supplied from G1 . But G2 & G 3 should be operated at same minimum generation.

SOL 4.34

Power angle for salient pole alternator is given by
V sin f + Ia Xq
tan d = t
Vt cos f + Ia Ra
Since the alternator is delivering at rated kVA rated voltage
Ia = 1 pu
Vt = 1 pu
f = 0c
sin f = 0, cos f = 1
Xq = 1 pu, Xd = 1.2 pu
1 0 + 1 (1)
tan d = #
1+0
nodia
= 1 & d = 45c
SOL 4.35

The admittance diagram is shown below
Here
y10 =- 10j, y12 =- 5j, y23 = 12.5j, y 30 =- 10j
Note: y23 is taken positive because it is capacitive.

Y11 = y10 + y12 =- 10j - 5j =- 15j
Y12 = Y21 =- y21 = 5j
Y13 = Y31 =- y13 = 0
Y22 = y20 + y21 + y23 = 0 + (- 5j) + (12.5j) = 7.5j
Y23 = Y32 =- y23 =- 12.5j
Y33 = y 30 + y13 + y23
=- 10j + 0 + 12.5j = 2.5j
So the admittance matrix is
RY Y Y V R- 15j
0 VW
5j
S 11 12 13W S
Y = SY21 Y22 Y33W = S 5j
7.5j - 12.5j W
SSY Y Y WW SS 0 - 12.5j 2.5j WW
31
32
33
T
X T
X
SOL 4.36

For generator G1
X mG = 0.25 # 100 = 0.1 pu
250
1
For generator G2
X mG = 0.10 # 100 = 0.1 pu

100
1
XL = XL = 0.225 # 10 = 2.25 W
2
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For transmission lines L1 and L2

2
Z base = kV base = 15 # 15 = 2.25 W
100
MVA base
X mL (pu) = 2.25 = 1 pu
2.25
X mL (pu) = 2.25 = 1 pu
2.25
So the equivalent pu reactance diagram
2
SOL 4.37
nodia

We can see that at the bus 3, equivalent thevenins impedance is given by
Xth = ^ j0.1 + j1.0h || ^ j0.1 + j1.0h
= j1.1 || j1.1 = j0.55 pu

Fault MVA = Base MVA
Xth
= 100 = 181.82 MVA
0.55
SOL 4.38

Given that,
a
a I > 0 so
SOL 4.39
I >0
VAB > 0 since it is Rectifier O/P
VCD > 0 since it is Inverter I/P
VAB > VCD , Than current will flow in given direction.

Given step voltage travel along lossless transmission line.
Voltage wave terminated at reactor as.
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Applying KVL
V + VL = 0
VL =- V
VL =- 1 pu
SOL 4.40

Given two buses connected by an Impedance of (0 + j5) W
The Bus 1 voltage is 100+30c V and Bus 2 voltage is 100+0c V
We have to calculate real and reactive power supply by bus 1
nodia
P + jQ = VI)
= 100+30c ;100+30c - 100+0cE

5j
= 100+30c [20+ - 60c - 20+ - 90c]

= 2000+ - 30c - 2000+ - 60c
P + jQ = 1035+15c
P = 1035 cos 15c = 1000 W
Q = 1035 sin 15c = 268 VAR
Real power
Reactive power
SOL 4.41

Given 3-f, 33 kV oil circuit breaker.
Rating 1200 A, 2000 MVA, 3 sec
Symmetrical breaking current Ib = ?
Ib = MVA kA
3 kV
= 2000 = 34.99 kA - 35 kA
3 # 33
SOL 4.42

Given a stator winding of an alternator with high internal resistance fault as
shown in figure
Current through operating coil

I1 = 220 # 5 A, I2 = 250 # 5 A
400
400
Operating coil current
= I 2 - I1
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= (250 - 220) # 5/400

= 0.375 Amp
SOL 4.43

Zero sequence circuit of 3-f transformer shown in figure is as following:
nodia
No option seems to be appropriate but (C) is the nearest.
SOL 4.44
SOL 4.45

Given that
A 50 Hz Generator is initially connected to a long lossless transmission line
which is open circuited as receiving end as shown in figure.
Due to ferranti effect the magnitude of terminal voltage does not change, and the
field current decreases.
Given : 3-f, 50 Hz, 11 kV distribution system, We have to find out e1, e2 = ?
Equivalent circuit is as following
11 (6C)
e1 = 3
= 11 # 6 = 3.46 kV
11
6C + 5C
3
e2 = 11 # 5
11
3
= 2.89 kV
SOL 4.46

Given : 3-f, 50 Hz, 11 kV cable
C1 = 0.2 mF
C2 = 0.4 mF
Charging current IC per phase = ?
Capacitance Per Phase, C = 3C1 + C2
C = 3 # 0.2 + 0.4 = 1 mF
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w = 2pf = 314
Changing current IC = V = V (wC)
XC
3
= 11 # 10 # 314 # 1 # 10- 6
3
= 2 Amp
SOL 4.47

Generator G1 and G2
XG1 = XG2 = X old # New MVA # b Old kV l
New kV
Old MVA
2
= j0.9 # 200 # b 25 l = j0.18
100
25
2
Same as XT1 = j0.12 # 200 # b 25 l = j0.27
90
25
2
XT2 = j0.12 # 200 # b 25 l = j0.27
90
25
X Line = 150 # 220 2 = j0.62
(220)
nodia
The Impedance diagram is being given by as
SOL 4.48
SOL 4.49

We know complex power
So
SOL 4.50
S = P + jQ = VI (cos f + j sin f) = VIe jf

I = S jf
Ve
Real Power loss = I2 R
2
2
2
1
a S j2R
= Constant
PL = c S jf m R = S j2R
f # 2
V
Ve
e
e f
PL \ 12
V

YBus matrix of Y-Bus system are given as
V
R
S- 5 2 2.5 0 W
S 2 - 10 2.5 0 W
YBus = j S
W
S2.5 2.5 - 9 4 W
4
4 - 8W
S0
X
T
We have to find out the buses having shunt element
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Power Systems
We know
Here
Chapter 4
V
R
Sy11 y12 y13 y14W
Sy21 y22 y23 y24W
YBus = S
W
Sy 31 y 32 y 33 y 34W
Sy 41 y 42 y 43 y 44W
X
T
y11 = y10 + y12 + y13 + y14 =- 5j
y22 = y20 + y21 + y23 + y24 =- 10j
y 33 = y 30 + y 31 + y 32 + y 34 =- 9j
y 44 = y 40 + y 41 + y 42 + y 43 =- 8j
y12 = y21 =- y12 = 2j
y13 = y 31 =- y13 = 2.5j
y14 = y 41 =- y14 = 0j
y23 = y 32 =- y23 = 2.5j
y24 = y 42 =- y24 = 4j
y10 = y11 - y12 - y13 - y14 =- 5j + 2j + 2.5j + 0j =- 0.5j
nodia
So
y20 = y22 - y12 - y23 - y24 =- 10j + 2j + 2.5j + 4j =- 1.5j

y 30 = y 33 - y 31 - y 32 - y 34 =- 9j + 2.5j + 2.5j + 4j = 0
y 40 = y 44 - y 41 - y 42 - y 43 =- 8j - 0 + 4j + 4j = 0
Admittance diagram is being made by as
From figure. it is cleared that branch (1) & (2) behaves like shunt element.
SOL 4.51

We know that
Shunt Capacitors are used for improving power factor.
SOL 4.52
Series Reactors are used to reduce the current ripples.

For increasing the power flow in line we use series capacitor.
Shunt reactors are used to reduce the Ferranti effect.

We know that for different type of transmission line different type of distance
relays are used which are as follows.
Short Transmission line -Ohm reactance used
Medium Transmission Line -Reactance relay is used
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Long Transmission line -Mho relay is used

SOL 4.53

Given that three generators are feeding a load of 100 MW. For increased load
power demand, Generator having better regulation share More power, so
Generator -1 will share More power than Generator -2.
SOL 4.54

Given Synchronous generator of 500 MW, 21 kV, 50 Hz, 3-f, 2-pole
P.F = 0.9 , Moment of inertia M = 27.5 # 103 kg-m2
Inertia constant H = ?
Generator rating in MVA G = P = 500 MW = 555.56 MVA
0.9
cos f
N = 120 # f = 120 # 50 = 3000 rpm
2
pole
2
Stored K.E = 1 Mw2 = 1 M b 2pN l
2
2
60
= 1 # 27.5 # 103 # b 2p # 3000 l MJ
2
60
nodia
= 1357.07 MJ
Stored K.E
Inertia constant (H) =
Rating of Generator (MVA)
H = 1357.07
555.56
= 2.44 sec
SOL 4.55

Given for X to F section of phase a
Va -Phase voltage and Ia -phase current.
Impedance measured by ground distance,
Bus voltage
= Va W
Relay at X =
Ia
Current from phase 'a'
SOL 4.56

For EHV line given data is
Length of line = 300 km and b = 0.00127 S rad/km
wavelength l = 2p = 2p = 4947.39 km
0.00127
b
l % = 300
So
100 = 0.06063 # 100
4947.39 #
l
l % = 6.063
l
SOL 4.57

For three phase transmission line by solving the given equation
VRI V
RDV V R(X - X )
0
0
m
WS aW
S aW S s
We get,
(Xs - Xm)
0
0
WSIbW
SDVbW = S
SSDV WW SS
(Xs + 2Xm)WWSSIcWW
0
0
c
XT X
T
X T
Zero sequence Impedance = Xs + 2Xm = 48
...(1)
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Chapter 4
and Positive Sequence Impedance = Negative Sequence Impedance

= (Xs - Xm)
= 15
...(2)
By solving equation (1) and (2)

Zs or Xs = 26 and Zm or Xm = 11
SOL 4.58
SOL 4.59

SIL has no effect of compensation
So
SOL 4.60
SIL = 2280 MW
nodia
Given
and
from equation (2)
PG1 + PG2 = 250 MW

C1 (PG1) = PG1 + 0.055PG12
4
C2 (PG2) = 3PG2 + 0.03PG22
dC1 = 1 + 0.11P
G1
dPG1
dC2 = 3 + 0.06P
and
G2
dPG2
Since the system is loss-less
dC1 = dC2
Therefore
dPG2
dPG1
So from equations (3a) and (3b)
We have
0.11PG1 - 0.06PG2 = 2
Now solving equation (1) and (4), we get
...(1)
...(2)
...(3a)
...(3b)
...(4)
PG1 = 100 MW
PG2 = 150 MW
SOL 4.61

After connecting both the generators in parallel and scheduled to supply 0.5 Pu
of power results the increase in the current.
` Critical clearing time will reduced from 0.28 s but will not be less than 0.14 s
for transient stability purpose.
SOL 4.62

Given that the each section has equal impedance.
Let it be R or Z , then by using the formula
line losses = / I2 R
On removing (e1); losses = (1) 2 R + (1 + 2) 2 R + (1 + 2 + 5) 2 R
= R + 9R + 64R = 74R
Similarly,
On removing e2 ;losses = 52 R + (5 + 2) 2 R + (5 + 2 + 1) 2 R = 138R
lossess on removing e 3 = (1) 2 R + (2) 2 R + (5 + 2) 2 R
= 1R + 4R + 49R = 54R
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on removing e 4 lossless = (2) 2 R + (2 + 1) 2 R + 52 R

= 4R + 9R + 25R = 38R
So, minimum losses are gained by removing e 4 branch.
SOL 4.63

Given :
V (t) = Vm cos (wt)
For symmetrical 3 - f fault, current after the fault
2 Vm cos (wt - a)
Z
At the instant of fault i.e t = t 0 , the total current i (t) = 0
i (t) = Ae- (R/L) t +
0 = Ae- (R/L) t +
0
2 Vm cos (wt - a)
0
Z
nodia
Ae- (R/L) t =- 2 Vm cos (wt 0 - a)
Z
Maximum value of the dc offset current
0
Ae- (R/L) t =- 2 Vm cos (wt 0 - a)

Z
0
For this to be negative max.
(wt 0 - a) = 0
t0 = a
w
or
...(1)
Z = 0.004 + j0.04
and
Z = Z +a = 0.0401995+84.29c
a = 84.29cor 1.471 rad.
From equation (1)
t0 =
1.471 = 0.00468 sec

(2p # 50)
t 0 = 4.682 ms
SOL 4.64

Since the fault F is at mid point of the system, therefore impedance seen is
same from both sides.
Z = 0.0201+84.29c
2
Z1 (Positive sequence) = Z = 0.0201+84.29c
2
also Z1 = Z2 = Z 0 (for 3-f fault)
`
1+0c
I f (pu) = 1+0c =
Z1
0.0201+84.29c
So magnitude
If
(p.u.)
= 49.8
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Power Systems
I f = 49.8 #
` Fault current
SOL 4.65
Chapter 4
100
= 7.18 kA
3 # 400

If fault is LG in phase a
nodia
Z1 = Z = 0.0201+84.29c
2
and
Then
and
So
Z2 = Z1 = 0.0201+84.29c
Z 0 = 3Z1 = 0.0603+84.29c
Ia /3 = Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0
Ia1 (pu) = 1.0+0c
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0
1 .0
Ia1 =
= 9.95 pu
(0.0201 + 0.0201 + 0.0603)
Fault Current I f = Ia = 3Ia1 = 29.85 pu

100
Fault current I f = 29.85 #
= 4.97 kA
3 # 400
SOL 4.66

a Equal Phase shift of point A & B with respect to source from both bus paths.
So the type of transformer Y-Y with angle 0c.
SOL 4.67

Given incremental cost curve
PA + PB = 700 MW
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For optimum generator PA = ? , PB = ?

From curve, maximum incremental cost for generator A
= 600 at 450 MW
and maximum incremental cost for generator B
= 800 at 400 MW
minimum incremental cost for generator B
= 650 at 150 MW
Maximim incremental cost of generation A is less than the minimum incremental
constant of generator B. So generator A operate at its maximum load = 450 MW
for optimum generation.
PA = 450 MW
PB = (700 - 450)
= 250 MW
SOL 4.68
SOL 4.69
nodia

Here power sharing between the AC line and HVDC link can be changed by
controlling the HVDC converter alone because before changing only grid angle
we can change the power sharing between the AC line and HVDC link.
We have to find out maximum electric field intensity at various points. Electric
field intensity is being given by as follows
From figures it is cleared that at point Y there is minimum chances of cancelation.

So maximum electric field intensity is at point Y.
SOL 4.70

To increase capacitive dc voltage slowly to a new steady state value first we have
to make d =- ve than we have to reach its original value.
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SOL 4.71
Power Systems
Chapter 4

Given that
.045
2p # 50
1
1
= 1.2 pu & C =
2p # 50 # 1.2
= 0.045 pu & L =
Reactance of line
Suspectance of Line
Velocity of wave propagation = 3 # 105 Km/sec

Length of line l = ?
We know velocity of wave propagation
VX = l
LC
l = VX LC
.45
1
1 = 185 Km
= 3 # 105
2p # 50 # 2p # 50 # 1.2
SOL 4.72
SOL 4.73
nodia

Due to the fault F at the mid point and the failure of circuit-breaker 4 the
sequence of circuit-breaker operation will be 5, 6, 7, 3, 1, 2 (as given in options)
(due to the fault in the particular zone, relay of that particular zone must
operate first to break the circuit, then the back-up protection applied if any
failure occurs.)
Solving we get
V
R
1
- 13 W RSiaVW
S 0
3
1 W
R = [Van Vbn Vcn] S- 13
0
SibW
3
WS W
S 1
1
0 W SicW
S 3 - 3
XT X
T
R = ;Van (ib - ic) + Vbn (ic - ia) + Vc (ia - ib)E

3
3
3
(i - i )
R = 3 (VI) , where b c = I and Van = V
3
SOL 4.74
Here
Since
P1 " power before the tripping of one ckt

P2 " Power after tripping of one ckt
P = EV sin d
X
Pmax = EV
X
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P2 max = EX ,
X2
Page 259
here, [X2 = (0.1 + X) (pu)]
To find maximum value of X for which system does not loose synchronism
P2 = Pm (shown in above figure)
EV sin d = P
`
m
2
X2
as Pm = 1 pu, E = 1.0 pu,V = 1.0 pu
1.0 # 1.0 sin 130c = 1
X2
&
&
&
SOL 4.75
X2 = 0.77
(0.1 + X) = 0.77
X = 0.67
nodia
Given that
FP = KAFS
Rf V
Rf V
S aW
S pW
where, Phase component FP = SfbW, sequence component FS = SfnW
SSf WW
SSf WW
c
o
T
X
T
X
R 1 1 1V
S
W
and
A = Sa2 a 1W
SS a a2 1WW
VP = TKAVS X
`
3
IP = KAIS
and
VS = Zl [IS ]
R0.5 0 0 V
S
W
where
Zl = S 0 0.5 0 W
SS 0 0 2.0WW
T
X
We have to find out Z if VP = ZIP
VP = KAZl [IS ]
-1
VP = KAZlb A l I p
K
VP = AZlA- 1 I p
R 1 1 1V
S
W
A = Sa2 a 1W
SS a a2 1WW
T
X
Adj A
-1
A =
A
R
2V
S1 a a W
Adj A = S1 a2 a W
S
W
S1 1 1 W
T
X
1
A =
3
R
2V
S1 a a W
A- 1 = 1 S1 a2 a W
3S
W
S1 1 1 W
T
X
...(1)
...(2)
...(3)
...(4)
...(5)
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From equation (5)
SOL 4.76
R 1 0.5 0.5V
R 1 1 1VR0.5 0 0VR1 a a2V
W
S
W
W
S
W
S
S
Vp = 1 Sa2 a 1WS 0 0.5 0WS1 a2 a W I p = S0.5 1 0.5W I p ...(6)
3S
W
S
SS0.5 0.5 1 WW
S a a2 1WWSS 0 0 2WWS1 1 1 W
XT
XT
T
X
T and (6)
X
Comparing of equation (5)
R 1 0.5 0.5V
S
W
Z = S0.5 1 0.5W
SS0.5 0.5 1 WW
T
X
Given that the first two power system are not connected and separately loaded.
Now these are connected by short transmission line.
as P1 = P2 = Q1 = Q2 = 0
So here no energy transfer. The bus bar voltage and phase angle of each system
should be same than angle difference is
nodia
q = 30c - 20c = 10c
SOL 4.77

Given that, 230 V, 50 Hz, 3-f, 4-wire system
P = Load = 4 kw at unity Power factor
IN = 0 through the use of pure inductor and capacitor
Than
L = ?, C = ?
a
IN = 0 = IA + IB + IC
Network and its Phasor is being as
...(1)
Here the inductor is in phase B and capacitor is in Phase C.

We know
P = VI
3
So
Ia = P = 4 # 10 = 17.39 Amp.
230
V
From equation (1)
IA =- (IB + IC )
`
IA =-c IB #
IA =
Now
and
a Ib - Ic
3 +I
3
C #
2
2 m
3 IB = 3 IC
IB - IC = 17.39 - 10 Amp
3
XC = V = 230 - 23 W
10
IC
XC = 1
2pfC
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&
&
So
SOL 4.78
Page 261
1 =
1
= 139.02 mF
2p # 50 # 23
2pfXC
XL = V = 230 - 23 W = 2pfL
10
IL
23
= 72.95 mH
L = XL =
2p # 100
2pf
C =
L = 72.95 mH in phase B
C = 139.02 mF in phase C

Maximum continuous power limit of its prime mover with speed governor of 5%
droop.
Generator feeded to three loads of 4 MW each at 50 Hz.
Now one load Permanently tripped
`
f = 48 Hz
If additional load of 3.5 MW is connected than f = ?
a Change in Frequency w.r.t to power is given as
drop out frequency
Df =
# Change in power
rated power
= 5 # 3.5 = 1.16% = 1.16 # 50 = 0.58 Hz
15
100
nodia
System frequency is = 50 - 0.58 = 49.42 Hz
SOL 4.79

With the help of physical length of line, we can recognize line as short, medium
and long line.
SOL 4.80

For capacitor bank switching vacuum circuit breaker is best suited in view of
cost and effectiveness.
SOL 4.81

Ratio of operating coil current to restraining coil current is known as bias in
biased differential relay.
SOL 4.82

HVDC links consist of rectifier, inverter, transmission lines etc, where rectifier
consumes reactive power from connected AC system and the inverter supplies
power to connected AC system.
SOL 4.83

Given ABCD constant of 220 kV line
A = D = 0.94+10c, B = 130+730c, C = 0.001+900c, VS = 240 kV
% voltage regulation is being given as
(V )
- (VR) Full load
%V.R. = R No Load
# 100
VR (Full load)
At no load IR = 0
(VR) NL = VS /A , (VR) Full load = 220 kV
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240 - 220
0
%V.R. = .94
# 100
220
%V.R. = 16
SOL 4.84
SOL 4.85

Given that,
Vab1 = X+q1 , Vab2 = Y+q2 , Phase to neutral sequence volt = ?
First we draw phasor of positive sequence and negative sequence.
nodia
From figure we conclude that positive sequence line voltage leads phase voltage
by 30c
VAN1 = X+q1 - 30c
VAN2 = 4+q2 + 30c
SOL 4.86

For system base value 10 MVA, 69 kV, Load in pu(Z new ) = ?
(MVA) old
kVnew 2
Z new = Z old #
#
b
kVold l
(MVA) new
2
Z new = 0.72 # 20 # b 69 l = 36 pu
10
13.8
SOL 4.87

Unreliable convergence is the main disadvantage of gauss seidel load flow method.
SOL 4.88

Generator feeds power to infinite bus through double circuit line 3-f fault at
middle of line.
Infinite bus voltage(V ) = 1 pu
Transient internal voltage of generator(E ) = 1.1 pu
Equivalent transfer admittance during fault = 0.8 pu = 1/X
delivering power(PS ) = 1.0 pu
Perior to fault rotor Power angle d = 30c, f = 50 Hz
Initial accelerating power(Pa ) = ?
Pa = PS - Pm2 sin d
= 1 - EV sin 30c
X
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= 1 - 1.1 # 1 # 1 = 0.56 pu
2
1/0.8
SOL 4.89

If initial acceleration power = X pu
Initial acceleration = ?
Inertia constant = ?
X (pu) # S 180 # 50 # X # S
=
a = Pa =
M
S#S
SH/180F
a = 1800X deg / sec2
Inertia const. = 1 = 0.056
18
SOL 4.90
nodia
The post fault voltage at bus 1 and 3 are.

Pre fault voltage.
RV V R1+0cV
S 1W S
W
VBus = SV2W = S1+0cW
SSV WW SS1+0cWW
3
T X T
X
At bus 2 solid fault occurs Z (f) = 0 , r = 2
Fault current I f = Vr c = V2 c
Zrr + Z f
Z22 + Z f
Z f = 1+0c =- 4j
j0.24
Vi c = Prefault voltage
Vi (f) = Vi c (0) - Zir I (f),
V1 (f) = Vi c - Z12 I f = 1+0c - j0.08 (- j4) = 1 - 0.32
V1 (f) = 0.68 pu
V3 (f) = V3 c - Z 32 I f = 1+0c - j0.16 (- j4) = 1 - 0.64
V3 (f) = 0.36 pu
SOL 4.91
SOL 4.92

Rating of D-connected capacitor bank for unity p.f.
PL = S cos f = 12 3 # 0.8 = 16.627 kW
reactive power
QL = S sin f = 12 3 # 0.6 = 12.47 kW
For setting of unity p.f. we have to set capacitor bank equal to reactive power
= 12.47 kW
real power
SOL 4.93
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Given that pu parameters of 500 MVA machine are as following

M = 20 pu, X = 2 pu
Now value of M and X at 100 MVA base are
for inertia (M)
(pu) new = (pu) old # old MVA
new MVA
(M pu) new = (M Pu) old # 500
100
= 20 # 5 = 100 pu
1
and for reactance (X )
(pu) new = (pu) old # new MVA
old MVA
(X pu) new = (X pu) old # 100
500
(X Pu) new = 2 # 1 = 0.4 pu
5
SOL 4.94
nodia
800 kV has Power transfer capacity = P
At 400 kV Power transfer capacity = ?
We know Power transfer capacity
P = EV sin d
X
P \ V2
So if V is half than Power transfer capacity is 1 of previous value.
4
SOL 4.95

In EHV lines the insulation strength of line is governed by the switching over
voltages.
SOL 4.96

For bulk power transmission over very long distance HVDC transmission
preferably used.
SOL 4.97

Parameters of transposed overhead transmission line
XS = 0.4 W/km , Xm = 0.1 W/km
+ ve sequence reactance
X1 = ?
Zero sequence reactance
X0 = ?
We know for transposed overhead transmission line.
+ ve sequence component
X1 = X S - X m
= 0.4 - 0.1 = 0.3 W/km
Zero sequence component
SOL 4.98
X 0 = XS + 2Xm
= 0.4 + 2 (0.1) = 0.6 W/km
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Industrial substation of 4 MW load = PL

QC = 2 MVAR for load p.f. = 0.97 lagging
If capacitor goes out of service than load p.f. = ?
cos f = 0.97
tan f = tan (cos- 1 0.97) = 0.25
QL - QC
= 0.25
PL
QL - 2
= 0.25 & QL = 3 MVAR
4
Q
f = tan- 1 c L m = tan- 1 b 3 l = 36c
4
PL
cos f = cos 36c = 0.8 lagging
SOL 4.99
nodia
Y22 = ?
I1 = V1 Y11 + (V1 - V2) Y12
= 0.05V1 - j10 (V1 - V2) =- j9.95V1 + j10V2

I2 = (V2 - V1) Y21 + (V2 - V3) Y23
= j10V1 - j9.9V2 - j0.1V3

Y22 = Y11 + Y23 + Y2
=- j9.95 - j9.9 - 0.1j
=- j19.95
SOL 4.100

F1 = a + bP1 + cP 12 Rs/hour
F2 = a + bP2 + 2cP 22 Rs/hour
For most economical operation
P1 + P2 = 300 MW then P1, P2 = ?
We know for most economical operation
2F1 = 2F2
2P1 2P2
2cP1 + b = 4cP2 + b
P1 = 2P2
P1 + P2 = 300
From eq (1) and (2)
...(1)
...(2)
P1 = 200 MW , P2 = 100 MW
SOL 4.101

A B V2
V1
We know that ABCD parameters > H
=>
C DH >I1H
I1
, C = I1
B = V1
I2 V = 0
V2 I = 0
V1
Z
1 + Z2
In figure
= 1
C =
V1
Z2
Z
Z1 + Z 2 # 2
2
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or
SOL 4.102
Chapter 4
1
= 40+ - 45c
Z2 = 1 =
C
0.025+45c

Given
Steady state stability Power Limit = 6.25 pu

If one of double circuit is tripped than
nodia
Steady state stability power limit = ?
Pm1 = EV = 1 # 1 = 6.25
X
0.12 + X
2
1
= 6.25
0.12 + 0.5X
&
X = 0.008 pu
If one of double circuit tripped than
Pm2 = EV
X
1
= 1#1 =
0.12 + 0.08
0.12 + X
Pm2 = 1 = 5 pu
0.2
SOL 4.103

Given data
Substation Level = 220 kV
3-f fault level = 4000 MVA
LG fault level = 5000 MVA
Positive sequence reactance:
4000
Fault current I f =
3 # 220
X1 = Vph /I f =
SOL 4.104
220
3
4000
3 # 220
= 220 # 220 = 12.1 W

4000

Zero sequence Reactance X 0 = ?
If =
5000
3 # 220
Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 =
If
5000
=
3
3 3 # 220
220
Vph
3
= 5000
Ia1
220 # 3
220
220 = 29.04 W
#
X1 + X 2 + X 0 =
3 # 5000
X1 + X 2 + X 0 =
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X1 = X2 = 12.1 W
X 0 = 29.04 - 12.1 - 12.1 = 4.84 W
SOL 4.105

Instantaneous power supplied by 3-f ac supply to a balanced R-L load.
P = Va Ia + Va Ib + Vc Ic
= (Vm sin wt) Im sin (wt - f) + Vm sin (wt - 120c) Im sin (wt - 120c - f)
+ Vm sin (wt - 240c) Im sin (wt - 240c - f)
= VI [cos f - cos (2wt - f) + cos f - cos (2wt - 240 - f) + cos f
- cos (2wt + 240 - f)]
...(1)
P = 3VI cos f
nodia
equation (1) implies that total instantaneous power is being constant.
SOL 4.106
SOL 4.107

In 3-f Power system, the rated voltage is being given by RMS value of line to
line voltage.
In this figure the sequence is being given as RBY

SOL 4.108

In thermal power plants, the pressure in the working fluid cycle is developed by
the help to feed water pump.
SOL 4.109

Kaplan turbines are used for harnessing low variable waterheads because of high
percentage of reaction and runner adjustable vanes.
SOL 4.110

MHO relay is the type of distance relay which is used to transmission line
protection. MHO Relay has the property of being inherently directional.
SOL 4.111

Surge impedance of line is being given by as
Z =
L =
C
11 # 10- 3
11.68 # 10- 9
= 306.88 W
Ideal power transfer capability
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Chapter 4
2
(800) 2
P =V =
= 2085 MW
306.88
Z0
SOL 4.112

Given that,
Power cable voltage = 110 kV
C = 125 nF/km
Dielectric loss tangent = tan d = 2 # 10- 4
Dielectric power loss = ?
dielectric power loss is given by
P = 2V2 wC tan d
= 2 (110 # 103) 2 # 2pf # 125 # 10- 9 # 2 # 10- 4
nodia
= 2 (121 # 108 # 2 # 3.14 # 50 # 250 # 10- 13) = 189 W/
km
SOL 4.113

Given data
Lightening stroke discharge impulse current of I = 10 kA
Transmission line voltage = 400 kV
Impedance of line Z = 250 W
Magnitude of transient over-voltage = ?
The impulse current will be equally divided in both directions since there is equal
distribution on both sides.
Then magnitude of transient over-voltage is
V = IZ/2 = 10 # 103 # 250
2
= 1250 # 103 V = 1250 kV
SOL 4.114

The A, B, C, D parameters of line
A = D = 0.936+0.98c
B = 142+76.4c
C = (- 5.18 + j914) 10- 6 W
At receiving end PR = 50 MW , VR = 220 kV
p.f = 0.9 lagging
VS = ?
Power at receiving end is being given by as follows
VS VR
A VR 2
cos (b - d) cos (b - a)
PR =
B
B
VS # 220
0.936 (220) 2
=
cos (76.4c - d) cos 75.6c
142
142
VS cos (76.4 - d) = 50 # 142 + 0.936 # 220 # 0.2486
220
= 32.27 + 51.19
VS cos (76.4 - d) = 83.46
...(1)
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QR = PR tan f
= PR tan (cos- 1 f) = 50 tan (cos- 1 0.9)
= 24.21 MW
VS VR
A VR 2
sin (b - d) sin (b - a)
QR =
B
B
VS # 220
0.936 # (220) 2
=
sin (76.4c - d) sin 75.6c
142
142
...(2)
(24.21) 142 + 0.936 # 220 # 0.9685 = VS sin (76.4c - d)
220
from equation (1) & (2)
Same as
VS
= (215) 2 + (83.46) 2
VS =
SOL 4.115
53190.5716 = 230.63 kV
nodia
A new generator of Eg = 1.4+30c pu

XS = 1.0 pu, connected to bus of Vt Volt
Existing Power system represented by thevenins equivalent as
Eth = 0.9+0c, Zth = 0.25+90c, Vt = ?
From the circuit given

Eg - Eth
1.212 + j7 - 0.9
= 1.4+30c - 0.9+0c =
Zth + XS
j (1.25)
j (1.25)
0.312 + j7
=
= 0.56 - 0.2496j
j (1.25)
I =
Vt = Eg - IXS = 1.212 + j7 - (0.56 - 0.2496j) (j1)

= 1.212 - 0.2496 + j (0.7 - 0.56)
= 0.9624 + j0.14
Vt = 0.972+8.3c
SOL 4.116

Given that
3-f Generator rated at 110 MVA, 11 kV
Xdm = 19% , Xdl= 26%
XS = 130% , Operating at no load
3-f short circuit fault between breaker and transformer
symmetrical Irms at breaker = ?
We know short circuit current
Isc = 1 = 1 =- j5.26 pu
Xdm j0.19
rating MVA of generator
Base current IB =
3 # kV of generator
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
110 # 106
3 # 11 # 103
IB = 5773.67 Amp
Symmetrical RMS current = IB # Isc
= 5773.67 # 5.26 = 30369.50 Amp
& Irms = 30.37 kA
IB =
SOL 4.117

+ ve sequence current Ia = 1 [Ia + aIb + a2 Ic]
3
= 1 [10+0c + 1+120c # 10+180c + 0]
3
= 1 [10+0c + 10+300c] = 1 [10 + 5 - j8.66]
3
3
= 1 [15 - j8.66]
3
= 17.32+ - 30c = 5.78+ - 30c
3
SOL 4.118
nodia

Given data 500 MVA , 50 Hz, 3 - f generator produces power at 22 kV
Generator " Y connected with solid neutral
Sequence reactance X1 = X2 = 0.15 , X 0 = 0.05 pu
Sub transient line current = ?
E
1
=
= 1 =- 2.857j
Ia1 =
j0.15 + j0.15 + j0.05 0.35j
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0
Now sub transient Line current Ia = 3Ia1
Ia = 3 (- 2.857j) =- 8.57j
SOL 4.119

Given: 50 Hz, 4-Pole, 500 MVA, 22 kV generator
p.f. = 0.8 lagging
Fault occurs which reduces output by 40%.
Accelerating torque = ?
After fault,
Where
Power = 500 # 0.8 = 400 MW

Power = 400 # 0.6 = 240 MW
a Pa = Ta # w
Ta = Pa
w
w = 2pfmechanical
fmechanical = felectrical # 2 = felectrical # 2
4
P
Pa = 400 - 240 = 160 MW
160
Ta =
2 # p # 50/2
Ta = 1.018 MN
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SOL 4.120
Power Systems
Page 271

N = 250 rpm
f = 50 Hz.
Turbine rate speed

To produce power at
P =?
a N = 120 f
P
P = 120 f = 120 # 50 = 24
250
N
No. of Poles
P = 24 Poles
SOL 4.121
SOL 4.122

In case of bundled conductors, We know that self GMD of conductor is increased
and in a conductor critical disruptive voltage of line depends upon GMD of
conductor. Since GMD of conductor is increased this causes critical disruptive
voltage is being reduced and if critical disruptive voltage is reduced, the corona
loss will also be reduced.
nodia
Given that no. of buses n = 300

Generator bus = 20
Reactive power support buses = 25
Fixed buses with Shunt Capacitor = 15

Slack buses (ns ) = 20 + 25 - 15 = 30
a Size of Jacobian Matrix is given as
= 2 (n - ns) # 2 (n - ns)
= 2 (300 - 30) # 2 (300 - 30)
= 540 # 540
SOL 4.123

Auxiliary component in HVDC transmission system are DC line inductor and
reactive power sources.
SOL 4.124

a Exchanged electrical power is being given as follows
P = EV 6sin (d1 - d2)@
Xd
Given that
from eq(1),
P
E
V
Xd
...(1)
" Power supply by generator = 0.5 pu

" Voltage for rotar generator = 2.0 pu
" Voltage of motor rotor = 1.3 pu
= X eq = Reactance of generator + Reactance of motor
+ Recatance of connecting line
Xd = 1.1 + 1.2 + 0.5 = 2.8

d1 - d2 = Rotor angle difference = ?
0.5 = 2 # 1.3 sin (d1 - d2)
2.8
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
& d1 - d2 = sin- 1 b 2.8 # 0.5 l

2.6
= 32.58
SOL 4.125

Time period between energization of trip circuit and the arc extinction on an
opening operation is known as the interrupting time of Circuit breaker.
SOL 4.126

Given that ABCD parameters of line as
A = D = 0.9+0c, B = 200+90% W , C = 0.95 # 10 - 3 +90% S .
at no-load condition,
nodia
Receiving end voltage(VR) = sending end voltage(VS )
ohmic value of reactor = ?
We know
VS = AVR + BIR
VS = VR
VR = AVR + BIR
VR (1 - A) = BIR
VR = B = 200+90c
IR
1-A
1 - 0.9+0c
VR = 2000+90c
IR
The ohmic value of reactor = 2000 W
SOL 4.127

Surge impedance of cable
Z1 =
L;
C
L = 0.4 mH/km, C = 0.5 mF /km

-3
0.4 # 10 = 28.284
=
0.5 # 10- 6
Surge impedance of overhead transmission line
Z2 = Z3 = L ;
L = 1.5 mm/km, C = 0.015 mF/km
C
1.5 # 10- 5 = 316.23
0.015 # 10- 6
Now the magnitude of voltage at junction due to surge is being given by as
V = 20 kV
Vl = 2 # V # Z2
Z 2 + Z1
Z2 = Z 3 =
3
= 2 # 20 # 10 # 316.23
316 + 28.284
= 36.72 kV
SOL 4.128

Let that current in line is I amp than
from figure current in line section PR is (I - 10) amp
current in line section RS is (I - 10 - 20) = (I - 30) amp
current in SQ Section is (I - 30 - 30) = (I - 60) amp
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Power Systems
Page 273
Given that VP and VQ are such that

VP - VQ = 3 V
Applying KVL through whole line
VP - VQ = (I - 10) 0.1 + (I - 30) 0.15 + (I - 60) # 0.2
& 3 = 0.45I - 17.5
I = 20.5 = 45.55 amp
0.45
Now the line drop is being given as
= (I - 10) 0.1 + (I - 30) 0.15 + (I - 60) 0.2
= (33.55) 0.1 + (15.55) 0.15 + (14.45) 0.2
= 8.58 V
The value of VP for minimum voltage of 220 V at any feeder is
nodia
= 220 + Line voltage
= 220 + 8.58
= 228.58 V
SOL 4.129

A balanced delta connected load = 8 + 6j = 2
V2 = 400 volt
Improved Power Factor cos f2 = 0.9
f1 = tan- 1 ^6/8h = 36.85c

f2 = cos- 1 (0.9) = 25.84c
I = V = 400
8 + 6j
Z
400
=
= 40+ - 36.86c
10+36.86c
= 32 - j24
Since Power factor is Improved by connecting a Y-connected capacitor bank like

as
Phasor diagram is being given by as follows
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
oa = I l cos f2 = I cos f1
In figure
I l cos 25.84c = 32
I l # 0.9 = 32
Il = 35.55
ac = 24 Amp.
ab = I l sin f2 = 35.55 sin 25.84c
ab = 15.49 Amp
(ac = I sin f1)
Ic = bc = ac - ab = 24 - 15.49 = 8.51 Amp

KVAR of Capacitor bank = 3 # V # IC = 3 # 400 # 8.51
1000
1000
= 10.2 KVAR
SOL 4.130
nodia
Given Load Power = 100 MW

VS = VR = 11 kV
p.u. # (kV) 2
j0.2 # (11) 2
Impedance of line
=
ZL =
= j0.242 W
100
MV
VS VR sin d
We know
PL =
X
3
100 # 106 = 11 # 10 # 11 # 10 sin d

0.242
100 # 0.242 = sin d
121
d = sin- 1 (0.2) = 11.537c

Reactive Power is being given by
VS VR
VR 2
QL =
cos d X
X
3 2
3
3
(11 # 10 )
= 11 # 10 # 11 # 10 cos (11.537c) 0.242
0.242
6
= 121 # 10 [cos (11.537c) - 1] =- 10.1 MVAR

0.242
SOL 4.131

Given the bus Impedance Matrix of a 4-bus Power System
V
R
Sj0.3435 j0.2860 j0.2723 j0.2277W
Sj0.2860 j0.3408 j0.2586 j0.2414W
Z bus = S
W
Sj0.2723 j0.2586 j0.2791 j0.2209W
Sj0.2277 j0.2414 j0.2209 j0.2791W
Now a branch osT j0.2 W is connected between bus X2 and reference
RZ V
ij
1 SSh WW Z g Z
ZB(New) = ZB (Old) jnB
Zij + Zb S W8 ji
SZnjW
T X in jth and reference bus j = 2 , n = 4 so
New element Zb = j0.2 W is connected
R V
SZ12W
SZ22W
1
S W Z Z Z Z
Zij + Zb SZ23W 8 21 22 23 24B
SZ24W
T X
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Power Systems
V
R
Sj0.2860W
Sj0.3408W
1
=
W8j0.2860 j0.3408 j0.2586 j0.2414B
S
6j (0.3408) + j0.2@ Sj0.2586W
Sj0.2414W
X
T
Given that we are required to change only Z22, Z23
j2 (0.3408) 2
So in equation (1)
= j0.2147
Zl22 =
j (0.5408)
j2 (0.3408) (0.2586)
= j0.16296
Zl23 =
0.5408
Page 275
...(1)
Z22(New) = Z22(Old) - Zl22

Z23(New)
= j0.3408 - j0.2147 = j0.1260

= Z23 (Old) - Zl23
nodia
= j0.2586 - j0.16296 = j0.0956
SOL 4.132

Total zero sequence impedance, + ve sequence impedance and - ve sequence
impedances
Z 0 = (Z 0) Line + (Z 0) Generator = j0.04 + j0.3 = j0.34 pu
Z1 = (Z1) Line + (Z1) Generator = j0.1 + j0.1 = j0.2 pu
Z2 = (Z2) Line + (Z2) Generator = j0.1 + j0.1 = j0.2 pu
Zn = j0.05 pu
for L-G fault
Ea
Z 0 + Z 1 + Z 2 + 3Z n
0.1
=
j0.2 + j0.2 + j0.34 + j0.15
Ia1 =
=- j1.12 pu
generator MVA
IB =
3 generator kV
20 # 106
=
= 1750 Amp
3 # 6.6 # 103
Fault current
I f = (3Ia) IB
= 3 (- j1.12) (1750) =- j5897.6 Amp
Neutral Voltage
and
Vn = I f Zn
Zn = ZB # Z pu
(6.6) 2
=
0.05 = 0.1089 W
20 #
Vn = 5897.6 # 0.1089 = 642.2 V
SOL 4.133

We know that Optimal Generation
IC1 = IC2 , and P3 = 300 MW (maximum load)
(Independent of load)
IC 3 = 30
20 + 0.3P1 = 30 + 0.4 P2
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Power Systems
Chapter 4
0.3P1 - 0.4P2 = 10
P1 + P2 + P3 = 700
P1 + P2 + 300 = 700
...(1)
P1 + P2 = 400
...(2)
P1 = 242.8 MW
P2 = 157.14 MW
SOL 4.134
SOL 4.135

For transmission line protection-distance relay
For alternator protection-under frequency relay
For bus bar protection-differential relay
For transformer protection-Buchholz relay
nodia
We know by equal area criteria

PS (dm - d0) =
#d
dm
Pmax sin ddd
Pmax sin d0 (dm - d0) = Pmax [cos d0 - cos dm]

Pmax = 2
P0 = Pmax sin d0 = 1
d0 = 30c
dmax = 110c (given)
Now from equation (1)
2 sin 30c (110 - 30) p = 2 [cos dc - cos 110c]
180
0.5 # 80p = cos dc + 0.342
180
...(1)
cos dc = 0.698 - 0.342

dc = 69.138c
SOL 4.136

a Both sides are granted
So,
Ia = Ea = 10+0c = 5+ - 90c
2j
Za
Ib = Eb = 10+ - 90c = 3.33+ - 180c
3j
Zb
Ic = Ec = 10+120c = 2.5+30c
4j
Zc
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We know
Page 277
Ia = 1 [Ia + aIb + a2 Ic]

3
1
where a = 1+120c & a2 = 1+240c

Ia1 = 1 [5+ - 90c + 3.33+ ^- 180c + 120ch + 2.5+ ^240c + 30ch]
3
Ia1 = 1 [5+ - 90c + 3.33+ - 60c + 2.5+270c]
3
= 1 [- 5j + 1.665 - j2.883 - 2.5j]
3
= 1 [1.665 - j10.383] = 3.5+ - 80.89c
3
***********
nodia
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
CHAPTER 5
CONTROL SYSTEMS
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 5.1
ONE MARK
In the formation of Routh-Hurwitz array for a polynomial, all the elements of

a row have zero values. This premature termination of the array indicates the
presence of
(A) only one root at the origin
nodia
(B) imaginary roots
(C) only positive real roots

(D) only negative real roots
EE SP 5.2
The root locus of a unity feedback system is shown in the figure.
The closed loop transfer function of the system is

C ^s h
C ^s h
-K
K
(B)
(A)
=
=
R ^s h ^s + 1h^s + 2h + K
R ^s h ^s + 1h^s + 2h
C ^s h
C ^s h
K
K
(C)
(D)
=
=
R ^s h ^s + 1h^s + 2h - K
R ^s h ^s + 1h^s + 2h + K
YEAR 2014 EE01
TWO MARKS
EE SP 5.3
For the given system, it is desired that the system be stable. The minimum value
of a for this condition is ______.
EE SP 5.4
The Bode magnitude plot of the transfer function

K ^1 + 0.5s h^1 + as h
G ^s h =
s a1 + s k^1 + bs ha1 + s k
8
36
is shown below :
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Chapter 5
Control Systems
Page 279
Note that - 6 dB/octave =- 20 dB/decade . .
nodia
The value of a is _____
bK
YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 5.5
EE SP 5.6
ONE MARK
4
The closed-loop transfer function of a system is T ^s h = 2
. The
+
s
0
.
4s + 4 h
^
steady state error due to unit step input is _____.
The state transition matrix for the system

1 0 x1
1
xo1
> o H = >1 1H>x H + >1H u is
x2
2
t
e 0
et 0
(A) > t tH
(B) > 2 t tH
e e
te e
et 0
(C) > t tH
te e
et tet
H
(D) >
0 et
YEAR 2014 EE02
TWO MARKS
EE SP 5.7
A system with the open loop transfer function

K
G ^s h =
s ^s + 2h^s2 + 2s + 2h
is connected in a negative feedback configuration with a feedback gain of unity.
For the closed loop system to be marginally stable, the value of K is ______
EE SP 5.8
For the transfer function
5 ^s + 4h
s ^s + 0.25h^s2 + 4s + 25h
The values of the constant gain term and the highest corner frequency of the
Bode plot respectively are
(A) 3.2, 5.0
(B) 16.0, 4.0
(C) 3.2, 4.0
G ^s h =
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
(D) 16.0, 5.0

EE SP 5.9
The second order dynamic system

dX = PX + Qu
dt
y = RX
has the matrices P , Q and R as follows :
-1 1
0
H Q = > H R = 60 1@
P =>
0 -3
1
The system has the following controllability and observability properties:
(A) Controllable and observable
(B) Not controllable but observable
(C) Controllable but not observable
nodia
(D) Not controllable and not observable
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 5.10
ONE MARK
The signal flow graph of a system is shown below. U ^s h is the input and C ^s h is
the output.
Assuming, h1 = b1 and h 0 = b 0 - b1 a1 , the input-output transfer function,

C ^s h
of the system is given by
G ^s h =
U ^s h
(A) G ^s h = 2 b 0 s + b1
s + a 0 s + a1
(B) G ^s h = 2 a1 s + a 0
s + b1 s + b 0
(C) G ^s h = 2 b1 s + b 0
s + a1 s + a 0
(D) G ^s h = 2 a 0 s + a1
s + b 0 s + b1
EE SP 5.11
A single-input single output feedback system has forward transfer function G ^s h

and feedback transfer function H ^s h. It is given that G ^s h H ^s h < 1. Which of
the following is true about the stability of the system ?
(A) The system is always stable
(B) The system is stable if all zeros of G ^s h H ^s h are in left half of the s -plane
(C) The system is stable if all poles of G ^s h H ^s h are in left half of the s -plane
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(D) It is not possible to say whether or not the system is stable from the
information given
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 5.12
TWO MARKS
The block diagram of a system is shown in the figure
If the desired transfer function of the system is

C ^s h
= 2 s
R ^s h
s +s+1
then G ^s h is
(A) 1
(B) s
nodia
(C) 1/s
EE SP 5.13
(D)
-s
s3 + s2 - s - 2
Consider the system described by following state space equations

0 1 x1
0
x1
xo1
> o H = >- 1 - 1H>x H + >1H u ; y = 81 0B>x H
x2
2
2
If u is unit step input, then the steady state error of the system is
(A) 0
(B) 1/2
(C) 2/3
(D) 1
EE SP 5.14
The magnitude Bode plot of a network is shown in the figure
The maximum phase angle f m and the corresponding gain Gm respectively, are
(A) - 30c and 1.73 dB
(B) - 30c and 4.77 dB
(C) + 30c and 4.77 dB
(D) + 30c and 1.73 dB
YEAR 2013
EE SP 5.15
ONE MARK
Assuming zero initial condition, the response y ^ t h of the system given below to
a unit step input u ^ t h is
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Control Systems
(A) u ^ t h
2
(C) t u ^ t h
2
EE SP 5.16
Chapter 5
(B) tu ^ t h
(D) e-t u ^ t h
The Bode plot of a transfer function G ^s h is shown in the figure below.
nodia
The gain _20 log G ^s h i is 32 dB and - 8 dB at 1 rad/s and 10 rad/s respectively.

The phase is negative for all w. Then G ^s h is
(A) 39.8
(B) 392.8
s
s
(C) 32
(D) 322
s
s
YEAR 2013
EE SP 5.17
Y ^s h
The signal flow graph for a system is given below. The transfer function
U ^s h
for this system is
s+1
5s2 + 6s + 2
(C) 2 s + 1
s + 4s + 2
(A)
EE SP 5.18
TWO MARKS
s+1
s 2 + 6s + 2
(D) 2 1
5s + 6s + 2
(B)
The open-loop transfer function of a dc motor is given as

w ^s h
= 10
Va ^s h 1 + 10s
When connected in feedback as shown below, the approximate value of Ka that
will reduce the time constant of the closed loop system by one hundred times as
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Chapter 5
Control Systems
Page 283
compared to that of the open-loop system is
(A) 1
(B) 5
(C) 10
(D) 100

The state variable formulation of a system is given as
1
- 2 0 x1
x1
xo1
> H=>
H> H + > H u , x1 ^0 h = 0 , x2 ^0 h = 0 and y = 61 0@> H
0 - 1 x2
1
x2
xo2
EE SP 5.19
nodia
The response y ^ t h to the unit step input is
(A) 1 - 1 e-2t
(B) 1 - 1 e-2t - 1 e-t
2 2
2
2
(C) e-2t - e-t
EE SP 5.20
(D) 1 - e-t
The system is
(A) controllable but not observable
(B) not controllable but observable
(C) both controllable and observable
(D) both not controllable and not observable

YEAR 2012
TWO MARKS
EE SP 5.21
The state variable description of an LTI system is given by

Jxo1N J 0 a1 0NJx1N J0N
K O K
OK O K O
Kxo2O = K 0 0 a2OKx2O + K0O u
Kxo O Ka
0 0OKx 3O K 1O
3
3
L P L
PL P L P
Jx1N
K O
y = _1 0 0iKx2O
Kx 3O
L P
where y is the output and u is the input. The system is controllable for
(B) a1 = 0, a2 ! 0, a 3 ! 0
(A) a1 ! 0, a2 = 0, a 3 ! 0
(C) a1 = 0, a 3 ! 0, a 3 = 0
(D) a1 ! 0, a2 ! 0, a 3 = 0
EE SP 5.22
The feedback system shown below oscillates at 2 rad/s when
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Control Systems
(A) K = 2 and a = 0.75

(C) K = 4 and a = 0.5
Chapter 5
(B) K = 3 and a = 0.75

(D) K = 2 and a = 0.5
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 23 and 24 :

The transfer function of a compensator is given as
Gc (s) = s + a
s+b
EE SP 5.23
Gc (s) is a lead compensator if

(A) a = 1, b = 2
(B) a = 3, b = 2
(C) a =- 3, b =- 1
(D) a = 3, b = 1
EE SP 5.24
nodia
The phase of the above lead compensator is maximum at
(A) 2 rad/s
(B)
3 rad/s
(C)
6 rad/s
(D) 1/ 3 rad/s
YEAR 2011
EE SP 5.25
The frequency response of a linear system G (jw) is provided in the tubular form
below
G (jw)
1.3
+G (jw) - 130c
(A) 6 dB and 30c
(C) - 6 dB and 30c
EE SP 5.26
ONE MARK
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.5
0.3
- 140c
- 150c
- 160c
- 180c
- 200c
(B) 6 dB and - 30c

(D) - 6 dB and - 30c
The steady state error of a unity feedback linear system for a unit step input is
0.1. The steady state error of the same system, for a pulse input r (t) having a
magnitude of 10 and a duration of one second, as shown in the figure is
(A) 0
(C) 1
(B) 0.1
(D) 10
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EE SP 5.27
Control Systems
Page 285
An open loop system represented by the transfer function

(s - 1)
is
G (s) =
(s + 2) (s + 3)
(A) Stable and of the minimum phase type
(B) Stable and of the nonminimum phase type
(C) Unstable and of the minimum phase type
(D) Unstable and of nonminimum phase type
YEAR 2011
EE SP 5.28
TWO MARKS
The open loop transfer function G (s) of a unity feedback control system is given
as
K bs + 2 l
3
G (s) = 2
s (s + 2)
From the root locus, at can be inferred that when K tends to positive infinity,
(A) Three roots with nearly equal real parts exist on the left half of the s -plane
(B) One real root is found on the right half of the s -plane
nodia
(C) The root loci cross the jw axis for a finite value of K; K ! 0
(D) Three real roots are found on the right half of the s -plane
EE SP 5.29
A two loop position control system is shown below
The gain K of the Tacho-generator influences mainly the

(A) Peak overshoot
(B) Natural frequency of oscillation
(C) Phase shift of the closed loop transfer function at very low frequencies
(w " 0)
(D) Phase shift of the closed loop transfer function at very high frequencies
(w " 3)
YEAR 2010
EE SP 5.30
TWO MARKS
o = AX + Bu with A = >- 1 2H, B = >0H is

The system X
0 2
1
(A) Stable and controllable
(B) Stable but uncontrollable
(C) Unstable but controllable
(D) Unstable and uncontrollable
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EE SP 5.31
Control Systems
Chapter 5
The
characteristic
equation
of
a
closed-loop
system
is
s (s + 1) (s + 3) k (s + 2) = 0, k > 0 .Which of the following statements is true ?
(A) Its root are always real
(B) It cannot have a breakaway point in the range - 1 < Re [s] < 0
(C) Two of its roots tend to infinity along the asymptotes Re [s] =- 1
(D) It may have complex roots in the right half plane.
EE SP 5.32
1
plotted in the
s (s + 1) (s + 2)
complex G (jw) plane (for 0 < w < 3) is
The frequency response of G (s) =
nodia
YEAR 2009
EE SP 5.33
EE SP 5.34
ONE MARK
The measurement system shown in the figure uses three sub-systems in cascade
whose gains are specified as G1, G2, 1/G3 . The relative small errors associated with
each respective subsystem G1, G2 and G3 are e1, e2 and e3 . The error associated
with the output is :
(A) e1 + e2 + 1
e3
(B) e1 e2
e3
(C) e1 + e2 - e3
(D) e1 + e2 + e3
The first two rows of Rouths tabulation of a third order equation are as follows.
s3 2 2
s2 4 4
This means there are
(A) Two roots at s = ! j and one root in right half s -plane
(B) Two roots at s = ! j2 and one root in left half s -plane
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Chapter 5
Control Systems
Page 287
(C) Two roots at s = ! j2 and one root in right half s -plane

(D) Two roots at s = ! j and one root in left half s -plane
EE SP 5.35
The polar plot of an open loop stable system is shown below. The closed loop
system is
nodia
(A) always stable
(B) marginally stable

(C) un-stable with one pole on the RH s -plane
(D) un-stable with two poles on the RH s -plane
EE SP 5.36
The asymptotic approximation of the log-magnitude v/s frequency plot of a

system containing only real poles and zeros is shown. Its transfer function is
10 (s + 5)
s (s + 2) (s + 25)
100 (s + 5)
(C)
s (s + 2) (s + 25)
(A)
1000 (s + 5)
s (s + 2) (s + 25)
80 (s + 5)
(D) 2
s (s + 2) (s + 25)
(B)
YEAR 2009
EE SP 5.37
TWO MARKS
The unit-step response of a unity feed back system with open loop transfer
function G (s) = K/ ((s + 1) (s + 2)) is shown in the figure. The value of K is
(A) 0.5
(C) 4
(B) 2
(D) 6
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EE SP 5.38
Control Systems
Chapter 5
The open loop transfer function of a unity feed back system is given by
G (s) = (e - 0.1s) /s . The gain margin of the is system is
(A) 11.95 dB
(B) 17.67 dB
(C) 21.33 dB
(D) 23.9 dB
Common Data for Question 39 and 40 :

A system is described by the following state and output equations
dx1 (t)
=- 3x1 (t) + x2 (t) + 2u (t)
dt
dx2 (t)
=- 2x2 (t) + u (t)
dt
y (t) = x1 (t)
when u (t) is the input and y (t) is the output
EE SP 5.39
EE SP 5.40
nodia
The system transfer function is
(A) 2 s + 2
s + 5s - 6
(C) 2 2s + 5
s + 5s + 6
s+3
s + 5s + 6
(D) 2 2s - 5
s + 5s - 6
(B)
The state-transition matrix of the above system is

e - 3t e - 2t - e - 3t
0
e - 3t
(B)
(A) = - 2t
G
G
=
0
e - 2t
e + e - 3t e - 2t
e - 3t e - 2t + e - 3t
(C) =
G
0
e - 2t
e3t e - 2t - e - 3t
(D) =
G
0
e - 2t
YEAR 2008
EE SP 5.41
ONE MARK
A function y (t) satisfies the following differential equation :

dy (t)
+ y (t) = d (t)
dt
where d (t) is the delta function. Assuming zero initial condition, and denoting
the unit step function by u (t), y (t) can be of the form
(A) et
(B) e - t
(C) et u (t)
(D) e - t u (t)
YEAR 2008
EE SP 5.42
TWO MARK
The transfer function of a linear time invariant system is given as

G (s) = 2 1
s + 3s + 2
The steady state value of the output of the system for a unit impulse input
applied at time instant t = 1 will be
(A) 0
(B) 0.5
(C) 1
(D) 2
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Chapter 5
EE SP 5.43
Control Systems
Page 289
The transfer functions of two compensators are given below :

10 (s + 1)
C1 =
, C2 = s + 10
(s + 10)
10 (s + 1)
Which one of the following statements is correct ?
(A) C1 is lead compensator and C2 is a lag compensator
(B) C1 is a lag compensator and C2 is a lead compensator
(C) Both C1 and C2 are lead compensator
(D) Both C1 and C2 are lag compensator
EE SP 5.44
The asymptotic Bode magnitude plot of a minimum phase transfer function is

shown in the figure :
nodia
This transfer function has
(A) Three poles and one zero
(B) Two poles and one zero
(C) Two poles and two zero
(D) One pole and two zeros
EE SP 5.45
Figure shows a feedback system where K > 0
The range of K for which the system is stable will be given by

(A) 0 < K < 30
(B) 0 < K < 39
(C) 0 < K < 390
(D) K > 390
EE SP 5.46
The transfer function of a system is given as

100
s2 + 20s + 100
The system is
(A) An over damped system
(B) An under damped system
(C) A critically damped system
(D) An unstable system
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
Statement for Linked Answer Question 47 and 48 .

The state space equation of a system is described by Xo = AX + Bu,Y = CX
where X is state vector, u is input, Y is output and
0 1
0
A ==
, B = = G, C = [1 0]
G
0 -2
1
EE SP 5.47
The transfer function G(s) of this system will be

s
(B) s + 1
(A)
s (s - 2)
(s + 2)
s
1
(C)
(D)
(s - 2)
s (s + 2)
EE SP 5.48
A unity feedback is provided to the above system G (s) to make it a closed loop
system as shown in figure.
nodia
For a unit step input r (t), the steady state error in the input will be
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
YEAR 2007
EE SP 5.49
ONE MARK
The system shown in the figure is
(A) Stable
(B) Unstable
(C) Conditionally stable
(D) Stable for input u1 , but unstable for input u2
YEAR 2007
EE SP 5.50
TWO MARKS
If x = Re [G (jw)], and y = Im [G (jw)] then for w " 0+ , the Nyquist plot for
G (s) = 1/s (s + 1) (s + 2) is
(A) x = 0
(B) x =- 3/4
(C) x = y - 1/6
(D) x = y/ 3
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EE SP 5.51
Control Systems
Page 291
The system 900/s (s + 1) (s + 9) is to be such that its gain-crossover frequency

becomes same as its uncompensated phase crossover frequency and provides a
45c phase margin. To achieve this, one may use
(A) a lag compensator that provides an attenuation of 20 dB and a phase lag
of 45c at the frequency of 3 3 rad/s
(B) a lead compensator that provides an amplification of 20 dB and a phase
lead of 45c at the frequency of 3 rad/s
(C) a lag-lead compensator that provides an amplification of 20 dB and a
phase lag of 45c at the frequency of 3 rad/s
(D) a lag-lead compensator that provides an attenuation of 20 dB and phase
lead of 45c at the frequency of 3 rad/s
EE SP 5.52
nodia
If the loop gain K of a negative feed back system having a loop transfer function
K (s + 3) / (s + 8) 2 is to be adjusted to induce a sustained oscillation then
(A) The frequency of this oscillation must be 4 3 rad/s
(B) The frequency of this oscillation must be 4 rad/s
(C) The frequency of this oscillation must be 4 or 4 3 rad/s

(D) Such a K does not exist
EE SP 5.53
The system shown in figure below
can be reduced to the form
with
(A) X = c0 s + c1, Y = 1/ (s2 + a0 s + a1), Z = b0 s + b1
(B) X = 1, Y = (c0 s + c1) / (s2 + a0 s + a1), Z = b0 s + b1
(C) X = c1 s + c0, Y = (b1 s + b0) / (s2 + a1 s + a0), Z = 1
(D) X = c1 s + c0, Y = 1/ (s2 + a1 s + a), Z = b1 s + b0
EE SP 5.54
Consider the feedback system shown below which is subjected to a unit step input.
The system is stable and has following parameters Kp = 4, Ki = 10, w = 500 and
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
x = 0.7 .The steady state value of Z is
(A) 1
(B) 0.25
(C) 0.1
(D) 0
nodia
R-L-C circuit shown in figure
EE SP 5.55
EE SP 5.56
For a step-input ei , the overshoot in the output e0 will be

(A) 0, since the system is not under damped
(B) 5 %
(C) 16 %
(D) 48 %
If the above step response is to be observed on a non-storage CRO, then it would

be best have the ei as a
(A) Step function
(B) Square wave of 50 Hz
(C) Square wave of 300 Hz
(D) Square wave of 2.0 KHz
YEAR 2006
ONE MARK
3 (s - 2)
,
4s2 - 2s + 1
the matrix A in the state space form Xo = AX + Bu is equal to
V
V
R
R
S0 1 0 W
S1 0 0 W
(B) S 0 0 1 W
(A) S 0 1 0 W
SS- 1 2 - 4 WW
SS- 1 2 - 4 WW
XV
TR
V X
RT
0
1
1
0
0
0
W
W
S
S
(C) S3 - 2 1 W
(D) S 0 0 1 W
SS1 - 2 4 WW
SS- 1 2 - 4 WW
X in 4 Volumes by RK Kanodia
X
T
T
Shop GATE Electrical
at maximum
discount at
EE SP 5.57
For a system with the transfer function H (s) =
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Chapter 5
Control Systems
Page 293
YEAR 2006
EE SP 5.58
TWO MARKS
Consider the following Nyquist plots of loop transfer functions over w = 0 to

w = 3 . Which of these plots represent a stable closed loop system ?
nodia
(A) (1) only
(C) all, except (3)
EE SP 5.59
The Bode magnitude plot H (jw) =
(B) all, except (1)

(D) (1) and (2) only
10 4 (1 + jw)
is
(10 + jw) (100 + jw) 2
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EE SP 5.60
Control Systems
Chapter 5
A closed-loop system has the characteristic function (s2 - 4) (s + 1) + K (s - 1) = 0

. Its root locus plot against K is
nodia
YEAR 2005
ONE MARK
EE SP 5.61
A system with zero initial conditions has the closed loop transfer function.
s2 + 4
T (s) =
(s + 1) (s + 4)
The system output is zero at the frequency
(A) 0.5 rad/sec
(B) 1 rad/sec
(C) 2 rad/sec
(D) 4 rad/sec
EE SP 5.62
Figure shows the root locus plot (location of poles not given) of a third order
system whose open loop transfer function is
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Chapter 5
Control Systems
(A) K3
s
(C)
EE SP 5.63
Page 295
K
s (s + 1)
K
(D)
2
s (s - 1)
(B)
K
s (s + 1)
2
nodia
The gain margin of a unity feed back control system with the open loop transfer
(s + 1)
function G (s) =
is
s2
(A) 0
(B) 1
2
(C) 2
(D) 3
YEAR 2005
EE SP 5.64
TWO MARKS
A unity feedback system, having an open loop gain

K (1 - s)
,
G (s) H (s) =
(1 + s)
becomes stable when

(A) K > 1
(C) K < 1
EE SP 5.65
(B) K > 1
(D) K < - 1
When subject to a unit step input, the closed loop control system shown in the
figure will have a steady state error of
(A) - 1.0
(C) 0
EE SP 5.66
(B) - 0.5
(D) 0.5
In the G (s) H (s)-plane, the Nyquist plot of the loop transfer function
G (s) H (s) = pes passes through the negative real axis at the point
(A) (- 0.25, j0)
(B) (- 0.5, j0)
(C) 0
(D) 0.5
- 0.25s
EE SP 5.67
If the compensated system shown in the figure has a phase margin of 60c at the
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
crossover frequency of 1 rad/sec, then value of the gain K is
(A) 0.366
(B) 0.732
(C) 1.366
(D) 2.738

0 1
1
A state variable system Xo (t) = =
X (t) + = Gu (t) with the initial condition
G
0 -3
0
T
X (0) = [- 1, 3] and the unit step input u (t) has
EE SP 5.68
nodia
The state transition matrix
- 3t
1
1
)
3 (1 - e
(A) =
G
- 3t
0
e
1
(C) >
0
EE SP 5.69
1
3
(e3 - t - e- 3t)
H
e- 3t
(e- t - e- 3t)
H
e- t
1
(B) >
0
1
3
1
(D) >
0
(1 - e- t)
H
e- t
The state transition equation

t - e-t
(A) X (t) = = - t G
e
1 - e-t
(B) X (t) = = - 3t G
3e
t - e 3t
(C) X (t) = = - 3t G
3e
t - e - 3t
(D) X (t) = = - t G
e
YEAR 2004
ONE MARK
EE SP 5.70
The Nyquist plot of loop transfer function G (s) H (s) of a closed loop control
system passes through the point (- 1, j 0) in the G (s) H (s)plane. The phase
margin of the system is
(A) 0c
(B) 45c
(C) 90c
(D) 180c
EE SP 5.71
Consider the function, F (s) =
5
s (s + 3s + 2)
where F (s) is the Laplace transform of the of the function f (t). The initial value
of f (t) is equal to
(A) 5
(B) 25
(C)
EE SP 5.72
5
3
(D) 0
For a tachometer, if q (t) is the rotor displacement in radians, e (t) is the output
voltage and Kt is the tachometer constant in V/rad/sec, then the transfer
E (s)
will be
function,
Q (s)
(A) Kt s2
(B) Kt s
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Control Systems
(C) Kt s
Page 297
(D) Kt
YEAR 2004
EE SP 5.73
For the equation, s3 - 4s2 + s + 6 = 0 the number of roots in the left half of s
-plane will be
(A) Zero
(B) One
(C) Two
EE SP 5.74
EE SP 5.76
C (s)
is equal to
R (s)
nodia
2
(B) s + s2 + 1
s
(D) 2 1
s +s+1
o = AX where
The state variable description of a linear autonomous system is, X
X is the two dimensional state vector and A is the system matrix given by
0 2
A = = G. The roots of the characteristic equation are
2 0
(A) - 2 and + 2
(B) - j2 and + j2
(C) - 2 and - 2
(D) + 2 and + 2
The block diagram of a closed loop control system is given by figure. The values
of K and P such that the system has a damping ratio of 0.7 and an undamped
natural frequency wn of 5 rad/sec, are respectively equal to
(A) 20 and 0.3

(C) 25 and 0.3
EE SP 5.77
(D) Three
For the block diagram shown, the transfer function
2
(A) s +2 1
s
2
(C) s + s + 1
s
EE SP 5.75
TWO MARKS
(B) 20 and 0.2

(D) 25 and 0.2
The unit impulse response of a second order under-damped system starting from
rest is given by c (t) = 12.5e - 6t sin 8t, t $ 0 . The steady-state value of the unit
step response of the system is equal to
(A) 0
(B) 0.25
(C) 0.5
(D) 1.0
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EE SP 5.78
Control Systems
In the system shown in figure, the input x (t) = sin t . In the steady-state, the
response y (t) will be
1 sin (t - 45c)
2
(C) sin (t - 45c)
(A)
EE SP 5.79
Chapter 5
1 sin (t + 45c)
2
(D) sin (t + 45c)
(B)
The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback control system is given as
1.
G (s) = as +
2
s
The value of a to give a phase margin of 45c is equal to
(B) 0.441
(A) 0.141
(C) 0.841
(D) 1.141
nodia
YEAR 2003
EE SP 5.80
EE SP 5.81
ONE MARK
A control system is defined by the following mathematical relationship

d2 x + 6 dx + 5x = 12 (1 - e - 2t)
dt
dt2
The response of the system as t " 3 is
(A) x = 6
(B) x = 2
(C) x = 2.4
(D) x =- 2
A lead compensator used for a closed loop controller has the following transfer
K (1 + as )
function
For such a lead compensator
(1 + bs )
(A) a < b
(B) b < a
(C) a > Kb
(D) a < Kb
EE SP 5.82
2
A second order system starts with an initial condition of = G without any external
3
e - 2t 0
input. The state transition matrix for the system is given by =
G. The state
0 e-t
of the system at the end of 1 second is given by
0.271
(A) =
1.100G
0.135
(B) =
0.368G
0.271
(C) =
0.736G
0.135
(D) =
1.100 G
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Chapter 5
Control Systems
YEAR 2003
EE SP 5.83
Page 299
TWO MARKS
A control system with certain excitation is governed by the following mathematical

equation
d2 x + 1 dx + 1 x = 10 + 5e- 4t + 2e- 5t
2 dt
18
dt2
The natural time constant of the response of the system are
(A) 2 sec and 5 sec
(B) 3 sec and 6 sec
(C) 4 sec and 5 sec
(D) 1/3 sec and 1/6 sec
EE SP 5.84
The block diagram shown in figure gives a unity feedback closed loop control
system. The steady state error in the response of the above system to unit step
input is
nodia
(A) 25%
(B) 0.75 %
(C) 6%
(D) 33%
EE SP 5.85
The roots of the closed loop characteristic equation of the system shown above
(Q-5.55)
(A) - 1 and - 15
(B) 6 and 10
(C) - 4 and - 15
(D)- 6 and - 10
EE SP 5.86
The following equation defines a separately excited dc motor in the form of a

differential equation
d2 w + B dw + K2 w = K V
dt
J dt
LJ
LJ a
The above equation may be organized in the state-space form as follows
R 2 V
Sd w W
dw
S dt2 W = P dt + QV
>
H
a
S dw W
w
S dt W
X
T
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Control Systems
Where the P matrix is given by

K
- B - LJ
(A) = J
G
1
0
0
1
(C) =- K - B G
LJ
J
2
EE SP 5.87
Chapter 5
- K - BJ
(B) = LJ
G
0
1
1
0
(D) =- B - K G
J
LJ
2
The loop gain GH of a closed loop system is given by the following expression
K
The value of K for which the system just becomes unstable is
s (s + 2) (s + 4)
(A) K = 6
(B) K = 8
(C) K = 48
(D) K = 96
EE SP 5.88
nodia
The asymptotic Bode plot of the transfer function K/ [1 + (s/a)] is given in figure.
The error in phase angle and dB gain at a frequency of w = 0.5a are respectively
(A) 4.9c, 0.97 dB

(C) 4.9c, 3 dB
EE SP 5.89
(B) 5.7c, 3 dB
(D) 5.7c, 0.97 dB
The block diagram of a control system is shown in figure. The transfer function
G (s) = Y (s) /U (s) of the system is
1
18^1 + 12s h^1 + s3 h
1
(C)
27^1 + 12s h^1 + s9 h
(A)
1
27^1 + s6 h^1 + s9 h
1
(D)
27^1 + s9 h^1 + s3 h
(B)
***********
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Chapter 5
Control Systems
Page 301
SOLUTION
SOL 5.1
Correct option (B).

In the given Routh-Hurwitz array of polynomial, all the elements of a row have
zero value. This is due to symmetrical location of the roots in the s -plane with
respect to origin. The system is either marginally stable or unstable. Now, we
check this characteristic for all the given options.
Option (A):
Only one root is at origin. So, it does not satisfy the symmetrical condition.
Option (B):
Since, the system has imaginary roots, so we get the pole-zero location diagram
as shown below.
nodia
The imaginary roots on jw (imaginary) axis are symmetrical with respect to

origin. Hence, this option is correct.
Option (C):
The system has only positive real roots as shown below. So, the root location
diagram does not satisfy the symmetrical condition.
Option (D):
Again, the system has only negative real roots, as shown below. So, the root
location diagram does not satisfy the symmetrical condition.
SOL 5.2
Correct option (C).

We have the root locus diagram as
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
As the root locus have poles s =- 1, - 2 and root lies in even multiple of poles,
so it is converse of the main transfer function. Hence, gain should be negative, i.e.
-K
G ^s h H ^s h =
^s + 1h^s + 2h
This is open loop transfer function and closed loop transfer function is given by
G ^s h H ^s h
C ^s h
=
1 + G ^s h H ^s h
R ^s h
-K
^s + 1h^s + 2h
=
-K
1+
^s + 1h^s + 2h
-K
=
^s + 1h^s + 2h - K
SOL 5.3
nodia
The Block diagram of given system is
The open loop transfer function is
^s + ah
s + ^1 + ah s + â - 1h s + ^1 - ah
So, we obtain the character equation as
1 + G ^s h H ^s h = 0
G ^s h H ^s h =
or
or
or
or
For
^s + ah
=0
s + ^1 + ah s + â - 1h s + ^1 - ah
s3 + ^1 + ah s2 + â - 1h s + ^1 - ah + ^s + ah = 0
s3 + ^1 + ah s2 + â - 1 + 1h s + 1 - a + a = 0
s3 + ^1 + ah s2 + as + 1 = 0
the characteristic equation, we form the Rouths array as
1
a
s3
2
1+a
1
s
1
1
+
a
a
^
h
0
s1
1+a
0
1
s
1+
For stable system, the required condition is

or
or
1+a > 0
a >-1
a ^1 + ah - 1
>0
1+a
or
a ^1 + ah - 1 > 0
Solving the inequality, we obtain the roots
a = -1 2
5 , -1 +
2
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Page 303
So, we get the result for inequality as

a > 0.618 and a < - 1.62
i.e. the minimum value of a is
a = 0.618
SOL 5.4

Given the Bode magnitude plot of the transfer function,
nodia
Also, from the given transfer function, we have
K ^1 + 0.55h^1 + as h
G ^s h =
s a1 + s k^1 + bs ha1 + s k
8
36
K ^1 - s/2h^1 + s/ a1 h
=
s a1 + s kb1 + s la1 + s k
8
36
1/b
The first slope - 6 dB/octave is due to one pole that is 1/s
Then, slope 0 dB/octave is due to addition of a zero in T.F. ^1 + s/2h.
Again, + 6 dB/octave slope is due to one zero at corner frequency wC = 4 .
Comparing it to the transfer function, we get
^1 + as h = ^1 + s/4h
or
a = 1/4
Similarly, at wC = 24 , there is an addition of a pole ^- 6 dB/octaveh. So, we get
^1 + bs h = ^1 + s/24h
or
b = 1
24
From the shown Bode plot, we observe that if we extended the slope - 6 dB/octave
, it meets the frequency axis at wC = 8 . So, we have
0 = 20 log KX
s w =8
or
1=K
8
C
or
K =8
Therefore, we obtain the desired value as
a = 1/4 = 24 = 0.75
1
4#8
bK
24 # 8
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SOL 5.5
Control Systems
Chapter 5
Closed loop T.F.
T ^s h =
G ^s h
1 + G ^s h
1 + G ^s h
G ^s h
1+ 1
G ^s h
1
G ^s h
4
s2 + 0.4s + 4
4
s2 + 0.4s + 4
2
= s + 0.4s + 4
4
2
= s + 0.4s + 4
4
2
= s + 0.4s + 4 - 4
4
4
G ^s h =
s ^s + 0.4h
K p = lim G ^s h
s"0
Open loop. T.F.
nodia
Error constant,
4
=3
s ^s + 0.4h
ess = 1 = 0
1 + Kp
= lim
s"0
Steady state error
SOL 5.6
1 0 x1
1
xo1
> o H = >1 1H>x H + >1H U
x2
2
Y = AX + BU
State transmission matrix
f ^ t h = L-1 ^sI - Ah-1

s-1 0
6SI - A@ = >1
s - 1H
1 >s - 1 0 H
^s - 1h2 1 s - 1
1
0
s-1
= L-1 > 1
1 H
f ^ t h = L-1
So,
^s - 1h2
s-1
e 0
f ^ t h = > t tH
te e
SOL 5.7
G ^s h =
K
s ^s + 2h^s2 + 2s + 2h
G ^s h
Closed loop T.F. =
1 + G ^s h
K
s ^s + 2h^s2 + 2s + 2h
=
K
1+
s ^s + 2h^s2 + 2s + 2h
Closed loop T.F. =
K
s ^s + 2h^s2 + 2s + 2h + K
Characteristics equation
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s ^s + 2h^s2 + 2s + 2h + K = 0
^s2 + 2s h^s2 + 2s + 2h + K = 0
s 4 + 4s3 + 4s2 + 4s + K = 0
Routh array
s4
s2
s1
20 - 4k
5
s0
nodia
For marginally stable
20 - 4k = 0
k =5
or
SOL 5.8
5 ^s + 4h
^s + 0.25h^s2 + 4s + 25h
^1 + s/4h
= 5#4
0.25 # 25
s
4s s2
a1 + 0.25 kb1 + 25 + 25 l
^1 + s/4h
= 3.2 #
s
4s s2
a1 + 0.25 kb1 + 25 + 25 l
G ^s h =
So constant gain term,

Highest corner frequency
SOL 5.9
K = 3.2
wH = 5

For controllability, we check controllability matrix
CM = 6B AB@
or,
So,
CM = 6Q PQ@
-1 1 0
1
H> H = > H
PQ = >
0 -3 1
-3
0 1
H
CM = >
1 -3
det ^CM h =- 1 ! 0
So, the system is controllable.
For observalibility, we check observalibility matrix
C
OM = > H
CA
or
R
OM = > H
RP
-1 1
H = 80 - 3B
RP = 80 1B>
0 -3
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Control Systems
So,
Chapter 5
0 1
OM = >
0 - 3H
det ÔM h = 0
So, the system is not observable.
SOL 5.10

We have the signal flow graph of the system as
nodia
Now, we have to obtain the transfer function,

C ^s h
G ^s h =
U ^s h
From the SFG, we have two forward paths given as
p1 = h 0 1 1 1 1 1 = h20
s s
s
p 2 = h1 1 1 = h1
s
s
The graph determinant is given by
T = 1 - (sum of all loop gains)
+ (sum of all gain products of 2 non-touching loops)
- (sum of all gain products of 3 non-touching loops)
+ ...
T = 1 - a - a1 + - a2 0 k
s
s
= 1 + a1 + a20
s
s
Also, we have the determinants for the forward paths p1 and p2 as
T1 = 1
T 2 = 1 - a - a1 k = 1 + a1
s
s
Thus, using Masons gain formula, we obtain the transfer function as
pk D k
p D + p2 D 2
T.F. =
= 1 1
D
D
h 0 1 + h1 1 + a1
2^ h
sa
sk
= s
1 + a1 + a20
s
s
h 0 + h1 ^s + a1h
= 2
s + a1 s + a 0
Since, we have
So,
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Page 307
h1 = b 1
and
h 0 = b 0 - b 1 a1
Substituting it in equation (1), we get
T.F. =
or
SOL 5.11
G ^s h =
b 0 + b1 s
s + a1 s + a 0
2
C ^s h
= 2 b 0 + b1 s
V ^s h
s + a1 s + a 0

For the given system, we have
G ^s h H ^s h < 1
So, we may easily conclude that the Nyquist-plot intersect the negative real axis
between 0 and - 1 point, i.e. the Nyquist plot does not enclose the point ^- 1, 0h
or in other words number of encirclements is zero.
nodia
N =0
From Nyquist criterion, we have the relation
...(1)
...(2)
N = P-Z
where P is the number of open loop poles in right-half of s -plane and Z is the
number of closed loop poles (roots of characteristic equation) in right-half of s
-plane. Since, for a stable closed loop system, we must have
Z =0
Thus, from equations (1), (2), and (3), we get
...(3)
P =0
i.e. no poles of open loop system lies in right-half of s -plane, or in other words,
all the poles lies in left-half of s -plane.
Hence, the given system is stable if all poles of G ^s h H ^s h are in left half of the
s -plane.
SOL 5.12

We have the block diagram of given system as
By using minimization technique, we get
The closed loop transfer function for the dotted box is
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
G ^s h
1 + G ^s h
Again, we obtain the closed loop transfer function for the dotted box as
sG ^s h
^s + 1h G ^s h + 1
So, the block diagram reduces to
nodia
Thus, we have the overall transfer function as
G ^s h
^s + 1h G ^s h + 1
T.F. 2
^s + s h G ^s h + s + G ^s h
s 6^s + 1h G ^s h + 1@
sG ^s h
= 2
^s + s + 1h G ^s h + s
ALTERNATIVE METHOD :
For the given block diagram, we draw the signal flow graph as
From the signal flow graph, we have forward paths

p1 = 1 G ^ s h s = G ^ s h
s
and the closed loops
G ^s h
;
L11 = 1 G ^s h^- 1h =s
s
L12 = G ^s h^- 1h =- G ^s h;
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Chapter 5
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Page 309
L13 = G ^s h s ^- 1h
and
=- sG ^s h
So, the transfer function is obtained as
pT
T.F. = 1 1
T
=
G ^s h^1 h
G ^s h
1 - ;- G ^s h - sG ^s hE
s
sG ^s h
s + G ^s h^s2 + s + 1h
For any value of G ^s h given in the options, the desired system transfer function
can not be achieved.
T.F. =
SOL 5.13
nodia
We have the state space equation,
0 1 x1
0
xo1
> H =>
H> H + > H u
o
1
- 1 - 1 x2
x2
x1
y = 81 0B> H
x2
From the state-space equation, we obtain the matrices
0 1
H
A =>
-1 -1
0
B => H
1
C = 81 0B
So, we obtain
S 0
-1
H->
H=>
H
6SI - A@ = >
0 S
-1 -1
1 S+1
Therefore,
S+1 1
1
>
H
S2 + S + 1 - 1 S
Hence, we obtain the transfer function of the system as
T.F. = C [SI - A] -1 B
S+1 1 0
>
H> H
= 81 0B 2 1
S + S + 1 -1 S 1
1
81 0B> H
= 2 1
S
S +S+1
= 2 1
S +S+1
This is the closed loop transfer function,
So we get
G (S )
= 2 1
1 + G (S )
S +S+1
G (S ) = 2 1
S +S
Thus, the steady state error for unit step input is
6SI - A@-1 =
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
1
1 + lim G (S )
S"0
1
=
1 + lim 2 1
d"0 d + d
= 1 =0
1+3
eSS =
SOL 5.14

Given the magnitude Bode plot,
nodia
Since, slope at 1/3 is increasing and slope at 1 is decreasing. So, we can write
frequency response function as
1
b 3 + jw l
G ^ jwh =
^1 + jwh
jw
1
3 c1 +
1/3 m
or
G ^ jwh =
^1 + jwh
a
^1 + jw/a h
or
G ^ jwh = b
^1 + jw/b h
Therefore, the maximum phase angle is
f m = 90c - 2 tan-1 _ a/b i
= 90c - 2 tan-1 ^1/ 3 h

= 90c - 60c = 30c
and the maximum phase occur at
w = ab = 1/ 3
Thus, we obtain the gain at the frequency as
2
2
2 1/2
Gm = 20 log c 1 m + b 1 l - 20 log e 12 + c 1 m o
3
3
3
= 4.76
SOL 5.15

The Laplace transform of unit step fun n is
U ^s h = 1
s
So, the O/P of the system is given as
Y ^s h = b 1 lb 1 l = 12
s s
s
For zero initial condition, we check
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u^t h =
dy ^ t h
dt
U ^s h = SY ^s h - y ^0 h
U ^s h = s c 12 m - y ^0 h
s
1
U ^s h =
s
&
&
or,
Page 311
^y ^0 h = 0h
Hence, the O/P is correct which is

Y ^s h = 12
s
its inverse Laplace transform is given by
y ^ t h = tu ^ t h
SOL 5.16
nodia
From the given plot, we obtain the slope as
Slope =
20 log G2 - 20 log G1
log w2 - log w1
From the figure
20 log G2 =- 8 dB
20 log G1 = 32 dB
w1 = 1 rad/s
w2 = 10 rad/s
and
So, the slope is

Slope = - 8 - 32
log 10 - log 1
=- 40 dB/decade
Therefore, the transfer function can be given as
G ^s h = k2
S
At w = 1,
G ^ jwh = k 2 = k
w
In decibel,
20 log G ^ jwh = 20 log k = 32

32
or,
k = 10 = 39.8
Hence, the Transfer function is
G ^s h = k2 = 392.8
s
s
SOL 5.17
20

For the given SFG, we have two forward paths
Pk1 = ^1 h^s-1h^s-1h^1 h = s-2
Pk2 = ^1 h^s-1h^1 h^1 h = s-1
since, all the loops are touching to both the paths Pk1 and Pk2 so,
D k 1 = Dk 2 = 1
Now, we have
D = 1 - (sum of individual loops)
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
+ (sum of product of nontouching loops)

Here, the loops are
L1 = ^- 4h^1 h =- 4
L2 = ^- 4h^s-1h = 4s-1
L 3 = ^- 2h^s-1h^s-1h =- 2s-2
L 4 = ^- 2h^s-1h^1 h =- 2s-1
As all the loop L1, L2, L 3 and L 4 are touching to each other so,
D = 1 - ^L1 + L2 + L 3 + L 4h
= 1 - ^- 4 - 4s-1 - 2s-2 - 2s-1h
= 5 + 6s-1 + 2s-2
From Masons gain formulae
Y ^s h
s-2 + s-1
s+1
= SPk Dk =
2
-1
-2 =
D
U ^s h
5s + 6s + 2
5 + 6s + 2s
SOL 5.18
nodia
Given, open loop transfer function
G ^s h = 10Ka = Ka 1
1 + 10s s + 10
By taking inverse Laplace transform, we have
g ^ t h = e- t
1
10
Comparing with standard form of transfer function, Ae-t/t , we get the open
loop time constant,
tol = 10
Now, we obtain the closed loop transfer function for the given system as
G ^s h
10Ka
=
H ^s h =
1 + G ^s h 1 + 10s + 10Ka
Ka
=
s + ^Ka + 101 h
By taking inverse laplace transform, we get
h ^ t h = ka .e-^k + ht
So, the time constant of closed loop system is obtained as
tcl = 1 1
ka + 10
or,
tcl = 1
ka
a
1
10
(approximately)
Now, given that ka reduces open loop time constant by a factor of 100. i.e.,
tcl = tol
100
1 = 10
or,
100
ka
or,
SOL 5.19
ka = 10

Given, the state variable formulation,
- 2 0 x1
1
xo1
> o H = > 0 - 1H>x H + >1H u
x2
2
....(1)
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Page 313
x1
y = 61 0@> H
x2
and
....(2)
From Eq. (1) we get

xo1 = 2x1 + u
Taking Laplace transform
sX1 - x1 ^0 h =- 2X1 + 1 (Here, X1 denotes Laplace transform of x1 )
s
So,
^s + 2h X1 = s1
^x1 ^0 h = 0h
1
or,
X1 =
s ^s + 2h
Now, from Eq. (2) we have
nodia
....(3)
y = x1
Taking Laplace transform both the sides,
Y = XL
or,
or,
1
s ^s + 2h
Y = 1 ;1 - 1 E
2 s s+2
Y =
(from eq. (3))

y = 1 8u ^ t h - e-2t u ^ t hB
2
= 1 - 1 e-2t
2 2
SOL 5.20
^for t > 0h

From the given state variable system, we have
-2 0
A =>
0 1H
and
1
B = > H; C = 61 0@
1
Now, we obtain the controllability matrix

CM = 6B : AB@
1 -2
=>
2 1H
and the observability matrix is obtained as

C
1 0
H
OM = > H = >
CA
-2 0
So, we get
Rank of the controllability matrix " Rank ^CM h = 2

Rank of the observability matrix " Rank ÔM h = 1
Since, the order of state variable is 2 ^x1 and x2h. Therefore, we have
Rank ^CM h = order of state variables
but,
Rank (OM ) < order of state variables
Thus, system is controllable but not observable
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SOL 5.21
Control Systems
Chapter 5

General form of state equations are given as
xo = Ax + Bu
yo = Cx + Du
For the given problem
R 0 a 0V
R0V
1
S
W
S W
A = S 0 0 a2W, B = S0W
SSa
SS1WW
0 0WW
3
TR
XVR V R VT X
0
a
0
1
S
WS0W S 0W
AB = S 0 0 a2WS0W = Sa2W
SSa
0 0WWSS1WW SS 0WW
3
TR
XT X VTR XV R
0
0
a1 a2WS0W Sa1 a2VW
S
A2 B = Sa2 a 3
0
0WS0W = S 0W
SS 0 a a
0WWSS1WW SS 0WW
3 1
T
XT X T
X
For controllability it is necessary that following matrix has a tank of n = 3 .
R0 0 a a V
1 2W
S
2
U = 6B : AB : A B@ = S0 a2
0W
SS1 0
0WW
So,
a2 ! 0
T
X
a1 a 2 ! 0 & a1 ! 0
a 3 may be zero or not.
SOL 5.22
nodia
Y (s) =
K (s + 1)
[R (s) - Y (s)]
s + as2 + 2s + 1
3
K (s + 1)
s + as2 + 2s + 1E
K (s + 1)
R (s)
= 3
s + as2 + 2s + 1
Y (s) [s3 + as2 + s (2 + k) + (1 + k)] = K (s + 1) R (s)
Transfer Function,
Y (s)
K (s + 1)
H (s) =
=
R (s) s3 + as2 + s (2 + k) + (1 + k)
Routh Table :
Y (s) ;1 +
For oscillation,
a (2 + K) - (1 + K)
=0
a
a = K+1
K+2
Auxiliary equation
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A (s) = as2 + (k + 1) = 0
s2 =- k + 1
a
s2 = - k + 1 (k + 2) =- (k + 2)
(k + 1)
s = j k+2
jw = j k + 2
w =
(Oscillation frequency)
k =2
a = 2 + 1 = 3 = 0.75
2+2 4
and
SOL 5.23
k+2 = 2
nodia
jw + a
GC (s) = s + a =
s+b
jw + b
Phase lead angle,
f = tan-1 a w k - tan-1 a w k
a
b
Jw - wN
-1 K a
b O = tan-1 w (b - a)
= tan
c ab + w 2 m
2
O
KK
1+ w O
ab P
L
For phase-lead compensation f > 0
b-a > 0
b >a
Note: For phase lead compensator zero is nearer to the origin as compared to
pole, so option (C) can not be true.
SOL 5.24

f = tan-1 a w k - tan-1 a w k
a
b
1/a
1/b
df
=
=0
2
2
w
dw
1 +a k 1 +awk
a
b
2
2
1 + w = 1+1w
a ab2
b b a2
1 - 1 = w2 1 - 1
a b
ab b a b l
w = ab
= 1#2 =
SOL 5.25
2 rad/ sec

Gain margin is simply equal to the gain at phase cross over frequency ( wp ). Phase
cross over frequency is the frequency at which phase angle is equal to - 180c.
From the table we can see that +G (jwp) =- 180c, at which gain is 0.5.
1
GM = 20 log 10 e
G (jwp) o
= 20 log b 1 l = 6 dB
0.5
Phase Margin is equal to 180c plus the phase angle fg at the gain cross over
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Chapter 5
frequency ( wg ). Gain cross over frequency is the frequency at which gain is unity.
From the table it is clear that G (jwg) = 1, at which phase angle is - 150c
fPM = 180c + +G (jwg)
= 180 - 150 = 30c
SOL 5.26

We know that steady state error is given by
sR (s)
ess = lim
s " 0 1 + G (s)
where
R (s) " input
G (s) " open loop transfer function

For unit step input
R (s) = 1
s
sb 1 l
s
So
= 0.1
ess = lim
s " 0 1 + G (s)
nodia
1 + G (0) = 10
Given input
or
G (0) = 9
r (t) = 10 [m (t) - m (t - 1)]
R (s) = 10 :1 - 1 e-sD
s s
-s
= 10 :1 - e D
s
So steady state error

(1 - e-s)
s # 10
s
el
ss = lim
s"0
1 + G (s)
10 (1 - e0)
=
=0
1+9
SOL 5.27

Transfer function having at least one zero or pole in RHS of s -plane is called
non-minimum phase transfer function.
s-1
G (s) =
(s + 2) (s + 3)
In the given transfer function one zero is located at s = 1 (RHS), so this is a
non-minimum phase system.
Poles - 2, - 3 , are in left side of the complex plane, So the system is stable
SOL 5.28

K bs + 2 l
3
G (s) = 2
s (s + 2)
Steps for plotting the root-locus
(1) Root loci starts at s = 0, s = 0 and s =- 2
(2) n > m , therefore, number of branches of root locus b = 3
(3) Angle of asymptotes is given by
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(2q + 1) 180c
, q = 0, 1
n-m
(2 # 0 + 1) 180c
(1)
= 90c
(3 - 1)
(2 # 1 + 1) 180c
(2)
= 270c
(3 - 1)
(4) The two asymptotes intersect on real axis at centroid
/ Poles - / Zeroes
x =
n-m
- 2 - b- 2 l
3
=
=- 2
3-1
3
(5) Between two open-loop poles s = 0 and s =- 2 there exist a break away
point.
s2 (s + 2)
K =2
bs + 3 l
dK = 0
ds
nodia
s =0
Root locus is shown in the figure
Three roots with nearly equal parts exist on the left half of s -plane.
SOL 5.29

The system may be reduced as shown below
1
s (s + 1 + K )
Y (s)
=
1
R (s) 1 +
s (s + 1 + K )
1
= 2
s + s (1 + K ) + 1
This is a second order system transfer function, characteristic equation is
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
s2 + s (1 + K) + 1 = 0
Comparing with standard form
We get
s2 + 2xwn s + wn2 = 0
x = 1+K
2
M p = e- px/
Peak overshoot,
1 - x2
So the Peak overshoot is effected by K .

SOL 5.30

Stability :
Eigen value of the system are calculated as
nodia
A - lI = 0
-1 2
l 0
A - lI = >
->
H
0 2
0 lH
-1 - l 2
=>
0
2 - lH
A - lI = (- 1 - l) (2 - l) - 2 # 0 = 0
l1, l2 =- 1, 2
&
Since eigen values of the system are of opposite signs, so it is unstable
Controllability :
-1 2
0
, B=> H
A =>
H
0 2
1
2
AB = > H
2
0 2
[B: AB] = > H
1 2
Y 0
6B: AB@ =
So it is controllable.
SOL 5.31

Given characteristic equation
s (s + 1) (s + 3) + K (s + 2) = 0 ;
s (s2 + 4s + 3) + K(s + 2) = 0
s3 + 4s2 + (3 + K) s + 2K = 0
From Rouths tabulation method
s3
3+K
s2
2K
s1
s0
4(3 + K) - 2K (1)
4
12 + 2K
4
K>0
>0
2K
There is no sign change in the first column of routh table, so no root is lying in
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Page 319
right half of s -plane.

For plotting root locus, the equation can be written as
K (s + 2)
1+
=0
s (s + 1) (s + 3)
Open loop transfer function
K (s + 2)
G (s) =
s (s + 1) (s + 3)
Root locus is obtained in following steps:
1. No. of poles n = 3 , at s = 0, s =- 1 and s =- 3
2. No. of Zeroes m = 1, at s =- 2
3.
The root locus on real axis lies between s = 0 and s =- 1, between s =- 3

and s =- 2 .
4.
Breakaway point lies between open loop poles of the system. Here
breakaway point lies in the range - 1 < Re [s] < 0 .
Asymptotes meet on real axis at a point C , given by
nodia
5.
C =
/ real part of poles - / real parts of zeroes
n-m
(0 - 1 - 3) - (- 2)
=
3-1
=- 1
As no. of poles is 3, so two root loci branches terminates at infinity along
asymptotes Re (s) =- 1
SOL 5.32

Given
1
s (s + 1) (s + 2)
1
G (jw) =
jw (jw + 1) (jw + 2)
1
G (jw) =
2
w w + 1 w2+ 4
+G (jw) =- 90c - tan- 1 (w) - tan- 1 (w/2)
G (s) =
In nyquist plot
For
w = 0, G (jw) = 3
+G (jw) =- 90c
For w = 3, G (jw) = 0
+G (jw) =- 90c - 90c - 90c
=- 270c
Intersection at real axis
1
G (jw) =
jw (jw + 1) (jw + 2)
1
=
jw (- w2 + j3w + 2)
- 3w2 - jw (2 - w2)
1
=
#
- 3w2 + jw (2 - w2) - 3w2 - jw (2 - w2)
- 3w2 - jw (2 - w2)
=
9w4 + w2 (2 - w2) 2
2
jw (2 - w2)
= 4 -23w
2 2 4
9w + w (2 - w )
9w + w2 (2 - w2) 2
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Im [G (jw)] = 0
w (2 - w2)
=0
9w4 + w2 (2 - w2)
2 - w2 = 0 & w = 2 rad/sec
2 rad/sec, magnitude response is
1
G (jw) at w = 2 =
2 2+1 2+4
=1<3
6 4
At real axis
So,
At w =
SOL 5.33
SOL 5.34

Overall gain of the system is written as
G = G1 G 2 1
G3
We know that for a quantity that is product of two or more quantities total
percentage error is some of the percentage error in each quantity. so error in
overall gain G is
3 G = e1 + e2 + 1
e3
nodia
Given Rouths tabulation.
s3
s2
s1
So the auxiliary equation is given by,

4s2 + 4 = 0
s2 =- 1
s =! j
From table we have characteristic equation as
2s3 + 2s + 4s2 + 4 = 0
s3 + s + 2s2 + 2 = 0
s (s2 + 1) + 2 (s2 + 1) = 0
(s + 2) (s2 + 1) = 0
s =- 2 , s = ! j
SOL 5.35

From Nyquist stability criteria, no. of closed loop poles in right half of s -plane
is given as
Z = P-N
P " No. of open loop poles in right half s -plane
N " No. of encirclement of (- 1, j0)
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Here N =- 2 (` encirclement is in clockwise direction)

P = 0 (` system is stable)
So,
Z = 0 - (- 2)
Z = 2 , System is unstable with 2-poles on RH of s -plane.
SOL 5.36
nodia

Since initial slope of the bode plot is - 40 dB/decade, so no. of poles at origin
is 2.
Transfer function can be written in following steps:
1. Slope changes from - 40 dB/dec. to - 60 dB/dec. at w1 = 2 rad/sec., so at
w1 there is a pole in the transfer function.
2. Slope changes from - 60 dB/dec to - 40 dB/dec at w2 = 5 rad/sec., so at
this frequency there is a zero lying in the system function.
3. The slope changes from - 40 dB/dec to - 60 dB/dec at w3 = 25 rad/sec, so
there is a pole in the system at this frequency.
Transfer function
K (s + 5)
s (s + 2) (s + 25)
Constant term can be obtained as.
T (s) =
T (jw) at w = 0.1 = 80
So,
80 = 20 log
K (5)
(0.1) 2 # 50
K = 1000
therefore, the transfer function is
1000 (s + 5)
T (s) = 2
s (s + 2) (s + 25)
SOL 5.37

From the figure we can see that steady state error for given system is
ess = 1 - 0.75 = 0.25
Steady state error for unity feed back system is given by
sR (s)
ess = lim =
G
s " 0 1 + G (s)
s ^ s1 h
1
= lim >
H; R (s) = s (unit step input)
K
s"0 1 +
(s + 1)(s + 2)
1
=
= 2
2+K
1 + K2
So,
ess = 2 = 0.25
2+K
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Chapter 5
2 = 0.5 + 0.25K
K = 1.5 = 6
0.25
SOL 5.38

Open loop transfer function of the figure is given by,
- 0.1s
G (s) = e
s
G (jw) = e
- j0.1w
jw
Phase cross over frequency can be calculated as,
+G (jwp) =- 180c
180
b- 0.1wp # p l - 90c =- 180c
0.1wp # 180c = 90c
p
0.1wp = 90c # p
180c
nodia
wp = 15.7 rad/sec
So the gain margin (dB)
1
G (jwp) o
= 20 log = 11 G
^ 15.7 h
= 20 log 15.7
= 23.9 dB
= 20 log e
SOL 5.39

Given system equations
dx1 (t)
=- 3x1 (t) + x2 (t) + 2u (t)
dt
dx2 (t)
=- 2x2 (t) + u (t)
dt
y (t) = x1 (t)
Taking Laplace transform on both sides of equations.
sX1 (s) =- 3X1 (s) + X2 (s) + 2U (s)
(s + 3) X1 (s) = X2 (s) + 2U (s)
Similarly
sX2 (s) =- 2X2 (s) + U (s)
(s + 2) X2 (s) = U (s)
From equation (1) & (2)
U (s)
+ 2U (s)
(s + 3) X1 (s) =
s+2
U (s) 1 + 2 (s + 2)
X1 (s) =
E
s + 3; s + 2
(2s + 5)
= U (s)
(s + 2) (s + 3)
From output equation,
...(1)
...(2)
Y (s) = X1 (s)
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So,
Y (s) = U (s)
Page 323
(2s + 5)
(s + 2) (s + 3)
System transfer function

Y (s)
(2s + 5)
T.F =
=
U (s) (s + 2) (s + 3)
(2s + 5)
= 2
s + 5s + 6
SOL 5.40

Given state equations in matrix form can be written as,
- 3 1 x1
2
xo1
> o H = > 0 - 2H>x H + >1H u (t)
x2
2
dX (t)
= AX (t) + Bu (t)
dt
State transition matrix is given by
nodia
f (t) = L- 1 6F (s)@
F (s) = (sI - A) - 1
s 0
-3 1
(sI - A) = > H - >
0 s
0 - 2H
s + 3 -1
(sI - A) = >
0 s + 2H
(sI - A) - 1 =
So
SOL 5.41
s+2 1
1
> 0 s + 3H
(s + 3) (s + 2)
V
R
1
W
S 1
(s + 3) (s + 3) (s + 2)W
S
-1
F (s) = (sI - A) = S
W
1
S 0
(s + 2) W
X
T
e- 3t e- 2t - e- 3t
-1
f (t) = L [F (s)] = >
H
0
e- 2t

Given differential equation for the function
dy (t)
+ y (t) = d (t)
dt
Taking Laplace on both the sides we have,
sY (s) + Y (s) = 1
(s + 1) Y (s) = 1
Y (s) =
1
s+1
Taking inverse Laplace of Y (s)

y (t) = e- t u (t), t > 0
SOL 5.42

Given transfer function
1
s + 3s + 2
r (t) = d (t - 1)
G (s) =
Input
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R (s) = L [d (t - 1)] = e- s
Output is given by
Y (s) = R (s) G (s)
-s
= 2 e
s + 3s + 2
Steady state value of output
lim y (t) = lim sY (s)
t"3
s"0
se- s
s " 0 s + 3s + 2
=0
= lim
SOL 5.43

For C1 Phase is given by
nodia
qC = tan- 1 (w) - tan- 1 a w k
10
Jw - w N
-1 K
10 O
= tan
2
O
KK
w
1+ O
10
P
L
= tan- 1 c 9w 2 m > 0 (Phase lead)
10 + w
1
Similarly for C2 , phase is
qC2 = tan- 1 a w k - tan- 1 (w)

10
J w - wN
- 1 K 10
O
= tan
2
O
KK
w
1+ O
10
P
L
= tan- 1 c - 9w 2 m < 0 (Phase lag)
10 + w
SOL 5.44

From the given bode plot we can analyze that:
1. Slope - 40 dB/decade"2 poles
2. Slope - 20 dB/decade (Slope changes by + 20 dB/decade)"1 Zero
3. Slope 0 dB/decade (Slope changes by + 20 dB/decade)"1 Zero
So there are 2 poles and 2 zeroes in the transfer function.
SOL 5.45

Characteristic equation for the system
K
1+
=0
s (s + 3) (s + 10)
s (s + 3) (s + 10) + K = 0
s3 + 13s2 + 30s + K = 0
Applying Rouths stability criteria
s3
30
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s2
13
s1
(13 # 30) - K
13
K
s0
Page 325
For stability there should be no sign change in first column

So,
390 - K > 0 & K < 390

K >0
0 < K < 90
SOL 5.46

Given transfer function is
nodia
100
s + 20s + 100
Characteristic equation of the system is given by
H (s)) =
s2 + 20s + 100 = 0
wn2 = 100 & wn = 10 rad/sec.
2xwn = 20
or
x = 20 = 1
2 # 10
(x = 1) so system is critically damped.
SOL 5.47

State space equation of the system is given by,
o = AX + Bu
X
Y = CX
Taking Laplace transform on both sides of the equations.
sX (s) = AX (s) + BU (s)
(sI - A) X (s) = BU (s)
X (s) = (sI - A) - 1 BU (s)
Since Y (s) = CX (s) so
Y (s) = C (sI - A) - 1 BU (s)
Y (s)
= C (sI - A) - 1 B
U (s)
s 0
0 1
(sI - A) = > H - >
0 s
0 - 2H
s -1
=>
0 s + 2H
1 >s + 2 1H
(sI - A) - 1 =
s (s + 2) 0 s
V
R
1 W
S1
s s (s + 2)W
= SS
1 W
S0 (s + 2) W
Transfer function
X
T
T.F =
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V
R
1 W
S1
s s (s + 2)W 0
G (s) = C [sI - A] - 1 B = 81 0BSS
1 W>1H
0
S (s + 2) W
TR 1 V X
W
S
s (s + 2)W
S
= 81 0BS 1 W
S (s + 2) W
X
1T
=
s (s + 2)
SOL 5.48

Steady state error is given by,
sR (s)
ess = lim =
G
s " 0 1 + G (s) H (s)
R (s) = L [r (t)] = 1 (Unit step input)
s
1
G (s) =
s (s + 2)
nodia
Here
So,
SOL 5.49
H (s) = 1 (Unity feed back)

s ^ s1 h
ess = lim >
H
1
s"0 1 +
s (s + 2)
s (s + 2)
= lim =
G =0
s " 0 s (s + 2) + 1

For input u1 , the system is (u2 = 0)
System response is
(s - 1)
(s + 2)
H1 (s) =
(s - 1) 1
1+
(s + 2) (s - 1)
(s - 1)
(s + 3)
Poles of the system is lying at s =- 3 (negative s -plane) so this is stable.
For input u2 the system is (u1 = 0)
=
System response is
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1
(s - 1)
H2 (s) =
(s - 1)
1+ 1
(s - 1) (s + 2)
(s + 2)
=
(s - 1) (s + 3)
One pole of the system is lying in right half of s -plane, so the system is unstable.
SOL 5.50

Given function is.
1
s (s + 1) (s + 2)
1
G (jw) =
jw (1 + jw) (2 + jw)
G (s) =
nodia
By simplifying
- jw
1 - jw
2 - jw
1
1
G (jw) = c 1 #
#
#
m
c
m
c
jw - jw 1 + jw 1 - jw 2 + jw
2 - jw m
jw 1 - jw 2 - j w
= c- 2 mc
w 1 + w2 mc 4 + w2 m
- jw (2 - w2 - j3w)
= 2
w (1 + w2) (4 + w2)
jw (w2 - 2)
- 3w2
= 2
2
2 + 2
w (1 + w ) (4 + w ) w (1 + w2) (4 + w2)
G (jw) = x + iy
x = Re [G (jw)] w " 0 = - 3 =- 3
1#4
4
+
SOL 5.51

Let response of the un-compensated system is
900
H UC (s) =
s (s + 1) (s + 9)
Response of compensated system.
900
HC (s) =
G (s)
s (s + 1) (s + 9) C
Where GC (s) " Response of compensator
Given that gain-crossover frequency of compensated system is same as phase
crossover frequency of un-compensated system
So,
(wg) compensated = (wp) uncompensated
- 180c = +H UC (jwp)
- 180c =- 90c - tan- 1 (wp) - tan- 1 a
wp
9k
J w + wp N
p
9 O
90c = tan KK
2 O
K 1 - wp O
9 P
L
w2p
1=0
9
-1
So,
wp = 3 rad/sec.
(wg) compensated = 3 rad/sec.
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Chapter 5
At this frequency phase margin of compensated system is

fPM = 180c + +HC (jwg)
45c = 180c - 90c - tan- 1 (wg) - tan- 1 (wg /9) + +GC (jwg)
45c = 180c - 90c - tan- 1 (3) - tan- 1 (1/3) + +GC (jwg)
3 + 13
+ +GC (jw g)
45c = 90c - tan-1 >
1 - 3 ^ 13 hH
45c = 90c - 90c + +GC (jwg)
+GC (jwg) = 45c
The gain cross over frequency of compensated system is lower than un-compensated
system, so we may use lag-lead compensator.
At gain cross over frequency gain of compensated system is unity so.
HC (jwg) = 1
nodia
900 GC (jwg)
wg
wg2 + 1 wg2 + 81
=1
GC (jwg) = 3 9 + 1 9 + 81
900
= 3 # 30 = 1
900
10
in dB GC (wg) = 20 log b 1 l
10
=- 20 dB (attenuation)
SOL 5.52

Characteristic equation for the given system,
K (s + 3)
1+
=0
(s + 8) 2
(s + 8) 2 + K (s + 3) = 0
s2 + (16 + K) s + (64 + 3K) = 0
By applying Rouths criteria.
s2
s1
s
64 + 3K
1
16 + K
64 + 3K
For system to be oscillatory

16 + K = 0 & K =- 16
Auxiliary equation A (s) = s2 + (64 + 3K) = 0
&
s2 + 64 + 3 # (- 16) = 0
s2 + 64 - 48 = 0
s2 =- 16 & jw = 4j
w = 4 rad/sec
SOL 5.53

From the given block diagram we can obtain signal flow graph of the system.
Transfer function from the signal flow graph is written as
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c 0 P + c1 P
s
s2
T.F =
1 + a1 + a20 - Pb2 0 - Pb1
s
s
s
s
(c 0 + c1 s) P
(s2 + a1 s + a 0) - P (b 0 + sb1)
(c 0 + c1 s) P
2
^s + a1 s + a 0h
=
P (b + sb1)
1- 2 0
s + a1 s + a 0
from the given reduced form transfer function is given by
T.F = XYP
1 - YPZ
by comparing above two we have
=
nodia
X = (c 0 + c1 s)
1
Y = 2
s + a1 s + a 0
Z = (b 0 + sb1)
SOL 5.54

For the given system Z is given by
Z = E (s) Ki
s
Where E (s) " steady state error of the system

sR (s)
Here
E (s) = lim
s " 0 1 + G (s) H (s)
Input
R (s) = 1 (Unit step)
s
w2
G (s) = b Ki + K p le 2
s
s + 2xws + w2 o
H (s) = 1 (Unity feed back)
So,
SOL 5.55
R
V
sb 1 l
S
W
s
S
Wb Ki l
Z = lim
2
s"0S
K
w
W s
i
S1 + b s + K p l (s2 + 2xws + w2) W
T
X
K
i
= Ki = 1
= lim
2
s"0
>s + (Ki + K p s) 2 w
H Ki
2
(s + 2xws + w )

System response of the given circuit can be obtained as.
1
bCs l
e 0 (s)
H (s) =
=
1
ei (s)
bR + Ls + Cs l
1
H (s) =
2
LCs + RCs + 1
1
b LC l
=
s2 + R s + 1
L
LC
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Characteristic equation is given by,

s2 + R s + 1 = 0
L
LC
Here natural frequency wn = 1
LC
R
2xwn =
L
Damping ratio
x = R LC = R
2
2L
x = 10
2
So peak overshoot is given by
Here
% peak overshoot = e
SOL 5.57
C
L
1 # 10- 3 = 0.5 (under damped)

10 # 10- 6
- px
1 - x2
# 100
nodia
=e
SOL 5.56
Chapter 5
- p # 0.5
1 - (0.5) 2
# 100 = 16%

In standard form for a characteristic equation give as
sn + an - 1 sn - 1 + ... + a1 s + a 0 = 0
in its state variable representation matrix A is given as
V
R
1
0 g
0 W
S 0
S 0
0
1 g
0 W
A =S
W
Sh h h h h W
S- a 0 - a1 - a2 g - an - 1W
X
T
Characteristic equation of the system is
SOL 5.58
SOL 5.59
4s2 - 2s + 1 = 0
So, a2 = 4, a1 =- 2, a 0 = 1
R 0
1
0 VW RS 0 1 0 VW
S
A =S 0
0
1 W=S 0 0 1 W
SS- a - a - a WW SS- 1 2 - 4WW
0
1
2
T
X T
X
In the given options only in option (A) the nyquist plot does not enclose the unit
circle (- 1, j0), So this is stable.
Given function is,
10 4 (1 + jw)
H (jw) =
(10 + jw) (100 + jw) 2
Function can be rewritten as,
10 4 (1 + jw)
H (jw) =
2
10 91 + j w C 10 4 91 + j w C
10
100
0.1 (1 + jw)
=
w
w 2
a1 + j 10 ka1 + j 100 k
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The system is type 0, So, initial slope of the bode plot is 0 dB/decade.
Corner frequencies are
w1 = 1 rad/sec
w 2 = 10 rad/sec
w 3 = 100 rad/sec
As the initial slope of bode plot is 0 dB/decade and corner frequency w1 = 1 rad/
sec, the Slope after w = 1 rad/sec or log w = 0 is(0 + 20) =+ 20 dB/dec.
After corner frequency w2 = 10 rad/sec or log w2 = 1, the Slope is (+ 20 - 20) = 0
dB/dec.
Similarly after w3 = 100 rad/sec or log w = 2 , the slope of plot is (0 - 20 # 2) =- 40
dB/dec.
SOL 5.60
nodia
Given characteristic equation.
(s2 - 4) (s + 1) + K (s - 1) = 0
K (s - 1)
or
1+ 2
=0
(s - 4) (s + 1)
So, the open loop transfer function for the system.
K (s - 1)
,
no. of poles n = 3
G (s) =
(s - 2) (s + 2) (s + 1)
no of zeroes m = 1
Steps for plotting the root-locus
(1) Root loci starts at s = 2, s =- 1, s =- 2
(2) n > m , therefore, number of branches of root locus b = 3
(3) Angle of asymptotes is given by
(2q + 1) 180c
, q = 0, 1
n-m
(2 # 0 + 1) 180c
(1)
= 90c
(3 - 1)
(2 # 1 + 1) 180c
(2)
= 270c
(3 - 1)
(4) The two asymptotes intersect on real axis at
/ Poles - / Zeroes
x =
n-m
(- 1 - 2 + 2) - (1)
=
=- 1
3-1
(5) Between two open-loop poles s =- 1 and s =- 2 there exist a break away
point.
(s2 - 4) (s + 1)
K =(s - 1)
dK = 0
ds
s =- 1.5
SOL 5.61

Closed loop transfer function of the given system is,
s2 + 4
T (s) =
(s + 1) (s + 4)
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T (jw) =
Chapter 5
(jw) 2 + 4
(jw + 1) (jw + 4)
If system output is zero

T (jw) =
4 - w2
=0
^ jw + 1h (jw + 4)
4 - w2 = 0
w2 = 4
& w = 2 rad/sec
SOL 5.62
SOL 5.63

From the given plot we can see that centroid C (point of intersection) where
asymptotes intersect on real axis) is 0.
So for option (a)
G (s) = K3
s
/ Poles - / Zeros = 0 - 0 = 0
Centroid =
n-m
3-0
nodia
Open loop transfer function is.
(s + 1)
G (s) =
s2
jw + 1
G (jw) =
- w2
Phase crossover frequency can be calculated as.
+G (jwp) =- 180c
tan- 1 (wp) =- 180c
wp = 0
Gain margin of the system is.
1
G.M =
G (jwp)
=
SOL 5.64
1
w +1
w2p
2
p
w2p
=0
w2p + 1

Characteristic equation for the given system
1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
(1 - s)
1+K
=0
(1 + s)
(1 + s) + K (1 - s) = 0
s (1 - K) + (1 + K) = 0
For the system to be stable, coefficient of characteristic equation should be of
same sign.
1 - K > 0, K + 1 > 0
K < 1, K > - 1
-1 < K < 1
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K <1
SOL 5.65

In the given block diagram
Steady state error is given as

ess = lim sE (s)
nodia
s"0
E (s) = R (s) - Y (s)

Y (s) can be written as
Y (s) = :"R (s) - Y (s), 3 - R (s)D 2

s
s+2
= R (s) ; 6
- 2 - Y (s) ; 6 E
s (s + 2) s + 2 E
s (s + 2)
6
Y (s) ;1 +
= R (s) ; 6 - 2s E
E
s (s + 2)
s (s + 2)
(6 - 2s)
Y (s) = R (s) 2
(s + 2s + 6)
(6 - 2s)
So,
R (s)
E (s) = R (s) - 2
(s + 2s + 6)
2
= R (s) ; 2 s + 4s E
s + 2s + 6
For unit step input R (s) = 1
s
Steady state error ess = lim sE (s)
s"0
(s2 + 4s)
ess = lim =s 1 2
=0
s (s + 2s + 6)G
s"0
SOL 5.66

When it passes through negative real axis at that point phase angle is - 180cSo
+G (jw) H (jw) =- 180c
- 0.25jw - p =- p
2
- 0.25jw =- p
2
j0.25w = p
2
p
jw=
2 # 0.25
s = jw = 2p
Put s = 2p in given open loop transfer function we get
- 0.25 # 2p
=- 0.5
G (s) H (s) s = 2p = pe
2p
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
So it passes through (- 0.5, j0)

SOL 5.67

Open loop transfer function of the system is given by.
G (s) H (s) = (K + 0.366s) ; 1 E
s (s + 1)
K + j0.366w
G (jw) H (jw) =
jw (jw + 1)
Phase margin of the system is given as
fPM = 60c = 180c + +G (jwg) H (jwg)
Where wg " gain cross over frequency = 1 rad/sec
0.366wg
So,
- 90c - tan- 1 (wg)
60c = 180c + tan- 1 b
K l
= 90c + tan- 1 b 0.366 l - tan- 1 (1)
K
= 90c - 45c + tan- 1 b 0.366 l
K
15c = tan- 1 b 0.366 l
K
0.366 = tan 15c
K
K = 0.366
0.267
nodia
= 1.366
SOL 5.68

Given state equation.
o (t) = >0 1 H X (t) + >1H u (t)
X
0 -3
0
0 1
1
Here
A =>
,B = > H
H
0 -3
0
State transition matrix is given by,
f (t) = L- 1 [(sI - A) - 1]
s 0
0 1
s -1
[sI - A] = > H - >
=>
H
0 s
0 -3
0 s + 3H
1 >s + 3 1H
[sI - A] - 1 =
s (s + 3) 0 s
V
R
1 W
S1
s s (s + 3)W
= SS
1 W
S0 (s + 3) W
X
T
f (t) = L- 1 [(sI - A) - 1]
1
=>
0
SOL 5.69
1
3
(1 - e-3t)
H
e-3t

State transition equation is given by
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Chapter 5
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Page 335
X (s) = F (s) X (0) + F (s) BU (s)

Here F (s) " state transition matrix
V
R
1 W
S1
s s (s + 3)W
F (s) = SS
1 W
S0 (s + 3) W
X
X (0) " initial conditionT
-1
X (0) = > H
3
1
B => H
0
V
R
R1
1 W
1 VW
S1
S
s s (s + 3)W - 1 Ss (s + 3) s W 1 1
So
X (s) = SS
1 W> 3 H + S
1 W>0H s
0
0
S (s + 3) W
S
s+3 W
X
T
X
RT 1
3 VW
S- +
s s (s + 3)W 1 1
+ s
=S
S 0+ 3
W >0H s
S
s+3 W
V
TR
X
S- 1 W
1
s+3
= S 3 W + >s2 H
W
S
0
S s+3 W
RT
X V
S 12 - 1 W
s + 3W
X (s) = Ss
S
W
3
S s+3 W
Taking inverse Laplace Ttransform,Xwe get state transition equation as,
nodia
t - e- 3t
X (t) = > - 3t H
3e
SOL 5.70
Option () is correct
Phase margin of a system is the amount of additional phase lag required to bring
the system to the point of instability or (- 1, j0)
So here phase margin = 0c
SOL 5.71

Given transfer function is
5
s (s + 3s + 2)
5
F (s) =
s (s + 1) (s + 2)
By partial fraction, we get
5
F (s) = 5 - 5 +
2s s + 1 2 (s + 2)
Taking inverse Laplace of F (s) we have
f (t) = 5 u (t) - 5e- t + 5 e- 2t
2
2
So, the initial value of f (t) is given by
lim f (t) = 5 - 5 + 5 (1) = 0
2
2
t"0
F (s) =
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SOL 5.72
Control Systems
Chapter 5

In A.C techo-meter output voltage is directly proportional to differentiation of
rotor displacement.
e (t) \ d [q (t)]
dt
dq (t)
e (t) = Kt
dt
Taking Laplace tranformation on both sides of above equation
E (s) = Kt sq (s)
So transfer function
E (s)
T.F =
= ^Kt h s
q (s)
SOL 5.73
nodia
Given characteristic equation,
s3 - 4s2 + s + 6 = 0
Applying Rouths method,
s3
s2
1
-4
s1
- 4 - 6 = 2.5
-4
s0
There are two sign changes in the first column, so no. of right half poles is 2.
No. of roots in left half of s -plane
SOL 5.74
= (3 - 2) = 1

Block diagram of the system is given as.
From the figure we can see that

C (s) = :R (s) 1 + R (s)D 1 + R (s)
s
s
C (s) = R (s) : 12 + 1 + 1D
s
s
2
C (s)
= 1 + s2+ s
R (s)
s
SOL 5.75
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Page 337
Characteristic equation is given by,

sI - A = 0
s 0
0 2
(sI - A) = > H - > H
0 s
2 0
s -2
=>
-2 s H
= s2 - 4 = 0
s1, s2 = ! 2
SOL 5.76

For the given system, characteristic equation can be written as,
1 + K (1 + sP) = 0
s (s + 2)
nodia
s (s + 2) + K (1 + sP) = 0
s2 + s (2 + KP) + K = 0
From the equation.

wn = K = 5 rad/sec (given)
So,
K = 25
and
2xwn = 2 + KP
2 # 0.7 # 5 = 2 + 25P
or
P = 0.2
so K = 25 , P = 0.2
SOL 5.77

Unit - impulse response of the system is given as,
c (t) = 12.5e- 6t sin 8t , t $ 0
So transfer function of the system.
H (s) = L [c (t)] = 12.52# 8 2
(s + 6) + (8)
100
H (s) = 2
s + 12s + 100
Steady state value of output for unit step input,
lim y (t) = lim sY (s) = lim sH (s) R (s)
t"3
s"0
s"0
100
1
= lim s ; 2
s"0
s + 12s + 100 E s
= 1.0
SOL 5.78

System response is.
s
s+1
jw
H (jw) =
jw + 1
H (s) =
Amplitude response
H (jw) =
w
w+1
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
Given input frequency w = 1 rad/sec.

1
So
H (jw) w = 1 rad/sec =
= 1
1+1
2
Phase response
qh (w) = 90c - tan- 1 (w)
qh (w) w = 1 = 90c - tan- 1 (1) = 45c
So the output of the system is
y (t) = H (jw) x (t - qh)
= 1 sin (t - 45c)
2
SOL 5.79

Given open loop transfer function
jaw + 1
G (jw) =
(jw) 2
Gain crossover frequency (wg) for the system.
nodia
G (jwg) = 1
a2 wg2 + 1
=1
- wg2
a2 wg2 + 1 = wg4
wg4 - a2 wg2 - 1 = 0
Phase margin of the system is
...(1)
fPM = 45c = 180c + +G (jwg)

45c = 180c + tan- 1 (wg a) - 180c
tan- 1 (wg a) = 45c
wg a = 1
1 -1-1 = 0
a4
a 4 = 1 & a = 0.841
2
SOL 5.80
...(2)

Given system equation is.
d 2 x + 6 dx + 5x = 12 (1 - e- 2t)
dt
dt 2
Taking Laplace transform on both side.
s2 X (s) + 6sX (s) + 5X (s) = 12 :1 - 1 D
s s+2
(s2 + 6s + 5) X (s) = 12 ; 2 E
s (s + 2)
System transfer function is
24
X (s) =
s (s + 2) (s + 5) (s + 1)
Response of the system as t " 3 is given by
lim f (t) = lim sF (s) (final value theorem)
t"3
s"0
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Chapter 5
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Page 339
24
= lim s ;
s"0
s (s + 2) (s + 5) (s + 1)E
= 24 = 2.4
2#5
SOL 5.81

Transfer function of lead compensator is given by.
K a1 + s k
a
H (s) =
s
a1 + b k
R
w V
S1 + j a a kW
H (jw) = K S
W
SS1 + j a w kWW
b
T
So, phase response of the compensator
is. X
nodia
qh (w) = tan- 1 a w k - tan- 1 a w k
a
b
Jw - wN
-1 K a
b O = tan- 1 w (b - a)
= tan
; ab + w2 E
2
O
KK
1+ w O
ab P
L
qh should be positive for phase lead compensation
w (b - a)
So,
>0
qh (w) = tan- 1 ;
ab + w2 E
b >a
SOL 5.82

Since there is no external input, so state is given by
X (t) = f (t) X (0)
f (t) "state transition matrix
X [0] "initial condition
e- 2t 0 2
So
x (t) = >
H> H
0 e- t 3
2e- 2t
x (t) = > - t H
3e
At t = 1, state of the system
2e- 2
x (t) t = 1 = > - 1H
2e
0.271
=>
1.100H
SOL 5.83

Given equation
d2 x + 1 dx + 1 x = 10 + 5e- 4t + 2e- 5t
dt2 2 dt 18
Taking Laplace on both sides we have
s2 X (s) + 1 sX (s) + 1 X (s) = 10 + 5 + 2
2
18
s
s+4 s+5
10 (s + 4) (s + 5) + 5s (s + 5) + 2s (s + 4)
(s2 + 1 s + 1 ) X (s) =
2
18
s (s + 4) (s + 5)
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
System response is,

10 (s + 4) (s + 5) + 5s (s + 5) + 2s (s + 4)
s (s + 4) (s + 5) bs2 + 1 s + 1 l
2
18
10 (s + 4) (s + 5) + 5s (s + 5) + 2s (s + 4)
=
s (s + 4) (s + 5) bs + 1 lbs + 1 l
3
6
We know that for a system having many poles, nearness of the poles towards
imaginary axis in s -plane dominates the nature of time response. So here time
constant given by two poles which are nearest to imaginary axis.
Poles nearest to imaginary axis
s1 =- 1 , s2 =- 1
3
6
X (s) =
SOL 5.84
t1 = 3 sec
nodia
So, time constants )
t2 = 6 sec

Steady state error for a system is given by
sR (s)
ess = lim
s " 0 1 + G (s) H (s)
1
Where input R (s) = (unit step)
s
G (s) = b 3 lb 15 l
s + 15 s + 1
H (s) = 1
So
(unity feedback)
s ^ s1 h
ess = lim
45
s"0
1+
(s + 15) (s + 1)
= 15
= 15
60
15 + 45
%ess = 15 # 100
60
= 25%
SOL 5.85

Characteristic equation is given by
1 + G (s) H (s) = 0
Here
So,
H (s) = 1
(unity feedback)
G (s) = b 3 lb 15 l
s + 15 s + 1
1 + b 3 lb 15 l = 0
s + 15 s + 1
(s + 15) (s + 1) + 45 = 0
s2 + 16s + 60 = 0
(s + 6) (s + 10) = 0
s =- 6, - 10
SOL 5.86

Given equation can be written as,
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Chapter 5
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Page 341
d 2 w =- b dw - K 2 w + K V
LJ a
J dt LJ
dt 2
Here state variables are defined as,
dw = x
1
dt
w = x2
So state equation is
2
xo1 =- B x1 - K x2 + K Va
J
LJ
LJ
xo2 = dw = x1
dt
In matrix form
K/LJ
xo1
- B/J - K 2 /LJ x1
>o H = >
>x H + > 0 H Va
H
x2
1
0
2
R 2 V
Sd w
W
S dt2 W = P >dwH + QVa
dt
S dw W
S dt W
T
X
nodia
So matrix P is
- B/J - K 2 /LJ
> 1
H
0
SOL 5.87

Characteristic equation of the system is given by
1 + GH = 0
K
=0
1+
s (s + 2) (s + 4)
s (s + 2) (s + 4) + K = 0
s3 + 6s2 + 8s + K = 0
Applying rouths criteria for stability
s3
8
K
s1
6
K - 48
6
s0
System becomes unstable if K - 48 = 0 & K = 48

6
SOL 5.88

The maximum error between the exact and asymptotic plot occurs at corner
frequency.
Here exact gain(dB) at w = 0.5a is given by
2
1 + w2
a
(0.5a) 2 1/2
= 20 log K - 20 log ;1 +
E
a2
= 20 log K - 0.96
gain(dB) w = 0.5a = 20 log K - 20 log
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Control Systems
Chapter 5
Gain(dB) calculated from asymptotic plot at w = 0.5a is

= 20 log K
= 20 log K - (20 log K - 0.96) dB
= 0.96 dB
Similarly exact phase angle at w = 0.5a is.
qh (w) w = 0.5a =- tan- 1 a w k
a
=- tan- 1 b 0.5a l
a
Error in gain (dB)
=- 26.56c
Phase angle calculated from asymptotic plot at (w = 0.5a) is - 22.5c
Error in phase angle
=- 22.5 - (- 26.56c) = 4.9c
SOL 5.89
nodia
Given block diagram
Given block diagram can be reduced as
^ s1 h
= 1
s+3
1 + ^ s1 h3
1
bs l
G2 =
= 1
1
s + 12
1 + b l 12
s
Further reducing the block diagram.
Where
G1 =
2G 1 G 2
1 + (2G1 G2) 9
(2) b 1 lb 1 l
s + 3 s + 12
=
1 + (2) b 1 lb 1 l (9)
s + 3 s + 12
Y (s) =
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2
(s + 3) (s + 12) + 18
2
= 2
s + 15s + 54
2
1
=
=
s
(s + 9) (s + 6)
27 a1 + ka1 + s k
9
6
=
***********
nodia
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Page 344
Electronics and Electrical Mesurements
Chapter 6
EE 6
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL MESUREMENTS
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 6.1
EE SP 6.2
ONE MARK
Power consumed by a balanced 3-phase, 3-wire load is measured by the two

wattmeter method. The first wattmeter reads twice that of the second. Then, the
load impedance angle in radians is
(A) p/12
(B) p/8
(C) p/6
(D) p/3
nodia
In an oscilloscope screen, linear sweep is applied at the
(A) vertical axis
(B) horizontal axis
(C) origin
(D) both horizontal and vertical axis

YEAR 2014 EE01
TWO MARK
EE SP 6.3
An incandescent lamp is marked 40 W, 240 V. If resistance at room temperature

^26cCh is 120 W , and temperature coefficient of resistance is 4.8 # 10-3 /cC , then
its ON state filament temperature in cC is approximately_____.
EE SP 6.4
The reading of the voltmeter (rms) in volts, for the circuit shown in the figure
is _________
EE SP 6.5
The dc current flowing in a circuit is measured by two ammeters, one PMMC

and another electrodynamometer type, connected in series. The PMMC meter
contains 100 turns in the coil, the flux density in the air gap is 0.2 Wb/m2
, and the area of the coil is 80 mm2 . The electrodynamometer ammeter has
a change in mutual inductance with respect to deflection of 0.5 mH/deg. The
spring constants of both the meters are equal. The value of current, at which the
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Chapter 6
Page 345
deflections of the two meters are same, is ______

YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 6.6
EE SP 6.7
ONE MARK
The saw-tooth voltage waveform shown in the figure is fed to a moving iron
voltmeter. Its reading would be close to __________
nodia
While measuring power of a three-phase balanced load by the two-wattmeter

method, the readings are 100 W and 250 W. The power factor of the load is
______.
YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 6.8
TWO MARKS
The total power dissipated in the circuit, shown in the figure, is 1 kW.
The voltmeter, across the load, reads 200 V. The value of XL is _____.
EE SP 6.9
Suppose that resistors R1 and R2 are connected in parallel to give an equivalent

resistor R. If resistors R1 and R2 have tolerance of 1% each, the equivalent
resistor R for resistors R1 = 300 W and R2 = 200 W will have tolerance of
(A) 0.5%
(B) 1%
(C) 1.2%
EE SP 6.10
(D) 2%
Two ammeters X and Y have resistances of 1.2 W and 1.5 W respectively and
they give full-scale deflection with 150 mA and 250 mA respectively. The ranges
have been extended by connecting shunts so as to give full scale deflection with
15 A. The ammeters along with shunts are connected in parallel and then placed
in a circuit in which the total current flowing is 15 A. The current in amperes
indicated in ammeter X is_____.
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 6.11
ONE MARK
An LPF wattmeter of power factor 0.2 is having three voltage settings 300 V, 150
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Chapter 6
V and 75 V, and two current settings 5 A and 10 A. The full scale reading is 150.
If the wattmeter is used with 150 V voltage setting and 10 A current setting, the
multiplying factor of the wattmeter is _______.
EE SP 6.12
The two signals S1 and S2, shown in figure, are applied to Y and X deflection
plates of an oscilloscope.
nodia
The waveform displayed on the screen is
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Chapter 6
YEAR 2014 EE03
Page 347
TWO MARKS
EE SP 6.13
A periodic waveform observed across a load is represented by

1 + sin wt 0 # wt < 6p
V^t h = )
- 1 + sin wt 6p # wt < 12p
The measured value, using moving iron voltmeter connected across the load, is
2
3
(B)
(A)
3
2
(C) 3
(D) 2
2
3
EE SP 6.14
In the bridge circuit shown, the capacitors are loss free. At balance, the value of
capacitance C1 in microfarad is ______.
nodia
YEAR 2013
EE SP 6.15
ONE MARK
Three moving iron type voltmeters are connected as shown below. Voltmeter
readings are V , V1 and V2 as indicated. The correct relation among the voltmeter
readings is
(A) V = V1 + V2
2
2
(C) V = V1 V2
EE SP 6.16
(B) V = V1 + V2
(D) V = V2 - V1
The input impedance of the permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) voltmeter
is infinite. Assuming that the diode shown in the figure below is ideal, the
reading of the voltmeter in Volts is
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Page 348
(A) 4.46
(B) 3.15
(C) 2.23
(D) 0
nodia
YEAR 2013
EE SP 6.17
EE SP 6.18
TWO MARKS
Two magnetically uncoupled inductive coils have Q factors q1 and q 2 at the

chosen operating frequency. Their respective resistances are R1 and R2 . When
connected in series, their effective Q factor at the same operating frequency is
(A) q1 + q2
(B) ^1/q1h + ^1/q2h
(C) ^q1 R1 + q2 R2h / ^R1 + R2h
(D) ^q1 R2 + q2 R1h / ^R1 + R2h
A strain gauge forms one arm of the bridge shown in the figure below and has
a nominal resistance without any load as Rs = 300 W . Other bridge resistances
are R1 = R2 = R 3 = 300 W . The maximum permissible current through the strain
gauge is 20 mA. During certain measurement when the bridge is excited by
maximum permissible voltage and the strain gauge resistance is increased by 1%
over the nominal value, the output voltage V0 in mV is
(A) 56.02
(C) 29.85
(B) 40.83
(D) 10.02
YEAR 2012
EE SP 6.19
Chapter 6
ONE MARK
A periodic voltage waveform observed on an oscilloscope across a load is shown.

A permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) meter connected across the same
load reads
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Chapter 6
(A) 4 V
(C) 8 V
EE SP 6.20
(B) 5 V
(D) 10 V
nodia
The bridge method commonly used for finding mutual inductance is
(A) Heaviside Campbell bridge
(B) Schering bridge
(C) De Sauty bridge
EE SP 6.21
(D) Wien bridge
For the circuit shown in the figure, the voltage and current expressions are
v (t) = E1 sin (wt) + E 3 sin (3wt) and
i (t) = I1 sin (wt - f1) + I 3 sin (3wt - f3) + I5 sin (5wt)
The average power measured by the wattmeter is
(A) 1 E1 I1 cos f1
2
(C) 1 [E1 I1 cos f1 + E 3 I 3 cos f3]
2
(B) 1 [E1 I1 cos f1 + E1 I 3 cos f3 + E1 I5]

2
(D) 1 [E1 I1 cos f1 + E 3 I1 cos f1]
2
YEAR 2012
EE SP 6.22
TWO MARKS
An analog voltmeter uses external multiplier settings. With a multiplier setting

of 20 kW, it reads 440 V and with a multiplier setting of 80 kW, it reads 352 V.
For a multiplier setting of 40 kW, the voltmeter reads
(A) 371 V
(B) 383 V
(C) 394 V
(D) 406 V
YEAR 2011
EE SP 6.23
Page 349
ONE MARK
A dual trace oscilloscope is set to operate in the ALTernate mode. The control
input of the multiplexer used in the y -circuit is fed with a signal having a
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Page 350
Chapter 6
frequency equal to
(A) the highest frequency that the multiplexer can operate properly
(B) twice the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
(C) the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
(D) haif the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
EE SP 6.24
Consider the following statement

(1) The compensating coil of a low power factor wattmeter compensates the
effect of the impedance of the current coil.
(2) The compensating coil of a low power factor wattmeter compensates the
effect of the impedance of the voltage coil circuit.
(A) (1) is true but (2) is false
(C) both (1) and (2) are true
EE SP 6.25
(B) (1) is false but (2) is true

(D) both (1) and (2) are false
nodia
The bridge circuit shown in the figure below is used for the measurement of an
unknown element ZX . The bridge circuit is best suited when ZX is a
(A) low resistance

(C) low Q inductor
(B) high resistance

(D) lossy capacitor
YEAR 2011
EE SP 6.26
TWO MARKS
A 4 12 digit DMM has the error specification as: 0.2% of reading + 10 counts. If
a dc voltage of 100 V is read on its 200 V full scale, the maximum error that can
be expected in the reading is
(A) ! 0.1%
(B) ! 0.2%
(C) ! 0.3%
(D) ! 0.4%
YEAR 2010
EE SP 6.27
ONE MARK
A wattmeter is connected as shown in figure. The wattmeter reads.
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Chapter 6
Page 351
(A) Zero always

(B) Total power consumed by Z1 and Z 2
(C) Power consumed by Z1
(D) Power consumed by Z2
EE SP 6.28
nodia
An ammeter has a current range of 0-5 A, and its internal resistance is 0.2 W. In
order to change the range to 0-25 A, we need to add a resistance of
(A) 0.8 W in series with the meter
(B) 1.0 W in series with the meter
(C) 0.04 W in parallel with the meter
(D) 0.05 W in parallel with the meter
EE SP 6.29
As shown in the figure, a negative feedback system has an amplifier of gain 100
with ! 10% tolerance in the forward path, and an attenuator of value 9/100 in
the feedback path. The overall system gain is approximately :
(B) 10 ! 2%
(D) 10 ! 10%
(A) 10 ! 1%
(C) 10 ! 5%
YEAR 2010
EE SP 6.30
TWO MARKS
The Maxwells bridge shown in the figure is at balance. The parameters of the
inductive coil are.
(A) R = R2 R 3 /R 4, L = C 4 R2 R 3
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Page 352
Chapter 6
(B) L = R2 R 3 /R 4, R = C 4 R2 R 3
(C) R = R 4 /R2 R 3, L = 1/ (C 4 R2 R 3)
(D) L = R 4 /R2 R 3, R = 1/ (C 4 R2 R 3)
YEAR 2009
EE SP 6.31
ONE MARK
The pressure coil of a dynamometer type wattmeter is

(A) Highly inductive
(B) Highly resistive
(C) Purely resistive
EE SP 6.32
(D) Purely inductive
The two inputs of a CRO are fed with two stationary periodic signals. In the X-Y
mode, the screen shows a figure which changes from ellipse to circle and back
to ellipse with its major axis changing orientation slowly and repeatedly. The
following inference can be made from this.
(A) The signals are not sinusoidal
nodia
(B) The amplitudes of the signals are very close but not equal
(C) The signals are sinusoidal with their frequencies very close but not equal
(D) There is a constant but small phase difference between the signals
YEAR 2009
EE SP 6.33
The figure shows a three-phase delta connected load supplied from a 400V, 50
Hz, 3-phase balanced source. The pressure coil (PC) and current coil (CC) of a
wattmeter are connected to the load as shown, with the coil polarities suitably
selected to ensure a positive deflection. The wattmeter reading will be
(A) 0
(C) 800 Watt
EE SP 6.34
TWO MARKS
(B) 1600 Watt

(D) 400 Watt
An average-reading digital multi-meter reads 10 V when fed with a triangular

wave, symmetric about the time-axis. For the same input an rms-reading meter
will read
(B) 10
(A) 20
3
3
(C) 20 3
(D) 10 3
YEAR 2008
EE SP 6.35
ONE MARK
Two 8-bit ADCs, one of single slope integrating type and other of successive
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Chapter 6
Page 353
approximate type, take TA and TB times to convert 5 V analog input signal to

equivalent digital output. If the input analog signal is reduced to 2.5 V, the
approximate time taken by the two ADCs will respectively, be
(B) TA /2, TB
(A) TA, TB
(C) TA, TB /2
(D) TA /2, TB /2
YEAR 2008
EE SP 6.36
TWO MARKS
Two sinusoidal signals p (w1, t) = A sin w1 t and q (w2 t) are applied to X and Y
inputs of a dual channel CRO. The Lissajous figure displayed on the screen
shown below :
nodia
The signal q (w2 t) will be represented as
(A) q (w2 t) = A sin w2 t, w2 = 2w1
(B) q (w2 t) = A sin w2 t, w2 = w1 /2
(C) q (w2 t) = A cos w2 t, w2 = 2w1
(D) q (w2 t) = A cos w2 t, w2 = w1 /2
EE SP 6.37
The ac bridge shown in the figure is used to measure the impedance Z .
If the bridge is balanced for oscillator frequency f = 2 kHz, then the impedance
Z will be
(A) (260 + j0) W
(B) (0 + j200) W
(C) (260 - j200) W
(D) (260 + j200) W
YEAR 2007
EE SP 6.38
ONE MARK
The probes of a non-isolated, two channel oscillocope are clipped to points A,
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Chapter 6
B and C in the circuit of the adjacent figure. Vin is a square wave of a suitable
low frequency. The display on Ch1 and Ch2 are as shown on the right. Then the
Signal and Ground probes S1, G1 and S2, G2 of Ch1 and Ch2 respectively are
connected to points :
nodia
(A) A, B, C, A
(B) A, B, C, B
(C) C, B, A, B
(D) B, A, B, C
YEAR 2007
EE SP 6.39
TWO MARKS
A bridge circuit is shown in the figure below. Which one of the sequence given
below is most suitable for balancing the bridge ?
(A) First adjust

(B) First adjust
(C) First adjust
(D) First adjust
R4 , and then adjust R1

YEAR 2006
EE SP 6.40
ONE MARK
The time/div and voltage/div axes of an oscilloscope have been erased. A student
connects a 1 kHz, 5 V p-p square wave calibration pulse to channel-1 of the scope
and observes the screen to be as shown in the upper trace of the figure. An
unknown signal is connected to channel-2(lower trace) of the scope. It the time/
div and V/div on both channels are the same, the amplitude (p-p) and period of
the unknown signal are respectively
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EE SP 6.41
(A) 5 V, 1 ms
(B) 5 V, 2 ms
(C) 7.5 V, 2 ms
(D) 10 V, 1 ms
Page 355
A sampling wattmeter (that computes power from simultaneously sampled values

of voltage and current) is used to measure the average power of a load. The peak
to peak voltage of the square wave is 10 V and the current is a triangular wave
of 5 A p-p as shown in the figure. The period is 20 ms. The reading in W will be
nodia
(A) 0 W
(C) 50 W
(B) 25 W
(D) 100 W
YEAR 2006
TWO MARKS
EE SP 6.42
A current of - 8 + 6 2 (sin wt + 30%) A is passed through three meters. They are

a centre zero PMMC meter, a true rms meter and a moving iron instrument. The
respective reading (in A) will be
(A) 8, 6, 10
(B) 8, 6, 8
(C) - 8 ,10,10
(D) - 8 ,2,2
EE SP 6.43
A variable w is related to three other variables x ,y ,z as w = xy/z . The variables

are measured with meters of accuracy !0.5% reading, !1% of full scale value
and !1.5% reading. The actual readings of the three meters are 80, 20 and 50
with 100 being the full scale value for all three. The maximum uncertainty in the
measurement of w will be
(A) !0.5% rdg
(B) !5.5% rdg
(C) !6.7 rdg
(D) !7.0 rdg
EE SP 6.44
A 200/1 Current transformer (CT) is wound with 200 turns on the secondary
on a toroidal core. When it carries a current of 160 A on the primary, the ratio
and phase errors of the CT are found to be - 0.5% and 30 minutes respectively.
If the number of secondary turns is reduced by 1 new ratio-error(%) and phase-
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Page 356
error(min) will be respectively

(A) 0.0, 30
(C) - 1.0, 30
EE SP 6.45
Chapter 6
(B) - 0.5, 35
(D) - 1.0, 25
R1 and R4 are the opposite arms of a Wheatstone bridge as are R3 and R2 . The
source voltage is applied across R1 and R3 . Under balanced conditions which one
of the following is true
(B) R1 = R2 R3 /R4
(A) R1 = R3 R4 /R2
(D) R1 = R2 + R3 + R4
(C) R1 = R2 R4 /R3
YEAR 2005
EE SP 6.46
EE SP 6.47
nodia
The Q-meter works on the principle of
(A) mutual inductance
(B) self inductance
(C) series resonance
(D) parallel resonance
A PMMC voltmeter is connected across a series combination of DC voltage

source V1 = 2 V and AC voltage source V2 (t) = 3 sin (4t) V. The meter reads
(A) 2 V
(B) 5 V
(C) (2 +
EE SP 6.48
ONE MARK
3 /2) V
(D) ( 17 /2) V
A digital-to-analog converter with a full-scale output voltage of 3.5 V has a

resolution close to 14 mV. Its bit size is
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 16
(D) 32
YEAR 2005
TWO MARKS
EE SP 6.49
The simultaneous application of signals x (t) and y (t) to the horizontal and
vertical plates, respectively, of an oscilloscope, produces a vertical figure-of-8
display. If P and Q are constants and x (t) = P sin (4t + 30c), then y (t) is equal to
(A) Q sin (4t - 30c)
(B) Q sin (2t + 15c)
(C) Q sin (8t + 60c)
(D) Q sin (4t + 30c)
EE SP 6.50
A DC ammeter has a resistance of 0.1 W and its current range is 0-100 A. If

the range is to be extended to 0-500 A, then meter required the following shunt
resistance
(A) 0.010 W
(B) 0.011 W
(C) 0.025 W
(D) 1.0 W
EE SP 6.51
The set-up in the figure is used to measure resistance R .The ammeter and
voltmeter resistances are 0.01W and 2000 W, respectively. Their readings are 2 A
and 180 V, respectively, giving a measured resistances of 90 W The percentage
error in the measurement is
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Chapter 6
EE SP 6.52
(A) 2.25%
(B) 2.35%
(C) 4.5%
(D) 4.71%
Page 357
A 1000 V DC supply has two 1-core cables as its positive and negative leads
: their insulation resistances to earth are 4 MW and 6 MW, respectively, as
shown in the figure. A voltmeter with resistance 50 kW is used to measure the
insulation of the cable. When connected between the positive core and earth,
then voltmeter reads
nodia
(A) 8 V
(C) 24 V
EE SP 6.53
(B) 16 V
(D) 40 V
Two wattmeters, which are connected to measure the total power on a three-phase
system supplying a balanced load, read 10.5 kW and - 2.5 kW, respectively. The
total power and the power factor, respectively, are
(A) 13.0 kW, 0.334
(B) 13.0 kW, 0.684
(C) 8.0 kW, 0.52
(D) 8.0 kW, 0.334
YEAR 2004
ONE MARK
EE SP 6.54
A dc potentiometer is designed to measure up to about 2 V with a slide wire of

800 mm. A standard cell of emf 1.18 V obtains balance at 600 mm. A test cell is
seen to obtain balance at 680 mm. The emf of the test cell is
(A) 1.00 V
(B) 1.34 V
(C) 1.50 V
(D) 1.70 V
EE SP 6.55
The circuit in figure is used to measure the power consumed by the load. The
current coil and the voltage coil of the wattmeter have 0.02 W and 1000W
resistances respectively. The measured power compared to the load power will be
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Page 358
EE SP 6.56
(A) 0.4 % less
(B) 0.2% less
(C) 0.2% more
(D) 0.4% more
A galvanometer with a full scale current of 10 mA has a resistance of 1000 W.

The multiplying power (the ratio of measured current to galvanometer current)
of 100 W shunt with this galvanometer is
(A) 110
(B) 100
nodia
(C) 11
(D) 10
YEAR 2004
EE SP 6.57
Chapter 6
TWO MARKS
A CRO probe has an impedance of 500 kW in parallel with a capacitance of 10

pF. The probe is used to measure the voltage between P and Q as shown in
figure. The measured voltage will be
(A) 3.53 V
(C) 4.54 V
(B) 4.37 V
(D) 5.00 V
EE SP 6.58
A moving coil of a meter has 100 turns, and a length and depth of 10 mm and
20 mm respectively. It is positioned in a uniform radial flux density of 200 mT.
The coil carries a current of 50 mA. The torque on the coil is
(A) 200 mNm
(B) 100 mNm
(C) 2 mNm
(D) 1 mNm
EE SP 6.59
A dc A-h meter is rated for 15 A, 250 V. The meter constant is 14.4 A-sec/rev.
The meter constant at rated voltage may be expressed as
(A) 3750 rev/kWh
(B) 3600 rev/kWh
(C) 1000 rev/kWh
(D) 960 rev/kWh
EE SP 6.60
A moving iron ammeter produces a full scale torque of 240 mNm with a deflection
of 120c at a current of 10 A . The rate of change of self induction (mH/radian)
of the instrument at full scale is
(A) 2.0 mH/radian
(B) 4.8 mH/radian
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Page 359
(C) 12.0 mH/radian

(D) 114.6 mH/radian
EE SP 6.61
A single-phase load is connected between R and Y terminals of a 415 V,

symmetrical, 3-phase, 4-wire system with phase sequence RYB. A wattmeter is
connected in the system as shown in figure. The power factor of the load is 0.8
lagging. The wattmeter will read
nodia
(A) - 795 W
(C) + 597 W
EE SP 6.62
EE SP 6.63
(B) - 597 W
(D) + 795 W
A 50 Hz, bar primary CT has a secondary with 500 turns. The secondary supplies
5 A current into a purely resistive burden of 1 W. The magnetizing ampere-turns
is 200. The phase angle between the primary and second current is
(A) 4.6c
(B) 85.4c
(C) 94.6c
(D) 175.4c
The core flux in the CT of Prob Q.44, under the given operating conditions is
(A) 0
(B) 45.0 mWb
(C) 22.5 mWb
(D) 100.0 mWb
YEAR 2003
ONE MARK
EE SP 6.64
A Manganin swap resistance is connected in series with a moving coil ammeter

consisting of a milli-ammeter and a suitable shunt in order to
(A) minimise the effect of temperature variation
(B) obtain large deflecting torque
(C) reduce the size of the meter
(D) minimise the effect of stray magnetic fields
EE SP 6.65
The effect of stray magnetic field on the actuating torque of a portable instrument
is maximum when the operating field of the instrument and the stray fields are
(A) perpendicular
(B) parallel
(C) inclined at 60%
EE SP 6.66
(D) inclined at 30%
A reading of 120 is obtained when standard inductor was connected in the circuit
of a Q-meter and the variable capacitor is adjusted to value of 300 pF. A lossless
capacitor of unknown value Cx is then connected in parallel with the variable
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Page 360
Chapter 6
capacitor and the same reading was obtained when the variable capacitor is
readjusted to a value of 200 pF. The value of Cx in pF is
(A) 100
(B) 200
(C) 300
(D) 500
YEAR 2003
EE SP 6.67
EE SP 6.68
TWO MARKS
The simplified block diagram of a 10-bit A/D converter of dual slope integrator
type is shown in figure. The 10-bit counter at the output is clocked by a 1 MHz
clock. Assuming negligible timing overhead for the control logic, the maximum
frequency of the analog signal that can be converted using this A/D converter is
approximately
nodia
(A) 2 kHz
(B) 1 kHz
(C) 500 Hz
(D) 250 Hz
The items in Group-I represent the various types of measurements to be made

with a reasonable accuracy using a suitable bridge. The items in Group-II
represent the various bridges available for this purpose. Select the correct choice
of the item in Group-II for the corresponding item in Group-I from the following
List-I
P.
List-II
Resistance in the milli-ohm range
Q. Low values of Capacitance
1. Wheatstone Bridge
2. Kelvin Double Bridge
R. Comparison of resistance which are nearly equal 3. Schering Bridge

S.
Inductance of a coil with a large time-constant 4. Wiens Bridge

5. Hays Bridge
6. Carey-Foster Bridge
Codes :
(A) P=2, Q=3, R=6, S=5
(B) P=2, Q=6, R=4, S=5
(C) P=2, Q= 3, R=5, S=4
(D) P=1, Q=3, R=2, S=6
EE SP 6.69
A rectifier type ac voltmeter of a series resistance Rs , an ideal full-wave rectifier

bridge and a PMMC instrument as shown in figure. The internal. resistance of
the instrument is 100 W and a full scale deflection is produced by a dc current of
1 mA. The value of Rs required to obtain full scale deflection with an ac voltage
of 100 V (rms) applied to the input terminals is
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Chapter 6
(A) 63.56 W
(C) 89.93 W
EE SP 6.70
EE SP 6.71
Page 361
(B) 69.93 W
(D) 141.3 kW
A wattmeter reads 400 W when its current coil is connected in the R-phase and
its pressure coil is connected between this phase and the neutral of a symmetrical
3-phase system supplying a balanced star connected 0.8 p.f. inductive load. This
phase sequence is RYB. What will be the reading of this wattmeter if its pressure
coil alone is reconnected between the B and Y phases, all other connections
remaining as before ?
(A) 400.0
(B) 519.6
(C) 300.0
(D) 692.8
nodia
The inductance of a certain moving-iron ammeter is expressed as

L = 10 + 3q - (q2 /4) mH , where q is the deflection in radians from the zero
position. The control spring torque is 25 # 10 - 6 Nm/radian. The deflection of the
pointer in radian when the meter carries a current of 5 A, is
(A) 2.4
(B) 2.0
(C) 1.2
(D) 1.0
EE SP 6.72
A 500A/5A, 50 Hz transformer has a bar primary. The secondary burden is a

pure resistance of 1 W and it draws a current of 5 A. If the magnetic core requires
250 AT for magnetization, the percentage ratio error is
(A) 10.56
(B) - 10.56
(C) 11.80
(D) - 11.80
EE SP 6.73
The voltage-flux adjustment of a certain 1-phase 220 V induction watt-hour

meter is altered so that the phase angle between the applied voltage and the flux
due to it is 85c(instead of 90c). The errors introduced in the reading of this meter
when the current is 5 A at power factor of unity and 0.5 lagging are respectively
(A) 3.8 mW, 77.4 mW
(B) - 3.8 mW, - 77.4 mW
(C) - 4.2 W, - 85.1 W
(D) 4.2 W, 85.1 W
EE SP 6.74
Group-II represents the figures obtained on a CRO screen when the voltage
signals Vx = Vxm sin wt and Vy = Vym sin (wt + F) are given to its X and Y plates
respectively and F is changed. Choose the correct value of F from Group-I to
match with the corresponding figure of Group-II.
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Page 362
Group-I
Chapter 6
Group-II
P. F = 0
Q. F = p/2
R. p < F < 3p/2
nodia
S. F = 3p/2
Codes :
(A) P=1, Q= 3, R=6, S=5
(B) P=2, Q= 6, R=4, S=5
(C) P=2, Q= 3, R=5, S=4
(D) P=1, Q=5, R=6, S=4
***********
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Chapter 6
Page 363
SOLUTIONS
SOL 6.1
Correct option (C).

For two wattmeter method, we define load impedance angle, f as
tan f = 3 9w1 - w2 C
w1 + w 2
where w1 and w2 are the readings of two wattmeters. Since, we have
w1 = 2w2
So, we obtain the load impedance angle as
tan f = 3 :2w2 - w2 D
2w2 + w2
= 3#1 = 1
3
3
or
f = p rad
6
SOL 6.2
SOL 6.3
nodia
Correct option (B).

During sweep time ^ts h, the beam moves from left to right across the CRT screen.
The beam B deflected to the right by the increasing amplitude of the ramp
voltage and the fact that the positive voltage attracts the negative electrons, and
to make this effective we apply linear sweep in horizontal axis.
Correct answer is 2470.44C.
For the incandescent lamp, we have
P = 40 W , V = 240 V
So, the resistance of its filament in ON state is
2
^240h2
RQ = V =
= 1440 W
40
P
Now, we have
R = 120 W
at t = 26cC ,
a = 4.5 # 10-3 /cC

Since, the relation between resistance and temperature is given by
and
RQ = R 61 + a ^Q2 - Q1h@
Substituting the given values, we get
1440 = 120 81 + 4.5 # 10-3 ^Q2 - 26hB
12 = 1 + 4.5 # 10-3 ^Q2 - 26h
or
or
or
Thus,
SOL 6.4
11
4.5 # 10-3
Q2 - 26 = 2.444.44
Q2 = 2470.44cC
Q2 - 26 =
Correct answer is 141.42 V.

We have the circuit,
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Page 364
Chapter 6
It is a Wheatstone bridge. For the bridge to be balanced, the required condition

is
...(1)
z1 z 4 = z 2 z 3
nodia
z1 = z 4 = j 1 W
z2 = z3 = 1 W
j
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
j#j = 1#1
j
j
j2 = 12
j
- 1 =- 1
Hence, it is a balanced Wheatstone bridge, and reading of voltmeter (rms) is
and
V = 100 # 2
= 141.42 V
SOL 6.5
Correct answer is 3.2 A.

Given that the two ammeters, one PMMC and another electrodynamometer
type, are connected in series. So, we have
For PMMC coil, we define the deflecting torque as

t d = NBAI
= GI
...(1)
where G is a constant, given as

G = NBA
Again, the controlling torque is defined as
Tc = K q
...(2)
At balance, we have
Tc = Td
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deflection q = G I [using equations (1) and (2)]

K
Now, for electrodynamometer, we have deflecting torque
Td = I1 I2 dM
dq
So,
Page 365
...(3)
I1 = I2 = I (series)
where
Td = I 2 dM
dq
So,
...(4)
The controlling torque is

...(5)
Tc = Kq
Therefore, equating the equations (4) and (5) for balance condtion, the steady
deflection is obtained as
2
...(6)
q = I dM
K dq
Since, it is given in the question that deflection is same in both meter. So, from
equations (3) and (6), we get
G I = I 2 dM
K dq
K
or
(spring constants are equal)
NBA = I dM
dq
nodia
or
Thus,
SOL 6.6
100 # 0.2 # 80 # 10-6 = I # 0.5 # 10-3

-3
I = 100 # 2 # 80 # 10 = 3.2 A
5

From the graph, we write mathematical expression of voltage v ^ t h
100
v^t h =
t,
20 # 10-3
So,
v ^ t h = 5 # 103 t Volt ,
A moving iron voltmeter reads rms value of voltage, so
1 T v2 t dt
Vrms =
^ h
T 0
=
=
=
=
=
=
SOL 6.7
1
20 # 10-3
25 # 106
20 # 10-3
20 # 10-3
20 # 10-3
2
^5 # 103 # t h dt
t2 dt
-3
25 # 10 t3 20 # 10
: D
20 # 10-3 3 0
3
^20 # 10-3h
25 # 106
#
3
20 # 10-3
6
25 # 10 # 400 # 10-6
3
100 = 57.74 A
3
6

In two wattmeter method, power factor angle is given by
f = tan-1 =
3 ^W1 - W2h
G
W1 + W2
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Chapter 6
3 ^250 - 100h
250 + 100
f = tan-1 ^0.7423h
f = 36.586c
Power factor = cos f
= cos ^36.586ch = 0.8029 lagging
SOL 6.8
nodia
Total power consumed,

P = 1 KW = 1000 W
We can see that power will be consumed by only 1 W resistor and load resistor
R. From the figure we can notice that current in 1 W resistor is 2 A and in load
resistorR is 10 A. So we can write total power equal to sum of power dissipated
in these two resistors.
P = (2) 2 (1) + (10) 2 R
1000 = 4 + 100R
R = 9.96 W
Voltage across load,
VL = 200 V
VL = I R2 + X L2
200 = 10 ^9.96h2 + X L2
^20h2 = ^9.96h2 # X L2
XL = 400 - 99.20
XL = 17.34 W
SOL 6.9

Equivalent resistance when connected in parallel is
Req = R1 R2
R1 + R 2
Let
% Tolerance in
R1 + R2 = Rsum
...(1)
Req = TR1 ^%h + TR2 ^%h - TRsum ^%h
TRsum = ^300 ! 1%h + ^200 ! 1%h
= ;300 ! b 300 # 1 lE + ;200 ! b 200 # 1 lE
100
100
= ^300 ! 3h + ^200 ! 2h
= 500 ! 5
TRsum ^%h = b 5 # 100 l
500
= 1%
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Now, from eq (1)
SOL 6.10
Page 367
TReq ^%h = 1% + 1% - 1%
TReq ^%h = 1%

For ammeter X , Let shunt resistor be RmX
nodia
ImX RmX = Î - ImX h RsnX
0.15 # 1.2 = ^15 - 0.15h RsnX
RsnX = 0.18 = 0.0121 W
14.85
For ammeter Y , Let shunt resistor be RMY
IMY RMY = Î - IMY h RsnY

0.25 # 1.5 = ^15 - 0.25h RsnY
RsnY = 0.375 = 0.0254 W
14.75
Equivalent resistance of ammeter X
RX = RmX || RsnX
= 1.2 || 0.0121
- 0.0121 W
Similarly
RY = 0.0254 W
When connected in parallel, current in the circuit is 15 A , so current through
ammeter X
RY
(Using current division)
15
IX =
RX + RY #
0.0254
=
15
0.0121 + 0.0254 #
= 10.16 A
SOL 6.11
In low power factor (LPF) wattmeter, the multiplying factor is given by
power setting
M.F. =
power for maximum difflection
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Chapter 6
^voltage range usedh # ^current range usedh # (power factor)

Full scale reading
From the given data, we have
Full scale reading = 150
Voltage range used = 150 V
Current range used = 10 A
Power factor = 0.2
Substituting these values in above expression, we get
M.F. = 150 # 10 # 0.2 = 2
150
=
SOL 6.12

We consider the two signals S1 and S2 applied to Y and X deflection plates for
the period T as
nodia
observing the waveforms, we condude that

For 0 < t < T/2 , 0 < S1 < 1 and S2 = 1
At t = T , S1 = S2 = 0
2
For T < t < T , 0 > S1 > - 1 and S2 =- 1
2
Since, S1 is applied to Y -deflection plate and S2 is applied to X -deflection plate.
So, we have
For 0 < t < T/2 ; 0 < y < 1, x = 1
At t = T/2 ; x = y = 0
For T/2 < t < T ; - 1 < y < 0 , x =- 1
Thus, the waveform displayed on the CRT screen is
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Chapter 6
SOL 6.13
Page 369

Moving iron instrument gives rms value, so measured value of moving iron is rms
of given function
1 + sin wt
0 # wt # 6p
v^t h = )
- 1 + sin wt 6p # wt # 12p
So, we have
nodia
6p
1 + sin wt h2 d ^wt h +
Vrms = = 1 ;
12p 0 ^
== 1 ;
12p 0
6p
^1 + 2 sin wt + sin2 wt h d ^wt h +
6p
12p
6p
12p
SOL 6.14
1/2
^1 - 2 sin wt + sin2 wt h d ^wt hEG
1 - cos 2wt d wt +
= = 1 ;6p + 6p +
^ h
12p
2
0
1/2
= : 1 612p + 6p@D
12p
1/2
= b 18 l = 3
12
2
1/2
^- 1 + sin wt h2 d ^wt hEG
6p
12p
6p
1 - cos 2wt d wt 1/2

^ hEG
2
Correct answer is 0.3 mF .

Capacitor are lossless and bridge is balanced. On balancing, we have
z1 z 4 = z 2 z 3
Now, the given bridge circuit is
For balancing, we have

35 # 103 #
or
SOL 6.15
1
1
3
-6 = 105 # 10 #
w
j
#C
jw # 0.1 # 10
C = 0.3 mF
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Page 370
Chapter 6
For an ideal voltmeter interval resistance is always zero. So we can apply the
KVL along the two voltmeters as
V - V1 - V2 = 0
V = V1 + V2
or
SOL 6.16
nodia

For the + ve half cycle of I/p voltage, diode will be forward biased (Vg = 0 , ideal
diode) Therefore, the voltmeter will be short circuited and reads
(for + ve half cycle)
V1 = 0 volt
Now, for - ve half cycle, diode will be reverse biased and treated as open
circuit. So, the voltmeter reads the voltage across 100 kW. Which is given by
14.14 0c
V2 = 100 #
100 + 1
14
So,
V2,rms =
volt
2
Therefore, the average voltage for the whole time period is obtained as
V + V2, rms 0 + ^14/ 2 h
=
= 14
Vave = 1
2
2
2 2
= 4.94 . 4.46 volt
SOL 6.17

The quality factor of the inductances are given by
q1 = wL1
R1
and
q2 = wL2
R2
So, in series circuit, the effective quality factor is given by
XLeq
= wL 1 + wL 2
Q =
Req
R1 + R 2
q1
q
wL 1 + wL 2
+ 2
q R + q2 R2
R
R
R
R
2
2
1 R2
1 R2
=
= 1 1
=
1 + 1
1 + 1
R1 + R 2
R 2 R1
R 2 R1
SOL 6.18
SOL 6.19

PMMC instrument reads average (dc) value.
T
1
Vavg = 1 v (t) dt =
T 0
20 # 10-3
10
= 1 ; tdt +
20 0
20
v (t) dt
20
12
# (- 5) dt + # 5dtE
10
12
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Chapter 6
Page 371
2 10
20
= 1 c :t D - 5 6t @12
+ 5 6t @12
m
10
20 2 0
= 1 [50 - 5 (2) + 5 (8)] = 80 = 4 V

20
20
SOL 6.20

Heaviside mutual inductance bridge measures mutual inductance is terms of a
known self-inductance.
SOL 6.21

Let wt = q , we have instaneous voltage and current as follows.
v (t) = E1 sin q + E 3 sin 3q
i (t) = I1 sin (q - f1) + I 3 sin (3q - f3) + I5 sin (5q)
We know that wattmeter reads the average power, which is gives as
2p
P = 1 v (t) i (t) dq
2p 0
We can solve this integration using following results.
2p
(1) 1
A sin (q + a):B sin (q + b) dq = 1 AB cos (a - b)
2p 0
2
nodia
#
...(1)
2p
(2)
1
2p
(3)
1
2p
# A sin (mq + a):B cos (nq + b) dq = 0
(4)
1
2p
# A sin (mq + a):B cos (nq + b) dq = 0
A sin (q + a):B cos (q + a) dq = 1 AB sin (a - b)

2
2p
2p
Result (3) and (4) implies that power is transferred between same harmonics of
voltages and currents. Thus integration of equation (1) gives.
P = 1 E1 I1 cos f + 1 E 3 I 3 cos f3
2
2
SOL 6.22

A voltmeter with a multiplier is shown in figure below.
Here
Im = Fully scale deflection current of meter.

Rm = Internal resistance of meter
Rs = Voltage across the meter
V = Full range voltage of instrument
Vm = Im Rm
V = Im (Rm + Rs)
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Page 372
Chapter 6
V = R m + Rs = 1 + Rs
Vm
Rm
Rm
Rs1 = 20 kW , Vm1 = 440 V
V = 1 + 20k
440
Rm
Here when,
So,
Rs2 = 80 kW , Vm2 = 352 V

V = 1 + 80 k
So,
352
Rm
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get
...(1)
When,
V = 480 V , Rm = 220 kW
Rs3 = 40 kW , Vm3 = ?
480 = 1 + 40 k & V - 406 V
m2
Vm3
220 k
So when
SOL 6.23
...(2)
nodia

In the alternate mode it switches between channel A and channel B, letting each
through for one cycle of horizontal sweep as shown in the figure.
SOL 6.24

The compensating coil compensation the effect of impedance of current coil.
SOL 6.25

Let
Z1 = R1 || jwC1
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Chapter 6
so admittance
Page 373
Y1 = 1 = 1 + jwC1
Z1 R 1
Z2 = R2 and Z 4 = R 4
Let
ZX = RX + jwLX (Unknown impedance)
For current balance condition of the Bridge
Z 2 Z 4 = Z X Z1 = Z X
Y1
Let
ZX = Z2 Z 4 Y1
RX + jwLX = R2 R 4 b 1 + jwC1 l
R1
Equating imaginary and real parts
RX = R2 R 4 and LX = R2 R 4 C1
R1
Quality factor of inductance which is being measured
Q = wL X = wR 1 C 1
RX
From above equation we can see that for measuring high values of Q we need
a large value of resistance R 4 which is not suitable. This bridge is used for
measuring low Q coils.
Note: We can observe directly that this is a maxwells bridge which is suitable
for low values of Q (i.e. Q < 10 )
SOL 6.26
nodia

4 1 digit display will read from 000.00 to 199.99 So error of 10 counts is equal to
2
= ! 0.10 V
For 100 V, the maximum error is
Percentage error
SOL 6.27
e = ! (100 # 0.002 + 0.1) = ! 0.3 V

= ! 0.3 # 100 % = ! 0.3 % of reading
100

Since potential coil is applied across Z2 as shown below
Wattmeter read power consumed by Z2

SOL 6.28

Given that full scale current is 5 A
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Page 374
Chapter 6
Current in shunt Il = IR - I fs = 25 - 5 = 20 A
20 # Rsh = 5 # 0.2
Rsh = 1 = .05 W
20
SOL 6.29

Overall gain of the system is
100
= 10 (zero error)
g =
1 + 100 b 9 l
100
Gain with error
100 + 10%
110
= 10.091
=
g =
9
110
#9
1
+
1 + (100 + 10%) b
100 l
100
nodia
error 3 g = 10.091 - 10 - 0.1
100 - 10%
90
Similarly
g =
=
9
1 + (100 - 10%)
1 + 90 # 9
100
100
= 9.89
error 3 g = 9.89 - 10 -- 0.1
So gain g = 10 ! 0.1 = 10 ! 1%
SOL 6.30

At balance condition
-j
= R2 R 3
wC 4 m
- jR 4
wC 4
= R2 R 3
(R + jwL)
j
R
c 4 wC 4 m
- jRR 4 wLR 4
+
= R2 R 3 R 4 wC 4
wC 4
- jRR 4 LR 4
+
= R2 R 3 R 4 wC 4
C4
Comparing real & imaginary parts.
RR 4 = R2 R 3
wC 4
wC 4
R = R2 R 3
R4
LR 4 = R R R
Similarly,
2 3 4
C4
(R + jwL) c R 4 <
jR2 R 3
wC 4
jR2 R 3
wC 4
L = R2 R3 C 4
SOL 6.31

Since Potential coil is connected across the load terminal, so it should be highly
resistive, so that all the voltage appears across load.
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Chapter 6
Page 375
SOL 6.32

A circle is produced when there is a 90c phase difference between vertical and
horizontal inputs.
SOL 6.33

Wattmeter reading P = VPC ICC
VPC " Voltage across potential coil.
ICC " Current in current coil.
VPC = Vbc = 400+ - 120c
ICC = Iac = 400+120c = 4+120c
100
P = 400+ - 120c # 4+120c
Power
nodia
= 1600+240c
= 1600 # 1 = 800 Watt
2
SOL 6.34

Average value of a triangular wave
Vav = Vm
3
rms value Vms = Vm
3
Given that
Vav = Vm = 10 V
3
So
Vrms = Vm = 3 Vav = 10 3 V
3
SOL 6.35

Conversion time does not depend on input voltage so it remains same for both
type of ADCs.
SOL 6.36
Frequency ratio
meeting points of horizontal tangents

fY
=
fX
meeting points of vertical tangents
fY
=2
4
fX
fY = 1 (fX )
2
w2 = w1 /2
Since the Lissajous figures are ellipse, so there is a phase difference of 90c exists
between vertical and horizontal inputs.
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Page 376
So
SOL 6.37
Chapter 6
q (w2 t) = A cos w2 t, w2 = w1 /2

Impedance of different branches is given as
ZAB = 500 W
1
+ 300 W
j # 2p # 2 # 103 # 0.398 mF
- (- 200j + 300) W
= j # 2p # 2 # 103 # 15.91 mH + 300 W
- (200j + 300) W
ZBC =
ZAD
To balance the bridge
ZAB ZCD = ZAD ZBC

500Z = (200j + 300) (- 200j + 300)
nodia
500Z = 130000
Z = (260 + j0) W
SOL 6.38
SOL 6.39

Since both the waveform appeared across resistor and inductor are same so the
common point is B. Signal Probe S1 is connecte with A, S2 is connected with C
and both the grount probes G1 and G2 are connected with common point B.
To balance the bridge
(R1 + jX1) (R 4 - jX 4) = R2 R 3
(R1 R 4 + X1 X 4) + j (X1 R 4 - R1 X 4) = R2 R 3
comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides of equations
...(1)
R 1 R 4 + X1 X 4 = R 2 R 3
...(2)
X 1 R 4 - R 1 X 4 = 0 & X1 = R 1
X4 R4
from eq(1) and (2) it is clear that for balancing the bridge first balance R 4 and
then R1 .
SOL 6.40

From the Calibration pulse we can obtain
Voltage
(3 V) = 5 = 2.5 V
2
Division
Time (3 T) = 1 ms = 1 msec
4
4
Division
So amplitude (p-p) of unknown signal is
VP - P = 3 V # 5 = 2.5 # 5 = 7.5 V
Time period T = 3 T # 8 = 1 # 8 = 2 ms
4
SOL 6.41

Reading of wattmeter (Power) in the circuit
T
Pav = 1 # VIdt = Common are between V - I
T 0
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Chapter 6
Page 377
total common area = 0 (Positive and negative area are equal)

So Pav = 0
SOL 6.42

PMMC instrument reads only dc value so
nodia
I PMMC =- 8 A
rms meter reads rms value so
Irms =
(- 8) 2 +
(6 2 ) 2
2
64 + 36 = 10 A
Moving iron instrument also reads rms value of current So

I MI = 10 mA
Reading are (I PMMC, Irms, I MI) = (- 8 A, 10 A, 10 A)
SOL 6.43

Given that w =
xy
z
log w = log x + log y - log z

Maximum error in w
% dw
w
dx
x
dy
y
dy
y
dz
z
% dw
w
So
dy
= ! dx !
! dz
x
y
z
= ! 0.5% reading
= ! 1% full scale = ! 1 # 100 = ! 1
100
= ! 1 # 100 = ! 5% reading
20
= 1.5% reading
= ! 0.5% ! 5% ! 1.5%
= ! 7%
SOL 6.44
SOL 6.45
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Page 378
Chapter 6
In balanced condition there is no current in CD arm so VC = VD

Writing node equation at C and D
VC - V + VC = 0 & V = V
R3
C
b R1 + R 3 l
R1
R3
V0 - V + VD = 0 & V = V
R4
D
b R2 + R 4 l
R2
R4
So
Vb R3 l = Vb R4 l
R1 + R 3
R2 + R 4
nodia
R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 4 = R1 R 4 + R 3 R 4
R 1 = R 2 R 3 /R 4
SOL 6.46

Q-meter works on the principle of series resonance.
At resonance VC = VL
and I = V
R
Quality factor Q = wL = 1
R
wCR
= wL # I = VL = VC
R#I
E
E
Thus, we can obtain Q
SOL 6.47

PMMC instruments reads DC value only so it reads 2 V.
SOL 6.48

Vfs
2 -1
V
14 mv = 3.5
2n - 1
3.5
2n - 1 =
14 # 10- 3
2n - 1 = 250
2n = 251
Resolution of n-bit DAC =

So
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Chapter 6
Page 379
n = 8 bit
SOL 6.49

We can obtain the frequency ratio as following
meeting points of horizontal tangents

fY
=
fX
meeting points of vertical tangents
fY
=2
4
fX
fY = 1 fX
2
There should exist a phase difference(15c) also to produce exact figure of-8.
SOL 6.50
nodia
The configuration is shown below
It is given that Im = 100 A

Range is to be extended to 0 - 500 A,
I = 500 A
So
Im Rm = (I - Im) Rsh
100 # 0.1 = (500 - 100) Rsh
Rsh = 100 # 0.1 = 0.025 W
400
SOL 6.51

The configuration is shown below
Current in voltmeter is given by

IV = E = 180 = .09 A
2000 2000
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Page 380
I + IV = 2 amp
I = 2 - .09 = 1.91 V
R = E = 180 = 94.24 W
1.91
I
R 0 = 180 = 90 W
2
% error = R - R 0 # 100 = 94.24 - 90 # 100 = 4.71%
90
R0
So
Ideally
SOL 6.52
Chapter 6

The measurement system is shown below
nodia
Voltmeter reading
1000
(50 kW z 4 MW)
6 MW + 50 kW z 4 MW l
= 1000 # .049 = 8.10 V
6 + .049
V =b
SOL 6.53

Total power P = P1 + P2 = 10.5 - 2.5 = 8 kW
Power factor = cos q
Where
q = tan- 1 ; 3 b P2 - P1 lE = tan- 1 : 3 # - 13D
8
P2 + P1
=- 70.43c
Power factor = cos q = 0.334
SOL 6.54

for the dc potentiometer E \ l
E1 = l 1
so,
E2
l2
l
E2 = E1 d 1 n = (1.18) # 680 = 1.34 V
600
l2
SOL 6.55

Let the actual voltage and current are I1 and V1 respectively, then
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Chapter 6
Page 381
Current in CC is 20 A
20 = I1 b
1000
1000 + 0.02 l
I1 = 20.0004 A - 20 A
200 = V1 - .02 # 20 = 200.40
Power measured Pm = V1 I1 = 20 (200.40) = 4008 W
Load power
PL = 20 # 200 = 4000 W
% Change = Pm - PL = 4008 - 4000 # 100
4000
PL
nodia
= 0.2% more
SOL 6.56
We have to obtain n = I
I1
I1 = Rsh = 100 = 1
I2
Rm 1000 10
I1 + I 2 = I
I1 + 10I1 = I
11I1 = I
n = I = 11
I1
SOL 6.57

In the following configuration
1
1 =
jw C
2p # 100 # 103 # 10 # 10- 12
writing node equation at P
Rectance
Xc =
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Chapter 6
VP - 10 + V 1 + 1 - j = 0
Pb
100
100 500 159 l
10 - VP = VP (1.2 - j0.628)
10 = (2.2 - j0.628) VP
VP 10 = 4.38 V
2.28
SOL 6.58

The torque on the coil is given by
t = NIBA
N " no. of turns,
I " current,
B " magnetic field,
nodia
So,
SOL 6.59
N = 100
I = 50 mA
B = 200 mTA " Area,
A = 10 mm # 20 mm
t = 100 # 50 # 10- 3 # 200 # 10- 3 # 200 # 10- 3 # 10- 3

= 200 # 10- 6 Nm

Meter constant (A-sec/rev) is given by
14.4 = I
speed
I
14.4 =
K # Power
Where K is the meter constant in rev/kWh.
I
14.4 =
K # VI
15
14.4 =
K # 15 # 250
1
K =
250 # 14.4
1
K =
250 # 14.4
b 1000 # 3600 l
= 1000 # 3600 = 1000 rev/kWh.
3600
SOL 6.60

For moving iron ameter full scale torque is given by
tC = 1 I2 dL
2 dq
240 # 10- 6 = 1 (10) 2 dL
2
dq
Change in inductance
dL = 4.8 mH/radian
dq
SOL 6.61

In the figure
VRY = 415+30c
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Chapter 6
Page 383
VBN = 415 +120c

3
Current in current coil
IC = VRY = 415+30c
Z
100+36.87c
= 4.15+ - 6.87
` power factor = 0.8

cos f = 0.8 & f = 36.87c
Power = VI) = 415 +120c # 4.15+6.87c

3
= 994.3+126.87c
Reading of wattmeter
P = 994.3 ^cos 126.87ch
= 994.3 (- 0.60) =- 597 W
SOL 6.62
nodia
For small values of phase angle
IP = nf , f " Phase angle (radians)
IS
n " turns ratio
Magnetizing ampere-turns
= 200
So primary current IP = 200 # 1 = 200 amp
Turns ratio n = 500
So
Secondary current IS = 5 amp

200 = 500f
5
f (in degrees) = b 180 lb 200 l
p 5 # 500
- 4.58c
SOL 6.63

Voltage appeared at secondary winding
ES = IS # ZL = 5 # 1 = 5 Volts
Voltage induced is given by
ES =
5=
f=
SOL 6.64
2 pfNf , f " flux

2 # 3.14 # 50 # 500 # f
5
= 45 # 10- 6 wb
3
2 # 3.14 # 25 # 10

In PMCC instruments, as temperature increases the coil resistance increases.
Swamp resistors are connected in series with the moving coil to provide
temperature compensation. Swamping resistors is made of magnin, which has a
zero-temperature coefficient.
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Chapter 6
SOL 6.65
Correct answer is ().

Effect of stray magnetic field is maximum when the operating field and stray
fields are parallel.
SOL 6.66
nodia
Let
C1 = 300 pF
1
wC 1 R
Now when Cx is connected in parallel with variable resistor C1 ' = 200 pF
1
Q = 120 =
w (C1 ' + Cx ) R
Q = 120 =
So
SOL 6.67
C 1 = C1 ' + C x
300 = 200 + Cx
Cx = 100 pF

Maximum frequency of input in dual slop A/D converter is given as
where
so
Tm = 2n TC
fm = 1 " maximum frquency of input
Tm
fC = 1 " clock frequency
TC
f
fm = Cn , n = 10
2
6
= 10 = 1 kHz (approax)
1024
SOL 6.68

Kelvin Double bridge is used for measuring low values of resistances. (P " 2)
Low values of capacitances is precisely measured by schering bridge (Q " 3)
Inductance of a coil with large time constant or high quality factor is measured
by hays bridge (R " 5)
SOL 6.69

Full scale deflection is produced by a dc current of 1 mA
(Idc) fs = 1 mA
For full wave reactifier
(Idc) fs = 2Im , Im "peak value of ac current
p
1 mA = 2Im
3.14
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Page 385
Im = 1.57 mA
Full scale ac current
(Irms) fs = 1.57 = 1.11 mA
2
V = (Rs + Rm) (Irms) fs

100 = (Rs + 100) (1.11 mA)
nodia
100
= Rs + 100
(1.11 mA)
100 # 900 = Rs + 100
Rs = 89.9 kW
SOL 6.70

First the current coil is connected in R-phase and pressure coil is connected
between this phase and the neutral as shown below
Reading of wattmeter
W1 = IP VP cos q1 , cos q1 = 0.8 & q1 = 36.86c
400 = IL VL cos q1
3
...(1)
400 = IL VL # 0.8
3
Now when pressure coil is connected between B and Y-phases, the circuit is
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Page 386
Chapter 6
phasor diagram
nodia
Angle
Now wattmeter reading
From equation (1)
so
q2 = 23.14c + 30c = 54.14c2

W2 = VYB IL cos q2
VL IL = 400 # 3
0.8
W2 = 400 # 3 # cos 53.14c
0.8
= 519.5 W
SOL 6.71

In a moving-iron ammeter control torque is given as
tc = Kq = 1 I2 dL
2 dq
Where
K " control spring constant
q " deflection
2
Given that L = 10 + 3q - q
4
dL = 3 - q mH/rad
b
2l
dq
So,
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Chapter 6
Page 387
tc = (25 # 10- 6) q = 1 (5) 2 b 3 - q l # 10- 6

2
2
2q = 3 - q
2
5q = 3 & q = 6 = 1.2 rad.
2
5
SOL 6.72

Magnetizing current Im = 250 = 250 amp
1
Primary current I p = 500 amp
Secondary current Is = 5 amp
I
Turn ratio n = p = 500 = 100
5
Is
nodia
Total primary current (IT ) =
[primary current (I p)] 2 +
[magnetising current (I m)] 2
IT =
=
I p2 + I m2
(500) 2 + (250) 2 = 559.01 amp
Turn ratio n' = IT = 559.01 = 111.80

5
Is
Percentage ratio error 3 n = n - nl # 100
nl
100
- 111.80 100 =- 10.55%
=
#
111.80
SOL 6.73

Power read by meter Pm = VI sin (3 - f)
Where
3 "Phase angle between supply voltage and pressure coil flux.
f "Phase angle of load
Here
3 = 85c, f = 60c "a cos f = 0.5
So measured power
Pm = 200 # 5 sin (85c - 60c)
= 1100 sin 25c
= 464.88 W
Actual power
PO = VI cos f = 220 # 5 # 0.5 = 550 W
Error in measurement = Pm - PO = 464.88 - 550 =- 85.12 W
For unity power factor cos f = 1
f = 0c
So
Pm = 220 # 5 sin (85c - 0c) = 1095.81 W
Error in Measurement
SOL 6.74
PO = 220 # 5 cos 0c = 1100

= 1095.81 - 1100 =- 4.19 W

We can obtain the Lissaju pattern (in X-Y mode) by following method.
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Page 388
Chapter 6
Vx = Vxm sin wt
Vy = Vym sin (wt + 0c) = sin wt
Draw Vx and Vy as shown below
For f = 0c,
nodia
Divide both Vy and Vx equal parts and match the corresponding points on the
screen.
Similarly for f = 90c
Vx = Vxm sin wt
Vy = Vym sin (wt + 90c)
Similarly for f = 3p
2
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Chapter 6
Page 389
nodia
we can also obtain for 0 < f < 3p
2
***********
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Page 390
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
CHAPTER 7
ANALOG ELECTRONICS
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 7.1
ONE MARK
In the Wien Bridge oscillator circuit shown in figure, the bridge is balanced when
nodia
1
(A) R 3 = R1 , w =
R 4 R2
R1 C1 R 2 C 2
R
C
1
(B) 2 = 2 , w =
R1 C1
R1 C1 R 2 C 2
1
(C) R 3 = R1 + C2 , w =
R 4 R 2 C1
R1 C1 R 2 C 2
1
(D) R 3 + R1 = C 2 , w =
R 4 R 2 C1
R1 C1 R 2 C 2
EE SP 7.2
The magnitude of the mid-band voltage gain of the circuit shown in figure is
(assuming h fe of the transistor to be 100)
(A) 1
(B) 10
(C) 20
(D) 100
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 391
YEAR 2014 EE01
TWO MARKS
EE SP 7.3
Given that the op-amps in the figure are ideal, the output voltage V0 is
EE SP 7.4
nodia
(A) ^V1 - V2h
(C) ^V1 - V2h /2
(B) 2 ^V1 - V2h

(D) ^V1 + V2h
In the figure shown, assume the op-amp to be ideal. Which of the alternatives
v i ^w h
?
gives the correct Bode plote for the transfer function
v i ^w h
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Page 392
Analog Electronics
nodia
YEAR 2014 EE02
Chapter 7
ONE MARK
EE SP 7.5
The transistor in the given circuit should always be in active region. Take
VCE^sat h = 0.2 V , VBE = 0.7 V . The maximum value of Rc in W which can be used,
is _____.
EE SP 7.6
The sinusoidal ac source in the figure has an rms value of 202 V . Considering all
possible values of RL , the minimum value of Rs in W to avoid burnout of the
Zener diode is _____.
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 393
YEAR 2014 EE02

EE SP 7.7
TWO MARKS
Assuming the diodes to be ideal in the figure, for the output to be clipped, the
input voltage vi must be outside the range
(A) - 1 V to - 2 V
(C) + 1 V to - 2 V
EE SP 7.8
(B) - 2 V to - 4 V
(D) + 2 V to - 4 V
nodia
A 10 kHz even-symmetric square ware is passed through a bandpass filter with

centre frequency at 30 kHz and 3 dB passband of 6 kHz. The filter output is
(A) a highly attenuated square wave at 10 kHz
(B) nearly zero
(C) a nearly perfect cosine wave at 30 kHz
(D) a nearly perfect sine wave at 30 kHz
EE SP 7.9
An oscillator circuit using ideal op-amp and diodes is shown in the figure.
The time duration for + ve part of the cycle is Tt1 and for - ve part is Tt2 . The
Tt1 - Tt 2
RC
value of e
will be ______.
YEAR 2014 EE03

EE SP 7.10
ONE MAERK
An operational amplifier circuit is shown in the figure. The output of the circuit
for a given input vi is
(A) -b R2 l vi
(B) -b1 + R2 l vi
R1
R1
(C) b1 + R2 l vi
(D) + Vsat or - Vsat
R1
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Page 394
Analog Electronics
nodia
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 7.11
TWO MARKS
The transfer characteristic of the Op-amp circuit shown in figure is
YEAR 2013
EE SP 7.12
Chapter 7
ONE MARK
In a voltage-voltage feedback as shown below, which one of the following

statements is TRUE if the gain k is increased?
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 395
(A) The input impedance increases and output impedance decreases

(B) The input impedance increases and output impedance also increases
(C) The input impedance decreases and output impedance also decreases
nodia
(D) The input impedance decreases and output impedance increases
EE SP 7.13
In the circuit shown below what is the output voltage ^Vouth if a silicon transistor
Q and an ideal op-amp are used?
(A) - 15 V
(C) + 0.7 V
(B) - 0.7 V
(D) + 15 V
YEAR 2013
EE SP 7.14
TWO MARKS
In the circuit shown below the op-amps are ideal. Then, Vout in Volts is
(A) 4
(B) 6
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Page 396
Analog Electronics
(C) 8
EE SP 7.15
(D) 10
A voltage 1000 sin wt Volts is applied across YZ . Assuming ideal diodes, the
voltage measured across WX in Volts, is
nodia
(A) sin wt
(C) ^sin wt - sin wt h /2
EE SP 7.16
Chapter 7
(B) _sin wt + sin wt i /2

(D) 0 for all t
In the circuit shown below, the knee current of the ideal Zener dioide is 10 mA
. To maintain 5 V across RL , the minimum value of RL in W and the minimum
power rating of the Zener diode in mW, respectively, are
(A) 125 and 125

(C) 250 and 125
(B) 125 and 250

(D) 250 and 250
YEAR 2012
EE SP 7.17
ONE MARK
The i -v characteristics of the diode in the circuit given below are

v - 0.7 A, v $ 0.7 V
i = * 500
0A
v < 0. 7 V
The current in the circuit is
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 397
(A) 10 mA
(B) 9.3 mA
(C) 6.67 mA
(D) 6.2 mA
YEAR 2012
TWO MARKS
EE SP 7.18
The voltage gain Av of the circuit shown below is
EE SP 7.19
nodia
(A) Av . 200
(B) Av . 100
(C) Av . 20
(D) Av . 10
The circuit shown is a
1
rad/s
(R1 + R2) C
(B) high pass filter with f3dB = 1 rad/s
R1 C
(C) low pass filter with f3dB = 1 rad/s
R1 C
1
(D) high pass filter with f3dB =
rad/s
(R1 + R2) C
(A) low pass filter with f3dB =
YEAR 2011
EE SP 7.20
ONE MARK
A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 30 Hz is cascaded with a high pass

filter with a cut-off frequency of 20 Hz. The resultant system of filters will
function as
(A) an all pass filter
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Page 398
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
(B) an all stop filter

(C) an band stop (band-reject) filter
(D) a band pass filter
EE SP 7.21
The CORRECT transfer characteristic is
nodia
YEAR 2011
EE SP 7.22
TWO MARKS
The transistor used in the circuit shown below has a b of 30 and ICBO is negligible
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 399
If the forward voltage drop of diode is 0.7 V, then the current through collector
will be
(A) 168 mA
(B) 108 mA
(C) 20.54 mA
(D) 5.36 mA
EE SP 7.23
nodia
A clipper circuit is shown below.
Assuming forward voltage drops of the diodes to be 0.7 V, the input-output

transfer characteristics of the circuit is
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Page 400
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
YEAR 2010
EE SP 7.24
ONE MARK
Given that the op-amp is ideal, the output voltage vo is
(A) 4 V
nodia
(B) 6 V
(C) 7.5 V
(D) 12.12 V
EE SP 7.25
Assuming that the diodes in the given circuit are ideal, the voltage V0 is
(A) 4 V
(C) 7.5 V
(B) 5 V
(D) 12.12 V
YEAR 2010
EE SP 7.26
TWO MARKS
The transistor circuit shown uses a silicon transistor with VBE = 0.7, IC . IE and
a dc current gain of 100. The value of V0 is
(A) 4.65 V
(B) 5 V
(C) 6.3 V
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 401
(D) 7.23 V
YEAR 2009
ONE MARK
EE SP 7.27
The nature of feedback in the op-amp circuit shown is
EE SP 7.28
nodia
(A) Current-Current feedback
(B) Voltage-Voltage feedback
(C) Current-Voltage feedback
(D) Voltage-Current feedback
YEAR 2009
TWO MARKS
The following circuit has R = 10 kW, C = 10 mF . The input voltage is a sinusoidal

at 50 Hz with an rms value of 10 V. Under ideal conditions, the current Is from
the source is
(A) 10p mA leading by 90%

(B) 20p mA leading by 90%
(C) 10p mA leading by 90%
(D) 10p mA lagging by 90%
EE SP 7.29
Transformer and emitter follower can both be used for impedance matching at
the output of an audio amplifier. The basic relationship between the input power
Pin and output power Pout in both the cases is
(A) Pin = Pout for both transformer and emitter follower
(B) Pin > Pout for both transformer and emitter follower
(C) Pin < Pout for transformer and Pin = Pout for emitter follower
(D) Pin = Pout for transformer and Pin < Pout for emitter follower
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Page 402
EE SP 7.30
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
An ideal op-amp circuit and its input wave form as shown in the figures. The
output waveform of this circuit will be
nodia
YEAR 2008
EE SP 7.31
ONE MARK
The equivalent circuits of a diode, during forward biased and reverse biased
conditions, are shown in the figure.
(1)
(2)
If such a diode is used in clipper circuit of figure given above, the output voltage
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 403
V0 of the circuit will be
nodia
YEAR 2008
EE SP 7.32
TWO MARKS
Two perfectly matched silicon transistor are connected as shown in the figure
assuming the b of the transistors to be very high and the forward voltage drop
in diodes to be 0.7 V, the value of current I is
(A) 0 mA
(C) 4.3 mA
EE SP 7.33
(B) 3.6 mA
(D) 5.7 mA
In the voltage doubler circuit shown in the figure, the switch S is closed at
t = 0 . Assuming diodes D1 and D2 to be ideal, load resistance to be infinite and
initial capacitor voltages to be zero. The steady state voltage across capacitor C1
and C2 will be
(A) Vc1 = 10 V,Vc2 = 5 V

(B) Vc1 = 10 V,Vc2 =- 5 V
(C) Vc1 = 5 V,Vc2 = 10 V
(D) Vc1 = 5 V,Vc2 =- 10 V
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Page 404
EE SP 7.34
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
The block diagrams of two of half wave rectifiers are shown in the figure. The
transfer characteristics of the rectifiers are also shown within the block.
It is desired to make full wave rectifier using above two half-wave rectifiers. The
resultants circuit will be
nodia
A general filter circuit is shown in the figure :
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
EE SP 7.35
If R1 = R2 = RA and R3 = R4 = RB , the circuit acts as a

(A) all pass filter
(B) band pass filter
(C) high pass filter
(D) low pass filter
EE SP 7.36
The output of the this filter is given to the circuit in figure :

The gain v/s frequency characteristic of the output (vo) will be
Page 405
nodia
YEAR 2007
EE SP 7.37
ONE MARK
The common emitter forward current gain of the transistor shown is bF = 100
The transistor is operating in

(A) Saturation region
(B) Cutoff region
(C) Reverse active region
(D) Forward active region
EE SP 7.38
The three-terminal linear voltage regulator is connected to a 10 W load resistor as

shown in the figure. If Vin is 10 V, what is the power dissipated in the transistor ?
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Page 406
EE SP 7.39
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
(A) 0.6 W
(B) 2.4 W
(C) 4.2 W
(D) 5.4 W
The circuit shown in the figure is
nodia
rV
R1 < R2
r < R2
(B) a voltage source with voltage
V
R1
r < R2 V
(C) a current source with current c
R1 + R2 m r
(D) a current source with current c R2 mV
R1 + R2 r
(A) a voltage source with voltage
YEAR 2007
EE SP 7.40
TWO MARKS
The input signal Vin shown in the figure is a 1 kHz square wave voltage that
alternates between + 7 V and - 7 V with a 50% duty cycle. Both transistor
have the same current gain which is large. The circuit delivers power to the load
resistor RL . What is the efficiency of this circuit for the given input ? choose the
closest answer.
(A) 46%
(C) 63%
(B) 55%
(D) 92%
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
YEAR 2006
EE SP 7.41
Page 407
ONE MARK
For a given sinusoidal input voltage, the voltage waveform at point P of the
clamper circuit shown in figure will be
nodia
EE SP 7.42
What are the states of the three ideal diodes of the circuit shown in figure ?
(A) D1 ON, D2 OFF, D3 OFF
(B) D1 OFF, D2 ON, D3 OFF
(C) D1 ON, D2 OFF, D3 ON
(D) D1 OFF, D2 ON, D3 ON
YEAR 2006
EE SP 7.43
TWO MARKS
Assuming the diodes D1 and D2 of the circuit shown in figure to be ideal ones,
the transfer characteristics of the circuit will be
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Page 408
EE SP 7.44
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
nodia
A relaxation oscillator is made using OPAMP as shown in figure. The supply

voltages of the OPAMP are !12 V . The voltage waveform at point P will be
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Chapter 7
EE SP 7.45
Analog Electronics
Page 409
Consider the circuit shown in figure. If the b of the transistor is 30 and ICBO is
20 mA and the input voltage is + 5 V , the transistor would be operating in
nodia
(A) saturation region
(B) active region
(C) breakdown region

(D) cut-off region
EE SP 7.46
A TTL NOT gate circuit is shown in figure. Assuming VBE = 0.7 V of both the
transistors, if Vi = 3.0 V, then the states of the two transistors will be
(A) Q1 ON and Q2 OFF

(B) Q1 reverse ON and Q2 OFF
(C) Q1 reverse ON and Q2 ON
(D) Q1 OFF and Q2 reverse ON
YEAR 2005
EE SP 7.47
ONE MARK
Assume that D1 and D2 in figure are ideal diodes. The value of current is
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Page 410
EE SP 7.48
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
(A) 0 mA
(B) 0.5 mA
(C) 1 mA
(D) 2 mA
Assume that the N-channel MOSFET shown in the figure is ideal, and that its
threshold voltage is + 1.0 V the voltage Vab between nodes a and b is
nodia
(A) 5 V
(C) 1 V
(B) 2 V
(D) 0 V
YEAR 2005
EE SP 7.49
The common emitter amplifier shown in the figure is biased using a 1 mA ideal
current source. The approximate base current value is
(A) 0 mA
(C) 100 mA
EE SP 7.50
TWO MARKS
(B) 10 mA
(D) 1000 mA
The typical frequency response of a two-stage direct coupled voltage amplifier is

as shown in figure
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Chapter 7
EE SP 7.51
Analog Electronics
nodia
Consider the inverting amplifier, using an ideal operational amplifier shown in

the figure. The designer wishes to realize the input resistance seen by the smallsignal source to be as large as possible, while keeping the voltage gain between
- 10 and - 25 . The upper limit on RF is 1 MW. The value of R1 should be
(A) Infinity
(C) 100 kW
EE SP 7.52
Page 411
(B) 1 MW
(D) 40 kW
In the given figure, if the input is a sinusoidal signal, the output will appear as
shown
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Page 412
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7

Assume that the threshold voltage of the N-channel MOSFET shown in figure is
+ 0.75 V. The output characteristics of the MOSFET are also shown
EE SP 7.53
EE SP 7.54
nodia
The transconductance of the MOSFET is
(A) 0.75 ms
(B) 1 ms
(C) 2 ms
(D) 10 ms
The voltage gain of the amplifier is

(A) + 5
(C) + 10
(B) - 7.5
(D) - 10
YEAR 2004
EE SP 7.55
The current through the Zener diode in figure is
(A) 33 mA
(C) 2 mA
EE SP 7.56
ONE MARK
(B) 3.3 mA
(D) 0 mA
Two perfectly matched silicon transistor are connected as shown in figure. The
value of the current I is
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Chapter 7
EE SP 7.57
Analog Electronics
Page 413
(A) 0 mA
(B) 2.3 mA
(C) 4.3 mA
(D) 7.3 mA
nodia
The feedback used in the circuit shown in figure can be classified as
(A) shunt-series feedback

(C) series-shunt feedback
(B) shunt-shunt feedback

(D) series-series feedback
YEAR 2004
EE SP 7.58
Assuming that the diodes are ideal in figure, the current in diode D1 is
(A) 9 mA
(C) 0 mA
EE SP 7.59
TWO MARKS
(B) 5 mA
(D) - 3 mA
The trans-conductance gm of the transistor shown in figure is 10 mS. The value

of the input resistance Rin is
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Page 414
Analog Electronics
(A) 10.0 kW
(C) 5.0 kW
EE SP 7.60
nodia
(B) 470 W
(D) 1200 W
In the active filter circuit shown in figure, if Q = 1, a pair of poles will be realized
with w0 equal to
(A) 1000 rad/s

(C) 10 rad/s
EE SP 7.62
(B) 8.3 kW
(D) 2.5 kW
The value of R for which the PMOS transistor in figure will be biased in linear
region is
(A) 220 W
(C) 680 W
EE SP 7.61
Chapter 7
(B) 100 rad/s

(D) 1 rad/s
The input resistance Rin = vx /ix of the circuit in figure is
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
(A) + 100 kW
(C) + 1 MW
Page 415
(B) - 100 kW
(D) - 1 MW
YEAR 2003
EE SP 7.63
ONE MARK
nodia
The variation of drain current with gate-to-source voltage (ID - VGS characteristic)
of a MOSFET is shown in figure. The MOSFET is
(A) an n-channel depletion mode device

(B) an n-channel enhancement mode device
(C) an p-channel depletion mode device

(D) an p-channel enhancement mode device
EE SP 7.64
In the circuit of figure, assume that the transistor has hfe = 99 and VBE = 0.7 V.
The value of collector current IC of the transistor is approximately
(A) [3.3/3.3] mA
(B) [3.3/(3.3+3.3)] mA
(C) [3.3/.33] mA
(D) [3.3(33+3.3)] mA
EE SP 7.65
For the circuit of figure with an ideal operational amplifier, the maximum phase
shift of the output vout with reference to the input vin is
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Analog Electronics
(A) 0c
(C) + 90c
Chapter 7
(B) - 90c
(D) !180c
YEAR 2003
EE SP 7.66
nodia
For the n-channel enhancement MOSFET shown in figure, the threshold voltage
Vth = 2 V. The drain current ID of the MOSFET is 4 mA when the drain resistance
RD is 1 kW.If the value of RD is increased to 4 kW, drain current ID will become
(A) 2.8 mA
(C) 1.4 mA
EE SP 7.67
TWO MARKS
(B) 2.0 mA
(D) 1.0 mA
Assuming the operational amplifier to be ideal, the gain vout /vin for the circuit
shown in figure is
(A) - 1
(B) - 20
(C) - 100
(D) - 120
EE SP 7.68
A voltage signal 10 sin wt is applied to the circuit with ideal diodes, as shown in
figure, The maximum, and minimum values of the output waveform Vout of the
circuit are respectively
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 417
(A) + 10 V and - 10 V
(B) + 4 V and - 4 V
(C) + 7 V and - 4 V
(D) + 4 V and - 7 V
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Page 418
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
SOLUTIONS
SOL 7.1
Correct option (C).

To determine the balancing condition, we reconstruct the Wien bridge as
nodia
At balance, we have
z1 z 4 = z 2 z 3
j
R2
c R 1 - w C 1 m R 4 = c 1 + j wC 2 R 2 m R 3
R 3 = R 1 + C 2 + j wC R - 1
or
b 2 1 wC 1 R 2 l
R4
R 2 C1
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
R 3 = R1 + C 2
R4
R 2 C1
1
and
wC 2 R 1 - 1
=0 &w =
wC 1 R 2
R1 C1 R 2 C 2
or
SOL 7.2
Correct option (D).

We have the transistor circuit as
Its equivalent h -parameter circuit is drawn as
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 419
For the circuit, we obtain the mid-band gain as

Am = Vo
Vs
h Rl
(Rs = 0 as it by passes due to capacitor)
= fe
Rs + hie
3
= 100 # 10 # 10
= 100
0 + 10 # 103
i.e. the mid-band gain is 100.
SOL 7.3

We redraw the given op-amp circuit as
nodia
Node voltage Vc is connected to inverting mode of op-amp. So, we have the
output due to Vc as
R
Vo+ = f V1 =- R Vc
R1
R
Again, node voltage Vd is connected to the non-inverting mode of op-amp. So, we
have the output due to Vd as
R R
Vo- =+c1 + f m f V2 = b1 + R l R Vd
R1 2R1
R 2R
Therefore, the net output of the op-amp is
Vo = Vo+ + Vo=- Vc # b R l + Vd R b1 + R l
R
2R
R
=- Vc + Vd # 2 = Vd - Vc
2
Applying KVL in the op-amp circuit, we have
- Vc + IR + I ^2Rh + IR + Vd = 0
or
Vd - Vc =- 4IR
or
Vo =- 4IR
Also, we have
- Va + 2IR + Vb = 0
or
2IR = Va - Vb
From equations (3) and (4), we get
...(1)
[using equation (1)] ...(2)
...(3)
Vo =- 2 ^Va - Vb h
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Page 420
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
...(4)
= 2 ^Vb - Va h
Since, the voltage at inverting and non-inverting terminals are same for ideal opamp. So, from the op-amp circuit, we have
V1 = Vb and V2 = Va
Substituting it in equation (4), we obtain
Vo = 2 ^V1 - V2h
SOL 7.4
Correct option is (A)

We have the op-amp circuit
nodia
Let the voltage at inverting terminal of op-amp be X . So, we have
X ^s h - Vo ^s h
=0
Rf
or
X ^s h = Vo ^s h
...(1)
Applying KCL at non-inverting terminal of op-amp, we get

X ^s h - Vi ^s h
=0
[X ^s h - 0] Cs +
R1
Vi ^s h
or
X ^s h:Cs + 1 D =
R1
R1
Vi ^s h
or
[from equation (1)]
Vo ^s h:R1 Cs + 1D =
R1
R1
Vo ^s h
1
1
So,
=
=
1 + R1 Cs 1 + 10-3
Vi ^s h
Therefore, the corner frequency for the transfer function is
wC = 1-3 = 103
10
Hence, we draw the Bode plot for the function (in decibel),
Vo ^wh
1
20 log
= 20 log
Vi ^wh
f 1 + jw3 p
10
The obtained magnitude and phase plots are
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Chapter 7
SOL 7.5
Analog Electronics
Page 421
Given:
VCE^sath = 0.2
VBE = 0.7
nodia
b = 100
Writing KVL around the input loop
5 - I B R S - 0. 7 = 0
IB = 5 - 0.7 = 4.3 3 = 2.15 mA
2 kW
2 # 10
IC = bIB = 100 # 2.15 mA = 0.215 A
Writing KVL around the output loop
For active region

or,
So,
SOL 7.6
5 - IC RC - VCE = 0
VCE = 5 - 0.215RC
VCE > VCE^sath
VCE > 0.2 V

5 - 0.215RC > 0.2
0.215RC < 5 - 0.2
RC min = 4.8 . 22.32 W
0.215

The given circuit is a bridge full wave rectifier with zener regulator. The voltage
across the regulator is a full wave rectified output as shown below.
I S = IZ + I L
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Page 422
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
IZ = I S - I L
IZ max = IS max - IL min
Because when IL will be minimum IZ will be maximum.
We have
IS max = Vo - VZ = 20 - 5
Rs min
Rs min
IL min = 0
^1/4h
= 1 A
IZ max = PZ =
5
20
VZ
Substituting these values in eq (1), we get
1 = 20 - 5
20
Rs min
...(1)
(for RL " 3)
Rs min = 15 # 20 = 300 W
SOL 7.7
nodia
Assume when both the diodes will be OFF.
In that case
vo = vi
2
For proper clipping operation, both the diode can not be forward biased together.
When both diodes are off, we have
vo = vi
2
Let v p1 , vn1 are voltage of anode and cathode of diode D1 and v p2 and vn2 are
voltage of anode and cathode of D2 . So
vo = v p1 = vi
2
vo = vn1 = vi
2
To make both diodes forward biased
v p1 > - 1 V and vn2 < - 2 V
vi > - 1 V and vi < - 2 V
or
2
2
So
clipping operation.
SOL 7.8
SOL 7.9
vi =- 2 V to - 4 V range does not allow proper
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Chapter 7
SOL 7.10
Analog Electronics
Page 423

We have the op-amp circuit as given below.
nodia
For
1.
2.
3.
an operation amplifier, we know that

If vi > Vsat ; then output voltage will be Vsat
If vi < - Vsat ; then the output voltage will be - Vsat
If - Vsat < vi < Vsat ; then the output voltage varies according to the applied
input.
For the given op-amp circuit, we assume that
- Vsat < vi < Vsat

So, we obtain the output for the corresponding input vi . Applying KCL at noninverting terminal of first op-amp, we have
vi - 0 + vi - x = 0
R1
R2
or
vi b 1 + 1 l = x
R2
R1 R 2
or
...(1)
x = b R1 + R 2 l v i
R1
where x is the voltage at non-inverting terminal of second op-amp. Again,
applying KCL at non-inverting terminal of second op-amp, we get
x - 0 + x - v0 = 0
R
R
v 0 = 2x
From eq (1) we have
v 0 = 2vi ^R1 + R2h = 2vi b1 + R2 l
R1
R1
There is no single option so our assumption is wrong and vi > + Vsat and vi < - Vsat
. So, the output voltage is + Vsat and - Vsat .
or
SOL 7.11

The given op-amp circuit is redrawn below.
For the given circuit, we consider the following two cased.
Case I : when vi > 0
For this case, the diode conducts. Since, the voltage at negative and positive
terminals are same for ideal op-amp. So, for the 1st op-amp, we have
V 1- = V 1+ = 0
Therefore, the output of first op-amp is zero, which is applied to negative terminal
of second op-amp.
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Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
Thus we get the output vo = 0 .
nodia
Case II : when vi < 0
For this case, the diode is open and the output of first op-amp is
Vo1 =- R vi =- vi
R
Therefore, the output of second op-amp is
vo =- R vo1 = vi
R
Thus, we have the output voltage
0
vi > 0
vo = )
vi
vi < 0
Hence, the transfer characteristic of op-amp circuit is
SOL 7.12

The i/p voltage of the system is given as
Vin = V1 + Vf = V1 + k Vout
= V1 + k A 0 V1
^Vout = A 0 V1h
= V1 ^1 + k A 0h
Therefore, if k is increased then input voltage is also increased so, the input
impedance increases. Now, we have
Vout = A 0 V1
Vin
= A 0 Vin
^1 + k A 0h
^1 + k A 0h
Since, Vin is independent of k when seen from output mode, the output voltage
decreases with increase in k that leads to the decrease of output impedance.
Thus, input impedance increases and output impedance decreases.
= A0
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SOL 7.13
Analog Electronics
Page 425

For the given ideal op-amp, negative terminal will be also ground (at zero voltage)
and so, the collector terminal of the BJT will be at zero voltage.
VC = 0 volt
The current in 1 kW resistor is given by
I = 5 - 0 = 5 mA
1 kW
This current will flow completely through the BJT since, no current will flow
into the ideal op-amp ( I/P resistance of ideal op-amp is infinity). So, for BJT
we have
i.e.,
VC = 0
VB = 0
IC = 5 mA
i.e.,the base collector junction is reverse biased (zero voltage) therefore, the
collector current (IC ) can have a value only if base-emitter is forward biased.
Hence,
nodia
&
&
SOL 7.14
VBE = 0.7 volts

VB - VE = 0.7
0 - Vout = 0.7 & Vout =- 0.7 volt

For the given ideal op-Amps we can assume
V 2- = V 2+ = V2 (ideal)
V 1+ = V 1- = V1 (ideal)
So, by voltage division
V1 = Vout # 1
2
Vout = 2V1
and, as the I/P current in Op-amp is always zero therefore, there will be no
voltage drop across 1 KW in II op-amp
i.e.,
V2 = 1 V
V2 - ^- 2h
Therefore, V1 - V2 =
1
1
or,
or,
So,
V1 - 1 = 1 + 2
V1 = 4
Vout = 2V1 = 8 volt
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SOL 7.15
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
nodia
Given, the input voltage VYZ = 100 sin wt
For + ve half cycle
VYZ > 0
i.e., VY is a higher voltage than VZ
So, the diode will be in cutoff region. Therefore, there will no voltage difference
between X and W node.
i.e.,
VWX = 0
Now, for - ve half cycle all the four diodes will active and so, X and W
terminal is short circuited
i.e.,
VWX = 0
Hence,
VWX = 0 for all t
SOL 7.16
From the circuit, we have
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Chapter 7
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Page 427
Is = IZ + I L
(1)
or,
IZ = Is - I L
Since, voltage across zener diode is 5 V so, current through 100 W resistor is
obtained as
Is = 10 - 5 = 0.05 A
100
Therefore, the load current is given by
IL = 5
RL
Since, for proper operation, we must have IZ $ Iknes
So, from Eq. (1), we write
0.05 A - 5 $ 10 mA
RL
50 mA - 5 $ 10 mA
RL
40 mA $ 5
RL
40 # 10-3 $ 5
RL
1
# RL
5
40 # 10-3
5
# RL
40 # 10-3
or,
125 W # RL
Therefore, minimum value of RL = 125 W
Now, we know that power rating of Zener diode is given by
nodia
PR = VZ IZ^maxh
IZ^maxh is maximum current through zener diode in reverse bias. Maximum currrent
through zener diode flows when load current is zero. i.e.,
IZ^maxh = Is = 10 - 5 = 0.05
100
Therefore,
SOL 7.17

Let v > 0.7 V and diode is forward biased. Applying Kirchoffs voltage law
10 - i # 1k - v = 0
10 - :v - 0.7 D (1000) - v = 0
500
So,
SOL 7.18
PR = 5 # 0.05 W = 250 mW
10 - (v - 0.7) # 2 - v = 0
v = 11.4 = 3.8 V > 0.7
3
i = v - 0.7 = 3.8 - 0.7 = 6.2 mA
500
500
(Assumption is true)

DC Analysis :
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Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
Using KVL in input loop,

VC - 100IB - 0.7 = 0
VC = 100IB + 0.7
IC - IE = 13.7 - VC = (b + 1) IB
12k
13.7 - VC = 100I
B
12 # 103
Solving equation (1) and (2), IB = 0.01 mA
Small Signal Analysis :
Transforming given input voltage source into equivalent current source.
nodia
This is a shunt-shunt feedback amplifier.
Given parameters,
rp = VT = 25 mV = 2.5 kW
IB
0.01 mA
b
100
= 0.04 s
gm = =
rp 2.5 # 1000
Writing KCL at output node
v0 + g v + v0 - vp = 0
m p
RC
RF
v 0 : 1 + 1 D + v p :gm - 1 D = 0
RC RF
RF
Substituting RC = 12 kW, RF = 100 kW, gm = 0.04 s
v 0 (9.33 # 10-5) + v p (0.04) = 0 or v 0 =- 428.72Vp
Writing KCL at input node
vi = v p + v p + v p - vo
Rs
Rs rp
RF
= v p : 1 + 1 + 1 D - v 0 = v p (5.1 # 10-4) - v 0
RF
Rs rp RF
RF
Substituting Vp from equation (1)
vi = - 5.1 # 10-4 v - v 0
0
428.72
Rs
RF
vi
=- 1.16 # 10-6 v 0 - 1 # 10-5 v 0 Rs = 10 kW
10 # 103
...(1)
...(2)
...(1)
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Analog Electronics
Page 429
vi
=- 1.116 # 10-5
10 # 103
1
- 8.96
Av = v 0 =
vi
10 # 103 # 1.116 # 10-5
SOL 7.19

First we obtain the transfer function.
nodia
0 - Vi (jw) 0 - Vo (jw)
+
=0
1
R2
jwC + R1
- V (jw)
Vo (jw)
= 1 i
R2
jwC + R1
V (jw) R2
Vo (jw) =- i
R1 - j jw1C
1 " 3, so V = 0
o
wC
1 " 0, so V (jw) =- R2 V (jw)
At w " 3 (higher frequencies),
o
R1 i
wC
The filter passes high frequencies so it is a high pass filter.
H (jw) = Vo = - R2
Vi
R1 - j 1
wC
R
R
2
2
=
H (3) =
R1
R1
At w " 0 (Low frequencies),
2 times of maximum gain 6H (3)@

H ^ jw0h = 1 H (3)
2
R2
= 1 b R2 l
1
2
2 R1
R1 + 2 2
w0 C
2R 12 = R 12 + 21 2 & R 12 = 21 2
w0 C
w C
w0 = 1
R1 C
At 3 dB frequency, gain will be
So,
SOL 7.20
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Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
nodia
So, it will act as a Band pass filter.
SOL 7.21

Zener Diode is used as stabilizer.
The circuit is assumed to be as
We can see that both BE and BC Junction are forwarded biased. So the BJT is
operating in saturation.
Collector current
IC = 12 - 0.2 = 5.36 mA
2.2k
Y bIB
Note:- In saturation mode IC SOL 7.22
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 431
The first half of the circuit is a differential amplifier (negative feedback)

Va =- (Vi)
Second op-amp has a positive feedback, so it acts as an schmitt trigger.
nodia
Since
Threshold value
Va =- Vi this is a non-inverting schmitt trigger.

VTH = 12 = 6 V
2
VTL =- 6 V
SOL 7.23

We can obtain three operating regions depending on whether the Zener and PN
diodes are forward biased or reversed biased.
1. vi #- 0.7 V , zener diode becomes forward biased and diode D will be off so
the equivalent circuit looks like
The output
vo =- 0.7 V
2. When - 0.7 1 vi # 5.7 , both zener and diode D will be off. The circuit is
Output follows input i.e vo = vi

Note that zener goes in reverse breakdown(i.e acts as a constant battery) only
when difference between its p-n junction voltages exceeds 10 V.
3. When vi > 5.7 V , the diode D will be forward biased and zener remains off,
the equivalent circuit is
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Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
vo = 5 + 0.7 = 5.7 V
SOL 7.24

Since the op-amp is ideal
v+ = v- =+ 2 volt
Writing node equation
v- - 0 + v- - vo = 0
R
2R
2 + (2 - vo) = 0
R
2R
nodia
4 + 2 - vo = 0 or vo = 6 volt
SOL 7.25

Given circuit is,
We can observe that diode D2 is always off, whether D1 ,is on or off. So equivalent
circuit is.
D1 is ON in this condition and

V0 =
SOL 7.26
10
10 = 5 volt
10 + 10 #

Writing KVL equation for input loop (Base emitter loop)
10 - (10 kW) IB - VBE - V0 = 0
Emitter current IE = V0
100
...(1)
IC - IE = bIB
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Analog Electronics
Page 433
V0 = 100I
B
100
V0
IB =
10 # 103
So,
Put IB into equation (1)

10 - (10 # 103)
&
SOL 7.27
V0
- 0.7 - V0 = 0
10 # 103
9.3 - 2V0 = 0
V0 = 9.3 = 4.65 A
2

Equivalent circuit of given amplifier
nodia
Feedback samples output voltage and adds a negative feedback voltage (vfb) to
input.
So, it is a voltage-voltage feedback.
SOL 7.28

Let voltages at positive and negative terminals of op-amp are V+ and Vrespectively, then
V+ = V- = Vs (ideal op-amp)
In the circuit we have,
V- - 0 + V- - V0 (s) = 0
R
1
` Cs j
(RCs) V- + V- - V0 (s) = 0
(1 + RCs) Vs = V0 (s)
Similarly current Is is,
Is = Vs - V0
R
Is = RCs Vs
R
Is = jwCVs
Is = wCVs + + 90%
Is = 2pf # 10 # 10 - 6 # 10
Is = 2 # p # 50 # 10 # 10 - 6 # 10
Is = 10p mA, leading by 90%
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SOL 7.29
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7

Input and output power of a transformer is same
Pin = Pout
For emitter follower,
voltage gain (A v) = 1
current gain (Ai) > 1
Power (Pout) = Av Ai Pin
Since emitter follower has a high current gain so Pout > Pin
SOL 7.30

This is a schmitt trigger circuit, output can takes two states only.
VOH =+ 6 volt
VOL =- 3 volt
Threshold voltages at non-inverting terminals of op-amp is given as
VTH - 6 + VTH - 0 = 0
2
1
nodia
Similarly
3VTH - 6 = 0
VTH = 2 V (Upper threshold)
VTL - (- 3) VTL
+
=0
2
1
3VTL + 3 = 0
VTL =- 1 V (Lower threshold)
Vin < 2 Volt, V0 =+ 6 Volt
Vin > 2 Volt, V0 =- 3 Volt
Vin < - 1 Volt V0 =+ 6 Volt
Vin > - 1 Volt V0 =- 3 Volt
For
Output waveform
SOL 7.31

Assume the diode is in reverse bias so equivalent circuit is
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Analog Electronics
Page 435
V0 = 10 sin wt # 10
10 + 10
Output voltage
= 5 sin wt
Due to resistor divider, voltage across diode VD < 0 (always). So it in reverse bias
for given input.
nodia
V0 = 5 sin wt
Output,
SOL 7.32
This is a current mirror circuit. Since b is high so IC1 = IC2, IB1 = IB2
VB = (- 5 + 0.7)
=- 4.3 volt
Diode D1 is forward biased.
So, current I is,
SOL 7.33
I = IC2 = IC1
0 - (- 4.3)
=
= 4.3 mA
1

In positive half cycle of input, diode D1 is in forward bias and D2 is off, the
equivalent circuit is
Capacitor C1 will charge upto + 5 volt. VC1 =+ 5 volt

In negative halt cycle diode D1 is off and D2 is on.
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Chapter 7
Now capacitor VC2 will charge upto - 10 volt in opposite direction.

SOL 7.34
Option () is correct.
Let input Vin is a sine wave shown below
nodia
According to given transfer characteristics of rectifiers output of rectifier P is.
Similarly output of rectifier Q is
Output of a full wave rectifier is given as
To get output V0
K - gain of op-amp
V0 = K (- VP + VQ)
So, P should connected at inverting terminal of op-amp and Q with non-inverting
terminal.
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Chapter 7
SOL 7.35
Analog Electronics
Page 437

w " 0 , so
For low frequencies,
1 "3
wC
Equivalent circuit is,
nodia
Applying node equation at positive and negative input terminals of op-amp.

vA - vi + vA - vo = 0
R1
R2
2vA = vi + vo ,
a R1 = R 2 = R A
Similarly,
vA - vi + vA - 0 = 0
R3
R4
2vA = vin ,
a R 3 = R 4 = RB
vo = 0 , iIt will stop low frequency signals.

For high frequencies,
w " 3 , then 1 " 0
wC
Equivalent circuit is,
So,
Output,
vo = vi
So it will pass high frequency signal.
This is a high pass filter.
SOL 7.36

In previous solution cutoff frequency of high pass filter is given by,
1
wh =
2pRA C
Here given circuit is a low pass filter with cutoff frequency,
1
2
wL =
=
2pRA C
2p R2 C
wL = 2wh
When both the circuits are connected together, equivalent circuit is,
A
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Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
So this is is Band pass filter, amplitude response is given by.
SOL 7.37

If transistor is in normal active region, base current can be calculated as following,
By applying KVL for input loop,
nodia
10 - IC (1 # 103) - 0.7 - 270 # 103 IB = 0

bIB + 270 IB = 9.3 mA,
` IC = bIB
IB (b + 270) = 9.3 mA
IB = 9.3 mA = 0.025 mA
270 + 100
In saturation, base current is given by,
10 - IC (1) - VCE - IE (1) = 0
10 = I
C (sat)
2
IC (sat) = 5 mA
IC (sat)
IB(sat) =
= 5 = .050 mA
b
100
IB 1 IB(sat), so transistor is in forward active region.
SOL 7.38
IC - IE
VCE - 0

In the circuit
We can analyze that the transistor is operating in active region.

VBE(ON) = 0.6 volt
VB - VE = 0.6
6.6 - VE = 0.6
VE = 6.6 - 0.6 = 6 volt
At emitter (by applying KCL),
IE = IB + IL
IE = 6 - 6.6 + 6 - 0.6 amp
1 kW
10 W
VCE = VC - VE = 10 - 6 = 4 volt
Power dissipated in transistor is given by.
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Page 439
PT = VCE # IC = 4 # 0.6
= 2.4 W
SOL 7.39
` IC - IE = 0.6 amp

This is a voltage-to-current converter circuit. Output current depends on input
voltage.
nodia
Since op-amp is ideal v+ = v- = v1
Writing node equation.
v1 - v + v1 - 0 = 0
R1
R2
v1 c R1 + R2 m = V
R1
R1 R2
v1 = V c
R2
R1 + R2 m
Since the op-amp is ideal therefore
iL = i1 = v1
r
= V c R2 m
r R1 + R2
SOL 7.40
This is a class-B amplifier whose efficiency is given as
h = p VP
4 VCC
where VP " peak value of input signal
VCC " supply voltage
here VP = 7 volt, VCC = 10 volt
so,
h = p # 7 # 100
10
4
= 54.95% - 55%
SOL 7.41

First we can check for diode D2 . Let diode D2 is OFF then the circuit is
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Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
In the above circuit diode D1 must be ON, as it is connected with 10 V battery

now the circuit is
nodia
Because we assumed diode D2 OFF so voltage across it VD2 # 0 and it is possible

only when D3 is off.
So, all assumptions are true.

SOL 7.42

In the positive half cycle of input, Diode D1 will be reverse biased and equivalent
circuit is.
Since there is no feed back to the op-amp and op-amp has a high open loop gain
so it goes in saturation. Input is applied at inverting terminal so.
VP =- VCC =- 12 V
In negative half cycle of input, diode D1 is in forward bias and equivalent
circuit is shown below.
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Page 441
Output VP = Vg + VOp-amp is at virtual ground so V+ = V- = 0 and VP = Vg = 0.7 V

Voltage wave form at point P is
SOL 7.43
nodia
In the circuit when Vi < 10 V, both D1 and D2 are off.
So equivalent circuit is,
Output,
Vo = 10 volt
When Vi > 10 V (D1 is in forward bias and D2 is off

So the equivalent circuit is,
Output,
Vo = Vi
Transfer characteristic of the circuit is
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SOL 7.44
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7

Here output of the multi vibrator is
V0 = ! 12 volt
Threshold voltage at positive terminal of op-amp can be obtained as following
When output V0 =+ 12 V, equivalent circuit is,
nodia
writing node equation at positive terminal of op-amp
Vth - 12 + Vth - 0 = 0
10
10
Vth = 6 volt (Positive threshold)
So, the capacitor will charge upto 6 volt.
When output V0 =- 12 V, the equivalent circuit is.
node equation
Vth + 12 + Vth - 0 = 0
2
10
5 Vth + 60 + Vth = 0
Vth =- 10 volt (negative threshold)
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Page 443
So the capacitor will discharge upto - 10 volt.

At terminal P voltage waveform is.
SOL 7.45

Assume that BJT is in active region, thevenin equivalent of input circuit is
obtained as
nodia
Vth - Vi + Vth - (- 12) = 0
15
100
20Vth - 20Vi + 3Vth + 36
23Vth
Vth
Thevenin resistance
Rth
=0
= 20 # 5 - 36 , Vi = 5 V
= 2.78 V
= 15 KW || 100 KW
= 13.04 KW
So the circuit is
Writing KVL for input loop

2.78 - Rth IB - 0.7 = 0
IB = 0.157 mA
Current in saturation is given as,
I
IB(sat) = C(sat)
b
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Chapter 7
IC(sat) = 12.2 = 5.4 mA

2.2
IB(sat) = 5.45 mA = 0.181 mA
30
So,
Since IB (sat) > IB , therefore assumption is true.

SOL 7.46
SOL 7.47

From the circuit we can observe that Diode D1 must be in forward bias (since
current is flowing through diode).
Let assume that D2 is in reverse bias, so equivalent circuit is.
nodia
Voltage Vn is given by
Vn = 1 # 2 = 2 Volt
Vp = 0
Vn > Vp (so diode is in reverse bias, assumption is true)
Current through D2 is ID2 = 0
SOL 7.48

This is a N-channel MOSFET with VGS = 2 V
VTH =+ 1 V
VDS(sat) = VGS - VTH
VDS(sat) = 2 - 1 = 1 V
Due to 10 V source VDS > VDS(sat) so the NMOS goes in saturation, channel
conductivity is high and a high current flows through drain to source and it acts
as a short circuit.
So,
Vab = 0
SOL 7.49

Since the transistor is operating in active region.
IE . bIB
IB = IE = 1 mA = 10 mA
100
b
SOL 7.50

Gain of the inverting amplifier is given by,
6
Av =- RF =- 1 # 10 ,
R1
R1
RF = 1 MW
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R1 =- 1 # 10
Av
Av =- 10 to - 25 so value of R1
Page 445
6
R1 = 10 = 100 kW
10
for Av =- 10
6
R1' = 10 = 40 kW
25
for Av =- 25
R1 should be as large as possible so R1 = 100 kW

SOL 7.51
SOL 7.52
SOL 7.53
SOL 7.54

Direct coupled amplifiers or DC-coupled amplifiers provides gain at dc or very
low frequency also.
nodia

Since there is no feedback in the circuit and ideally op-amp has a very high value
of open loop gain, so it goes into saturation (ouput is either + V or - V ) for
small values of input.
The input is applied to negative terminal of op-amp, so in positive half cycle it
saturates to - V and in negative half cycle it goes to + V .
Trans-conductance of MOSFET is given by
gm = 2iD
2VGS
(2 - 1) mA
=
= 1 mS
(2 - 1) V

Voltage gain can be obtain by small signal equivalent circuit of given amplifier.
vo =- gm vgs RD
vgs = vin
vo =- gm RD vin
Av = vo =- gm RD
vi
So,
Voltage gain
=- (1 mS) (10 kW) =- 10

SOL 7.55

Given circuit,
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Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
In the circuit
V1 = 3.5 V (given)
Current in zener is.
IZ = V1 - VZ
RZ
= 3.5 - 3.33 = 2 mA
0.1 # 10
SOL 7.56
nodia

This is a current mirror circuit. Since VBE is the same in both devices, and
transistors are perfectly matched, then
IB1 = IB2 and IC1 = IC2
From the circuit we have,
IR = IC1 + IB1 + IB2 = IC1 + 2IB2

= IC2 + 2IC2
b
IR = IC2 c1 + 2 m
b
IR
IC2 = I =
2
c1 + b m
a IB1 = IB2
a IC1 = IC2, IC2 = bIB2
IR can be calculate as
IR = - 5 + 03.7 =- 4.3 mA
1 # 10
So,
SOL 7.57
I =
4.3
- 4.3 mA
2
1
+
`
100 j

The small signal equivalent circuit of given amplifier
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Here the feedback circuit samples the output voltage and produces a feed back
current Ifb which is in shunt with input signal. So this is a shunt-shunt feedback
configuration.
SOL 7.58

From the circuit, we can see the that diode D2 must be in forward Bias.
For D1 let assume it is in reverse bias.
Voltages at p and n terminal of D1 is given by Vp and Vn
Vp < Vn (D1 is reverse biased)
nodia
Applying node equation
Vp - 5 Vp + 8
+
=0
1
1
2Vp =- 3
Vp =- 1.5
Vn = 0
Vp < Vn (so the assumption is true and D1 is in reverse bias) and current in D1
ID1 = 0 mA
SOL 7.59

The small signal ac equivalent circuit of given amplifier is as following.
Here
Input resistance
RB = (10 kW < 10 kW) = 5 kW

gm = 10 ms
50
a gm rp = b & rp =
= 5 kW
10 # 10 - 3
Rin = RB < rp = 5 kW < 5 kW = 2.5 kW
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Page 448
SOL 7.60
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7

For PMOS to be biased in non-saturation region.
VSD < VSD(sat)
and
VSD(sat) = VSG + VT
VSD(sat) = 4 - 1
"a VSG = 4 - 0 = 4 volt
= 3 Volt
So,
VSD < 3
VS - VD < 3
4 - ID R < 3
1 < ID R
ID R > 1,
R > 1000 W
SOL 7.61
SOL 7.62
nodia
ID = 1 mA
Option (B is correct.
If op-amp is ideal, no current will enter in op-amp. So current ix is
v - vy
...(1)
ix = x
1 # 106
(ideal op-amp)
v+ = v- = vx
vx - vy
+ vx - 0 3 = 0
3
100 # 10
10 # 10
vx - vy + 10vx = 0
11vx = vy
...(2)
For equation (1) & (2)

ix = vx - 11v6 x =- 10v6x
1 # 10
10
Input impedance of the circuit.
6
Rin = vx =- 10 =- 100 kW
10
ix
SOL 7.63

Since there exists a drain current for zero gate voltage (VGS = 0), so it is a
depletion mode device.
ID increases for negative values of gate voltages so it is a p-type depletion mode
device.
SOL 7.64

Applying KVL in input loop,
4 - (33 # 103) IB - VBE - (3.3 # 103) IE = 0
4 - (33 # 103) IB - 0.7 - (3.3 # 103) (hfe + 1) IB = 0
a IE = (hfe + 1) IB
3.3 = 6(33 # 103) + (3.3 # 103) (99 + 1)@IB

3.3
IB =
3
33 # 10 + 3.3 # 103 # 100
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 449
IC = hfe IB
=
SOL 7.65
3.3
99 # 3.3
mA
mA =
0.33 + 3.3
[0.33 + 3.3] # 100

Let the voltages at positive and negative terminals of op-amp are v+ and vrespectively. Then by applying nodal equations.
v- - vin + v- - vout = 0
R1
R1
2 v-- = vin + vout
..(1)
Similarly,
v+ - vin
v -0
+ +
=0
R
1
c jwC m
nodia
v+ - vin + v+ (jwCR) = 0
v+ (1 + jwCR) = Vin
By equation (1) and (2) we have
2vin
= vin + vout
1 + jwCR
2
- 1E = vout
vin ;
1 + jwCR
(1 - jwCR)
vout = vin
1 + jwCR
..(2)
"a v+ = v- (ideal op-amp)
Phase shift in output is given by

q = tan - 1 (- wCR) - tan - 1 (wCR)
= p - tan - 1 (wCR) - tan - 1 (wCR)
= p - 2 tan - 1 (wCR)
Maximum phase shift
SOL 7.66
q =p

For a n -channel enhancement mode MOSFET transition point is given by,
a VTH = 2 volt
VDS (sat) = VGS - VTH
VDS (sat) = VGS - 2
From the circuit,
VDS = VGS
So
VDS (sat) = VDS - 2 & VDS = VDS (sat) + 2
VDS > VDS (sat)
Therefore transistor is in saturation region and current equation is given by.
ID = K (VGS - VTH ) 2
4 = K (VGS - 2) 2
VGS is given by
VGS = VDS = 10 - ID RD = 10 - 4 # 1 = 6 Volt
4 = K (6 - 2) 2
K =1
4
'
'
Now RD is increased to 4 kW, Let current is ID' and voltages are VDS
= VGS
So,
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Page 450
Analog Electronics
Chapter 7
Applying current equation.

'
- VTH ) 2
ID' = K (VGS
'
- 2) 2
ID' = 1 (VGS
4
'
'
= 10 - ID' # RD' = 10 - 4ID'
= VDS
VGS
4ID' = (10 - 4ID' - 2) 2 = (8 - 4ID' ) 2
So,
= 16 (2 - ID' ) 2
ID' = 4 (4 + I'D2 - 4ID' )
4I'D2 - 17 + 16 = 0
I'D2 = 2.84 mA
SOL 7.67

Let the voltages at input terminals of op-amp are v- and v+ respectively.
So, v+ = v- = 0 (ideal op-amp)
nodia
Applying node equation at negative terminal of op-amp,
0 - vin + 0 - vx = 0
1
10
vx - 0 + vx - vout + vx - 0 = 0
At node x
10
10
1
From equation (1),
SOL 7.68
...(1)
vx + vx - vout + 10vx = 0
12 vx = vout
vx = vout
12
vin + vx = 0
1
10
vin =- vout
120
vout =- 120
vin

In the positive half cycle (when Vin > 4 V ) diode D2 conducts and D1 will be off
so the equivalent circuit is,
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Chapter 7
Analog Electronics
Page 451
Vout = + 4 Volt
In the negative half cycle diode D1 conducts and D2 will be off so the circuit is,
Applying KVL
Vin - 10I + 4 - 10I = 0
Vin + 4 = I
20
Vin =- 10 V (Maximum value in negative half cycle)
So,
I = - 10 + 4 =- 3 mA
20
10
Vin - Vout = I
10
- 10 - Vout =- 3
10
10
nodia
Vout =- (10 - 3)
Vout =- 7 volt
***********
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Page 452
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
CHAPTER 8
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 8.1
ONE MARK
A cascade of three identical modulo-5 counters has an overall modulus of

(A) 5
(B) 25
(C) 125
(D) 625
nodia
YEAR 2014 EE01
EE SP 8.2
TWO MARKS
An output device is interfaced with 8-bit microprocessor 8085A. The interfacing

circuit is shown in figure
The interfacing circuit makes use of 3 Line to 8 Line decoder having 3 enables
lines E1 , E 2 , E 3 . The address of the device is
(A) 50 H
(B) 5000 H
(C) A0 H
(D) A000 H
EE SP 8.3
Which of the following logic circuits is a realization of the function F whose

Karnaugh map is shown in figure
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
nodia
YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 8.4
ONE MARK
Which of the following is an invalid state in an 8-4-2-1 Binary Coded Decimal

counter
(A) 1 0 0 0
(B) 1 0 0 1
(C) 0 0 1 1
(D) 1 1 0 0
YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 8.5
EE SP 8.6
Page 453
TWO MARKS
The SOP (sum of products) form of a Boolean function is S ^0, 1, 3, 7, 11h, where
inputs are A, B , C , D (A is MSB, and D is LSB). The equivalent minimized
expression of the function is
(A) ^B + C hÂ + C hÂ + B h^C + D h
(B) ^B + C hÂ + C hÂ + C h^C + D h
(C) ^B + C hÂ + C hÂ + C h^C + D h
(D) ^B + C hÂ + B hÂ + B h^C + D h
A JK flip flop can be implemented by T flip-flops. Identify the correct
implementation.
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Page 454
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
nodia
EE SP 8.7
In an 8085 microprocessor, the following program is executed

Address location
Instruction
2000H
XRA A
2001H
MVI B, 04H
2003H
MVI A, 03H
2005H
RAR
2006H
DCR B
2007H
JNZ 2005
200AH
HLT
At the end of program, register A contains
(A) 60H
(B) 30H
(C) 06H
(D) 03H
YEAR 2013 EE03

EE SP 8.8
ONE MAKR
A state diagram of a logic gate which exhibits a delay in the output is shown in
the figure, where X is the dont care condition, and Q is the output representing
the state.
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 455
The logic gate represented by the state diagram is

(A) XOR
(B) OR
(C) AND
(D) NAND
EE SP 8.9
nodia
In 8085A microprocessor, the operation performed by the instruction LHLD

2100 H is
(A) ^Hh ! 21 H , ^Lh ! 00 H
(B) ^Hh ! M ^2100hH , ^Lh ! M ^2101 Hh
(C) ^Hh ! M ^2101 Hh, ^Lh ! M ^2100 Hh
(D) ^Hh ! 00 H , ^Lh ! 21 H
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 8.10
TWO MARKS
Two monoshot multivibrators, one positive edge triggered ^M1h and another
negative edge triggered ^M2h, are connected as shown in figure
The monoshots M1 and M2 when triggered produce pulses of width T1 and T2

respectively, where T1 > T2 . The steady state output voltage v 0 of the circuit is
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Page 456
EE SP 8.11
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
nodia
A 3-bit gray counter is used to control the output of the multiplexer as shown
in the figure. The initial state of the counter is 000 2 . The output is pulled high.
The output of the circuit follows the sequence
(A) I 0 , 1, 1, I1 , I 3 , 1, 1, I2
(B) I 0 , 1, I1 , 1, I2 , 1, I 3 , 1
(C) 1, I 0 , 1, I1 , I2 , 1, I 3 , 1
(D) I 0 , I1 , I2 , I 3 , I 0 , I1 , I2 , I 3
YEAR 2013
EE SP 8.12
ONE MARK
A bulb in a staircase has two switches, one switch being at the ground floor
and the other one at the first floor. The bulb can be turned ON and also can
be turned OFF by any one of the switches irrespective of the state of the other
switch. The logic of switching of the bulb resembles
(A) and AND gate
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 457
(B) an OR gate
(C) an XOR gate
(D) a NAND gate
YEAR 2013
EE SP 8.13
In the circuit shown below, Q1 has negligible collector-to-emitter saturation

voltage and the diode drops negligible voltage across it under forward bias. If Vcc
is + 5 V , X and Y are digital signals with 0 V as logic 0 and Vcc as logic 1, then
the Boolean expression for Z is
nodia
(A) XY
(C) XY
EE SP 8.14
TWO MARKS
(B) XY
(D) XY
The clock frequency applied to the digital circuit shown in the figure below is
1 kHz. If the initial state of the output of the flip-flop is 0, then the frequency of
the output waveform Q in kHz is
(A) 0.25
(B) 0.5
(C) 1
(D) 2
YEAR 2012
EE SP 8.15
ONE MARK
In the sum of products function f (X, Y, Z) =

are
(A) XY, XY
(B) XY, X Y Z , XY Z
(C) XY Z , XYZ, XY
/ (2, 3, 4, 5), the prime implicants
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Page 458
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
(D) XY Z , XYZ, XY Z , XY Z
EE SP 8.16
The output Y of a 2-bit comparator is logic 1 whenever the 2-bit input A is

greater than the 2-bit input B . The number of combinations for which the
output is logic 1, is
(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 8
EE SP 8.17
(D) 10
Consider the given circuit
nodia
In this circuit, the race around
(A) does not occur
(B) occur when CLK = 0

(C) occur when CLK = 1 and A = B = 1
(D) occur when CLK = 1 and A = B = 0
YEAR 2012
EE SP 8.18
TWO MARKS
The state transition diagram for the logic circuit shown is
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 459
YEAR 2011
EE SP 8.19
ONE MARK
The output Y of the logic circuit given below is
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) X
(D) X
YEAR 2011
EE SP 8.20
TWO MARKS
nodia
A two bit counter circuit is shown below
It the state QA QB of the counter at the clock time tn is 10 then the state QA QB
of the counter at tn + 3 (after three clock cycles) will be
(A) 00
(B) 01
(C) 10
EE SP 8.21
(D) 11
A portion of the main program to call a subroutine SUB in an 8085 environment

is given below.
h
LXI D, DISP
LP : CALL SUB
LP+3
h
It is desired that control be returned to LP+DISP+3 when the RET instruction
is executed in the subroutine. The set of instructions that precede the RET
instruction in the subroutine are
POP D
(A) DAD H
PUSH D
POP
DAD
INX
(B)
INX
INX
PUSH
POP H
(C) DAD D
PUSH H
XTHL
INX D
(D) INX D
INX D
XTHL
H
D
H
H
H
H
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Page 460
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
YEAR 2010
EE SP 8.22
TWO MARKS
The TTL circuit shown in the figure is fed with the waveform X (also shown).
All gates have equal propagation delay of 10 ns. The output Y of the circuit is
nodia
Statement For Linked Answer Questions: 23 and 24
The following Karnaugh map represents a function F .
EE SP 8.23
EE SP 8.24
A minimized form of the function F is

(A) F = X Y + YZ
(C) F = X Y + Y Z
(B) F = X Y + YZ
(D) F = X Y + Y Z
Which of the following circuits is a realization of the above function F ?
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Chapter 8
EE SP 8.25
Digital Electronics
Page 461
nodia
When a CALL Addr instruction is executed, the CPU carries out the following
sequential operations internally :
Note: (R)
means content of register R
((R)) means content of memory location pointed to by R.
PC
means Program Counter
SP
means Stack Pointer
(A) (SP) incremented
(B)
(PC)!Addr
(PC)!Addr
((SP))!(PC)
(C) (PC)!Addr
(SP) incremented
((SP))!(PC)
((SP))!(PC)
(SP) incremented
(D)
((SP))!(PC)
(SP) incremented
(PC)!Addr
YEAR 2009
EE SP 8.26
ONE MARK
The following circuit has a source voltage VS as shown in the graph. The current
through the circuit is also shown.
The element connected between a and b could be
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Page 462
EE SP 8.27
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
The increasing order of speed of data access for the following device is
(I) Cache Memory
(II) CD-ROM
(III) Dynamic RAM
(IV) Processor Registers
EE SP 8.28
(V) Magnetic Tape

(A) (V), (II), (III), (IV), (I)
(B) (V), (II), (III), (I), (IV)
(C) (II), (I), (III), (IV), (V)
(D) (V), (II), (I), (III), (IV)
nodia
The complete set of only those Logic Gates designated as Universal Gates is
(A) NOT, OR and AND Gates
(B) XNOR, NOR and NAND Gates
(C) NOR and NAND Gates
(D) XOR, NOR and NAND Gates
YEAR 2009
EE SP 8.29
TWO MARKS
In an 8085 microprocessor, the contents of the Accumulator, after the following

instructions are executed will become
XRA A
MVI B, F0 H
SUB B
(A) 01 H
(B) 0F H
(C) F0 H
(D) 10 H
YEAR 2008
EE SP 8.30
TWO MARKS
A waveform generator circuit using OPAMPs is shown in the figure. It produces

a triangular wave at point P with a peak to peak voltage of 5 V for Vi = 0 V .
If the voltage Vi is made + 2.5 V, the voltage waveform at point P will become
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Chapter 8
EE SP 8.31
Digital Electronics
Page 463
nodia
A 3-line to 8-line decoder, with active low outputs, is used to implement a

3-variable Boolean function as shown in the figure
The simplified form of Boolean function F (A, B, C) implemented in Product of

Sum form will be
(A) (X + Z) (X + Y + Z ) (Y + Z)
(B) (X + Z ) (X + Y + Z) (Y + Z )
(C) (X + Y + Z) (X + Y + Z) (X + Y + Z) (X + Y + Z )
(D) (X + Y + Z) (X + Y + Z ) (X + Y + Z) (X + Y + Z )
EE SP 8.32
The content of some of the memory location in an 8085 accumulator based

system are given below
Address
Content
26FE
00
26FF
01
2700
02
2701
03
2702
04
The content of stack (SP), program counter (PC) and (H,L) are 2700 H, 2100 H
and 0000 H respectively. When the following sequence of instruction are executed.
2100 H: DAD SP
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Page 464
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
2101 H: PCHL
the content of (SP) and (PC) at the end of execution will be
(A) PC = 2102 H, SP = 2700 H
(B) PC = 2700 H, SP = 2700 H
(C) PC = 2800 H, SP = 26FE H
(D) PC = 2A02 H, SP = 2702 H
YEAR 2007
EE SP 8.33
ONE MARK
A, B, C and D are input, and Y is the output bit in the XOR gate circuit of the
figure below. Which of the following statements about the sum S of A, B, C, D
and Y is correct ?
nodia
(A) S is always with zero or odd
(B) S is always either zero or even
(C) S = 1 only if the sum of A, B, C and D is even
(D) S = 1 only if the sum of A, B, C and D is odd
YEAR 2007
EE SP 8.34
TWO MARKS
The switch S in the circuit of the figure is initially closed, it is opened at time
t = 0 . You may neglect the zener diode forward voltage drops. What is the
behavior of vout for t > 0 ?
(A) It makes a transition from - 5 V

(B) It makes a transition from - 5 V
(C) It makes a transition from + 5 V
(D) It makes a transition from + 5 V
EE SP 8.35
to + 5 V at t = 12.98 ms
to + 5 V at t = 2.57 ms
to - 5 V at t = 12.98 ms
to - 5 V at t = 2.57 ms
IC 555 in the adjacent figure is configured as an astable multi-vibrator. It is

enabled to to oscillate at t = 0 by applying a high input to pin 4. The pin
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 465
description is : 1 and 8-supply; 2-trigger; 4-reset; 6-threshold 7-discharge. The

waveform appearing across the capacitor starting from t = 0 , as observed on a
storage CRO is
nodia
EE SP 8.36
The Octal equivalent of HEX and number AB.CD is

(A) 253.314
(B) 253.632
(C) 526.314
(D) 526.632
YEAR 2006
EE SP 8.37
TWO MARKS
A student has made a 3-bit binary down counter and connected to the R-2R
ladder type DAC, [Gain = (- 1 kW/2R)] as shown in figure to generate a staircase
waveform. The output achieved is different as shown in figure. What could be the
possible cause of this error ?
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Page 466
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
(A) The resistance values are incorrect option.

(B) The counter is not working properly
(C) The connection from the counter of DAC is not proper
(D) The R and 2R resistance are interchanged
EE SP 8.38
nodia
A 4 # 1 MUX is used to implement a 3-input Boolean function as shown in

figure. The Boolean function F (A, B, C) implemented is
(A) F (A, B, C) = S (1, 2, 4, 6)

(B) F (A, B, C) = S (1, 2, 6)
(C) F (A, B, C) = S (2, 4, 5, 6)
(D) F (A, B, C) = S (1, 5, 6)
EE SP 8.39
A software delay subroutine is written as given below :

DELAY :
MVI
H, 255D
MVI
L, 255D
LOOP :
DCR
L
JNZ
LOOP
DCR
H
JNZ
LOOP
How many times DCR L instruction will be executed ?
(A) 255
(B) 510
(C) 65025
(D) 65279
EE SP 8.40
In an 8085 A microprocessor based system, it is desired to increment the contents

of memory location whose address is available in (D,E) register pair and store
the result in same location. The sequence of instruction is
(A) XCHG
(B)
XCHG
INR M
INX H
(C) INX D
(D) INR M
XCHG
XCHG
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 467
YEAR 2005
ONE MARK
EE SP 8.41
The 8085 assembly language instruction that stores the content of H and L
register into the memory locations 2050H and 2051H , respectively is
(A) SPHL 2050H
(B) SPHL 2051H
(C) SHLD 2050H
(D) STAX 2050H
EE SP 8.42
The digital circuit shown in the figure works as
nodia
(A) JK flip-flop
(B) Clocked RS flip-flop
(C) T flip-flop
(D) Ring counter
YEAR 2005
EE SP 8.43
EE SP 8.44
TWO MARKS
Select the circuit which will produce the given output Q for the input signals X1
and X2 given in the figure
If X1 and X2 are the inputs to the circuit shown in the figure, the output Q is
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Digital Electronics
(A) X1 + X2
(C) X1 : X2
EE SP 8.45
Chapter 8
(B) X1 : X2
(D) X1 : X2
In the figure, as long as X1 = 1 and X2 = 1, the output Q remains
nodia
(A) at 1
(B) at 0
(C) at its initial value
(D) unstable
YEAR 2004
EE SP 8.46
The digital circuit using two inverters shown in figure will act as
(A) a bistable multi-vibrator

(C) a monostable multi-vibrator
EE SP 8.47
(B) an astable multi-vibrator

(D) an oscillator
The voltage comparator shown in figure can be used in the analog-to-digital

conversion as
(A) a 1-bit quantizer

(C) a 4-bit quantizer
(B) a 2-bit quantizer

(D) a 8-bit quantizer
YEAR 2004
EE SP 8.48
ONE MARK
TWO MARKS
The simplified form of the Boolean expression Y = (A $ BC + D) (A $ D + B $ C )

can be written as
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 469
(A) A $ D + B $ C $ D
(B) AD + B $ C $ D
(C) (A + D) (B $ C + D )
(D) A $ D + BC $ D
EE SP 8.49
EE SP 8.50
EE SP 8.51
If the following program is executed in a microprocessor, the number of instruction

cycle it will take from START to HALT is
START
MVI A, 14H ;
Move 14 H to register A
SHIFT
RLC
;
Rotate left without carry
JNZ SHIFT ;
Jump on non-zero to SHIFT
HALT
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 13
(D) 16
nodia
The digital circuit shown in figure generates a modified clock pulse at the output.
Choose the correct output waveform from the options given below.
A digit circuit which compares two numbers A3 A2 A1 A0 and B 3 B2 B1 B 0 is shown

in figure. To get output Y = 0 , choose one pair of correct input numbers.
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EE SP 8.52
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
(A) 1010, 1010
(B) 0101, 0101
(C) 0010, 0010
(D) 1010, 1011
nodia
In the Schmitt trigger circuit shown in figure, if VCE (sat) = 0.1 V , the output logic
low level (VOL) is
(A) 1.25 V
(C) 2.50 V
(B) 1.35 V
(D) 5.00 V
YEAR 2003
EE SP 8.53
ONE MARK
Figure shows a 4 to 1 MUX to be used to implement the sum S of a 1-bit full

adder with input bits P and Q and the carry input Cin . Which of the following
combinations of inputs to I0, I1, I2 and I3 of the MUX will realize the sum S ?
(A) I0 = I1 = Cin; I2 = I3 = Cin

(B) I0 = I1 = C in; I2 = I3 = Cin
(C) I0 = I3 = Cin; I1 = I2 = Cin
(D) I0 = I3 = C in; I1 = I2 = Cin
EE SP 8.54
When a program is being executed in an 8085 microprocessor, its Program
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 471
Counter contains
(A) the number of instructions in the current program that have already been
executed
(B) the total number of instructions in the program being executed.
(C) the memory address of the instruction that is being currently executed
(D) the memory address of the instruction that is to be executed next
YEAR 2003
EE SP 8.55
TWO MARKS
The circuit of figure shows a 555 Timer IC connected as an astable multi-vibrator.

The value of the capacitor C is 10 nF. The values of the resistors RA and RB for a
frequency of 10 kHz and a duty cycle of 0.75 for the output voltage waveform are
nodia
(A) RA = 3.62 kW, RB = 3.62 kW
(B) RA = 3.62 kW, RB = 7.25 kW
(C) RA = 7.25 kW, RB = 3.62 kW
(D) RA = 7.25 kW, RB = 7.25 kW
EE SP 8.56
The boolean expression X Y Z + XY Z + XYZ + XY Z + XYZ can be simplified

to
(A) XZ + X Z + YZ
(B) XY + Y Z + YZ
(C) XY + YZ + XZ
EE SP 8.57
(D) XY + YZ + X Z
The shift register shown in figure is initially loaded with the bit pattern 1010.
Subsequently the shift register is clocked, and with each clock pulse the pattern
gets shifted by one bit position to the right. With each shift, the bit at the serial
input is pushed to the left most position (msb). After how many clock pulses will
the content of the shift register become 1010 again ?
(A) 3
(C) 11
(B) 7
(D) 15
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EE SP 8.58
Digital Electronics
An X-Y flip-flop, whose Characteristic Table is given below is to be implemented

using a J-K flip flop
(A) J = X, K = Y
(C) J = Y, K = X
EE SP 8.59
EE SP 8.60
Chapter 8
(B) J = X, K = Y
(D) J = Y , K = X
nodia
A memory system has a total of 8 memory chips each with 12 address lines and
4 data lines, The total size of the memory system is
(A) 16 kbytes
(B) 32 kbytes
(C) 48 kbytes
(D) 64 kbytes
The following program is written for an 8085 microprocessor to add two bytes
located at memory addresses 1FFE and 1FFF
LXI H, 1FFE
MOV B, M
INR L
MOV A, M
ADD B
INR L
MOV M, A
XOR A
On completion of the execution of the program, the result of addition is found
(A) in the register A
(B) at the memory address 1000
(C) at the memory address 1F00
(D) at the memory address 2000
************
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 473
SOLUTIONS
SOL 8.1
Correct option (C).

The cascaded connection of three identical modulo-5 counters is shown below.
Since, overall modulus of cascade of n modulus-5 counters is given by

Overall modulas = 5 # 5 # .....n times
Hence, for the given system, we obtain
Overall modulas = 5 # 5 # 5
(n = 3 )
= 125
SOL 8.2
nodia
Given the interfacing circuit,
As the output port is at 2 ^010h. Hence, the input to the interfacing circuit is
I2 I1 I 0 = 010
or
A15 A14 A13 = 010
Now, for E1 to be enable, we have
or
A12 A11 = 10
Therefore, we have the value at address lines as
A 15 A 14 A 13 A 12 A 11
0 1 0 1 0
By default at starting the other address lines A10 A 9 .....A 0 should be zero. Thus,
we have the overall port address as
A 15 A 14 A 13 A 12 A 11 A 10 A 9 A 8 A 7 A 6 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
which is equivalent to 5000 H
SOL 8.3
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Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
Using minimization technique, we redraw the given Karnaugh map as
For the given Karnaugh map, the output function is

Y = C A + CB
This function is realized by the logic circuit shown below.
nodia
SOL 8.4

8-4-2-1 Binary coded decimal counter valid as long as the value is less than 9 or
equal to 9.
(A)
1000 = 8 # 9
(B)
1001 = 9 # 9
(C)
0011 = 3 # 9
(D)
1100 = 12 > 9 Invalid
SOL 8.5

SOP Form,
F = S ^0, 1, 3, 7, 11h
POS Form,
F = P ^2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15h
Now we represent the POS form on the k-map
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 475
Here we enter 0s in those cells correspond to the max terms present in the given
POS function.
Fmin = ^B + C hÂ + C hÂ + B h^C + D h
So,
SOL 8.6
nodia
Correct option is (B)

Here, T flip-flop is available and we want to convert it into J -K flip-flop. Hence
J and K are the external input and T is the actual input to the existing flip-flop.
So, we have to find expression of T in terms of J , K and Qn .
Step 1: Construct the present-state-and-next-state table of a J -K flip-flop as
shown in Table 7.12.21.
Step 2: We write the values of input T that is required to change the state of
the flip-flop from Qn to Qn + 1 . The complete conversion table is as shown in Table
7.12.22.
7.12.22: Conversion Table
External Inputs
Present State
Next State
Flip-flop Input
Qn
Qn + 1
Step 3: Draw K-map for T
Writing expression of T in POS form
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Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
T = ^J + q n h^K + q n h
Thus the logic diagram showing the conversion of T flip-flop to J -K flip-flop is
show below.
SOL 8.7

XRA A
" A ! 00H Ex-OR (operation with accumulate)
MVI B, 04H
2001H
B ! 04H (04H started in B)
2003H
MVI A, 03H
A ! 03H (03H started in A)
nodia
2005H
carry
2006H
2007H
So
RAR
DCR B
JNZ 2005
B
03H
02H
01H
00H
SOL 8.8
rotate accumulater right with
C
1
1
0
0
B ! 03H (B decremented by one)

Jump to 2005H till B not comes equal to zero
A
01H
80H
COH
60H

We have the state diagram of a logic gate,
For the state diagram, we form the truth table (irrespective of the current state)
as
A
Thus, from the truth table, it is clear that the logic gate is NAND gate
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Chapter 8
SOL 8.9
Digital Electronics
Page 477

For the 8085A microprocessor, given instruction is
LHLD 2100 H
This operation loads registers register L and H with the content in memory at
locations 2100 H and 2101 H respectively, i.e.
^Hh ! M ^2101hH and ^Lh ! M ^2100hH

SOL 8.10

We have the multivibrators circuit as shown below
nodia
When monoshot multivibrator M1 is triggered, it produces a pulse of T1 duration.
Similarly, when monoshot multivibrator M2 is triggered, it produces a pulse of

T2 duration
Let, the output Q2 is initially high.

So, the output vo will be high for time period T2 .
For this period, Q2 = 0

So, the output of AND gate is low. Since, M1 is positive triggered. So, M1 will be
OFF for duration T2 .
After T2 time,
Q2 = 0
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Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
and
Q2 = 1
So, the output of AND gate is 1; i.e. M1 is triggered. Hence, output Q1 is high
for duration T1 . Since, M2 is negative edge triggered, So M2 will be off for the
duration T1 and hence, output vo will be as
After T1 time, the output Q1 becomes low, and the M2 gets ON (due to negative
edge triggering). Hence, the output vo again goes high for duration T2 . Thus, the
complete output waveform is
SOL 8.11
nodia
We have the given logic circuit
Initial state of gray counter is ^000h2 . So, we have the outputs

A 0 = 0 and A1 = 0 and A2 = 0
For the enable input to multiplexer, we have
If E = 0 , then it will select any one of I 0 , I1 , I2 , I 3 .
If E = 1, then it will be in high impedance state.
So, we get the output of multiplexer for the different inputs (output of 3-bit gray
counter) as
Initial counter
output
000
I0
001
1
(High impedance state)
011
1
010
I1
110
I3
111
1
101
1
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Digital Electronics
100
SOL 8.12
Page 479
I2

Let A denotes the position of switch at ground floor and B denotes the position
of switch at upper floor. The switch can be either in up position or down position.
Following are the truth table given for different combinations of A and B
A
Y(Bulb)
up(1)
up(1)
OFF(0)
Down(0)
Down(0)
OFF(0)
up(1)
Down(0)
ON(1)
Down(0)
up(1)
ON(1)
nodia
When the switches A and B are both up or both down, output will be zero (i.e.
Bulb will be OFF). Any of the switch changes its position leads to the ON state
of bulb. Hence, from the truth table, we get
Y = A5B
i.e., the XOR gate.
SOL 8.13

For the given circuit, we can make the truth table as below
X
Y
Z
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
Logic 0 means voltage is v = 0 volt and logic 1 means voltage is 5 volt

For x = 0 , y = 0 , Transistor is at cut off mode and diode is forward biased. Since,
there is no drop across forward biased diode.
So,
Z =Y=0
For x = 0 , y = 1, Again Transistor is in cutoff mode, and diode is forward biased.
with no current flowing through resistor.
So,
Z =Y=1
For x = 1, y = 0 , Transistor is in saturation mode and so, z directly connected
to ground irrespective of any value of Y .
i.e.,
Z = 0 (ground)
Similarly for X = Y = 1
Z = 0 (ground)
Hence, from the obtained truth table, we get
Z =XY
SOL 8.14

From the given logic diagram, we obtain
X = ^Q 5 Q h $ ^Q 5 Q h = 0 = 1
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Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
So, the input is always 1 at T , since, clock is - ve edge trigged therefore, at

the negative edge Q changes its state as shown in waveform below
nodia
Hence, as obtained from the waveform, time period of Q is double to that of

CLK I/p and so, frequency is 12 of clock frequency
Thus,
fQ = FCLK = 1 = 0.5 kHz
2
2
SOL 8.15

Prime implicants are the terms that we get by solving K-map
F = XY + XY
1prime
44 2
44 3
implicants
SOL 8.16
Y = 1, when A > B
A = a1 a 0, B = b1 b 0
a1
a0
b1
b0
Total combination = 6
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Chapter 8
SOL 8.17
Digital Electronics
Page 481

The given circuit is
Condition for the race-around

It occurs when the output of the circuit (Y1, Y2) oscillates between 0 and 1
checking it from the options.
1. Option (A): When CLK = 0
Output of the NAND gate will be A1 = B1 = 0 = 1. Due to these input to the
next NAND gate, Y2 = Y1 : 1 = Y1 and Y1 = Y2 : 1 = Y2 .
If Y1 = 0 ,
Y2 = Y1 = 1 and it will remain the same and doesnt oscillate.
If Y2 = 0 ,
Y1 = Y2 = 1 and it will also remain the same for the clock period.
So, it wont oscillate for CLK = 0 .
So, here race around doesnt occur for the condition CLK = 0 .
2. Option (C): When CLK = 1, A = B = 1
A1 = B1 = 0 and so Y1 = Y2 = 1
And it will remain same for the clock period. So race around doesnt occur for
the condition.
3. Option (D): When CLK = 1, A = B = 0
So,
A1 = B1 = 1
And again as described for Option (B) race around doesnt occur for the
condition.
So, Option (A) will be correct.
nodia
SOL 8.18

Let Qn + 1 is next state and Qn is the present state. From the given below figure.
D = Y = AX 0 + AX1
Qn + 1 = D = AX 0 + AX1
If A = 0,
If A = 1,
So state diagram is
SOL 8.19
Qn + 1 = A Qn + AQn
Qn + 1 = Qn
Qn + 1 = Qn
X 0 = Q , X1 = Q
(toggle of previous state)
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Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
Y = X 5 X = X X + XX
= XX + X X = X + X = 1
SOL 8.20

The characteristics equation of the JK flip-flop is
Q n + 1 = JQ n + KQn
From figure it is clear that
J = QB ; K = QB
Qn + 1 is the next state
The output of JK flip flop QA (n + 1) = QB QA + QB QA = QB (QA + QA) = QB

Output of T flip-flop
QB (n + 1) = Q A
SOL 8.21
SOL 8.22
nodia
Clock pulse
QA
QB
QA (n + 1)
QB (n + 1)
Initially(tn )
tn + 1
tn + 2
tn + 3

LXI D, DISP
LP : CALL SUB
LP + 3
When CALL SUB is executed LP+3 value is pushed(inserted) in the stack.
POP H
& HL = LP + 3
DAD D
& HL = HL + DE
= LP + 3 + DE
PUSH H
& The last two value of the stack will be HL value i.e, LP + DISP + 3
The circuit is
Output Y is written as Y = X 5 B
Since each gate has a propagation delay of 10 ns.
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Chapter 8
SOL 8.23
Digital Electronics
Page 483
nodia

Function F can be minimized by grouping of all 1s in K-map as following.
F = X Y + YZ
SOL 8.24
SOL 8.25

Since F = X Y + YZ
In option (D)

CALL, Address performs two operations
(1) PUSH PC &Save the contents of PC (Program Counter) into stack.
SP = SP - 2 (decrement)
((SP)) ! (PC)
(2) Addr stored in PC.
(PC) ! Addr
SOL 8.26

Figure shows current characteristic of diode during switching.
SOL 8.27

The increasing order of speed is as following
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Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
Magnetic tape> CD-ROM> Dynamic RAM>Cache Memory>Processor register

SOL 8.28

NOR and NAND gates considered as universal gates.
SOL 8.29

For the given instruction set,
XRA A & XOR A with A & A = 0
MVI B, F0 H&B = F0 H
SUB B &A = A - B
A = 00000000
B = 1111 0 0 0 0
nodia
2s complement of (- B) = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
A + (- B) = A - B = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 = 10 H
SOL 8.30
SOL 8.31
Correct option is ()

In SOP form, F is written as
F = Sm (1, 3, 5, 6) = X Y Z + X YZ + XY Z + XYZ
Solving from K- map
F = X Z + Y Z + XYZ
In POS form
F = (Y + Z) (X + Z) (X + Y + Z )
Since all outputs are active low so each input in above expression is complemented
F = (Y + Z ) (X + Z ) (X + Y + Z)
SOL 8.32

Given that
SP = 2700 H
PC = 2100 H
HL = 0000 H
Executing given instruction set in following steps,
DAD SP & Add register pair (SP) to HL register
HL = HL + SP
HL = 0000 H + 2700 H
HL = 2700 H
PCHL & Load program counter with HL contents
PC = HL = 2700 H
So after execution contents are,
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 485
PC = 2700 H, HL = 2700 H
SOL 8.33

In the circuit output Y is given as
Y = [A 5 B] 5 [C 5 D]
Output Y will be 1 if no. of 1s in the input is odd.
SOL 8.34

In the circuit the capacitor starts charging from 0 V (as switch was initially
closed) towards a steady state value of 20 V.
for t < 0 (initial)
for t " 3 (steady state)
nodia
So at any time t , voltage across capacitor (i.e. at inverting terminal of op-amp)

is given by
vc (t) = vc (3) + [vc (0) - vc (3)] e
-t
RC
-t
RC
vc (t) = 20 (1 - e )
Voltage at positive terminal of op-amp
v+ - vout v+ - 0
+
=0
100
10
v+ = 10 vout
11
Due to zener diodes, - 5 # vout # + 5
So,
v+ = 10 (5) V
11
Transistor form - 5 V to + 5 V occurs when capacitor charges upto v+ .
So
20 (1 - e - t/RC ) = 10 # 5
11
1 - e - t/RC = 5
22
17 = e - t/RC
22
t = RC ln ` 22 j = 1 # 103 # .01 # 10 - 6 # 0.257 = 2.57 msec
17
Voltage waveforms in the circuit is shown below
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SOL 8.35
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8

In a 555 astable multi vibrator circuit, charging of capacitor occurs through
resistor (RA + RB) and discharging through resistor RB only. Time for charging
and discharging is given as.
nodia
TC = 0.693 (RA + RB) C = 0.693 RB C

But in the given circuit the diode will go in the forward bias during charging,
so the capacitor will charge through resistor RA only and discharge through RB
only.
RA = RB
TC = TD
a
So
SOL 8.36

First convert the given number from hexadecimal to its binary equivalent, then
binary to octal.
Hexadecimal no.
AB. CD
1 0 10 S
1 0 1 1 $ 1A BB
1 0B0C S
11 0 1
Binary equivalent S
C
D
A
B
To convert in octal group three binary digits together as shown
010 S
101 S
0 1 1 $S
11 0 S
0 11 S
010
S
5
2
3
6
3
2
(AB.CD) H = (253.632) 8
So,
SOL 8.37
Correct option is ()
SOL 8.38

Function F can be obtain as,
F = I0 S1 S0 + I1 S1 S0 + I2 S1 S0 + I3 S1 S0
= AB C + A B C + 1 $ BC + 0 $ BC
= AB C + A BC + BC
= AB C + A BC + BC (A + A)
= AB C + A BC + ABC + A BC
= S (1, 2, 4, 6)
SOL 8.39

MVI H and MVI L stores the value 255 in H and L registers. DCR L decrements
L by 1 and JNZ checks whether the value of L is zero or not. So DCR L executed
255 times till value of L becomes 0.
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Digital Electronics
Page 487
Then DCR H will be executed and it goes to Loop again, since L is of 8 bit so
no more decrement possible and it terminates.
SOL 8.40
SOL 8.41
SOL 8.42

XCHG & Exchange the contain of DE register pair with HL pair So now addresses
of memory locations are stored in HL pair.
INR M & Increment the contents of memory whose address is stored in HL pair.
SHLD transfers contain of HL pair to memory location.
& L " M [2050H]
SHLD 2050
H " M [2051H]
nodia
Let the present state is Q(t), so input to D-flip flop is given by,
D = Q (t) 5 X
Next state can be obtained as,
Q (t + 1) = D
= Q (t) 5 X
and
= Q (t) X + Q (t) X
= Q (t), if X = 1
Q (t + 1) = Q (t), if X = 0
So the circuit behaves as a T flip flop.

SOL 8.43

From the given input output waveforms truth table for the circuit is drawn as
X1
X2
Q
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
In option (A), for X1 = 1, Q = 0 so it is eliminated.
In option (C), for X1 = 0, Q = 0 (always), so it is also eliminated.
In option (D), for X1 = 0, Q = 1, which does not match the truth table.
Only option (B) satisfies the truth table.
SOL 8.44

In the given circuit NMOS Q1 and Q3 makes an inverter circuit. Q4 and Q5 are
in parallel works as an OR circuit and Q2 is an output inverter.
So output is
Q = X1 + X2 = X1 .X2
SOL 8.45

Let Q (t) is the present state then from the circuit,
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Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
So, the next state is given by

Q (t + 1) = Q (t) (unstable)
SOL 8.46
SOL 8.47

In the given circuit output is stable for both 1 or 0. So it is a bistable multivibrator.
nodia

Since there are two levels (+ VCC or - VCC ) of output in the given comparator
circuit.
For an n -bit Quantizer
2n = No. of levels
2n = 2
n =1
SOL 8.48

Given Boolean expression,
Y = (A $ BC + D) (A $ D + B $ C )
= (A $ BCD) + (ABC $ B $ C ) + (AD) + B C D
= A BCD + AD + B C D
= AD (BC + 1) + B C D
= AD + B C D
SOL 8.49

The program is executed in following steps.
START MVI A, 14H " one instruction cycle.
RLC & rotate accumulator left without carry
RLC is executed 6 times till value of accumulator becomes zero.
JNZ, JNZ checks whether accumulator value is zero or not, it is executed 5 times.
HALT " 1-instruction cycle.
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Digital Electronics
Page 489
nodia
So total no. of instruction cycles are
n = 1+6+5+1
= 13
SOL 8.50

In the given circuit, waveforms are given as,
SOL 8.51

In the given circuit, output is given as.
Y = (A0 5 B0) 9 (A1 5 B1) 9 (A2 5 B2) 9 (A3 5 B3)
For option (A)
Y = (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0)
= 0909090
=1
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Chapter 8
For option (B)

Y = (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1)
= 0909090
=1
For option (C)
Y = (0 5 0) 9 (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0)
= 0909090
=1
For option (D)
Y = (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 1)
= 0909091
=0
SOL 8.52
nodia
In the given circuit Vi = 0 V
So, transistor Q1 is in cut-off region and Q2 is in saturation.
5 - IC RC - VCE(sat) - 1.25 = 0
5 - IC RC - 0.1 - 1.25 = 0
5 - IC RC = 1.35
V0 = 1.35
SOL 8.53
V0 = 5 - IC R

In given circuit MUX implements a 1-bit full adder, so output of MUX is given
by.
F = Sum = A 5 Q 5 Cin
Truth table can be obtain as.
P
Cin
Sum
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Chapter 8
Digital Electronics
Page 491
Sum = P Q Cin + PQ Cin + P Q Cin + P Q Cin

Output of MUX can be written as
F = P Q $ I0 + PQ $ I1 + PQ $ I2 + PQ $ I3
I0 = Cin, I1 = Cin, I2 = Cin, I3 = Cin
Inputs are,
SOL 8.54
SOL 8.55
nodia

Program counter contains address of the instruction that is to be executed next.
In the circuit, the capacitor charges through resistor (RA + RB) and discharges
through RB . Charging and discharging time is given as.
Frequency
TC = 0.693 (RA + RB) C

TD = 0.693 RB C
1
1
f= 1 =
=
T
TD + TC
0.693 (RA + 2RB) C
1
= 10 # 103
-9
0.693 (RA + 2RB) # 10 # 10
14.4 # 103 = RA + 2RB

duty cycle
= TC = 0.75
T
0.693 (RA + RB) C
=3
4
0.693 (RA + 2RB) C
4RA + 4RB = 3RA + 6RB
RA = 2RB
...(2)
2RA = 14.4 # 103

RA = 7.21 kW
RB = 3.60 kW
From (1) and (2)

and
SOL 8.56
...(1)

Given boolean expression can be written as,
F = XYZ + X Y Z + XY Z + XYZ + XYZ
= X YZ + Y Z (X + X ) + XY (Z + Z)
= XYZ + Y Z + XY
= Y Z + Y (X + X Z )
a A + BC = (A + B) (A + C)
= Y Z + Y (X + X ) (X + Z )
= Y Z + Y (X + Z )
= Y Z + YX + YZ
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SOL 8.57
Digital Electronics
Chapter 8
X = X1 5 X 0 , Y = X 2
Serial Input Z = X 5 Y = [X1 5 X0] 5 X2
Truth table for the circuit can be obtain as.
nodia
Clock pulse
Serial Input
Shift register
Initially
1010
1101
0110
0011
0001
1000
0100
1010
So after 7 clock pulses contents of the shift register is 1010 again.

SOL 8.58

Characteristic table of the X-Y flip flop is obtained as.
X
Qn
Qn+1
Solving from k-map
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Page 493
Characteristic equation of X-Y flip flop is

Qn + 1 = Y Qn + XQn
Characteristic equation of a J-K flip-flop is given by
Qn + 1 = KQn + J Qn
by comparing above two characteristic equations
J =Y, K=X
SOL 8.59
nodia
Total size of the memory system is given by.
= (212 # 4) # 8 bits
= 214 # 8 bits = 214 Bytes = 16 K bytes
SOL 8.60

Executing all the instructions one by one.
LXI H, 1FFE & H = (1F) H, L = (FE) H

MOV B, M & B = Memory [HL] = Memory [1FFE]
INR L & L = L + (1) H = (FF) H

MOV A, M & A = Memory [HL] = Memory [1FFF]
ADD B & A = A + B
INR L & L = L + (1) H = (FF) H + (1) H = 00
MOV M, A & Memory [HL] = A
Memory [1F00] = A
XOR A & A = A XOR A = 0
So the result of addition is stored at memory address 1F00.
***********
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Page 494
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
CHAPTER 9
POWER ELECTRONICS
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 9.1
ONE MARK
The figure shows the circuit of a rectifier fed from a 230 V (rms), 50 Hz sinusoidal
voltage source. If we want to replace the current source with a resistor so that
the rms value of the current supplied by the voltage source remains unchanged,
the value of the resistance (in ohms) is _____.
(Assume diodes to be ideal.)
nodia
EE SP 9.2
Figure shows four electronic switches (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv). Which of the switches
can block voltages of either polarity (applied between terminals a and b) when
the active device is in the OFF state ?
(A) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(C) (ii) and (iii)
(B) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(D) (i) and (iv)
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 9.3
TWO MARKS
The figure shows the circuit diagram of a rectifier. The load consists of a resistance
10 W and an inductance 0.05 H connected in series. Assuming ideal thyristor and
ideal diode, the thyristor firing angle (in degree) needed to obtain an average
load voltage of 70 V is ____.
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Chapter 9
EE SP 9.4
Power Electronics
Page 495
Figure (i) shows the circuit diagram of a chopper. The switch S in the circuit
in figure (i) is switched such that the voltage vD across the diode has the wave
shape as shown in figure (ii). The capacitance C is large so that the voltage
across it is constant. If switch S and the diode are ideal, the peak to peak ripple
(in A) in the inductor current is ______
nodia
EE SP 9.5
The figure shows one period of the output voltage of an inverter a should be
chosen such that 60c < a < 90c. If rms value of the fundamental component is
50 V, then a in degree is _____.
YEAR 2014 EE02

EE SP 9.6
ONE MARK
A step-up chopper is used to feed a load at 400 V dc from a 250 V dc source.

The inductor current is continuous. If the off time of the switch is 20 ms , the
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Page 496
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
switching frequency of the chopper in kHz is _____.

YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 9.7
EE SP 9.8
TWO MARKS
A fully controlled converter bridge feeds a highly inductive load with ripple free
load current. The input supply (vs ) to the bridge is a sinusoidal source. Triggering
angle of the bridge converter is a = 30c. The input power factor of the bridge is
nodia
A single-phase SCR based ac regulator is feeding power to a load consisting

of 5 W resistance and 16 mH inductance. The input supply is 230 V, 50 Hz ac.
The maximum firing angle at which the voltage across the device becomes zero
all throughout and the rms value of current through SCR, under this operating
condition, are
(A) 30c and 46 A
(B) 30c and 23 A
(C) 45c and 23 A
EE SP 9.9
(D) 45c and 32 A
The SCR in the circuit shown has a latching current of 40 mA. A gate pulse of
50 ms is applied to the SCR. The maximum value of R in W to ensure successful
firing of the SCR is ______.
YEAR 2014 EE03

EE SP 9.10
TWO MARKS
A hysteresis type TTL inverter is used to realize an oscillator in the circuit

shown in the figure.
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
Page 497
If the lower and upper trigger level voltages are 0.9 V and 1.7 V, the period (in
ms), for which output is LOW, is _____.
EE SP 9.11
A three-phase fully controlled bridge converter is fed through star-delta

transformer as shown in the figure.
nodia
The converter is operated at a firing angle of 30c. Assuming the load current Î 0h
to be virtually constant at 1 p.u. and transformer to be an ideal one, the input
phase current waveform is
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Page 498
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
n
EE SP 9.12
EE SP 9.13
A diode circuit feeds an ideal inductor as shown in the figure. Given

vs = 100 sin ^wt h V , where w = 100p rad/s , and L = 31.83 mH . The initial value
of inductor current is zero. Switch S is closed at t = 2.5 ms . The peak value of
inductor current iL (in A) in the first cycle is _____.
nodia
A single-phase voltage source inverter shown in figure is feeding power to a load.

The triggering pulses of the devices are also shown in the figure.
If the load current is sinusoidal and is zero at 0, p , 2p ....., the node voltage VAO
has the waveform
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
Page 499
nodia
YEAR 2013
EE SP 9.14
TWO MARKS
Thyristor T in the figure below is initially off and is triggered with a single
pulse of width 10 ms . It is given that L = b 100 l mH and C = b 100 l mF . Assuming
p
p
latching and holding currents of the thyristor are both zero and the initial charge
on C is zero, T conducts for
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Page 500
Power Electronics
(A) 10 ms
(C) 100 ms
EE SP 9.15
Chapter 9
(B) 50 ms
(D) 200 ms
The separately excited dc motor in the figure below has a rated armature current
of 20 A and a rated armature voltage of 150 V. An ideal chopper switching
at 5 kHz is used to control the armature voltage. If La = 0.1 mH , Ra = 1 W ,
neglecting armature reaction, the duty ratio of the chopper to obtain 50% of the
rated torque at the rated speed and the rated field current is
nodia
(A) 0.4
(B) 0.5
(C) 0.6
(D) 0.7
In the figure shown below, the chopper feeds a resistive load from a battery
source. MOSFET Q is switched at 250 kHz, with duty ratio of 0.4. All elements
of the circuit are assumed to be ideal
EE SP 9.16
The Peak to Peak source current ripple in amps is

(A) 0.96
(B) 0.144
(C) 0.192
(D) 0.228
EE SP 9.17
The average source current in Amps in steady-state is

(A) 3/2
(B) 5/3
(C) 5/2
(D) 15/4

The Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) shown in the figure below is switched to
provide a 50 Hz, square wave ac output voltage Vo across an RL load. Reference
polarity of Vo and reference direction of the output current io are indicated in the
figure. It is given that R = 3 ohms, L = 9.55 mH .
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Chapter 9
EE SP 9.18
EE SP 9.19
Power Electronics
Page 501
In the interval when V0 < 0 and i 0 > 0 the pair of devices which conducts the
load current is
(B) Q 3, Q 4
(A) Q1, Q2
(C) D1, D2
(D) D 3, D 4
nodia
Appropriate transition i.e., Zero Voltage Switching ^ZVS h/Zero Current Switching
^ZCS h of the IGBTs during turn-on/turn-off is
(A) ZVS during turn off
(B) ZVS during turn-on
(C) ZCS during turn off
(D) ZCS during turn-on
YEAR 2012
ONE MARK
EE SP 9.20
A half-controlled single-phase bridge rectifier is supplying an R-L load. It is

operated at a firing angle a and the load current is continuous. The fraction of
cycle that the freewheeling diode conducts is
(A) 1/2
(B) (1 - a/p)
(C) a/2p
(D) a/p
EE SP 9.21
The typical ratio of latching current to holding current in a 20 A thyristor is

(A) 5.0
(B) 2.0
(C) 1.0
(D) 0.5
YEAR 2012
EE SP 9.22
TWO MARKS
In the circuit shown, an ideal switch S is operated at 100 kHz with a duty ratio
of 50%. Given that Dic is 1.6 A peak-to-peak and I 0 is 5 A dc, the peak current
in S , is
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Power Electronics
(A) 6.6 A
(C) 5.8 A
Chapter 9
(B) 5.0 A
(D) 4.2 A

In the 3-phase inverter circuit shown, the load is balanced and the gating scheme
is 180c conduction mode. All the switching devices are ideal.
EE SP 9.23
EE SP 9.24
nodia
The rms value of load phase voltage is
(A) 106.1 V
(C) 212.2 V
(B) 141.4 V
(D) 282.8 V
If the dc bus voltage Vd = 300 V, the power consumed by 3-phase load is

(A) 1.5 kW
(B) 2.0 kW
(C) 2.5 kW
(D) 3.0 kW
YEAR 2011
EE SP 9.25
ONE MARK
A three phase current source inverter used for the speed control of an induction
motor is to be realized using MOSFET switches as shown below. Switches S1 to
S6 are identical switches.
The proper configuration for realizing switches S1 to S6 is
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Chapter 9
EE SP 9.26
Power Electronics
Page 503
nodia
Circuit turn-off time of an SCR is defined as the time
(A) taken by the SCR turn to be off
(B) required for the SCR current to become zero
(C) for which the SCR is reverse biased by the commutation circuit
(D) for which the SCR is reverse biased to reduce its current below the holding
current
YEAR 2011
EE SP 9.27
TWO MARKS
A voltage commutated chopper circuit, operated at 500 Hz, is shown below.
If the maximum value of load current is 10 A, then the maximum current through
the main (M) and auxiliary (A) thyristors will be
(A) iM max = 12 A and iA max = 10 A
(B) iM max = 12 A and iA max = 2 A
(C) iM max = 10 A and iA max = 12 A
(D) iM max = 10 A and iA max = 8 A
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Page 504
Power Electronics
Chapter 9

A solar energy installation utilize a three phase bridge converter to feed energy
into power system through a transformer of 400 V/400 V, as shown below.
The energy is collected in a bank of 400 V battery and is connected to converter

through a large filter choke of resistance 10 W.
EE SP 9.28
EE SP 9.29
The maximum current through the battery will be

(A) 14 A
(B) 40 A
(C) 80 A
(D) 94 A
nodia
The kVA rating of the input transformer is
(A) 53.2 kVA
(B) 46.0 kVA
(C) 22.6 kVA
(D) 7.5 kVA
YEAR 2010
EE SP 9.30
ONE MARK
The power electronic converter shown in the figure has a single-pole doublethrow switch. The pole P of the switch is connected alternately to throws A and
B. The converter shown is a
(A) step down chopper (buck converter)

(B) half-wave rectifier
(C) step-up chopper (boost converter)
(D) full-wave rectifier
EE SP 9.31
Figure shows a composite switch consisting of a power transistor (BJT) in series

with a diode. Assuming that the transistor switch and the diode are ideal, the
I -V characteristic of the composite switch is
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Chapter 9
EE SP 9.32
Power Electronics
Page 505
nodia
The fully controlled thyristor converter in the figure is fed from a single-phase
source. When the firing angle is 0c, the dc output voltage of the converter is 300
V. What will be the output voltage for a firing angle of 60c, assuming continuous
conduction
(A) 150 V
(B) 210 V
(C) 300 V
(D) 100p V
YEAR 2009
EE SP 9.33
ONE MARK
An SCR is considered to be a semi-controlled device because

(A) It can be turned OFF but not ON with a gate pulse.
(B) It conducts only during one half-cycle of an alternating current wave.
(C) It can be turned ON but not OFF with a gate pulse.
(D) It can be turned ON only during one half-cycle of an alternating voltage
wave.
YEAR 2009
EE SP 9.34
TWO MARKS
The circuit shows an ideal diode connected to a pure inductor and is connected
to a purely sinusoidal 50 Hz voltage source. Under ideal conditions the current
waveform through the inductor will look like.
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Page 506
EE SP 9.35
Power Electronics
nodia
The Current Source Inverter shown in figure is operated by alternately turning on

thyristor pairs (T1, T2) and (T3, T4). If the load is purely resistive, the theoretical
maximum output frequency obtainable will be
(A) 125 kHz

(C) 500 kHz
EE SP 9.36
Chapter 9
(B) 250 kHz

(D) 50 kHz
In the chopper circuit shown, the main thyristor (TM) is operated at a duty ratio
of 0.8 which is much larger the commutation interval. If the maximum allowable
reapplied dv/dt on TM is 50 V/ ms , what should be the theoretical minimum value
of C1 ? Assume current ripple through L 0 to be negligible.
(A) 0.2 mF
(B) 0.02 mF
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
(C) 2 mF
EE SP 9.37
Page 507
(D) 20 mF
Match the switch arrangements on the top row to the steady-state

V -I characteristics on the lower row. The steady state operating points are
shown by large black dots.
nodia
(A) P-I, Q-II, R-III, S-IV
(C) P-IV, Q-III, R-I, S-II
(B) P-II, Q-IV, R-I, S-III

(D) P-IV, Q-III, R-II, S-I
YEAR 2008
EE SP 9.38
ONE MARK
In the single phase voltage controller circuit shown in the figure, for what range
of triggering angle (a), the input voltage (V0) is not controllable ?
(A) 0c < a < 45c

(C) 90c < a < 180c
EE SP 9.39
(B) 45c < a < 135c

(D) 135c < a < 180c
A 3-phase voltage source inverter is operated in 180c conduction mode. Which

one of the following statements is true ?
(A) Both pole-voltage and line-voltage will have 3rd harmonic components
(B) Pole-voltage will have 3rd harmonic component but line-voltage will be free
from 3rd harmonic
(C) Line-voltage will have 3rd harmonic component but pole-voltage will be free
from 3rd harmonic
(D) Both pole-voltage and line-voltage will be free from 3rd harmonic
components
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Page 508
Power Electronics
YEAR 2008
EE SP 9.40
Chapter 9
TWO MARKS
The truth table of monoshot shown in the figure is given in the table below :
Two monoshots, one positive edge triggered and other negative edge triggered,
are connected shown in the figure, The pulse widths of the two monoshot outputs
Q1 and Q2 are TON and TON respectively.
1
nodia
The frequency and the duty cycle of the signal at Q1 will respectively be
1
(A) f =
, D= 1
5
TON + TON
TON
1
(B) f =
, D=
TON + TON
TON + TON
TON
(C) f = 1 , D =
TON
TON + TON
TON
(D) f = 1 , D =
TON
TON + TON
1
EE SP 9.41
A single phase fully controlled bridge converter supplies a load drawing constant
and ripple free load current, if the triggering angle is 30c, the input power factor
will be
(A) 0.65
(B) 0.78
(C) 0.85
(D) 0.866
EE SP 9.42
A single-phase half controlled converter shown in the figure feeding power to

highly inductive load. The converter is operating at a firing angle of 60c.
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Power Electronics
Page 509
If the firing pulses are suddenly removed, the steady state voltage (V0) waveform
of the converter will become
EE SP 9.43
nodia
A single phase source inverter is feeding a purely inductive load as shown in the
figure. The inverter is operated at 50 Hz in 180c square wave mode. Assume that
the load current does not have any dc component. The peak value of the inductor
current i0 will be
(A) 6.37 A
(C) 20 A
(B) 10 A
(D) 40 A
EE SP 9.44
A three phase fully controlled bridge converter is feeding a load drawing a constant
and ripple free load current of 10 A at a firing angle of 30c. The approximate Total
harmonic Distortion (%THD) and the rms value of fundamental component of
input current will respectively be
(A) 31% and 6.8 A
(B) 31% and 7.8 A
(C) 66% and 6.8 A
(D) 66% and 7.8 A
EE SP 9.45
A single phase fully controlled converter bridge is used for electrical braking of a
separately excited dc motor. The dc motor load is represented by an equivalent
circuit as shown in the figure.
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Page 510
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
Assume that the load inductance is sufficient to ensure continuous and ripple free
load current. The firing angle of the bridge for a load current of I0 = 10 A will be
(A) 44c
(B) 51c
(C) 129c
(D) 136c
EE SP 9.46
nodia
In the circuit shown in the figure, the switch is operated at a duty cycle of 0.5.
A large capacitor is connected across the load. The inductor current is assumed
to be continuous.
The average voltage across the load and the average current through the diode
will respectively be
(A) 10 V, 2 A
(B) 10 V, 8 A
(C) 40 V 2 A
(D) 40 V, 8 A
YEAR 2007
ONE MARK
EE SP 9.47
A single-phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac-dc converter is operating at a

firing angle of 25c and an overlap angle of 10c with constant dc output current of
20 A. The fundamental power factor (displacement factor) at input ac mains is
(A) 0.78
(B) 0.827
(C) 0.866
(D) 0.9
EE SP 9.48
A three-phase, fully controlled thyristor bridge converter is used

as line commutated inverter to feed 50 kW power
420 V dc to a
three-phase, 415 V(line), 50 Hz ac mains. Consider dc link current to be constant.
The rms current of the thyristor is
(A) 119.05 A
(B) 79.37 A
(C) 68.73 A
(D) 39.68 A
EE SP 9.49
A single phase full-wave half-controlled bridge converter feeds an inductive

load. The two SCRs in the converter are connected to a common DC bus. The
converter has to have a freewheeling diode.
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
Page 511
(A) because the converter inherently does not provide for free-wheeling
(B) because the converter does not provide for free-wheeling for high values of
triggering angles
(C) or else the free-wheeling action of the converter will cause shorting of the
AC supply
(D) or else if a gate pulse to one of the SCRs is missed, it will subsequently
cause a high load current in the other SCR.
EE SP 9.50
Six MOSFETs connected in a bridge configuration (having no other power

device) must be operated as a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). This statement is
(A) True, because being majority carrier devices MOSFETs are voltage driven.
(B) True, because MOSFETs hav inherently anti-parallel diodes
nodia
(C) False, because it can be operated both as Current Source Inverter (CSI) or
a VSI
(D) False, because MOSFETs can be operated as excellent constant current
sources in the saturation region.
YEAR 2007
EE SP 9.51
TWO MARKS
A single-phase voltages source inverter is controlled in a single

pulse-width modulated mode with a pulse width of 150c in each half cycle. Total
harmonic distortion is defined as
2
V rms
- V 12
# 100
V1
where V1 is the rms value of the fundamental component of the output voltage.
The THD of output ac voltage waveform is
(A) 65.65%
(B) 48.42%
(C) 31.83%
(D) 30.49%
THD =
EE SP 9.52
A three-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz ac mains fed thyristor bridge is feeding a 440 V

dc, 15 kW, 1500 rpm separately excited dc motor with a ripple free continuos
current in the dc link under all operating conditions, Neglecting the losses, the
power factor of the ac mains at half the rated speed is
(A) 0.354
(B) 0.372
(C) 0.90
(D) 0.955
EE SP 9.53
A single-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz ac mains fed step down transformer (4:1) is supplying

power to a half-wave uncontrolled ac-dc converter used for charging a battery
(12 V dc) with the series current limiting resistor being 19.04 W. The charging
current is
(A) 2.43 A
(B) 1.65 A
(C) 1.22 A
(D) 1.0 A
EE SP 9.54
In the circuit of adjacent figure the diode connects the ac source to a pure
inductance L.
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Power Electronics
The diode conducts for

(A) 90c
(C) 270c
EE SP 9.55
Chapter 9
(B) 180c
(D) 360c
The circuit in the figure is a current commutated dc-dc chopper where, Th M is

the main SCR and Th AUX is the auxiliary SCR. The load current is constant at
10 A. Th M is ON. Th AUX is trigged at t = 0 . Th M is turned OFF between.
nodia
(A) 0 ms < t # 25 ms
(C) 50 ms < t # 75 ms
(B) 25 ms < t # 50 ms
(D) 75 ms < t # 100 ms
Common Data for Question 37 and 38.

A 1:1 Pulse Transformer (PT) is used to trigger the SCR in
the adjacent figure. The SCR is rated at 1.5 kV, 250 A with
IL = 250 mA, IH = 150 mA, and IG max = 150 mA, IG min = 100 mA. The SCR is
connected to an inductive load, where L = 150 mH in series with a small resistance
and the supply voltage is 200 V dc. The forward drops of all transistors/diodes
and gate-cathode junction during ON state are 1.0 V
EE SP 9.56
The resistance R should be

(A) 4.7 kW
(C) 47 W
(B) 470 kW
(D) 4.7 W
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EE SP 9.57
Power Electronics
The minimum approximate volt-second rating of pulse transformer suitable for

triggering the SCR should be : (volt-second rating is the maximum of product of
the voltage and the width of the pulse that may applied)
(A) 2000 mV-s
(B) 200 mV-s
(C) 20 mV-s
(D) 2 mV-s
YEAR 2006
EE SP 9.58
Page 513
ONE MARK
The speed of a 3-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor is to be controlled over a

wide range from zero speed to 1.5 time the rated speed using a 3-phase voltage
source inverter. It is desired to keep the flux in the machine constant in the
constant torque region by controlling the terminal voltage as the frequency
changes. The inverter output voltage vs frequency characteristic should be
nodia
EE SP 9.59
A single-phase half wave uncontrolled converter circuit is shown in figure. A

2-winding transformer is used at the input for isolation. Assuming the load
current to be constant and V = Vm sin wt , the current waveform through diode
D2 will be
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Power Electronics
Chapter 9
YEAR 2006
EE SP 9.60
EE SP 9.61
EE SP 9.62
A single-phase inverter is operated in PWM mode generating a

single-pulse of width 2d in the centre of each half cycle as shown in figure. It is
found that the output voltage is free from 5th harmonic for pulse width 144c. What
will be percentage of 3rd harmonic present in the output voltage (Vo3 /Vo1 max) ?
nodia
(A) 0.0%
(B) 19.6%
(C) 31.7%
(D) 53.9%
A 3-phase fully controlled bridge converter with free wheeling diode is fed from
400 V, 50 Hz AC source and is operating at a firing angle of 60c. The load
current is assumed constant at 10 A due to high load inductance. The input
displacement factor (IDF) and the input power factor (IPF) of the converter will
be
(A) IDF = 0.867; IPF = 0.828
(B) IDF = 0.867; IPF = 0.552
(C) IDF = 0.5; IPF = 0.478
(D) IDF = 0.5; IPF = 0.318
A voltage commutation circuit is shown in figure. If the turn-off time of the
SCR is 50 msec and a safety margin of 2 is considered, then what will be the
approximate minimum value of capacitor required for proper commutation ?
(A) 2.88 mF
(C) 0.91 mF
EE SP 9.63
TWO MARKS
(B) 1.44 mF
(D) 0.72 mF
A solar cell of 350 V is feeding power to an ac supply of 440 V, 50 Hz through a

3-phase fully controlled bridge converter. A large inductance is connected in the
dc circuit to maintain the dc current at 20 A. If the solar cell resistance is 0.5 W
,then each thyristor will be reverse biased for a period of
(A) 125c
(B) 120c
(C) 60c
(D) 55c
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EE SP 9.64
EE SP 9.65
Power Electronics
Page 515
A single-phase bridge converter is used to charge a battery of 200 V having

an internal resistance of 0.2 W as shown in figure. The SCRs are triggered by
a constant dc signal. If SCR 2 gets open circuited, what will be the average
charging current ?
(A) 23.8 A
(B) 15 A
(C) 11.9 A
(D) 3.54 A
nodia
An SCR having a turn ON times of 5 msec, latching current of 50 A and holding

current of 40 mA is triggered by a short duration pulse and is used in the circuit
shown in figure. The minimum pulse width required to turn the SCR ON will be
(A) 251 msec

(C) 100 msec
(B) 150 msec

(D) 5 msec

A voltage commutated chopper operating at 1 kHz is used to control the speed
of dc as shown in figure. The load current is assumed to be constant at 10 A
EE SP 9.66
The minimum time in msec for which the SCR M should be ON is.
(A) 280
(B) 140
(C) 70
(D) 0
EE SP 9.67
The average output voltage of the chopper will be

(A) 70 V
(B) 47.5 V
(C) 35 V
(D) 0 V
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Power Electronics
Chapter 9
YEAR 2005
ONE MARK
EE SP 9.68
The conduction loss versus device current characteristic of a power MOSFET is

best approximated by
(A) a parabola
(B) a straight line
(C) a rectangular hyperbola
(D) an exponentially decaying
function
EE SP 9.69
A three-phase diode bridge rectifier is fed from a 400 V RMS,

50 Hz, three-phase AC source. If the load is purely resistive, then peak
instantaneous output voltage is equal to
(A) 400 V
(B) 400 2 V
(C) 400
EE SP 9.70
2
3
(D)
400
3
nodia
The output voltage waveform of a three-phase square-wave inverter contains

(A) only even harmonics
(B) both odd and even harmonic
(C) only odd harmonics
(D) only triple harmonics
YEAR 2005
EE SP 9.71
TWO MARKS
The figure shows the voltage across a power semiconductor device and the
current through the device during a switching transitions. If the transition a
turn ON transition or a turn OFF transition ? What is the energy lost during
the transition?
(A) Turn ON, VI2 (t1 + t2)

(C) Turn ON, VI (t1 + t2)
EE SP 9.72
(B) Turn OFF, VI (t1 + t2)

(D) Turn OFF, VI2 (t1 + t2)
An electronics switch S is required to block voltage of either polarity

during its OFF state as shown in the figure (a). This switch is
required to conduct in only one direction its ON state as shown in the
figure (b)
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
Page 517
Which of the following are valid realizations of the switch S?
(A) Only P
nodia
(B) P and Q
(C) P and R
(D) R and S
EE SP 9.73
The given figure shows a step-down chopper switched at 1 kHz with a duty ratio
D = 0.5 . The peak-peak ripple in the load current is close to
(A) 10 A
(C) 0.125 A
EE SP 9.74
Consider a phase-controlled converter shown in the figure. The thyristor is fired

at an angle a in every positive half cycle of the input voltage. If the peak value
of the instantaneous output voltage equals 230 V, the firing angle a is close to
(A) 45c
(C) 90c
EE SP 9.75
(B) 0.5 A
(D) 0.25 A
(B) 135c
(D) 83.6c
An electric motor, developing a starting torque of 15 Nm, starts

with a load torque of 7 Nm on its shaft. If the acceleration at start is
2 rad/sec2 , the moment of inertia of the system must be (neglecting viscous and
coulomb friction)
(A) 0.25 kg-m2
(B) 0.25 Nm2
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Power Electronics
(C) 4 kg-m2
Chapter 9
(D) 4 Nm2
YEAR 2004
EE SP 9.76
ONE MARK
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is used as a power control switch by biasing

it in the cut-off region (OFF state) or in the saturation region (ON state). In the
ON state, for the BJT
(A) both the base-emitter and base-collector junctions are reverse biased
(B) the base-emitter junction is reverse biased, and the base-collector junction
is forward biased
(C) the base-emitter junction is forward biased, and the base-collector junction
is reverse biased
nodia
(D) both the base-emitter and base-collector junctions are forward biased
EE SP 9.77
The circuit in figure shows a full-wave rectifier. The input voltage is 230 V (rms)
single-phase ac. The peak reverse voltage across the diodes D 1 and D 2 is
(A) 100 2 V
(B) 100 V
(C) 50 2 V
(D) 50 V
EE SP 9.78
The triggering circuit of a thyristor is shown in figure. The thyristor requires a

gate current of 10 mA, for guaranteed turn-on. The value of R required for the
thyristor to turn on reliably under all conditions of Vb variation is
(A) 10000 W
(B) 1600 W
(C) 1200 W
(D) 800 W
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Chapter 9
EE SP 9.79
Power Electronics
Page 519
The circuit in figure shows a 3-phase half-wave rectifier. The source is a

symmetrical, 3-phase four-wire system. The line-to-line voltage of the source is
100 V. The supply frequency is 400 Hz. The ripple frequency at the output is
(A) 400 Hz
(B) 800 Hz
(C) 1200 Hz
(D) 2400 Hz
nodia
YEAR 2004
EE SP 9.80
A MOSFET rated for 15 A, carries a periodic current as shown in figure. The

ON state resistance of the MOSFET is 0.15 W. The average ON state loss in the
MOSFET is
(A) 33.8 W
(C) 7.5 W
EE SP 9.81
(B) 15.0 W
(D) 3.8 W
The triac circuit shown in figure controls the ac output power to the resistive
load. The peak power dissipation in the load is
(A) 3968 W
(C) 7935 W
EE SP 9.82
TWO MARKS
(B) 5290 W
(D) 10580 W
Figure shows a chopper operating from a 100 V dc input. The duty ratio of the
main switch S is 0.8. The load is sufficiently inductive so that the load current is
ripple free. The average current through the diode D under steady state is
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Page 520
EE SP 9.83
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
(A) 1.6 A
(B) 6.4 A
(B) 8.0 A
(D) 10.0 A
Figure shows a chopper. The device S 1 is the main switching device. S 2 is the
auxiliary commutation device. S 1 is rated for 400 V, 60 A. S 2 is rated for 400 V,
30 A. The load current is 20 A. The main device operates with a duty ratio of
0.5. The peak current through S 1 is
nodia
(A) 10 A
(C) 30 A
(B) 20 A
(D) 40 A
EE SP 9.84
A single-phase half-controlled rectifier is driving a separately excited dc motor.

The dc motor has a back emf constant of 0.5 V/rpm. The armature current is 5
A without any ripple. The armature resistance is 2 W. The converter is working
from a 230 V, single-phase ac source with a firing angle of 30c. Under this
operating condition, the speed of the motor will be
(A) 339 rpm
(B) 359 rpm
(C) 366 rpm
(D) 386 rpm
EE SP 9.85
A variable speed drive rated for 1500 rpm, 40 Nm is reversing under no load.
Figure shows the reversing torque and the speed during the transient. The
moment of inertia of the drive is
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
(A) 0.048 kg-m2

(C) 0.096 kg-m2
Page 521
(B) 0.064 km-m2

(D) 0.128 kg-m2
YEAR 2003
EE SP 9.86
ONE MARK
Figure shows a thyristor with the standard terminations of anode (A), cathode
(K), gate (G) and the different junctions named J1, J2 and J3. When the thyristor
is turned on and conducting
nodia
(A) J1 and J2 are forward biased and J3 is reverse biased
(B) J1 and J3 are forward biased and J2 is reverse biased
(C) J1 is forward biased and J2 and J3 are reverse biased
(D) J1, J2 and J3 are all forward biased
EE SP 9.87
Figure shows a MOSFET with an integral body diode. It is employed as a power

switching device in the ON and OFF states through appropriate control. The ON
and OFF states of the switch are given on the VDS - IS plane by
EE SP 9.88
The speed/torque regimes in a dc motor and the control methods suitable for the
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Page 522
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
same are given respectively in List-II and List-I

List-I
EE SP 9.89
List-II
P.
Field Control
1.
Below base speed
Q.
Armature Control
2.
Above base speed
3.
Above base torque
4.
Below base torque
Codes:
(A) P-1, Q-3
(B) P-2, Q-1
(C) P-2, Q-3
(D) P-1, Q-4
A fully controlled natural commutated 3-phase bridge rectifier is operating with

a firing angle a = 30c, The peak to peak voltage ripple expressed as a ratio of
the peak output dc voltage at the output of the converter bridge is
(A) 0.5
(B) 3 /2
nodia
(C) c1 - 3 m
2
(D)
3 -1
YEAR 2003
EE SP 9.90
TWO MARKS
A phase-controlled half-controlled single-phase converter is shown in figure. The

control angle a = 30c
The output dc voltage wave shape will be as shown in
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Chapter 9
EE SP 9.91
EE SP 9.92
Power Electronics
Page 523
A chopper is employed to charge a battery as shown in figure. The charging

current is 5 A. The duty ratio is 0.2. The chopper output voltage is also shown in
the figure. The peak to peak ripple current in the charging current is
(A) 0.48 A
(B) 1.2 A
(C) 2.4 A
(D) 1 A
nodia
An inverter has a periodic output voltage with the output wave form as shown
in figure
When the conduction angle a = 120c, the rms fundamental component of the
output voltage is
(A) 0.78 V
(B) 1.10 V
(C) 0.90 V
(D) 1.27 V
EE SP 9.93
With reference to the output wave form given in above figure , the output of the
converter will be free from 5 th harmonic when
(A) a = 72c
(B) a = 36c
(C) a = 150c
(D) a = 120c
EE SP 9.94
An ac induction motor is used for a speed control application. It is driven from

an inverter with a constant V/f control. The motor name-plate details are as
follows (no. of poles = 2)
V: 415 V VPh: 3 V f: 50 Hz N: 2850 rpm
The motor runs with the inverter output frequency set at 40 Hz, and with half
the rated slip. The running speed of the motor is
(A) 2400 rpm
(B) 2280 rpm
(C) 2340 rpm
(D) 2790 rpm
***********
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Page 524
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
SOLUTIONS
SOL 9.1
Correct answer is 23 ohm.

We have the rectifier circuit as
nodia
As the diodes are ideal, so if we are maintaining same current through resistor
then Vab also does not change, i.e.
Vab = 230 V
and
Iab = 10 A
Hence, the required value of resistance is
Rab = Vab = 230 = 23 W
10
Iab
SOL 9.2

We have to check all the given switches whether it can block voltages of either
polarity when the active device is in the OFF state.
Switch (i):
When Va > Vb ; diode will be OFF, but the transistor is ON.

When Vb > Va ; transistor is OFF, but diode will be ON.
So, the switch can not block voltages of either polarity when the active device
(diode or transistor) is in the OFF state.
Switch (ii):
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
Page 525
When Va > Vb , both diode and transistor are ON.

When Vb > Va both diode and transistor are OFF.
So, the switch can block voltages of either polarity when the active devices
(diode and transistor) are in the OFF state.
Switch (iii):
When Va > Vb , the SCR is ON.

When Vb > Va , the SCR is OFF.
So, the switch can block voltages of either polarity when the active device (SCR)
is in the OFF state.
Switch (iv):
nodia
When Va > Vb , diode is OFF.

When Vb > Va , SCR is OFF.
So, the switch can not block voltages of either polarity when the active device
(SCR or diode) is in the OFF state.
Thus, the switches (ii) and (iii) only can block voltage of either polarity, when
active device is OFF.
SOL 9.3

We have the rectifier circuit as
From the circuit, we obtain

p
Vo = 1
V sin wtd ^wt h
2p a m
= 1 Vm 6- cos wt @Ta
2p
= 1 Vm 61 + cos a@
2p
Since, from the given problem, we have
Vo = 70 V ; Vm = 325 V
70 = 1 32.5 61 + cos a@
2p
or
1 + cos a = 70 # 2p
325
or
or
...(i)
1 + cos a = 1.3526
cos a = 0.3526
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Power Electronics
a = cos-1 ^0.3526h
= 69.35c
Thus,
SOL 9.4
Chapter 9

We have the chopper circuit as
nodia
Since, the circuit is a buck regular. So, we have
Vo = Vs # a
= 100 # 0.05
0.1
(a = duty cycle)
= 50 V
Therefore, peak to peak inductor ripple current is obtained as
TI = Vo # Dt
L
50 # 0.05 ^m sech
=
1 mH
= 2.5 A
SOL 9.5
Correct answer is 77.15

Given the output voltage of an inverter as
Since, the output voltage is an odd function, so we compute only sine terms for
the given period
Vmax
= 2
T
# v^t h sin ^w t hdt

o
From the output wave, we have

T = 360c = 2p
and
w o = 2p = 2p = 1
2p
T
So, we get the maximum value of fundamental component as
180 - a
180
a
Vmax = 2 ; 100 sin tdt - 100 sin tdt + 100 sin tdt
2p 0
a
180 - a
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
Page 527
180 + a
- 100 sin tdt +

180
360 - a
360
# 100 sin tdt - # 100 sin tdtE

180 + a
360 - a
= 100 6^1 - cos ah - ^cos a + cos ah + ^1 - cos ah + ^- cos a - cos ah-^- 1 + cos ah@
p
= 100 64 - 8 cos a@
p
...(i)
= 400 61 - 2 cos a@
p
Since, the rms value is
Vrms = 50 V
Vmax = 50
2
400 ^1 - cos ah = 50
p 2
50 p 2 E
or
cos a = 1 ;1 - #
400
2
nodia
a = 77.15c
Thus,
SOL 9.6

As step up chopper
In step-up chopper output voltage is given by

where a is duty cycle a = TON
Vo = Vs
1-a
T
1 - a = Vs = 250
400
Vo
1 - a = 5 & a = 3/8
8
TON = 3
So,
8
T
T - TOFF = 3
(T = TON + TOFF )
8
T
1 - TOFF = 3
8
T
TOFF = 5
where, TOFF = 20 ms and T = 1
8
T
f Hz
So,
f # 20 # 10-6 = 5
8
5
= 31.2 kHz
f =
8 # 20 # 10-6
SOL 9.7
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Page 528
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
For a fully controlled bridge converter input power factor is given by

Input P.F. = 2 2 cos a
p
= 2 2 cos 30c
p
=2 2 # 3
p
2
- 0.779
SOL 9.8

The maximum firing angle at which the voltage across device becomes zero is the
minimum firing angle to converter. It is given by
f = tan-1 b wL l
R
nodia
-3
= tan-1 b 2p # 50 # 16 # 10 l - 45c
5
Voltage across the device is zero is vo = vi
If input and output voltage are identical then Vo rms = 230 V
230
Io rms = Vo rms =
2
2
Z
^5 h + ^2p # 50 # 16 # 10-3h
= 230
5 2
rms value of current through SCR
230
Ilrms = Io rms =
= 23 A
2
5 2# 2
SOL 9.9
Let us assume SCR is conducting ÎL = 40 mAh

500
R
ii ^ t h = Vs 81 - e- L tB = 0.2 81 - e 200 # 10
R
-3
# 50 # 10
-6
ii = 0.023 = 23 mA
Rs =
100
= 5882.35 W
17 # 10-3
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Chapter 9
SOL 9.10
Power Electronics
Page 529
Correct answer is 0.64 ms.

Given the oscillator circuit realiced using a hyteresis type TTL inverter as
nodia
Also, we have the upper and lower trigger level voltages as
UTL = 1.7 V
LTL = 0.9 V
For the capacitor, the voltage across it, is given as
Vc (t ) = Vc (3) + [Vc (0) - Vc (3)] e-t/RC

For the given data, we have
Vc (0) = 1.7 V
Vc (3) = 0 V
and
Vc (t ) = 0.9
So, we obtain the time t after which output triggers as
0.9 = 0 + [1.7 - 0] e-t/RC
3
0.9 = 1.7e-t/(10 # 10 # 0.1 # 10

t = 0.636 # 10-3 sec
-6
= 0.64 ms
SOL 9.11

When R phase has maximum voltage at conducts and lines a and c conducts.
The current are divided into R and YB winding.
R = Io # 2R = 2Io
3
3R
I
o
current through
B and Y =
3
Phase an conduct from 90 to 150
current through
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Power Electronics
where B conducts,
Chapter 9
Io = 2I
3
R and Y = Io
3
current through
B = 2Io
3
The current through D -phase winding
current through
nodia
current through primary, I p = kIs
SOL 9.12

We have the diode circuit as
Given parameters for the circuit are

w = 100p rad/s
Vs = 100 sin ^wt h V
L = 31.83 mH = 31.83 # 10-3 H
When switch is closed at t = 2.5 ms , we have
Vs - L dI = 0 (in positive half cycle)
dt
or
Vs = L dI
dt
For the current to be maximum, we have
dI = 0
dt
or
...(i)
Vs = 0
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Page 531
Vs = 100 sin wt = 0
So,
wt = np
or
t = p = 10 ms
100p
Therefore, the current is obtained as
1 t V dt = IdI
L t s
0
10 ms
10 ms
1
or
Vs dt =
I =1
100 sin wt + d ^wt h
3
L 2.5 ms
31.83 # 10 2.5 ms
1
cos wt t = 10 ms
=
-3 # 100 9w Ct = 2.5 ms
31.83 # 10
1
= c 1 + 1m # 100 #
p
100
31.83 # 10-3
2
= 17.07 A
or
SOL 9.13
nodia
It is given that load current is sinusoidal, so continuous conduction.
when S1 is off from 0 to q , diode parallel to 53 conducts and VAO =-VDC

2
from q < angle < (p - q), S1 conducts VAO = VOC
2
Again from (p - q) to (q), diode conducts and VAO =-VDC
2
SOL 9.14

Given,
L = 100 mH
p
C = 100 mF
p
When the circuit is triggered by 10 ms pulse, the thyristor is short circuited and
so, we consider
IC = Im sin wt
Therefore, voltage stored across capacitor is
VC = 1 IC dt
C
= Vm ^1 - cos wt h
where w is angular frequency obtained as
w = 1 = 100 1 -6 = p # 10 4
^ p h # 10
LC
So,
T = 1 = 2p = 200 ms
w
f
As
IC = Im sin wt oscillates between - ve and - ve half
cycle so, circuit is conducting for only half of cycle and thyristor is open after
half cycle.
i.e.,
the conduction period = T = 100 ms
2
SOL 9.15
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Page 532
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
Given, the rated armature current

Ia^rated h = 20 A
as rated armature voltage
Va^rated h = 150 volt
Also, for the armature, we have
La = 0.1 mH , Ra = 1 W
and
T = 50% of Trated
So, we get
^T " Torqueh
I = 6Ia^rotatedh@^0.5h = 10 A
N = Nrated ,
I f = I f rated " rated field current
nodia
At the rated conditions,
E = V - Ia^ratedh Ra
= 150 - 20 ^1 h = 130 volt
For given torque,

Therefore,
or,
V = E + Ia Ra = 130 + ^10h^1 h = 140 V

chopper output = 140 V
D ^200h = 140
D = 140 = 0.7
200
or,
SOL 9.16
(D " duty cycle)

Here, as the current from source of 12 V is the same as that pass through
inductor. So, the peak to peak current ripple will be equal to peak to peak
inductor current.
Now, the peak to peak inductor current can be obtained as
IL (Peak to Peak) = Vs D Ts
L
where,
Vs " source voltage = 12 volt ,

L " inductance = 100mH = 10-4 H ,
D " Duty ration = 0.4 ,
TS " switching time period of MOSFET = 1

fS
and
fs " switching frequency = 250 kHz
Therefore, we get
1
IL^Peak to Peakh = 12-4 # 0.4 #
250 # 103
10
= 0.192 A
This is the peak to peak source current ripple.
SOL 9.17

Here, the average current through the capacitor will be zero. (since, it is a boost
converter). We consider the two cases :
Case I : When MOSFET is ON
(i 0 is output current)
ic =- i 0
1
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Chapter 9
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Page 533
(since, diode will be in cut off mode)

Case II : When MOSFET is OFF
Diode will be forward biased and so
ic = Is - i 0
Therefore, average current through capacitor
i + Ic
Ic, avg = c
2
1
0=
&
(Is is source current)
DTs ^- io h + ^1 - D h Ts Îs - io h
2
(D is duty ratio)
Solving the equation, we get

i0
^1 - D h
Since, the output load current can be given as
V/
12/0.6
= 1A
i 0 = V0 = s 1 - D =
20
R
R
Is =
....(1)
nodia
Hence, from Eq. (1)
Is =
SOL 9.18
i0 = 1 = 5 A
0.6 3
1-D

We consider the following two cases :
Case I : When Q1, Q2 ON
In this case the + ve terminal of V0 will be at higher voltage. i.e. V0 > 0 and so
i 0 > 0 (i.e., it will be + ve ). Now, when the Q1 , Q2 goes to OFF condition we
consider the second case.
Case II : When Q 3 , Q 4 ON and Q , Q2 OFF :
In this condition, - ve terminal of applied voltage V0 will be at higher potential
i.e., V0 < 0 and since, inductor opposes the change in current so, although the
polarity of voltage V0 is inversed, current remains same in inductor i.e. I 0 > 0 .
This is the condition when conduction have been asked.
In this condition ^V0 > 0, I 0 > 0h since, IGBTs cant conduct reverse
currents therefore current will flow through D 3, D 4 until ID becomes negative.
Thus, D 3 and D 4 conducts.
SOL 9.19

When Q 3, Q 4 is switched ON, initially due to the reverse current it remain in
OFF state and current passes through diode. In this condition the voltage across
Q 3 and Q 4 are zero as diodes conduct. Hence, it shows zero voltage switching
during turn-ON
SOL 9.20

The circuit of a single-phase half controlled bridge rectifier with RL load and
free wheel diode is shown as below.
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Page 534
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
The voltage current wave forms are shown in figure below.
nodia
We note that, for continuous load current, the flywheel diode conducts from p
to p + a in a cycle. Thus, fraction of cycle that freewheel diode conducts is a/p.
Thus fraction of cycle that freewheel diode conducts is a/p.
SOL 9.21

The latching current is higher than the holding current. Usually, latching current
is taken two to three times the holding currents.
SOL 9.22

IS = I 0 + Tic = 5 + 0.8 = 5.8 A
2
SOL 9.23

For a three-phase bridge inverter, rms value of output line voltage is
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
VL =
Page 535
2V = 2
300
3 dc
3 #
Vdc = 300 V
= 141.4 V
SOL 9.24

2
P = 3 # VL
R
= 3#
SOL 9.25
SOL 9.26
SOL 9.27
(141.4) 2
- 3 kW
20

Only option C allow bi direction power flow from source to the drive
nodia

Once the SCR start conducting by an forward current, the gate has no control on
it and the device can be brought back to the blocking state only by reducing the
forward current to a level below that of holding current. This process of turn-off
is called commutation. This time is known as the circuit turn-off time of an SCR.
Maximum current through main thyristor
IM (max) = I 0 + Vs C
L
= 10 + 200
0.1 # 10-6
1 # 103
= 12 A
Maximum current through auxiliary thyristor
IA (max) = I 0 = 10 A
SOL 9.28

Output voltage of 3-phase bridge converter
V0 = 3 3 Vph cos a
p
Maximum output
(V0) max = 3 3 Vph cos a = 1
p
= 3 3 # 400 # 2 = 540.6 V
p
3
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Power Electronics
Chapter 9
Resistance of filter choke is 10 W, So

(V0) max = E + IR chock
540.6 = 400 + I (10)
I - 14 A
SOL 9.29

kVA rating =
3 VL IL =
3 # 400 # 6 # 14
p
= 7.5 kVA
SOL 9.30

The figure shows a step down chopper circuit.
nodia
Vout = DVin
where, D = Duty cycle and D < 1
SOL 9.31

Given figure as
The I -V characteristic are as
Since diode connected in series so I can never be negative.

When current flows voltage across switch is zero and when current is zero than
there may be any voltage across switch.
SOL 9.32

Given fully-controlled thyristor converter, when firing angle a = 0 , dc output
voltage Vdc = 300 V
If a = 60c, then Vdc = ?
For fully-controlled converter
0
Vdc =
0
2 2 Vdc
cos a
p
1
Since a = 0 , Vdc = 300 V

0
2 2 Vdc
cos 0c
p
= 300p
2 2
300 =
Vdc
At a
= 60c, Vdc = ?
2
Vdc = 2 2 # 300p cos 60c

p
2 2
= 300 # 1 = 150 V
2
2
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Power Electronics
Page 537
SOL 9.33

SCR has the property that it can be turned ON but not OFF with a gate pulse,
So SCR is being considered to be a semi-controlled device.
SOL 9.34
Current wave form for iL

vL = LdiL
dt
iL = 1 # vL dt
2
nodia
for 0 < wt +p,
vL = vin = 10 sin wt = diL

dt
iL = 1 # vL dt =- cos 100pt + C
2
at 100pt = p/2 ,
iL = 0 , C = 0
iL =- 100 cos pt
iL (peak) = 1 Amp
SOL 9.35
for p < wt vL = vin = 0

In CSI let T3 and T4 already conducting at t = 0
At triggering T1 and T2 , T3 and T4 are force cumulated.
Again at t = T , T1 and T2 are force cumulated. This completes a cycle.
2
Time constant t = RC = 4 # 0.5 = 2 m sec

1
Frequency f = 1 =
= 500 kHz
t 2 # 10- 6
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SOL 9.36
Power Electronics
Chapter 9

duty ratio TM = 0.8
Maximum dv on TM = 50 V/msec
dt
Minimum value of C1 = ?
Given that current ripple through L 0 is negligible.
Current through
TM = Im = duty ratio # current
= 0.8 # 12.5 = 10 A
Im = C1 dv
dt
10 = C1 # 50- 6
10
C1 = 50 # 10- 6 = 0.2 mF
10
SOL 9.37
SOL 9.38
nodia
Characteristics are as
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
Page 539
R + jXL = 50 + 50j
tan f = wL = 50 = 1
50
R
f = 45c
so, firing angle a must be higher the 45c, Thus for 0 < a < 45c, V0 is
uncontrollable.
SOL 9.39

A 3-f voltage source inverter is operated in 180c mode in that case third
harmonics are absent in pole voltage and line voltage due to the factor cos (np/6)
. so both are free from 3rd harmonic components.
SOL 9.40
nodia
1
TON1 + TON 2
TON 2
D =
TON1 + TON 2
f =
In this case
and,
SOL 9.41

Given a = 30c, in a 1-f fully bridge converter
we know that,
Power factor = Distortion factor # cos a
D.f. (Distortion factor) = Is(fundamental) /Is = 0.9
power factor = 0.9 # cos 30c
= 0.78
SOL 9.42

Output of this
Here the inductor makes T1 and T3 in ON because current passing through T1

and T3 is more than the holding current.
SOL 9.43

Input is given as
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Page 540
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
Here load current does not have any dc component

`
`
Peak current occur at (p/w)

Vs = L di
dt
200 = 0.1 # di
dt
di = a p kb 1 l = 1
2p 50
100
di(max) = 200 # 1 # 1
100
0.1
nodia
Here
So
= 20 A
SOL 9.44
Total rms current Ia =
2
10 = 8.16 A
3#
Fundamental current Ia1 = 0.78 # 10 = 7.8 A

THD =
where
1 -1
DF2
DF = Ia1 = 0.78 # 10 = 0.955

0.816 # 10
Ia
`
SOL 9.45
THD =
1 2
b 0.955 l - 1 = 31%

Here for continuous conduction mode, by Kirchoffs voltage law, average load
current
V - 2Ia + 150 = 0
Ia = V + 150
2
` I1 = 10 A, So
V =- 130 V
2Vm cos a =- 130
p
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
2#
Page 541
2 # 230 cos a =- 130c

p
a = 129c
SOL 9.46
In the given diagram

when switch S is open I 0 = IL = 4 A, Vs = 20 V
when switch S is closed ID = 0, V0 = 0 V
Duty cycle = 0.5 so average voltage is Vs
1-d
Average current = 0 + 4 = 2 amp
2
Average voltage = 20 = 40 V
1 - 0.5
SOL 9.47
nodia
Firing angle
Overlap angle
so,
20 =
`
`
a = 25c
m = 10c
I 0 = Vm [cos a - cos (a + m)]
wLs
230 2 [cos 25c - cos (25c + 10c)]

2p # 50Ls
Ls = 0.0045 H
V0 = 2Vm cos a - wLsI 0
p
p
-3
= 2 # 230 2 cos 25c - 2 # 3.14 # 50 # 4.5 # 10 # 20
3.14
3.14
= 187.73 - 9 = 178.74c
Displacement factor = V0 I 0 = 178.25 # 20 = 0.78
230 # 20
Vs Is
SOL 9.48

Given that
P = 50 # 1000 W
Vd = 420
So
P = Vd # Id
Id = 50 # 1000 = 119.05
420
RMS value of thyristor current = 119.05 = 68.73
3
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Page 542
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
SOL 9.49

Single phase full wave half controlled bridge converter feeds an Inductive load.
The two SCRs in the converter are connected to a common dc bus. The converter
has to have free wheeling diode because the converter does not provide for free
wheeling for high values of triggering angles.
SOL 9.50

If we connect the MOSFET with the VSI, but the six MOSFETs are connected
in bridge configuration, in that case they also operated as constant current
sources in the saturation region so this statement is false.
SOL 9.51

Given that, total harmonic distortion
nodia
THD =
Vrms - V 12
# 100
V1
2
Pulse width is 150c
Vrms = b
Here
150 V = 0.91V
s
180 l s
V1 = Vrms(fundamental)
= 0.4Vs sin 75c
p# 2
= 0.8696Vs
(0.91Vs) 2 - (0.87Vs) 2
(0.87Vs) 2
= 31.9%
THD =
SOL 9.52

When losses are neglected,
2 # 440 cos a = K
750 # 2p
m#
p
60
Here back emf e with f is constant
3#
e = V0 = Km wm
440 = Km # 1500 # 2p
60
Km = 2.8
cos a = 0.37
at this firing angle
Vt = 3 2 # 440 # (0.37)
p
= 219.85 V
Ia = 1500 = 34.090
440
Isr = Ia 2/3 = 27.83
p.f. =
Vt Is
= 0.354
3 Vs Isr
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Chapter 9
SOL 9.53
Power Electronics
Page 543

Vs = 230 = 57.5
4
Here charging current = I
Vm sin q = 12
q1 = 8.486 = 0.148 radian
Vm = 81.317 V
e = 12 V
There is no power consumption in battery due to ac current, so average value of
charging current.
1
[2Vm cos q1 - e (p - 2q1)]
Iav(charging) =
2p # 19.04
1
[2 V
cos q1 - 12 (p - 2q1)]
=
2p # 19.04 # m #
nodia
= 1.059 W/A
SOL 9.54

Conduction angle for diode is 270c as shown in fig.
SOL 9.55
SOL 9.56

Here,
Vm = maximum pulse voltage that can be applied
so
= 10 - 1 - 1 - 1 = 7 V
Here 1 V drop is in primary transistor side, so that we get 9V pulse on the
secondary side. Again there are 1 V drop in diode and in gate cathode junction
each.
So
SOL 9.57
I g max = 150 mA
7
= 46.67 W
R = Vm =
Ig max
150 mA

We know that the pulse width required is equal to the time taken by ia to rise
upto iL
so,
Vs = L di + Ri (VT . 0)
dt
ia = 200 [1 - e- t/0.15]
1
Here also
t = T,
ia = iL = 0.25
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Page 544
Power Electronics
Chapter 9
0.25 = 200 [1 - e- T/0.5]

T = 1.876 # 10- 4
= 187.6 ms
Width of pulse = 187.6 ms
Magnitude of voltage = 10 V
Vsec rating of P.T. = 10 # 187.6 ms
= 1867 mV-s is approx to 2000 mV-s
SOL 9.58

If we varying the frequency for speed control, V/f should be kept as constant so
that, minimum flux density (Bm ) also remains constant
V = 4.44NBm Af
So,
SOL 9.59
SOL 9.60
nodia

In first half cycle D 1 will conduct and D 2 will not and at q = 0 there is zero
voltage. So current wave form is as following

In the PWM inverter
V0 = output voltage of inverter
3
V0 = / 4Vs sin nd sin nwt sin np/2
n = 1 np
so,
SOL 9.61
So the pulse width = 2d = 144c

V01 = 4Vs sin 72c sin wt
p
V03 = 4Vs sin ^3 # 72ch sin 3wt
3p
4Vs
sin (3 # 72c)
V03
3p #
=
= 19.61%
bV01 max l
4Vs sin 72c
p

Given that
400 V, 50 Hz AC source,
so,
a = 60c, IL = 10 A
Input displacement factor = cos a = 0.5
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Chapter 9
SOL 9.62
Power Electronics
and,
input power factor = D.F. # cos a
so,
4 # 10 sin 60c
Is(fundamental)
p
distortion factor =
= # 2
Is
10 # 2/3
= 0.955
input power factor = 0.955 # 0.5 = 0.478

We know that
So
SOL 9.63
Page 545
T = RC ln 2
T
100
=
= 2.88 mF
C =
50 # 0.693
R # 0.693
nodia
Let we have
so
R solar = 0.5 W , I 0 = 20 A
Vs = 350 - 20 # 0.5 = 340 V
340 = 3 # 440 #
p
2 cos a
cos a = 55c
So each thyristor will reverse biased for 180c - 55c = 125c.
SOL 9.64

In this circuitry if SCR gets open circuited, than circuit behaves like a half wave
rectifier.
So
I avg = Average value of current

p-q
= 1 #
(Vm sin wt - E) dq
2pR q
I 0(avg) = 1 62Vm cos q - E (p - 2q1)@
2pR
1 [2 (230
=
# 2 ) cos q - 200 (p - 2q1)]
2p # 2 #
200
q1 = sin- 1 b E l = sin- 1 c
= 38c = 0.66 Rad
Vm
230 # 2 m
1
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Page 546
Power Electronics
I 0 (avg) =
Chapter 9
1 [2 2
# 230 cos 38c - 200 (p - 2 # 0.66)]
2p # 2
= 11.9 A
SOL 9.65
In this given circuit minimum gate pulse width time= Time required by ia rise
up to iL
i2 = 100 3 = 20 mA
5 # 10
i1 = 100 [1 - e- 40t]
20
nodia
`
anode current I = I1 + I2 = 0.02 + 5 [1 - e- 40t]

0.05 = 0.05 + 5 [1 - e- 40t]
1 - e- 40t = 0.03
5
T = 150 ms
SOL 9.66

Given IL = 10 A . So in the + ve half cycle, it will charge the capacitor, minimum
time will be half the time for one cycle.
so min time required for charging
= p = p LC = 3.14 #
w0
SOL 9.67
2 # 10- 3 # 10- 6 = 140 m sec

Given
Ton = 140 m sec

Average output = Ton # V
Ttotal
Ttotal = 1/f = 1 = 1 msec
103
-6
so average output = 140 # 10-3 # 250 = 35 V

1 # 10
SOL 9.68

The conduction loss v/s MOSFET current characteristics of a power MOSFET
is best approximated by a parabola.
SOL 9.69

In a 3-f bridge rectifier
Vrms = 400 V , f = 50 Hz
This is purely resistive then
instantaneous voltage
V0 =
2 Vrms = 400 2 V
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
Page 547
SOL 9.70

A 3-f square wave (symmetrical) inverter contains only odd harmonics.
SOL 9.71

In Ideal condition we take voltage across the device is zero.
average power loss during switching = VI (t1 + t2) (turn ON)
2
SOL 9.72

So in P thyristor blocks voltage in both polarities until gate is triggered and also
in R transistor along with diode can do same process.
SOL 9.73
nodia
Duty ratio a = 0.5
1
= 10- 3 sec
1 # 10- 3
Ta = L = 200 mH = 40 msec
5
R
T =
here
(1 - e- aT/Ts) (1 - e- (1 - a) T/Ta)
Ripple = Vs =
G
R
1 - e- T/Ts
100
(TI) max = Vs =
4fL 4 # 103 # 200 # 10- 3
= 0.125 A
SOL 9.74

We know that
Vrms = 230 V
Vm = 230 # 2 V
a 1 90c
Vpeak = Vm sin a = 230
so,
If whether
Then
230 2 sin a = 230

sin a = 1
2
angle a = 135c
SOL 9.75

Tst = 15 Nm
so
SOL 9.76
= 7 Nm
= 2 rad/sec2
= Ia
= Tst - TL = 8 Nm
I = 8 = 4 kgm2
2
TL
a
T
T

When we use BJT as a power control switch by biasing it in cut-off region or in
the saturation region. In the on state both the base emitter and base-collector
junction are forward biased.
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Page 548
SOL 9.77
Power Electronics
Chapter 9

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) across full wave rectifier is 2Vm
Vm = 50 2 V
PIV = 100 2 V
so,
SOL 9.78

Vb = 12 ! 4 V
Vb max = 16 V
Vb min = 8 V
V (min)
8
Required value of R = b
=
= 800 W
Ig
10 # 10- 3
SOL 9.79
nodia
Ripple frequency = 3f = 3 # 400 = 1200 Hz

So from V0 ripple frequency = 1200 Hz
SOL 9.80

Given that
So average power losses
SOL 9.81
R = 0.15 W
I = 15 A
1 # p/w I 2 Rdt
=
(2p/w) 0
= w # 102 # 0.15 # p/w = 7.5 W
2p

Output dc voltage across load is given as following
1
Vdc =
2 V ; 1 &(2p - a) + sin 2a 0E2

ap
2
1
sin p/2 2
= 2 # 230 2 = p 1 'a2p - p k + b
= 317.8 V
2 l1G
4
4 #p
2
(317.8) 2
losses = V dc =
= 10100 W
100
R
SOL 9.82

Vs = 100 V , duty ratio = 0.8 , R = 10 W
So average current through diode
SOL 9.83
= aVs = 0.8 # 100 = 8 A

10
R

Peak current through S 1
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Power Electronics
I = I 0 + VS C/L = 20 + 200
SOL 9.84
SOL 9.85
Page 549
2 # 10- 6 = 40 A
200 # 10- 6
nodia
so
a =;
and
500 - (- 1500)
2p
2
E # 60 = 418.67 rad/sec
0.5
T = 40 Nm
T = Ia
I = T # 40 = 0.096 kgm2
a
418.67
SOL 9.86
SOL 9.87

When thyristor turned on at that time J2 junction will break. So J1, J2, J3 all
are in forward bias.
The ON-OFF state of switch is given on VDS - IS plane as following
When VDS =+ ve , diode conducts and IS = 0

VDS =- ve , diode opens, but IS = 0 , D "- ve potential.
SOL 9.88

P. Field control-Above base speed
Q. Armature control-below base torque
SOL 9.89

As we know in fully controlled rectifier.
or
or
VPP = Vm - Vm cos (p/6 + a)

VPP = Vm [1 - cos (p/6 + 30c)]
VPP = 0.5
Vm
a a = 30c
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Page 550
Power Electronics
SOL 9.90
SOL 9.91

In the chopper during turn on of chopper V -t area across L is,
T
T
di dt = # imax Ldi
#0 onVL dt = #0 on L b dt
l
i min
Chapter 9
= L (i max - i min) = L ^DI h
nodia
V -t are applied to L is = (60 - 12) Ton = 48Ton
DI = 48Ton
L
So now volt area
-3
= 48 # 0.2 #-10
= 0.48 A
3
20 # 10
SOL 9.92
4VS
b np l^sin nd h^sin nwt h^sin np/2h
` RMS value of fundamental component
Vrms(fundamental) = 4VS sin d # 1
2p
a = 120c, 2d = 120c & d = 60c
Output voltage V0 =
n = 1, 3, 5
Vrms(fundamental) = 4VS # sin 60c

2p
= 0.78VS = 0.78 V
SOL 9.93
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Chapter 9
Power Electronics
Page 551
After removing 5 th harmonic

5d = 0, p, 2p
`
SOL 9.94
Pulse width = 2d = a = 0, 2p , 4p = 0c, 72c, 144c

5 5

NSa = 3000 rpm
Na = 2850 rpm
SFL = 3000 - 2850 = 0.05
3000
where by (V/f) control
Nsb = 3000 b 40 l = 2400 rpm
50
nodia
N2 = new running speed of motor

= 2400 b1 - 0.05 l = 2340 rpm
2
***********
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Page 552
Chapter 10
CHAPTER 10
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 10.1
ONE MARK
Given a system of equations

x + 2y + 2z = b1
5x + y + 3z = b2
What of the following is true regarding its solutions
(A) The system has a unique solution for any given b1 and b2
(B) The system will have infinitely many solutions for any given b1 and b2
(C) Whether or not a solution exists depends on the given b1 and b2
nodia
(D) The systems would have no solution for any values of b1 and b2
EE SP 10.2
EE SP 10.3
Let f ^x h = xe-x . The maximum value of the function in the interval ^0, 3h is
(A) e-1
(B) e
-1
(C) 1 - e
(D) 1 + e-1
The solution for the differential equation
d 2 x =- 9x
dt2
with initial conditions x ^0 h = 1 and dx
= 1, is
dt t = 0
(B) sin 3t + 13 cos 3t + 23
(A) t2 + t + 1
(C)
EE SP 10.4
EE SP 10.5
1
3
sin 3t + cos 3t
(D) cos 3t + t
Let S be the set of points in the complex plane corresponding to the unit circle.
(That is, S = "z : z = 1, ). Consider the function f ^z h = zz * where z* denotes
the complex conjugate of z . The f ^z h maps S to which one of the following in
the complex plane
(A) unit circle
(B) horizontal axis line segment from origin to (1, 0)
(C) the point (1, 0)
(D) the entire horizontal axis
x ^ t h is nonzero only for Tx < t < Txl, and similarly, y ^ t h is nonzero only for
Ty < t < Tyl. Let z ^ t h be convolution of x ^ t h and y ^ t h. Which one of the following
statements is TRUE ?
(A) z ^ t h can be nonzero over an unbounded interval.
(B) z ^ t h is nonzero for t < Tx + Ty
(C) z ^ t h is zero outside of Tx + Ty < t < Txl+ Tyl
(D) z ^ t h is nonzero for t > Txl+ Tyl
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Chapter 10
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 10.6
Page 553
TWO MARKS
Let g : 60, 3h " 60, 3h be a function defined by g ^x h = x - 6x @, where 6x @ represents

the integer part of x . (That is, it is the largest integer which is less than or equal
to x ).
The value of the constant term in the Fourier series expansion of g ^x h is____.
EE SP 10.7
A fair coin is tossed n times. The probability that the difference between the
number of heads and tails is ^n - 3h is
(A) 2-n
(B) 0
n
-n
(C) Cn - 3 2
(D) 2-n + 3
EE SP 10.8
The line integral of function F = yzi , in the counterclockwise direction, along the
circle x2 + y2 = 1 at z = 1 is
(A) - 2p
(B) - p
(C) p
(D) 2p
EE SP 10.9
EE SP 10.10
nodia
1
be the z -transform of a causal signal x 6n@.
1 - z-3
Then, the values of x 62@ and x 63@ are
(A) 0 and 0
(B) 0 and 1
(C) 1 and 0
(D) 1 and 1
Let X ^z h =
A system matrix is given as follows

V
R
1 - 1W
S 0
A = S- 6 - 11 6W
SS- 6 - 11 5WW
X
T
The absolute value of the ratio of the maximum eigenvalue to the minimum
eigenvalue is _______.
YEAR 2014 EE02
ONE MARK
EE SP 10.11
Which one of the following statements is true for all real symmetric matrices ?
(A) All the eigenvalues are real
(B) All the eigenvalues are positive
(C) All the eigenvalues are distinct
(D) Sum of all the eigenvalues is zero
EE SP 10.12
Consider a dice with the property that the probability of a free with n dots
showing up proportional to n . The probability of the face with three dots showing
up is____.
EE SP 10.13
Minimum of the real valued function f ^x h = ^x - 1h2/3 occurs at x equal to

(A) - 3
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) 3
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EE SP 10.14
EE SP 10.15
Chapter 10
All the values of the multi-valued complex function 1i , where i = - 1 , are

(A) purely imaginary
(B) real and non-negative
(C) on the unit circle
(D) equal in real and imaginary parts
d 2y
dy
Consider the differential equation x2 2 + x - y = 0 . Which of the following
dx
dx
is
a solution to this differential equation for x > 0 ?
(B) x2
(A) ex
(C) 1/x
(D) ln x
YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 10.16
TWO MARKS
nodia
To evaluate the double integral
substitution
# e#
0
^y/2h + 1
y/2
2x - y
dx dy , we make the
2 l o
u = ^ 2x 2- y h and v = y2 . The integral will reduce to
(A)
(C)
EE SP 10.17
EE SP 10.18
# c # 2udu mdv
0
# c # udu mdv
0
(B)
(D)
# c # 2udu mdv
0
# c # udu mdv
0
Let X be a random variable with probability density function

Z0.2,
for x # 1
]
f ^x h = [0.1, for 1 < x # 4
] 0,
otherwise
The probability P ^0.5 < X < 5\h is _____.
The minimum value of the function f ^x h = x3 - 3x2 - 24x + 100 in the interval
6- 3, 3@ is
(A) 20
(B) 28
(C) 16
(D) 32
YEAR 2014 EE03
ONE MARK
EE SP 10.19
Two matrices A and B are given below :

p q
p2 + q2 pr + qs
; B=>
A =>
H
H
r s
pr + qs r2 + s2
If the rank of matrix A is N , then the rank of matrix B is
(A) N/2
(B) N - 1
(C) N
(D) 2N
EE SP 10.20
A particle, starting from origin at t = 0 s , is traveling along x -axis with velocity

v = p cos a p t k m/s
2
2
At t = 3 s , the difference between the distance covered by the particle and the
magnitude of displacement from the origin is ______.
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Chapter 10
EE SP 10.21
Page 555
Lifetime of an electric bulb is a random variable with density f ^x h = kx2 , where

x is measured in years. If the minimum and maximum lifetimes of bulb are 1 and
2 years respectively, then the value of k is _____.
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 10.22
EE SP 10.23
TWO MARKS
2
Integration of the complex function f ^z h = 2 z , in the counterclockwise
z -1
direction, around z - 1 = 1, is
(A) - pi
(B) 0
(C) pi
(D) 2pi
The mean thickness and variance of silicon steel laminations are 0.2 mm and
0.02 respectively. The varnish insulation is applied on both the sides of the
laminations. The mean thickness of one side insulation and its variance are 0.1
mm and 0.01 respectively. If the transformer core is made using 100 such varnish
coated laminations, the mean thickness and variance of the core respectively are
(A) 30 mm and 0.22
(B) 30 mm and 2.44
nodia
(C) 40 mm and 2.44
(D) 40 mm and 0.24
EE SP 10.24
The function f ^x h = ex - 1 is to be solved using Newton-Raphson method. If the

initial value of x 0 is taken as 1.0, then the absolute error observed at 2 nd iteration
is _____.
YEAR 2013
EE SP 10.25
EE SP 10.26
ONE MARK
Given a vector field Fv = y2 xavx - yzavy - x2 avz , the line integral

along a segment on the x -axis from x = 1 to x = 2 is
(B) 0
(A) - 2.33
(D) 7
(C) 2.33
2 - 2 x1
0
The equation >
= > H has
H
>
H
1 - 1 x2
0
(A) no solution
(C) non-zero unique solution
EE SP 10.27
# Fv : dlv evaluated
x1
0
(B) only one solution > H = > H
x2
0
(D) multiple solutions
Square roots of - i , where i = - 1 , are

(A) i , - i
(B) cos d- p n + i sin d- p n, cos b 3p l + i sin b 3p l
4
4
4
4
(C) cos d p n + i sin b 3p l, cos b 3p l + i sin d p n
4
4
4
4
(D) cos b 3p l + i sin b- 3p l, cos b- 3p l + i sin b 3p l
4
4
4
4
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Page 556
EE SP 10.28
Chapter 10
The curl of the gradient of the scalar field defined by V = 2x2 y + 3y2 z + 4z2 x is
(A) 4xyavx + 6yzavy + 8zxavz
(B) 4avx + 6avy + 8avz
(C) ^4xy + 4z2h avx + ^2x2 + 6yz h avy + ^3y2 + 8zx h avz
(D) 0
EE SP 10.29
A continuous random variable X has a probability density function f ^x h = e-x ,

0 < x < 3. Then P "X > 1, is
(A) 0.368
(B) 0.5
(C) 0.632
(D) 1.0
YEAR 2013
EE SP 10.30
EE SP 10.31
nodia
When the Newton-Raphson method is applied to solve the equation

f ^x h = x3 + 2x - 1 = 0 , the solution at the end of the first iteration with the
initial value as x 0 = 1.2 is
(A) - 0.82
(B) 0.49
(D) 1.69
(C) 0.705
A function y = 5x2 + 10x is defined over an open interval x = ^1, 2h. Atleast at
one point in this interval, dy/dx is exactly
(A) 20
(B) 25
(C) 30
EE SP 10.32
# zz
, is
2
2
(D) 35
- 4 dz evaluated anticlockwise around the circle z - i = 2 , where i =

+4
(A) - 4p
(C) 2 + p
EE SP 10.33
TWO MARKS
(B) 0
(D) 2 + 2i
1
A Matrix has eigenvalues - 1 and - 2 . The corresponding eigenvectors are > H
-1
1
and > H respectively. The matrix is
-2
1 1
(A) >
- 1 - 2H
1 2
(B) >
- 2 - 4H
-1 0
(C) >
0 - 2H
0 1
(D) >
- 2 - 3H
YEAR 2012
EE SP 10.34
-1
ONE MARK
Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly distributed in the

interval 6- 1, 1@. The probability that max 6X, Y @ is less than 1/2 is
(A) 3/4
(B) 9/16
(C) 1/4
(D) 2/3
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Chapter 10
EE SP 10.35
EE SP 10.36
If x = - 1, then the value of xx is

(A) e- p/2
(C) x
Page 557
(B) e p/2
(D) 1
1 - 2 . If C is a counter clockwise path in the z -plane

z+1 z+3
such that z + 1 = 1, the value of 1
f (z) dz is
2 pj C
(A) - 2
(B) - 1
(C) 1
(D) 2
Given f (z) =
EE SP 10.37
With initial condition x (1) = 0.5 , the solution of the differential equation
t dx + x = t , is
dt
(A) x = t - 1
(B) x = t 2 - 1
2
2
nodia
2
(C) x = t
2
(D) x = t
2
YEAR 2012
EE SP 10.38
EE SP 10.39
TWO MARKS
-5 -3
1 0
Given that A = >
, the value of A3 is
and I = >
H
2 0
0 1H
(A) 15A + 12I
(B) 19A + 30I
(C) 17A + 15I
(D) 17A + 21I
The maximum value of f (x) = x3 - 9x2 + 24x + 5 in the interval [1, 6] is

(A) 21
(B) 25
(C) 41
(D) 46
EE SP 10.40
A fair coin is tossed till a head appears for the first time. The probability that
the number of required tosses is odd, is
(A) 1/3
(B) 1/2
(C) 2/3
(D) 3/4
EE SP 10.41
The direction of vector A is radially outward from the origin, with A = krn .
where r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and k is a constant. The value of n for which d:A = 0 is
(A) - 2
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 0
EE SP 10.42
Consider the differential equation

d 2 y (t)
dy (t)
dy
+2
+ y (t) = d (t) with y (t) t = 0 =- 2 and
2
dt
dt
dt
dy
The numerical value of
is
dt t = 0
(A) - 2
(B) - 1
(C) 0
(D) 1
-
=0
t = 0-
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Page 558
Chapter 10
YEAR 2011
EE SP 10.43
Roots of the algebraic equation x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 are

(A) (+ 1, + j, - j)
(C) (0, 0, 0)
EE SP 10.44
ONE MARK
(B) (+ 1, - 1, + 1)
(D) (- 1, + j, - j)
A point Z has been plotted in the complex plane, as shown in figure below.
nodia
The plot of the complex number Y = 1 is
Z
EE SP 10.45
With K as a constant, the possible solution for the first order differential equation
dy
= e-3x is
dx
(B) - 13 e3x + K
(A) - 13 e-3x + K
(C) - 13 e-3x + K
(D) - 3e-x + K
YEAR 2011
EE SP 10.46
TWO MARKS
Solution of the variables x1 and x2 for the following equations is to be obtained

by employing the Newton-Raphson iterative method.
Equation (1)
10x2 sin x1 - 0.8 = 0
Equation (2)
10x 22 - 10x2 cos x1 - 0.6 = 0
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Chapter 10
Page 559
Assuming the initial values are x1 = 0.0 and x2 = 1.0 , the jacobian matrix is
10
(A) >
0
0
(C) >
10
EE SP 10.47
- 0.8
- 0.6H
- 0.8
- 0.6H
10 0
(B) >
0 10H
10 0
(D) >
10 - 10H
The function f (x) = 2x - x2 - x3 + 3 has

(A) a maxima at x = 1 and minimum at x = 5
(B) a maxima at x = 1 and minimum at x =- 5
(C) only maxima at x = 1 and
(D) only a minimum at x = 5
EE SP 10.48
EE SP 10.49
EE SP 10.50
nodia
A zero mean random signal is uniformly distributed between limits - a and + a

and its mean square value is equal to its variance. Then the r.m.s value of the
signal is
(A) a
(B) a
3
2
(C) a 2
(D) a 3
2 1
The matrix [A] = >
is decomposed into a product of a lower triangular
4 - 1H
matrix [L] and an upper triangular matrix [U]. The properly decomposed [L] and
[U] matrices respectively are
1 1
2 0
1 1
1 0
and >
(B) >
and > H
(A) >
H
H
H
0 -2
4 -1
0 1
4 -1
1 0
2 1
2 0
1 1.5
(C) > H and >
(D) >
and >
H
H
4 1
0 -1
4 -3
0 1H
The two vectors [1,1,1] and [1, a, a2] where a = _- 12 + j
3
2
i, are
(A) Orthonormal
(B) Orthogonal
(C) Parallel
(D) Collinear
YEAR 2010
ONE MARK
1
EE SP 10.51
The value of the quantity P , where P = # xex dx , is equal to

0
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) e
(D) 1/e
EE SP 10.52
Divergence of the three-dimensional radial vector field r is

(A) 3
(B) 1/r
t
(C) ti + tj + k
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Chapter 10
t)
(D) 3 (ti + tj + k
YEAR 2010
EE SP 10.53
EE SP 10.54
EE SP 10.55
EE SP 10.56
EE SP 10.57
TWO MARKS
A box contains 4 white balls and 3 red balls. In succession, two balls are
randomly and removed form the box. Given that the first removed ball is white,
the probability that the second removed ball is red is
(A) 1/3
(B) 3/7
(C) 1/2
(D) 4/7
J1 1 0N
O
K
An eigenvector of P = K0 2 2O is
K0 0 3O
(A) 8- 1 1 1BT
P
L
T
(C) 81 - 1 2B
(B) 81 2 1BT
(D) 82 1 - 1BT
nodia
2
For the differential equation d x2 + 6 dx + 8x = 0 with initial conditions x (0) = 1
dt
dt
and dx
= 0 , the solution is
dt t = 0
(B) x (t) = 2e- 2t - e- 4t
(A) x (t) = 2e- 6t - e- 2t
(C) x (t) =- e- 6t + 2e- 4t
(D) x (t) = e- 2t + 2e- 4t
For the set of equations, x1 + 2x2 + x 3 + 4x 4 = 2 and 3x1 + 6x2 + 3x 3 + 12x 4 = 6 .

The following statement is true.
(A) Only the trivial solution x1 = x2 = x 3 = x 4 = 0 exists
(B) There are no solutions
(C) A unique non-trivial solution exists
(D) Multiple non-trivial solutions exist
At t = 0 , the function f (t) = sin t has

t
(A) a minimum
(C) a point of inflection
(B) a discontinuity
(D) a maximum
YEAR 2009
EE SP 10.58
ONE MARK
The trace and determinant of a 2 # 2 matrix are known to be - 2 and - 35

respectively. Its eigen values are
(A) - 30 and - 5
(B) - 37 and - 1
(C) - 7 and 5
(D) 17.5 and - 2
YEAR 2009
EE SP 10.59
TWO MARKS
f (x, y) is a continuous function defined over (x, y) ! [0, 1] # [0, 1]. Given the two
constraints, x > y2 and y > x2 , the volume under f (x, y) is
(A)
y=1
x= y
#y = 0 #x = y
f (x, y) dxdy
(B)
y=1
x=1
#y = x #x = y
2
f (x, y) dxdy
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Chapter 10
(C)
y=1
x=1
#y = 0 #x = 0
f (x, y) dxdy
(D)
Page 561
y= x
#y = 0
x= y
#x = 0
f (x, y) dxdy
EE SP 10.60
Assume for simplicity that N people, all born in April (a month of 30 days), are
collected in a room. Consider the event of at least two people in the room being
born on the same date of the month, even if in different years, e.g. 1980 and 1985.
What is the smallest N so that the probability of this event exceeds 0.5 ?
(B) 7
(A) 20
(C) 15
(D) 16
EE SP 10.61
A cubic polynomial with real coefficients

(A) Can possibly have no extrema and no zero crossings
nodia
(B) May have up to three extrema and upto 2 zero crossings

(C) Cannot have more than two extrema and more than three zero crossings
(D) Will always have an equal number of extrema and zero crossings
EE SP 10.62
EE SP 10.63
Let x2 - 117 = 0 . The iterative steps for the solution using Newton-Raphons
method is given by
(A) xk + 1 = 1 bxk + 117 l
(B) xk + 1 = xk - 117
2
xk
xk
(C) xk + 1 = xk - xk
(D) xk + 1 = xk - 1 bxk + 117 l
2
xk
117
F (x, y) = (x2 + xy) at x + (y2 + xy) at y . Its

(x, y) = (0, 2) to (x, y) = (2, 0) evaluates
(A) - 8
(C) 8
line integral over the straight line from

to
(B) 4
(D) 0
YEAR 2008
ONE MARKS
EE SP 10.64
X is a uniformly distributed random variable that takes values between 0 and 1.

The value of E {X3} will be
(A) 0
(B) 1/8
(C) 1/4
(D) 1/2
EE SP 10.65
The characteristic equation of a (3 # 3 ) matrix P is defined as

a (l) = lI - P = l3 + l2 + 2l + 1 = 0
If I denotes identity matrix, then the inverse of matrix P will be
(B) (P2 + P + I)
(A) (P2 + P + 2I)
(C) - (P2 + P + I)
EE SP 10.66
(D) - (P2 + P + 2I)
If the rank of a (5 # 6) matrix Q is 4, then which one of the following statement

is correct ?
(A) Q will have four linearly independent rows and four linearly independent
columns
(B) Q will have four linearly independent rows and five linearly independent
columns
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Chapter 10
(C) QQ will be invertible

(D) QT Q will be invertible
YEAR 2008
TWO MARKS
EE SP 10.67
Consider function f (x) = (x2 - 4) 2 where x is a real number. Then the function
has
(A) only one minimum
(B) only tow minima
(C) three minima
(D) three maxima
EE SP 10.68
Equation ex - 1 = 0 is required to be solved using Newtons method with an

initial guess x0 =- 1. Then, after one step of Newtons method, estimate x1 of
the solution will be given by
(A) 0.71828
(B) 0.36784
(C) 0.20587
(D) 0.00000
EE SP 10.69
EE SP 10.70
nodia
A is m # n full rank matrix with m > n and I is identity matrix. Let matrix
A' = (AT A) - 1 AT , Then, which one of the following statement is FALSE ?
(B) (AA') 2
(A) AA'A = A
(D) AA'A = A'
(C) A'A = I
A differential equation dx/dt = e - 2t u (t), has to be solved using trapezoidal rule
of integration with a step size h = 0.01 s. Function u (t) indicates a unit step
function. If x (0 -) = 0 , then value of x at t = 0.01 s will be given by
(A) 0.00099
(B) 0.00495
(C) 0.0099
EE SP 10.71
(D) 0.0198
Let P be a 2 # 2 real orthogonal matrix and x is a real vector [x1, x2] T with
length x = (x12 + x22) 1/2 . Then, which one of the following statements is correct ?
(A) Px # x where at least one vector satisfies Px < x
(B) Px # x for all vector x
(C) Px $ x where at least one vector satisfies Px > x
(D) No relationship can be established between x and Px
YEAR 2007
EE SP 10.72
ONE MARK
x = 8x1 x2 g xn B is an n-tuple nonzero vector. The n # n matrix

V = xxT
(A) has rank zero
(B) has rank 1
(C) is orthogonal
(D) has rank n
T
YEAR 2007
EE SP 10.73
TWO MARKS
1-x
The differential equation dx
is discretised using Eulers numerical
dt = t
integration method with a time step 3 T > 0 . What is the maximum permissible
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Chapter 10
Page 563
value of 3 T to ensure stability of the solution of the corresponding discrete time

equation ?
(A) 1
(B) t/2
(C) t
(D) 2t
EE SP 10.74
The value of
C
(A) 2pi
where C
# (1 dz
+ z2)
is the contour z -
(D) pi tan - 1 z
(C) tan z
EE SP 10.76
= 1 is
(B) p
-1
EE SP 10.75
i
2
The integral 1
2p
(A) sin t cos t
(C) 12 cos t
2p
#0 sin (t - t) cos tdt equals

(B) 0
(D) 12 sin t
nodia
A loaded dice has following probability distribution of occurrences
Dice Value
Probability
1/4
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/8
1/4
If three identical dice as the above are thrown, the probability of occurrence of
values 1, 5 and 6 on the three dice is
(A) same as that of occurrence of 3, 4, 5
(B) same as that of occurrence of 1, 2, 5
(C) 1/128
(D) 5/8
EE SP 10.77
Let x and y be two vectors in a 3 dimensional space and < x, y > denote their
dot product. Then the determinant
< x, x > < x, y >
det =< y, x > < y, y >G
(A) is zero when x and y are linearly independent
(B) is positive when x and y are linearly independent
(C) is non-zero for all non-zero x and y
(D) is zero only when either x or y is zero
EE SP 10.78
The linear operation L (x) is defined by the cross product L (x) = b # x , where
T
T
b = 80 1 0B and x = 8x1 x2 x3 B are three dimensional vectors. The 3 # 3 matrix
M of this operations satisfies
R V
Sx1 W
L (x) = M Sx2 W
SSx WW
3
T X
Then the eigenvalues of M are
(A) 0, + 1, - 1
(B) 1, - 1, 1
(C) i, - i, 1
(D) i, - i, 0
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Page 564
Chapter 10

Cayley-Hamilton Theorem states that a square matrix satisfies its own
characteristic equation. Consider a matrix
-3 2
A ==
- 2 0G
EE SP 10.79
EE SP 10.80
A satisfies the relation

(A) A + 3I + 2A - 1 = 0
(C) (A + I) (A + 2I)
(B) A2 + 2A + 2I = 0
(D) exp (A) = 0
A9 equals
(A) 511A + 510I
(B) 309A + 104I
(C) 154A + 155I
(D) exp (9A)
nodia
YEAR 2006
EE SP 10.81
EE SP 10.82
TWO MARKS
The expression V =
R
#0
pR2 (1 - h/H) 2 dh for the volume of a cone is equal to
(A)
#0
(C)
#0 2prH (1 - r/R) dh
pR2 (1 - h/H) 2 dr
(B)
#0
(D)
#0
pR2 (1 - h/H) 2 dh
2
2prH`1 - r j dr
R
A surface S (x, y) = 2x + 5y - 3 is integrated once over a path consisting of the

points that satisfy (x + 1) 2 + (y - 1) 2 = 2 . The integral evaluates to
(A) 17 2
(B) 17 2
(C) 2 /17
(D) 0
EE SP 10.83
Two fair dice are rolled and the sum r of the numbers turned up is considered
(A) Pr (r > 6) = 16
(B) Pr (r/3 is an integer) =
5
6
(C) Pr (r = 8 ; r/4 is an integer) = 59

(D) Pr (r = 6 ; r/5 is an integer) = 161

VT
R VT
R VT
R
S2 W
S- 2 W
S- 10 W
P = S 1 W , Q = S- 5 W , R = S- 7 W are three vectors.
SS12 WW
SS 9 WW
SS 3 WW
X
T X
T X
T
An orthogonal set of vectors having a span that contains P, Q, Ris
V R V
R V R
R V R V
S- 4 W S 5 W S 8 W
S- 6 W S 4 W
(B) S 2 W S 7 W S 2 W
(A) S- 3 W S- 2 W
SS 4 WW SS- 11WW SS- 3 WW
SS- 6 WW SS 3 WW
Shop GATE Electrical in 4 Volumes by RK Kanodia
at maximum discount at
X T X
T X T
T X T X
EE SP 10.84
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Chapter 10
EE SP 10.85
Page 565
R V R V R V
R V R V R V
S 6 W S- 3 W S 3 W
S 4 W S 1 W S5 W
(C) S 7 W S 2 W S 9 W
(D) S 3 W S31W S3 W
SS- 1WW SS- 2 WW SS- 4 WW
SS11WW SS 3 WW SS4 WW
T X T X T X
T X T X T X
The following vector is linearly dependent upon the solution to the previous
problem
V
R V
R
S8 W
S-2 W
(B) S- 17 W
(A) S9 W
SS3 WW
SS 30 WW
TR V X
RT VX
4
S W
S13 W
(C) S4 W
(D) S 2 W
SS5 WW
SS- 3 WW
T X
T X
nodia
YEAR 2005
EE SP 10.86
ONE MARK
In the matrix equation Px = q , which of the following is a necessary condition

for the existence of at least on solution for the unknown vector x
(A) Augmented matrix [Pq] must have the same rank as matrix P
(B) Vector q must have only non-zero elements
(C) Matrix P must be singular
(D) Matrix P must be square
EE SP 10.87
If P and Q are two random events, then the following is TRUE

(A) Independence of P and Q implies that probability (P + Q) = 0
(B) Probability (P , Q) $ Probability (P) + Probability (Q)
(C) If P and Q are mutually exclusive, then they must be independent
(D) Probability (P + Q) # Probability (P)
EE SP 10.88
If S =
#1
3 -3
x dx , then S has the value
(A) - 1
3
(C) 1
2
EE SP 10.89
(B) 1
4
(D) 1
The solution of the first order DE x' (t) =- 3x (t), x (0) = x0 is

(A) x (t) = x0 e - 3t
(B) x (t) = x0 e - 3
(C) x (t) = x0 e - 1/3
(D) x (t) = x0 e - 1
YEAR 2005
EE SP 10.90
TWO MARKS
V
R
S3 - 2 2 W
For the matrix p = S0 - 2 1 W, one of the eigen values is equal to - 2
SS0 0 1 WW
T is anXeigen vector ?
Which of the following
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Page 566
EE SP 10.91
EE SP 10.92
R V
R V
S3 W
S- 3 W
W
S
(A) - 2
(B) S 2 W
SS 1 WW
SS- 1WW
TR V X
RT VX
S1 W
S2 W
(C) S- 2 W
(D) S5 W
SS 3 WW
SS0 WW
T X
T X
V
R
S1 0 - 1W
If R = S2 1 - 1W, then top row of R - 1 is
SS2 3 2 WW
X
T
(A) 85 6 4B
(B) 85 - 3 1B
(C) 82 0 - 1B
(D) 82 - 1 1/2B
nodia
A fair coin is tossed three times in succession. If the first toss produces a head,
then the probability of getting exactly two heads in three tosses is
(A) 1/6
(B) 1/2
(C) 3/6
EE SP 10.93
EE SP 10.94
EE SP 10.95
Chapter 10
(D) 3/4
For the function f (x) = x2 e - x , the maximum occurs when x is equal to

(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 0
(D) - 1
2
y2
For the scalar field u = x + , magnitude of the gradient at the point (1, 3) is
2
3
9
13
(B)
(A)
2
9
(C) 5
(D) 9
2
For the equation x'' (t) + 3x' (t) + 2x (t) = 5 ,the solution x (t) approaches which of
the following values as t " 3 ?
(A) 0
(B) 5
2
(C) 5
(D) 10
***********
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Chapter 10
Page 567
SOLUTION
SOL 10.1

x + 2y + 2z = b1
5x + y + 32 = b2
On eliminating y , we have
9x + 4z = 2b 2 - b1
...(i)
...(ii)
{2(ii)-(i)}
Let b1 = b2 = 1,
9x + 4z = 1
x = 1 - 4z
9
z = 1 - 9x
4
Hence these will be infinitely many solutions for any given b1 and b2 .
SOL 10.2
nodia
Given the function,
f ^x h = xe-x
To determine the maximum value, we equate the first derivative of function to
zero, i.e.
f l^x h = e-x + x ^- e-x h = e-x - xe-x = 0
or
e-x ^1 - x h = 0
So,
x = 1, 3
Again, we check the point of maxima by substituting the obtained values in the
second derivative as
f ll^x h =- e-x + xe-x - e-x
-1
At x = 1
f ll^x h =- 2e-1 + ^1 h e^ h
=- e-1 < 0
Hence, f ^x h is maximum at x = 1, and given as
f ^1 h = ^1 h e-1 = e-1
SOL 10.3
at x = 1

Given the differential equation,
d2 x =- 9x
dt2
Taking the Laplace transform,
s2 X ^s h - sX ^0 h - Xl^0 h =- 9X ^s h
or
or
or
or
s2 X ^s h - s ^1 h - ^1 h =- 9X ^s h
X ^s h^s2 + 9h = s + 1
X ^s h = s2 + 1 = 2 s + 2 1
s +9 s +9 s +9
X ^s h = 2 s + 1 d 2 3 n
s +9 3 s +9
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Chapter 10
Again, taking inverse Laplace transform, we obtain

x ^ t h = cos 3t + 1 sin 3t
3
ALTERNATIVE METHOD :
Given the differential equation,

d2 x + 9x = 0
dt2
Substituting dxd / D , we obtain
or
D2 + 9 = 0
or
D = ! 3i
So, the auxiliary equation is written as
x = A cos 3t + iB sin 3t
nodia
...(1)
From the given values,
x ^0 h = 1 = A
dx
1
and
dt t = 0 = 1 = i3B & B = 3i
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
x = cos 3t + 1 sin 3t
3
SOL 10.4

Given the set of points in complex plane,
S = $z : z = 1.
and the function,
f ^z h = zz *
By complex number property, we know
zz * = z 2
Thus, for the given set of points, i.e. z = 1; the value of function is
f ^z h = 1
i.e. f ^z h maps S to the point (1, 0) on the plane.
SOL 10.5

Given the functions,
x ^ t h ! 0 ; Tn < t < Txl

and
y ^ t h ! 0 ; Ty < t < Tyl
z ^ t h is the convolution of x ^ t h and y ^ t h, i.e.
z^t h = x^t h * y^t h
So, by convolution theorem, we have
z ^ t h = 0 ; t < Tx + Ty; t > Txl + Tyl
or
SOL 10.6
z ^ t h = 0 ; out side of Tx + Ty < T < Txl + Tyl

Given the function,
g ^x h = x - 6x @
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Chapter 10
or
So, we have the graph
Page 569
g ^x h = "x ,
As this is a periodic function, the constant term will be is average value, i.e.
T
Average value â 0h = 1 f ^x h dx
T 0
1
a 0 = 1 xdx
T 0
#
#
nodia
2 1
2 1
= :1 # x D = x = 0.5
2 0 2 0
Hence, the constant term is 0.5
SOL 10.7

Given the fair coin is tossed n times. Assume that
Number of head appearing = x times
Number of tail appearing = y times
So, we have
(Given)
x-y = n-3
and
x+y = n
Now, we consider the two cases.
Case I: When x > y ; we have
x-y = n-3
x+y = n
2x = 2n - 3
So,
x = 2n - 3 = n - 3
2
2
As x is an integer and n is also an integer value. So, the above relation is
contradictory, and therefore
n-3 ! x
2
Case II: When x < y ; we have
-x + y = n - 3
x+y = n
y = n-3
2
Again, y is an integer and n is also an integer value. So, the above relation is
contradictory.
Thus, the required probability is zero.
SOL 10.8

Given function,
and the circle,
Fv = yzit
x2 + y2 = 1
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Chapter 10
"
Now, we have to determine the line integral of F along the circle at z = 1.

From Greens Theorem, we define line integral as
"
"
2Fy 2Fx
...(i)
F $ dl =
d
n dxdy
2x
2y
##
"
where Fx and Fy are components of F along x and y directions, respectively,

i.e.
Fx = yz
Fy = 0
Substituting it in equation (i), we have
2 ^yz h
"
"
=0 G dxdy =F $ dl =
2y
At z = 1 along the circle, we get
##
## zdxdy
nodia
# F $ dl
"
"
## 1 dxdy
=- ## dxdy =- p ^1 h
=-
(area of circle)
=- p
SOL 10.9

Given the z -transform of causal signal x 6n@ as
X ^z h =
1
1
1 2
-3 = 1 + 3 + c 3 m + ...
1-z
z
z
1
1
= 1 + 3 + 6 + .....
z
z
Now, the z -transform is defined as
X ^z h =
...(i)
/ x6n@z
-n
n=0
x 61@ x 62@ x 63@

+ 2 + 3 + ...
z
z
z
Comparing equations (i) and (ii), we get
x 60@ = 1, x 61@ = 0
= x 60@ +
...(ii)
x 62@ = 0 , x 63@ = 1
SOL 10.10
Given the system matrix,
R 0
1 - 1VW
S
A = S- 6 - 11 6W
SS- 6 - 11 5WW
X
T
The Eigen values for the system matrix is given by the roots of the equation
or
or
A - lI = 0
V
R
V
R 0
1 - 1W Sl 0 0W
S
S- 6 - 11 6W - S0 l 0W = 0
SS- 6 - 11 5WW SS0 0 lWW
X T
T
X
-1
-l
1
=0
= - 6 - 11 - l 6
- 6 - 11 5 - l
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Chapter 10
or
or
r
Page 571
[- l ^- 55 - 5l + 11l + l2 + 66h
+ 1 ^- 36 + 30 - 6lh - 1 ^66 - 66 - 6lh = 0
^- l3 - 6l2 - 11lh - 6 - 6l + 6l = 0
l3 + 6l2 + 11l + 6 = 0
So,
l =- 1, - 2 , - 3
Thus, the ratio of maximum eigenvalue to minimum eigenvalue is
l max = - 3 = 3
-1
l min
SOL 10.11
SOL 10.12

Corollary: Every real symmetric matrix has eigenvalues which are all real
numbers.
nodia
On the first dot probability \ 1
On the second dot probability \ 2
.
.
.
On the sixth dot probability \ 6

Total probability = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6
= 21
Probability of 3 rd dot = 3 = 1 = 0.14
21 7
SOL 10.13
SOL 10.14
f ^x h = 10 ^x - 1h2/3
Since f ^x h is a real valued function ^x - 1h can not be negative, because in that
case fractional power of negative number is imaginary. So at x = 1, the value of
f ^x h will be minimum.
We can write
or,
So,
1 = cos (2np) + i sin (2np), where n is an integer

1 = ei^2nph
1i = 6ei (2np)@
1i = e-i (2np)
1i = e-2np
Therefore all values of 1i are non-negative and real number.
or
SOL 10.15

This is a Cauchy-Euler equation, so we substitute x = et . Then assuming x > 0
, we have
t = ln x
dy dt
dy
=
dt dx
dx
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Page 572
Chapter 10
dy
dy
= b1l
dx
dt x
dy
dy
=
x
dt
dx
or
or
dt
1
:t = ln x & dx = x D
2
d 2y
1 d y dt - 1 dy
=
x c dt2 dx m x2 dt
dx2
2
d 2y
1 d y - dy
=
c
dt m
dx2
x2 dt2
d 2y
d 2 y dy
or
x2 2 = 2 dt
dx
dt
Substituting eq (i) and (ii) in given differential equation, we get
d 2 y dy dy
+
-y = 0
dt dt
dt2
...(i)
Now,
...(ii)
nodia
d 2y
-y = 0
dt2
m2 - 1 = 0
m =! 1
Roots are distinct real, so two possible solution
y = et and y = e-t
SOL 10.16
Since
x = et
So
y = x or 1 are two possible solutions.

x
# f#
8
At x =
y
2
at x =
y
+1
2
y
+1
2
y/2
2x - y
dx p dy = ?
2 l
y
2x - y
= u & x = x- = u
2
2
b
dx = du
2 y/2 - y
u = #
=0
2
y
2 a + 1k - y
=1
u = 2
2
Thus integral becomes
# ; # uduEdy
0
y
2
dy
dv =
& dy = 2dv
2
v =
at y = 0 &
at y = 8 &
v =0
v =4
=
Reduced form =
# ; # uduE2dv
0
# ; # 2uduEdv
0
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Chapter 10
SOL 10.17
Page 573

0.2
f ^x h = *0.1
0
0.2
f ^x h = *0.1
0
for x # 1
for 1 < x # 4
otherwise
x = ^- 1, 1h
x = ^- 4, - 1h , ^1, 4h
otherwise
On solving inequalities
Probability ^P h =
=
# f ^x hdx
3
-3
0.5
0.2dx +
#
1
0.1dx
nodia
= 0.2 # 0.5 + 0.1 # 3
P = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4
SOL 10.18
f ^x h = x3 - 3x2 - 24x + 100 on 6- 3, 3@

The given function is a polynomial and so continuous everywhere. Now we get
derivative of the function to option the critical points
f l^x h = 3x2 - 6x - 24
or
x2 - 2x - 8 = 0
x2 - 4x + 2x - 8 = 0
x ^x - 4h + 2 ^x - 4h = 0
^x - 4h^x + 2h = 0
So,
x = 4 and x =- 2
We consider the critical point that actually fall in the given interval. So we only
take x =- 2 . Now, we find the function value at the critical point x =- 2 and
end points x =- 3 , x = 3 .
f ^- 2h = ^- 2h3 - 3 ^- 2h2 - 24 ^- 2h + 100
f ^- 2h = 128
f ^- 3h = ^- 3h3 - 3 ^- 3h2 - 24 ^- 3h + 100
f ^- 3h = 172
f ^3h = ^3h3 - 3 ^3h2 - 24 ^3 h + 100
f ^3h = 28
We have
f ^- 2h = 128 , f ^- 3h = 172 , f ^3 h = 28
From list of above values we can see that absolute minimum is 28 which occurs
at x = 3 .
SOL 10.19

Given the two matrices,
p
A =>
r
and
q
sH
p2 + q2 pr + qs
B =>
H
pr + qs r2 + s2
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Chapter 10
To determine the rank of matrix A, we obtain its equivalent matrix using the
operation, a2i ! a2i - a21 a1i as
a11
p
q
A = >0 s - r q H
p
If
s- r q = 0
p
ps - rq = 0
then rank of matrix A is 1, otherwise the rank is 2.
Now, we have the matrix
or
p2 + q2 pr + qs
B =>
H
pr + qs r2 + s1
nodia
To determine the rank of matrix B , we obtain its equivalent matrix using the
operation, a2i ! a2i - a21 a1i as
a11
V
R 2
2
pr + qs
W
Sp + q
2
W
S
pr
qs
+
^
h
B =
^r2 + s2h - 2
S 0
2 W
p +q W
S
X
T
^pr + qs h2
2
2
2
If
= ^ps - rq h = 0
^r + s h - 2
p + q2
or
ps - rq = 0
then rank of matrix B is 1, otherwise the rank is 2.
Thus, from the above results, we conclude that

If ps - rq = 0 , then rank of matrix A and B is 1.
If ps - rq ! 0 , then rank of A and B is 2.
i.e. the rank of two matrices is always same. If rank of A is N then rank of B
also N .
SOL 10.20
Correct answer is (C).

Given the velocity of particle,
v = p cos pt
2
2
Since, the velocity of the particle is along x -axis. So, we have
v = dx
dt
Therefore, the displacement of the particle from t = 0 (origin) to t = 3 is
t=3
t=3
p cos p tdt
x =
vdt =
2
t=0
t=0 2
= 6sin p2 t @0p = 3
=- 1
or
|x | = 1
i.e. the magnitude of displacement is 1.
Now, we have to determine the distance covered by the particle. For calculating
distance, we have to consider speed and speed cant be negative, so the distance
is given by
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Chapter 10
x0 =
t=3
t=0
v dt =
Page 575
t=3
t=0
p cos p t dt
2
2
p cos p t - t = 3 p cos p tdt

2
2
t=0 2
t=1 2
1
t=3
= 9sin p tC - 9sin p tC
2 t=0
2 t=1
t=1
= 1 - ^- 1 - 1h = 3
Thus, the difference between the distance covered and magnitude of displacement
is
Dx = x 0 - | x | = 3 - 1 = 2
SOL 10.21

Given that the life time of an electric bulb is a random variable with density,
f ^x h = kx2 .
where x is the lifetime measured in years.
From the property of random variable, we have
nodia
#
f ^x h dx = 1
-3
Since, the minimum and maximum lifetimes of bulbs are 1 and 2 years respectively.
So, we have
1#x#2
Therefore, equation (i) becomes

2
f ^x h dx = 1
or
or
k :x D = 1
3 1
kb 8 - 1 l = 1
3
k = 3 = 0.43
7
#
1
or
Thus,
SOL 10.22
kx2 dx = 1
3 2

Given the complex function,
z2
z2 - 1
and the contour, along which integration to be performed, is
C : |z - 1 | = 1
f ^z h =
Here, z - 1 = 1 is a circle with radius 1 and centre at point (1,0). So, we sketch
the contour C as
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Chapter 10
Now, we have the complex function

f ^z h =
z2
z2 - 1
So, the poles and zeros of the function are

poles = 1, - 1
zeros = 0 , 0
Therefore, only pole (z = 1) lies within the curve C . So, the residue at z = 1
pole is
2
Residue = lim z
z " 1 ^z + 1h
2
= lim z = 1 = 1
1+1 2
z"1 z + 1
Thus, the integral of complex function along the contour is obtained as
nodia
# f ^z hdz
C
= 2pi (sum of residues)

= 2pi b 1 l = pi
2
SOL 10.23
SOL 10.24

We have the function,
f ^x h = ex - 1
So, its first derivative is obtained as
f l^x h = ex
By Newton-Raphson method, we have
f ^xi h
xi + 1 = xi f l^xi h
Since, we have the initial value,
x0 = 1
So, we obtain the 1st iteration as
x
f ^x 0h
1
= x0 - e x1 = x 0 ex
f l^x 0h
1
= 1 - e -1 1 = e-1 = .3678
e
Therefore, the 2nd iteration is
x
f ^x1h
1
= x1 - e x 2 = x1 ex
f l^x1h
= x1 - 1 + e-x = 0.3678 - 1 + e-0.3678
0
= .06005
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SOL 10.25
Page 577

Given, the field vector
Fv = y2 xavx - yzavy - x2 avz
For the line segment along x -axis, we have
dlv = dxavx
So,
Fv : dlv = ^y2 x h^dx h
Since, on x -axis y = 0 so,
Fv : dlv = 0
or,
SOL 10.26
# Fv : dlv = 0

Given the equations in matrix form as
2 - 2 x1
0
>
H> H = > H
1 - 1 x2
0
So, it is a homogeneous set of linear equation. It has either a trivial solution
^x1 = x2 = 0h or an infinite no. of solution. Since, for the matrix
2 -2
H
A =>
1 -1
nodia
A =0
We have the determinant
Hence, it will have multiple solutions
SOL 10.27

We know that
or,
So,
i = eip/2
- i = e-ip/2
(In phasor form)
- i = !ê-ip/2h = ! e-ip/4
= !=cos d p n - i sin d p nG
4
4
1/2
= cos d p n - i sin d p n ; - cos d p n + i sin d p n

4
4
4
4
= 1 - i ; -1 + i
2
2
2
This is equivalent to the given option (B) only.
SOL 10.28

Given the scalar field
V = 2x2 y + 3y2 z + 4z2 x
Its gradient is given by
dV = ^4xy + 4z2h avx + _2x2 + 6yz i avy + ^3y2 + 8zx h avz
So, the curl of the gradient is obtained as
avx
avy
avz
2
2
2
d # ^dvh =
2x
2y
2z
4xy + 4z2 2z2 + 6yz 3y2 + 8zx
= avx ^6y - 6y h - avy ^8z - 8z h + avz ^4x - 4x h = 0
Note : From the properties of curl, we know that curl of gradient of any scalar
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Chapter 10
field is always zero. So, there is no need to solve the curl and gradient.
SOL 10.29

Given, the PdF of random variable x as
f ^x h = e-x
So,
SOL 10.30
P ^x > 1h =
#e
3-x
0<x<3
-x 3
dx = :e D = e-1 = 0.368
-1 1

Given, the equation
f ^x h = x3 + 2x - 1 = 0
as initial condition is x 0 = 1.2
nodia
so, from N - R method we obtain
f ^xn h
xn + 1 = xn f l^xn h
x 0 = 1.2
f ^x 0h = ^1.23h + 2 ^1.2h - 1 = 3.128
Also,
f l^x h = 3x2 + 2
So,
f l^x 0h = 3 ^1.2h2 + 2 = 6.32
Hence, 1 st iterative value is
f ^x 0h
x1 = x 0 f l^x 0h
= 1.2 - 3.128
6.32
Here
= 0.705
SOL 10.31

Given the function
y = f ^x h = 5x2 + 10x in the internal x = ^1, 2h
Since, function y is continuous in the interval ^1, 2h as well as its is
differentiable at each point so, from Lagranges mean value theorem there exist
at least a point where
f ^b h - f â h
f l^c h =
b-a
Here, we have
a=1,b=2
So, for x = a = 1, we obtain
y = f â h = f ^1 h = 5 ^1 h2 + 10 ^1 h = 15
and for x = b = 2
y = f ^b h = f ^2 h = 5 ^2 h2 + 10 ^2 h = 40
Therefore,
f l^c h = 40 - 15 = 25
2-1
SOL 10.32
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Page 579
Given the contour integral

2
- 4 dz
+4
It has two poles given as
# zz
z = ! 2i
Now, the contour is defined by circle z - i = 2 which is shown in the figure
below
nodia
So, it can be observed that the given contour enclosed z = 2i while z =- 2i is

out of the contour. So, we obtain the residue at z = 2i only as
2
^2i h2 - 4 - 8
z
4
residue =
=
=
= 2i
z + 2i z = 2i
2i + 2i
4i
Hence, contour integral is given as
z2 - 4 dz = 2pi (sum of residues)
z2 + 4
= 2pi ^2i h
=- 4p
SOL 10.33

We know that the characteristic equation is given by
6A@6X@ = l 6X@
where 6A@ is the matrix as l is the scalar which gives eigen values. Now, we
consider the matrix
a b
^2 # 2 matrixh
6A@ = >c dH
1
For eigen value - 1 as eigen vector is > H, so, we have
-1
a b 1
1
>c d H>- 1H =- 1 >- 1H
or,
a - b =- 1
c-d = 1
Similarly, for
a
>c
1
eigen value - 2 with eigen vector > H, we obtain
-2
1
b 1
=- 2 > H
-2
dH>- 2H
or,
a - 2b =- 2
....(1)
....(2)
....(3)
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c - 2d = 4
Solving Eqs. (1) and (3), we obtain
Chapter 10
....(4)
a = 0, b = 1
and solving Eqs. (2) and (4), we obtain
c =- 2, d = 3
Thus, the required matrix is
0 1
a b
>c dH = >- 2 - 3H
SOL 10.34

Probability density function of uniformly distributed variables X and Y is shown
as
nodia
P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0
2
Since X and Y are independent.
P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0
2
PbX < 1 l
2
Similarly for Y :
P bY < 1 l
2
So
P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0
2
= P b X < 1 l P bY < 1 l
2
2
= shaded area = 3
4
=3
4
=3#3= 9
4
4 16
Alternate Method:
From the given data since random variables X and Y lies in the interval [- 1, 1]
as from the figure X , Y lies in the region of the square ABCD .
Probability for max 6X, Y @ < 1/2 : The points for max 6X, Y @ < 1/2 will be inside
the region of square AEFG .
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P &max 6X, Y @ < 1 0 = Area of 4AEFG

2
Area of square ABCD
3
3
#2
2
=
= 9
2#2
16
So,
SOL 10.35
Page 581

- 1 = i = cos p + i sin p
2
2
x=
x = ei 2
So,
xx = êi 2 h & êi 2 h = e- 2

p x
SOL 10.36
p i
nodia
f (z) =
1
2 pj
# f (z) dz
C
1 - 2
z+1 z+3
= sum of the residues of the poles which lie inside the

given closed region.
C & z+1 = 1
Only pole z =- 1 inside the circle, so residue at z =- 1 is.
-z + 1
f (z) =
(z + 1) (z + 3)
(z + 1) (- z + 1) 2
= =1
= lim
2
z "- 1 (z + 1) (z + 3)
1
So
f (z) dz = 1
2 pj C
SOL 10.37

t dx + x = t
dt
dx + x = 1
t
dt
dx + Px = Q (General form)
dt
IF = e # = e = e lnt = t
Integrating factor,
Solution has the form
Pdt
1
# dt
t
# ^Q # IF hdt + C
x # t = # (1) (t) dt + C
x # IF =
xt = t + C
2
Taking the initial condition
C =0
2
xt = t & x = t
2
2
So,
SOL 10.38
x (1) = 0.5
0.5 = 1 + C
2

Characteristic equation.
A - lI = 0
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Chapter 10
-5 - l -3
=0
2
-l
5l + l2 + 6 = 0
l2 + 5l + 6 = 0
Since characteristic equation satisfies its own matrix, so
A2 + 5A + 6 = 0 & A2 =- 5A - 6I
Multiplying with A
A3 + 5A2 + 6A = 0
A3 + 5 (- 5A - 6I) + 6A = 0
A3 = 19A + 30I
SOL 10.39
nodia
&
f (x) = x3 - 9x2 + 24x + 5

df (x)
= 3x2 - 18x + 24 = 0
dx
df (x)
= x2 - 6x + 8 = 0
dx
x = 4, x = 2
d 2 f (x)
= 6x - 18
dx 2
d 2 f (x)
For x = 2,
= 12 - 18 =- 6 < 0
dx2
So at x = 2, f (x) will be maximum
f (x)
SOL 10.40
max
= (2) 3 - 9 (2) 2 + 24 (2) + 5

= 8 - 36 + 48 + 5 = 25

Probability of appearing a head is 1/2. If the number of required tosses is odd,
we have following sequence of events.
H, TTH, TTTTH, ...........
1
3
5
P = 1 + b 1 l + b 1 l + ..... = 2 1 = 2
3
2
2
2
1- 4
Probability
SOL 10.41

Divergence of A in spherical coordinates is given as
d:A = 12 2 (r 2 Ar )
r 2r
= 12 2 (krn + 2) = k2 (n + 2) rn + 1
r 2r
r
n-1
= k (n + 2) r = 0 (given)
n + 2 = 0 or n =- 2
SOL 10.42

d 2 y (t) 2dy (t)
+
+ y (t) = d (t)
dt
dt 2
Taking Laplace transform with initial conditions
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dy
2
;s Y (s) - sy (0) - dt
&
Page 583
E + 2 [sy (s) - y (0)] + Y (s) = 1
t=0
2
6s Y (s) + 2s - 0@ + 2 6sY (s) + 2@ + Y (s) = 1
Y (s) [s2 + 2s + 1] = 1 - 2s - 4
Y (s) = 2- 2s - 3
s + 2s + 1
We know If,
y (t)
dy (t)
dt
then,
Y (s)
sY (s) - y (0)
(- 2s - 3) s
+2
(s2 + 2s + 1)
2
2
= - 2s - 32 s + 2s + 4s + 2
(s + 2s + 1)
1
1
= 1 +
sY (s) - y (0) = s + 2 2 = s + 1 2 +
s + 1 (s + 1) 2
(s + 1)
(s + 1)
(s + 1) 2
dy (t)
= e-t u (t) + te-t u (t)
dt
dy
At t = 0+ ,
= e0 + 0 = 1
dt t = 0
So,
sY (s) - y (0) =
nodia
+
SOL 10.43
x3+x2+x+1 = 0
x 2 (x + 1) + (x - 1) = 0
(x + 1) (x 2 + 1) = 0
x + 1 = 0 & x =- 1
or
x2 + 1 = 0 & x =- j, j
x =- 1, - j, j
and
SOL 10.44
Z is Z = 0 where q is around 45c or so.

Thus
Z = Z 45c where Z < 1

1
= 1 - 45c
Y = 1 =
Z
Z
Z 45c
Y > 1 [a Z < 1]
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Chapter 10
So Y will be out of unity circle.

SOL 10.45

dy
= e-3x
dx
nodia
dy = e-3x dx
by integrating, we get
y =- 1 e-3x + K , where K is constant.

3
SOL 10.46
f 1 = 10x2 sin x1 - 0.8

f 2 = 10x 22 - 10x2 cos x1 - 0.6
Jacobian matrix is given by
V
R
S2f 1 2f 1 W
10x2 cos x1
10 sin x1
2x 2x
J = SS2f 21 2f 22 WW = >
10x2 sin x1 20x2 - 10 cos x1H
S2x1 2x2 W
X
T
10 0
For x1 = 0, x2 = 1,
J =>
0 10H
SOL 10.47

f (x) = 2x - x 2 + 3
f l (x) = 2 - 2x = 0
x =1
f m (x) =- 2
f m (x) is negative for x = 1, so the function has a maxima at x = 1.
SOL 10.48

Let a signal p (x) is uniformly distributed between limits - a to + a .
Variance
sp =
-a
x 2 p (x) dx
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Chapter 10
-a
Page 585
x2 : 1 dx
2a
3
2
3 a
= 1 :x D = 2a = a
2a 3 -a
6
3
It means square value is equal to its variance
2
2
= sp = a
p rms
3
p rms = a
3
SOL 10.49

We know that matrix A is equal to product of lower triangular matrix L and
upper triangular matrix U .
nodia
A = 6L@6U @
only option (D) satisfies the above relation.
SOL 10.50
Let the given two vectors are
X1 = [1, 1, 1]
X2 = [1, a, a 2]
Dot product of the vectors
Where
R1V
S W
X 1 $ X 2 = X1 X 2T = 81 1 1BS a W = 1 + a + a2
SSa 2WW
T X
a =- 1 + j 3 = 1 - 2p/3
2
2
so,
X1, X2 are orthogonal
1 + a + a2 = 0
Note: We can see that X1, X2 are not orthonormal as their magnitude is ! 1
SOL 10.51

P =
#0
xex dx
= 6x # e
= 6xe
dx @0 - # 1 : d
@0 - #0
x 1
dx
(x) # ex dx D dx
(1) ex dx
= (e1 - 0) - 6e
@0
x 1
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Chapter 10
= e1 - [e1 - e0] = 1
SOL 10.52

t
Radial vector r = xti + ytj + zk
Divergence = 4$ r
t : _xti + ytj + zk
ti
= c 2 ti + 2 tj + 2 k
2x
2y
2z m
2y 2z
= 2x +
+
2x 2y 2z
= 1+1+1 = 3
SOL 10.53
SOL 10.54

No of white balls = 4 , no of red balls = 3
If first removed ball is white then remaining no of balls = 6 (3 white, 3 red)
we have 6 balls, one ball can be choose in 6 C1 ways, since there are three red balls
so probability that the second ball is red is
6
P = 3 C1 = 3 = 1
6
2
C1
nodia
Let eigen vector
X = 8x1 x2 x 3BT
Eigen vector corresponding to l1 = 1
8A
R0
S
S0
SS0
T
I BX = 0
Rx V R0V
S 1W S W
Sx2W = S0W
SSx WW SS0WW
3
T X T X
x2 = 0
x2 + 2x 3 = 0 & x 3 = 0 (not given in the option)
8A - l2 I B X = 0
R- 1 1 0V Rx V R0V
S
W S 1W S W
S 0 0 2W Sx2W = S0W
SS 0 0 1WW SSx WW SS0WW
3
T
X T X T X
- x1 + x 2 = 0
2x 3 = 0 & x 3 = 0 (not given in options.)
- l1
1 0VW
1 2W
0 2WW
X
8A - l3 I B X = 0
R- 2 1 0V Rx V R0V
S
W S 1W S W
S 0 - 1 2W Sx2W = S0W
SS 0 0 0WW SSx WW SS0WW
3
T
X T X T X
- 2x1 + x2 = 0
- x 2 + 2x 3 = 0
Put x1 = 1, x2 = 2 and x 3 = 1
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Chapter 10
So Eigen vector
SOL 10.55
Page 587
Rx V R1V
S 1W S W
X = Sx2W = S2W = 81 2 1BT
SSx WW SS1WW
3
T X T X

d2 x + 6 dx + 8x = 0
dt
dt2
Taking Laplace transform (with initial condition) on both sides
s2 X (s) - sx (0) - x' (0) + 6 [sX (s) - x (0)] + 8X (s) = 0
s2 X (s) - s (1) - 0 + 6 [sX (s) - 1] + 8X (s) = 0
X (s) [s2 + 6s + 8] - s - 6 = 0
nodia
X (s) =
(s + 6)
(s2 + 6s + 8)
By partial fraction
2 - 1
s+2 s+4
X (s) =
x (t) = (2e- 2t - e- 4t)
SOL 10.56

Set of equations
.....(1)
x1 + 2x2 + x 3 + 4x 4 = 2
.....(2)
3x1 + 6x2 + 3x 3 + 12x 4 = 6
or
3 (x1 + 2x2 + x 3 + 4x 4) = 3 # 2
Equation (2) is same as equation(1) except a constant multiplying factor of 3. So
infinite (multiple) no. of non-trivial solution exists.
SOL 10.57

Function f (t)= sin t = sin ct has a maxima at t = 0 as shown below
t
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SOL 10.58
Chapter 10

a b
A => H
c d
Trace of a square matrix is sum of its diagonal entries
Let the matrix is
Trace A = a + d =- 2
Determinent
Eigenvalue
ad - bc =- 35
A - lI = 0
a-l b
=0
c d-l
(a - l) (d - l) - bc = 0
l - (a + d) l + (ad - bc) = 0
2
l2 - (- 2) l + (- 35) = 0
l2 + 2l - 35 = 0
nodia
(l - 5) (l + 7) = 0
l1, l2 = 5, - 7
SOL 10.59

Given constraints x > y2 and y > x2
Limit of y : y = 0 to y = 1
Limit of x : x = y2 to x2 = y & x =
So volume under f (x, y)
V =
y=1
x= y
#y = 0 #x = y
f (x, y) dx dy
SOL 10.60

No of events of at least two people in the room being born on same date = n C2
three people in the room being born on same date = n C 3
Similarly four for people = n C 4
n
n
n
n
Probability of the event, 0.5 $ C2 $ C 3 $ C 4 g Cn & N = 7
N
SOL 10.61
Assume a Cubic polynomial with real Coefficients
P (x) = a 0 x3 + a1 x3 + a2 x + a 3
a 0, a1, a2, a 3 are real
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P' (x) = 3a 0 x2 + 2a1 x + a2

P'' (x) = 6a 0 x + 2a1
P''' (x) = 6a 0
Piv (x) = 0
SOL 10.62

An iterative sequence in Newton-Raphsons method is obtained by following
expression
f (xk )
xk + 1 = xk f' (xk )
nodia
So
So
SOL 10.63
f (x) = x2 - 117
f' (x) = 2x
f (xk ) = x k2 - 117
f' (xk ) = 2xk = 2 # 117
2
xk + 1 = xk - x k - 117 = xk - 1 :xk + 117 D
2xk
2
xk

Equation of straight line
y - 2 = 0 - 2 (x - 0)
2-0
y - 2 =- x
F $ dl = [(x2 + xy) at x + (y2 + xy) at y] [dxat x + dyat y + dzat z]
= (x2 + xy) dx + (y2 + xy) dy
Limit of x : 0 to 2
Limit of y : 2 to 0
# F $ dl
Line
#0
(x2 + xy) dx +
y - 2 =- x
=
#2
(y2 + xy) dy
dy =- dx
So
SOL 10.64
# F $ dl
#0
[x2 + x (2 - x)] dx +
#0
2xdx +
#2
#2
0 2
y + (2 - y) y dy
2 2
y2 0
2y dy = 2 :x D + 2 ; E = 4 - 4 = 0
2 0
2 2

X is uniformly distributed between 0 and 1
So probability density function
1, 0 < x < 1
fX (X) = )
0, otherwise
1
3
So,
E {X } = # X3 fX (X) dx =
0
#0
X3 (1) dx
4 1
= :X D = 1
4 0
4
SOL 10.65

According to CAYLEY-HAMILTON Theorem every non-singular square matrix
satisfies its own characteristic equation.
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Chapter 10
a (l) = lI - P = l3 + l2 + 2l + 1 = 0
Matrix P satisfies above equation
P 3 + P 2 + 2P + I = 0
I =- (P3 + P2 + 2P)
Multiply both sides by P- 1
P- 1 =- (P2 + P + 2I)
SOL 10.66
SOL 10.67

Rank of a matrix is no. of linearly independent rows and columns of the matrix.
Here Rank r (Q) = 4
So Q will have 4 linearly independent rows and flour independent columns.
nodia
Given function
f (x) = (x2 - 4) 2
f' (x) = 2 (x2 - 4) 2x
To obtain minima and maxima
f' (x) = 0
4x (x - 4) = 0
x = 0, x2 - 4 = 0 & x = ! 2
x = 0, + 2, - 2
2
So,
f'' (x) = 4x (2x) + 4 (x2 - 4) = 12x2 - 16
x = 0, f'' (0) = 12 (0) 2 - 16 =- 16 < 0

x =+ 2, f'' (2) = 12 (2) 2 - 16 = 32 > 0
x =- 2, f'' (- 2) = 12 (- 2) 2 - 16 = 32 > 0
So f (x) has only two minima
For
SOL 10.68
(Maxima)
(Minima)
(Minima)

An iterative sequence in Newton-Raphson method can obtain by following
expression
f (xn)
xn + 1 = xn f' (xn)
We have to calculate x1 , so n = 0
x1 = x 0 -
f (x 0)
, Given x 0 =- 1
f' (x 0)
f (x 0) = ex - 1 = e- 1 - 1 =- 0.63212
f' (x 0) = ex = e- 1 = 0.36787
0
x1 =- 1 -
So,
(- 0.63212)
(0.36787)
=- 1 + 1.71832 = 0.71832
SOL 10.69

A' = (AT A) - 1 AT
= A- 1 (AT ) - 1 AT = A- 1 I
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Put A' = A- 1 I in all option.

AA'A = A
option (A)
AA- 1 A = A
A =A
(AA') 2 = I
(AA- 1 I) 2 = I
option (B)
(true)
(I) 2 = I
A'A = I
option (C)
(true)
A- 1 IA = I
I =I
AA'A = A'
AA- 1 IA = A =
Y A'
option (D)
SOL 10.70
(true)
nodia
(false)
dx = e- 2t u (t)
dt
x = # e- 2t u (t) dt =
# e- 2t dt
# f (t) dt ,
t = .01 s
From trapezoid rule
t0
f (t) dt = h 6f (0) + f (.01)@

2
1
e0 + e- .02@, h = .01
#0 f (t) dt = .01
2 6
t 0 + nh
= .0099
SOL 10.71

P is an orthogonal matrix So PPT = I
cos q - sin q
Let assume
P =>
sin q cos q H
cos q - sin q
PX = >
x x T
sin q cos q H8 1 2B
cos q - sin q x1
x1 cos q - x2 sin q
=>
=>
H
>
H
sin q cos q x2
x1 sin q + x2 cos qH
PX
PX
SOL 10.72
(x1 cos q - x2 sin q) 2 + (x1 sin q + x2 cos q) 2
x 12 + x 22
= X

x = 8x1 x2 g xnBT
V = xxT
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R V
Sx1W
Sx2W
=S W
ShW
SxnW
T X
So rank of V is n .
SOL 10.73
SOL 10.74
Chapter 10
R V
Sx1W
Sx2W
ShW
S W
SxnW
T X
dz = #
dz
2
+
(
z
i
) (z - i)
1
z
+
C
C
Contour
z- i = 1
2
P(0, 1) lies inside the circle z - i = 1 and P (0, 1) does not lie.
2
So by Cauchys integral formula
1
(z - i)
# dz 2 = 2pi lim
z"i
+
(
z
i
)
(z - i)
1
z
+
C
= 2pi lim 1 = 2pi # 1 = p
2i
z"i z + i
Given
SOL 10.75
SOL 10.76
nodia

Probability of occurrence of values 1,5 and 6 on the three dice is
P (1, 5, 6) = P (1) P (5) P (6)
= 1#1#1 = 1
128
8
4
4
In option (A)
P (3, 4, 5) = P (3) P (4) P (5)
=1#1#1 = 1
8
8
8
512
In option (B)
P (1, 2, 5) = P (1) P (2) P (5)
= 1#1#1 = 1
8
8
256
4
SOL 10.77

x$x x$y
det >y $ x y $ yH = (x : x) (y : y) - (x : y) (y : x)
= 0 only when x or y is zero
SOL 10.78
SOL 10.79

For characteristic equation
-3 - l 2
> - 1 0 - lH = 0
or
(- 3 - l) (- l) + 2 = 0
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(l + 1) (l + 2) = 0
According to Cayley-Hamiliton theorem
(A + I) (A + 2I) = 0
SOL 10.80

According to Cayley-Hamiliton theorem
or
or
(A + I) (A + 2I) = 0
A 2 + 3A + 2 I = 0
A2 =- (3A + 2I)
A 4 = (3A + 2I) 2 = (9A2 + 12A + 4I)
or
= 9 (- 3A - 2I) + 12A + 4I =- 15A - 14I

A = (- 15A - 14I) 2 = 225A2 + 420A + 196
= 225 (- 3A - 2I) + 420A + 196I
8
nodia
=- 255A - 254I
A =- 255A2 - 254A
=- 255 (- 3A - 2I) - 254A
= 511A + 510I
9
SOL 10.81

Volume of the cone
V =
#0
2
pR2 b1 - h l dh
H
Solving the above integral

V = 1 pR 2 H
3
Solve all integrals given in option only for option (D)
R
#0 2prH a1 - Rr k2 dr = 13 pR2 H
SOL 10.82
SOL 10.83

By throwing dice twice 6 # 6 = 36 possibilities will occur. Out of these sample
space consist of sum 4, 8 and 12 because r/4 is an integer. This can occur in
following way :
(1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2) and (6, 6)
Sample Space
=9
Favourable space is coming out of 8
=5
Probability of coming out 8
=5
9
SOL 10.84
SOL 10.85
SOL 10.86
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Chapter 10
Matrix equation PX = q has a unique solution if

Where
r (P) = r (r)
r (P) " rank of matrix P
r (r) " rank of augmented matrix [P]
r = 8P : qB
SOL 10.87

for two random events conditional probability is given by
probability (P + Q) = probability (P) probability (Q)
probability (P + Q)
#1
probability (Q) =
probability (P)
so
SOL 10.88
probability (P + Q) # probability (P)
nodia
S =
# 3 x- 3 dx
-2 3
= :x D = 1
-2 1
2
SOL 10.89

We have
or
A.E.
Thus solution is
From x (0) = x 0 we get
Thus
xo(t) =- 3x (t)
xo(t) + 3x (t) = 0
D+3 = 0
x (t) = C1 e- 3t
C1 = x 0
x (t) = x 0 e- 3t
SOL 10.90

For eigen value
l =- 2
R3 - (- 2)
V Rx V R0V
-2
2
S
W S 1W S W
- 2 - (- 2)
0
1
S
W Sx2W = S0W
SS
0
0
1 - (- 2)WW SSx 3WW SS0WW
T
R5 - 2 2VX RTx VX RT0VX
S
W S 1W S W
S0 0 1W Sx2W = S0W
SS0 0 1WW SSx WW SS0WW
3
T
X T X T X
5x1 - 2x2 + x 3 = 0
SOL 10.91

C11 = 2 - (- 3) = 5
C21 =- (0 - (- 3)) =- 3
C 31 = (- (- 1)) = 1
R = (1) C11 + 2C21 + 2C 31
= 5-6+2 = 1
SOL 10.92
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If the toss produces head, then for exactly two head in three tosses three tosses
there must produce one head in next two tosses. The probability of one head in
two tosses will be 1/2.
SOL 10.93

f (x) = x2 e- x
or
f' (x) = 2xe- x - x2 e- x
= xe- x (2 - x)
f'' (x) = (x2 - 4x + 2) e- x
Now for maxima and minima,
f' (x) = 0
We have
xe- x (2 - x) = 0
x = 0, 2
or
nodia
at x = 0
f'' (0) = 1 (+ ve)
at x = 2
f'' (2) =- 2e- 2 (- ve)
Now f'' (0) = 1 and f'' (2) =- 2e- 2 < 0 . Thus x = 2 is point of maxima
SOL 10.94
4 u = cti 2 + tj 2 m u
2x
2y
= ti2u + tj2u
2x
2y
= xti + 2 ytj
3
At (1, 3) magnitude is
4u =
SOL 10.95
x2 + b 2 y l = 1 + 4 =
3
2

d2 x + 3dx + 2x (t) = 5
dt
dt2
Taking Laplace transform on both sides of above equation.
s2 X (s) + 3sX (s) + 2X (s) = 5
s
5
X (s) =
2
s (s + 3s + 2)
From final value theorem
lim x (t) = lim X (s)
t"3
s"0
= lim s
s"0
5
=5
2
s (s + 3s + 2)
2
***********
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Page 596
General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
CHAPTER 11
GENERAL APTITUDES
YEAR 2014 EE01

EE SP 11.1
EE SP 11.2
ONE MARK
Which of the following options is the closest in meaning to the phrase underlined
in the sentence below ?
It is fascinating to see life forms cope with varied environmental conditions.
(A) adopt
(B) adapt to
(C) adept in
(D) accept with
nodia
Choose the most appropriate word from the options given below to complete the
following sentence.
He could not understand the judges awarding her the first prize, because he
thought that her performance was quite __________.
(A) superb
(B) medium
(C) mediocre
EE SP 11.3
EE SP 11.4
EE SP 11.5
(D) exhilarating
In a press meet on the recent scam, the minister said, The buck stops here.
What did the minister convey by the statement ?
(A) He wants all the money
(B) He will return the money
(C) He will assume final responsibility (D) He will resist all enquiries
If ^z + 1/z h2 = 98 , compute ^z2 + 1/z2h.
The roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real and positive. a , b and c are real. Then
ax2 + b x + c = 0 has
(A) no roots
(B) 2 real roots
(C) 3 real roots
(D) 4 real roots
YEAR 2014 EE01
EE SP 11.6
TWO MARKS
The Palghat Gap (or Palakkad Gap), a region about 30 km wide in the southern
part of the Western Ghats in India, is lower than the hilly terrain to its north
and south. The exact reasons for the formation of this gap are not clear. It
results in the neighbouring regions of Tamil Nadu getting more rainfall from
the South West mansoon and the neighbouring regions of Kerala having higher
summer temperatures.
What can be inferred from this passage ?
(A) The Palghat gap is caused by high rainfall and high temperatures in
southern Tamil Nadu nad Kerala
(B) The regions in Tamil Nadu and Kerala that are near the Palghat Gap are
low-lying
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Chapter 11
General Aptitudes
Page 597
(C) The low terrian of the Palghat Gap has a significant impact on weather
patterns in neighbouring parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
(D) Higher summer temperature result in higher rainfall near the Palghat Gap
area.
EE SP 11.7
Geneticists say that they are very close to confirming the genetic roots of
psychiatric illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia, and consequently, that
doctors will be able to eradicate these diseases through early identification and
gene therapy.
On which of the following assumptions does the statement above rely ?
(A) Strategies are now available for eliminating psychiatric illnesses
(B) Certain psychiatric illnesses have a genetic basis
(C) All human diseases can be traced back to genes and how they are
expressed
nodia
(D) In the future, genetics will become the only relevant field for identifying
psychiatric illnesses
EE SP 11.8
EE SP 11.9
Round-trip tickets to a tourist destination are eligible for a discount of 10% on

the total fare. In addition, groups of 4 or more get a discount of 5% on the total
fare. If the one way single person fare is Rs 100, a group of 5 tourists purchasing
round-trip tickets will be charged Rs _________.
In a survey, 300 respondents were asked whether they own a vehicle or not. If
yes, they were further asked to mention whether they own a car or scooter or
both. Their responses are tabulated below. What percent of respondents do not
own a scooter ?
Own vehicle
Men
Women
Car
40
34
Scooter
30
20
Both
60
46
20
50
Do not own vehicle

EE SP 11.10
When a point inside of a tetrahedron (a solid with four triangular surfaces) is

connected by straight lines to its corners, how many (new) internal planes are
created with these lines ? _____________
YEAR 2014 EE02
EE SP 11.11
ONE MARK
Choose the most appropriate phrase from the options given below to complete
the following sentence.
India is a post-colonial country because
(A) it was a former British colony
(B) Indian Information Technology professionals have colonized the world
(C) India does not follow any colonial practices
(D) India has helped other countries gain freedom
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General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
EE SP 11.12
Who ______ was coming to see us this evening ?

(A) you said
(B) did you say
(C) did you say that
(D) had you said
EE SP 11.13
Match the columns

Column 1
Column 2
1.
eradicate
P.
misrepresent
2.
distort
Q.
soak completely
3.
saturate
R.
use
4.
utilize
S.
destroy utterly
nodia
(A) 1 : S, 2 : P, 3 : Q, 4 : R
(B) 1 : P, 2 : Q, 3 : R, 4 : S
(C) 1 : Q, 2 : R, 3 : S, 4 : P
(D) 1 : S, 2 : P, 3 : R, 4 : Q
EE SP 11.14
EE SP 11.15
What is the average of all multiplies of 10 from 2 to 198 ?

(A) 90
(B) 100
(C) 110
(D) 120
The value of
(A) 3.464
(C) 4.000
12 + 12 + 12 + ... is
(B) 3.932
(D) 4.444
YEAR 2014 EE02
TWO MARKS
EE SP 11.16
The old city of Koenigsberg, which had a German majority population before
World War 2, is now called Kaliningrad. After the events of the war, Kaliningrad
is now a Russian territory and has a predominantly Russian population. It is
bordered by the Baltic Sea on the north and the countries of Poland to the south
and west and Lithuania to the east respectively. Which of the statement below
can be inferred from this passage ?
(A) Kaliningrad was historically Russian in its ethnic make up
(B) Kaliningrad is a part of Russia despite it not being contiguous with the
rest of Russia
(C) Koenigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad, as that was its original Russain
name
(D) Poland and Lithuania are on the route from Kaliningrad to the rest of
Russia
EE SP 11.17
The number of people diagnosed with dengue fever (contracted from the bite of
a mosquito) in north India is twice the number diagnosed last year. Municipal
authorities have concluded that measures to control the mosquito population
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Page 599
have failed in this region.

Which one of the following statements, if true, does not contradict this
conclusion ?
(A) A high proportion of the affected population has returned from
neighbouring countries where dengue is prevalent
(B) More cases of dengue are now reported because of an increase in the
Municipal Offices administrative efficiency
(C) Many more cases of dengue are being diagnosed this year since the
introduction of a new and effective diagnostic test
(D) The number of people with malarial fever (also contracted from mosquito
bites) has increased this year
EE SP 11.18
EE SP 11.19
EE SP 11.20
nodia
If x is real and x2 - 2x + 3 = 11, then possible values of - x3 + x2 - x include

(A) 2, 4
(B) 2, 14
(C) 4, 52
(D) 14, 52
The ratio of male to female students in a college for five years is plotted in the
following line graph. If the number of female students doubled in 2009, by what
percent did the number of male students increase in 2009 ?
At what time between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m. will the minute hand and hour hand of
a clock make an angle closest to 60c ?
(B) 6 : 27 a.m.
(A) 6 : 22 a.m.
(C) 6 : 38 a.m.
(D) 6 : 45 a.m.
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 11.21
ONE MARK
While trying to collect an envelope from under the table , Mr. X fell down and
II
III
was losing consciousness

IV
Which one of the above underlined parts of the sentence is NOT appropriate ?
(A) I
(B) II
(C) III
(D) IV
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Page 600
EE SP 11.22
General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
If she ____ how to calibrate the instrument, she _____ done the experiment.
(A) knows, will have
(B) knew, had
(C) had known, could have
(D) should have known, would have
EE SP 11.23
Choose the word that is opposite in meaning to the word coherent.

(A) sticky
(B) well-connected
(C) rambling
(D) friendly
EE SP 11.24
EE SP 11.25
nodia
Which number does not belong in the series below ?
2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50, 64
(A) 17
(B) 37
(C) 64
(D) 26
The table below has question-wise data on the performance of students in an

examination. The marks for each question are also listed. There is no negative or
partial marking in the examination.
Q. No.
Marks
Answered Correctly Answered Wrongly
Not Attempted
21
17
15
27
23
18
What is the average of the marks obtained by the class in the examination ?
(A) 1.34
(B) 1.74
(C) 3.02
(D) 3.91
YEAR 2014 EE03
EE SP 11.26
TWO MARKS
A dance programme is scheduled for 10.00 a.m. Some students are participating
in the programme and they need to come an hour earlier than the start of the
event. These students should be accompanied by a parent. Other students and
parents should come in time for the programme. The instruction you think that
is appropriate for this is
(A) Students should come at 9.00 a.m. and parents should come at 10.00 a.m.
(B) Participating students should come at 9.00 a.m. accompanied by a parent,
and other parents and students should come by 10.00 a.m.
(C) Students who are not participating should come by 10.00 a.m. and they
should not bring their parents. Participating students should come at 9.00
a.m.
(D) Participating students should come before 9.00 a.m. Parents who
accompany them should come at 9.00 a.m. All others should come at 10.00
a.m.
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Chapter 11
EE SP 11.27
General Aptitudes
Page 601
By the beginning of the 20 th century, several hypotheses were being proposed,

suggesting a paradigm shift in our understanding of the universe. However, the
clinching evidence was provided by experimental measurements of the position
of a star which was directly behind our sun. Which of the following inference(s)
may be drawn from the above passage ?
(i) Our understanding of the universe changes based on the positions of stars
(ii) Paradigm shifts usually occur at the beginning of centuries
(iii) Stars are important objects in the universe
(iv) Experimental evidence was important in confirming this paradigm shift
(A) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(C) (i) and (iv)
EE SP 11.28
(B) (iii) only

(D) (iv) only
nodia
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Rupees grew at 7% during 2012-2013.

For international comparison, the GDP is compared in US Dollars (USD) after
conversion based on the market exchange rate. During the period 2012-2013 the
exchange rate for the USD increased from Rs. 50/ USD to Rs. 60/USD. Indiaa
GDP in USD during the period 2012-2013.
(A) increased by 5%
(B) decreased by 13%
(C) decreased by 20%
(D) decreased by 11%
EE SP 11.29
The ratio of male to female students in a college for five years is plotted in the
following line graph. If the number of female students in 2011 and 2012 is equal,
what is the ratio of male students in 2012 to male students in 2011 ?
(A) 1 : 1
(C) 1.5 : 1
EE SP 11.30
(B) 2 : 1
(D) 2.5 : 1
Consider the equation ^7526h8 - ^Y h8 = ^4364h8 , where ^X hN stands for X to the

base N . Find Y .
(B) 1737
(A) 1634
(C) 3142
(D) 3162
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Page 602
General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
YEAR 2013
EE SP 11.31
ONE MARK
Choose the grammatically CORRECT sentence:

(A) Two and two add four
(B) Two and two become four
(C) Two and two are four
(D) Two and two make four
EE SP 11.32
Statement: You can always give me a ring whenever you need.

Which one of the following is the best inference from the above statement?
(A) Because I have a nice caller tune.
(B) Because I have a better telephone facility
(C) Because a friend in need is a friend indeed
nodia
(D) Because you need not pay towards the telephone bills when you give me a
ring
EE SP 11.33
In the summer of 2012, in New Delhi, the mean temperature of Monday to

Wednesday was 41C and of Tuesday to Thursday was 43cC . If the temperature
on Thursday was 15% higher than that of Monday, then the temperature in cC
on Thursday was
(A) 40
(B) 43
(C) 46
(D) 49
EE SP 11.34
Complete the sentence: Dare .................. mistakes.

(A) commit
(B) to commit
(C) committed
(D) committing
EE SP 11.35
They were requested not to quarrel with others.

Which one of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word quarrel?
(A) make out
(B) call out
(C) dig out
(D) fall out
SOL 11.1

Quarrel has a similar meaning to fall out
YEAR 2013
TWO MARKS
EE SP 11.36
A car travels 8 km in the first quarter of an hour, 6 km in the second quarter

and 16 km in the third quarter. The average speed of the car in km per hour over
the entire journey is
(A) 30
(B) 36
(C) 40
(D) 24
EE SP 11.37
Find the sum to n terms of the series 10 + 84 + 734 + ...
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Chapter 11
General Aptitudes
(A)
(C)
EE SP 11.38
9 ^9n + 1h
+1
10
9 ^9n - 1h
+n
8
Page 603
(B)
(D)
9 ^9n - 1h
+1
8
9 ^9n - 1h
+ n2
8
Statement: There were different streams of freedom movements in colonial India

carried out by the moderates, liberals, radicals, socialists, and so on.
Which one of the following is the best inference from the above statement?
(A) The emergence of nationalism in colonial India led to our Independence
(B) Nationalism in India emerged in the context of colonialism
(C) Nationalism in India is homogeneous
(D) Nationalism in India is heterogeneous
EE SP 11.39
EE SP 11.40
nodia
The set of values of p for which the roots of the equation 3x2 + 2x + p ^p - 1h = 0
are of opposite sign is
(A) ^- 3, 0h
(B) ^0, 1h
(C) ^1, 3h
(D) ^0, 3h
What is the chance that a leap year, selected at random, will contain 53 Sundays?
(A) 2/7
(B) 3/7
(C) 1/7
(D) 5/7
2012
ONE MARK
EE SP 11.41
If (1.001) 1259 = 3.52 and (1.001) 2062 = 7.85, then (1.001) 3321
(B) 4.33
(A) 2.23
(D) 27.64
(C) 11.37
EE SP 11.42
Choose the most appropriate alternate from the options given below to complete
the following sentence :
If the tired soldier wanted to lie down, he..................the mattress out on the
balcony.
(A) should take
(B) shall take
(C) should have taken
(D) will have taken
EE SP 11.43
following sentence :
Give the seriousness of the situation that he had to face, his........was impressive.
(A) beggary
(B) nomenclature
(C) jealousy
(D) nonchalance
EE SP 11.44
Which one of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word given
below ?
Latitude
(A) Eligibility
(B) Freedom
(C) Coercion
(D) Meticulousness
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Page 604
EE SP 11.45
General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
One of the parts (A, B, C, D) in the sentence given below contains an ERROR.
Which one of the following is INCORRECT ?
I requested that he should be given the driving test today instead of tomorrow.
(A) requested that
(B) should be given
(C) the driving test
(D) instead of tomorrow
2012
EE SP 11.46
TWO MARKS
One of the legacies of the Roman legions was discipline. In the legious, military
law prevailed and discipline was brutal. Discipline on the battlefield kept units
obedient, intact and fighting, even when the odds and conditions were against
them.
Which one of the following statements best sums up the meaning of the above
passage ?
(A) Through regimentation was the main reason for the efficiency of the
Roman legions even in adverse circumstances.
nodia
(B) The legions were treated inhumanly as if the men were animals
(C) Disciplines was the armies inheritance from their seniors
(D) The harsh discipline to which the legions were subjected to led to the odds
and conditions being against them.
EE SP 11.47
Raju has 14 currency notes in his pocket consisting of only Rs. 20 notes and Rs.
10 notes. The total money values of the notes is Rs. 230. The number of Rs. 10
notes that Raju has is
(A) 5
(B) 6
(C) 9
(D) 10
EE SP 11.48
There are eight bags of rice looking alike, seven of which have equal weight and
one is slightly heavier. The weighing balance is of unlimited capacity. Using this
balance, the minimum number of weighings required to identify the heavier bag
is
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 8
EE SP 11.49
The data given in the following table summarizes the monthly budget of an
average household.
Category
Amount (Rs.)
Food
4000
Clothing
1200
Rent
2000
Savings
1500
Other Expenses
1800
The approximate percentages of the monthly budget NOT spent on savings is

(A) 10%
(B) 14%
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Chapter 11
General Aptitudes
(C) 81%
EE SP 11.50
Page 605
(D) 86%
A and B are friends. They decide to meet between 1 PM and 2 PM on a given

day. There is a conditions that whoever arrives first will not wait for the other
for more than 15 minutes. The probability that they will meet on that days is
(A) 1/4
(B) 1/16
(C) 7/16
(D) 9/16
2011
EE SP 11.51
There are two candidates P and Q in an election. During the campaign, 40%
of voter promised to vote for P , and rest for Q . However, on the day of election
15% of the voters went back on their promise to vote for P and instead voted for
Q . 25% of the voter went back on their promise to vote for Q and instead voted
for P . Suppose, P lost by 2 votes, then what was the total number of voters ?
(A) 100
(B) 110
nodia
(C) 90
EE SP 11.52
ONE MARK
(D) 95
The question below consists of a pair of related words followed by four pairs of
words. Select the pair that best expresses the relations in the original pair :
Gladiator : Arena
(A) dancer : stage
(B) commuter : train
(C) teacher : classroom
(D) lawyer : courtroom
EE SP 11.53
Under ethical guidelines recently adopted by the Indian Medical Association,
human genes are to be manipulated only to correct diseases for which...................
treatments are unsatisfactory.
(A) similar
(B) most
(C) uncommon
(D) available
EE SP 11.54
Choose the word from the from the options given below that is most opposite in
meaning to the given word :
Frequency
(A) periodicity
(B) rarity
(C) gradualness
(D) persistency
EE SP 11.55
It was her view that the countrys had been ............. by foreign techno-crafts, so
that to invite them to come back would be counter-productive.
(A) identified
(B) ascertained
(C) exacerbated
(D) analysed
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General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
2011
EE SP 11.56
TWO MARKS
The fuel consumed by a motor cycle during a journey while travelling at various
speed is indicated in the graph below.
nodia
The distance covered during four laps of the journey are listed in the table below
Lap
Distance (km)
Average speed (km/hour)
15
15
75
45
40
75
S
10
10
From the given data, we can conclude that the fuel consumed per kilometre was
least during the lap
(A) P
(B) Q
(C) R
(D) S
EE SP 11.57
The horse has played a little known but very important role in the field of
medicine. Horses were injected with toxins of disease until their blood build up
immunities. Then a serum was made from their blood. Serums to fight with
diphteria and tetanus were developed this way.
It can be inferred from the passage, that horses were
(A) given immunity to diseases
(B) generally quite immune to diseases
(C) given medicines to fight toxins
(D) given diphtheria and tetanus serums
EE SP 11.58
The sum of n terms of the series 4 + 44 + 444 + ........

(A) (4/81) [10n + 1 - 9n - 1]
(B) (4/81) [10n - 1 - 9n - 1]
(C) (4/81) [10n + 1 - 9n - 10]
(D) (4/81) [10n - 9n - 10]
EE SP 11.59
Given that f (y) = y /y, and q is any non-zero real number, the value of
f (q) - f (- q) is
(A) 0
(B) - 1
(C) 1
(D) 2
EE SP 11.60
Three friends R, S and T shared toffee from a bowl. R took 1/3 rd of the toffees,
but returned four to the bowl. S took 1/4 th of what was left but returned three
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Chapter 11
General Aptitudes
Page 607
toffees to the bowl. T took half of the remainder but returned two back into the
bowl. If the bowl had 17 toffees left, how many toffees were originally there in
the bowl ?
(A) 38
(B) 31
(C) 48
(D) 41
2010
EE SP 11.61
EE SP 11.62
Which of the following options is the closest in meaning to the word below ?
Circuitous
(A) Cyclic
(B) Indirect
(C) Confusing
(D) Crooked
nodia
The question below consist of a pair of related words followed by four pairs of
words. Select the pair that best expresses the relation in the original pair.
Unemployed : Worker
(A) Fallow : Land
(B) Unaware : Sleeper
(C) Wit : Jester
EE SP 11.63
ONE MARK
(D) Renovated : House
If we manage to ........ our natural resources, we would leave a better planet for
our children.
(A) unhold
(B) restrain
(C) cherish
(D) conserve
EE SP 11.64
His rather casual remarks on politics..................his lack of seriousness about the
subject.
(A) masked
(B) belied
(C) betrayed
(D) suppressed
EE SP 11.65
25 persons are in a room 15 of them play hockey, 17 of them play football and 10
of them play hockey and football. Then the number of persons playing neither
hockey nor football is
(A) 2
(B) 17
(C) 13
(D) 3
2010
EE SP 11.66
TWO MARKS
Modern warfare has changed from large scale clashes of armies to suppression
of civilian populations. Chemical agents that do their work silently appear
to be suited to such warfare ; and regretfully, their exist people in military
establishments who think that chemical agents are useful fools for their cause.
Which of the following statements best sums up the meaning of the above passage
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General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
?
(A) Modern warfare has resulted in civil strife.
(B) Chemical agents are useful in modern warfare.
(C) Use of chemical agents in ware fare would be undesirable.
(D) People in military establishments like to use chemical agents in war.
EE SP 11.67
If 137 + 276 = 435 how much is 731 + 672 ?

(A) 534
(B) 1403
(C) 1623
EE SP 11.68
(D) 1531
5 skilled workers can build a wall in 20 days; 8 semi-skilled workers can build a
wall in 25 days; 10 unskilled workers can build a wall in 30 days. If a team has
2 skilled, 6 semi-skilled and 5 unskilled workers, how long will it take to build
the wall ?
(A) 20 days
(B) 18 days
nodia
(C) 16 days
EE SP 11.69
EE SP 11.70
(D) 15 days
Given digits 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4 how much distinct 4 digit numbers greater

than 3000 can be formed ?
(A) 50
(B) 51
(C) 52
(D) 54
Hari (H), Gita (G), Irfan (I) and Saira (S) are siblings (i.e. brothers and sisters.)
All were born on 1st January. The age difference between any two successive
siblings (that is born one after another) is less than 3 years. Given the following
facts :
1. Haris age + Gitas age > Irfans age + Sairas age.
2. The age difference between Gita and Saira is 1 year. However, Gita is not
the oldest and Saira is not the youngest.
3. There are no twins.
In what order were they born (oldest first) ?
(A) HSIG
(B) SGHI
(C) IGSH
(D) IHSG
***********
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Chapter 11
General Aptitudes
Page 609
SOLUTIONS
SOL 11.1

cope with: presented by
To over come any difficulties presented by: adapt to
SOL 11.2

By the incomplete statement, we conclude that his performance is just ordinary
or not special or medium quality so it comes in mediocre.
SOL 11.3
SOL 11.4
nodia
He will assume final responsibility.
Given that
1 2
bz + z l = 98
...(i)
and we have to determine
1
2
bz + 2 l = ?
z
â + b h2 = a2 + b2 + 2a $ b
Since,
Applying this formula in equation (i), we get
1 2
bz + z l = 98
or
or
So,
SOL 11.5
z2 + 2.z. 1 + 12 = 98
z z
z2 + 12 = 98 - 2
z
z2 + 12 = 96
z

Given the quadratic equations,
...(i)
ax2 + bx + c = 0
2
and
...(ii)
ax + b x + c = 0
In equation (ii), x has two values + x and - x . So, it may be resolved into two
equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0 with roots â 1, a 2h
and
ax2 - bx + c = 0 with roots ^b 1, b 2h
Hence, there are total 4 real roots.
SOL 11.6

Passage summary gives the conclusion:
The low terrian of the Palghat gap has a significant impact on weather pattern
in neighbouring parts of Tamilnadu and Kerala.
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General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
SOL 11.7

Strategies are now available for eliminating psychiatric illness.
SOL 11.8

Total round trip fare for group of 5 tourist without discount
(i)
(ii)
= 5 # 200 = Rs. 1000

Discount for round trip = 10% of total fare
= 10 # 1000 = Rs. 100
100
Discount for having a group of 5 tourist = 5% of total fare
= 5 # 1000 = Rs. 50
100
Total discount = Discount for round + Discount for having a

group of 5 tourist.
nodia
= 100 + 50 = Rs. 150

Thus, the net round trip fare for group of 5 tourist after discount is
Net fare = total fare - total discount
= Rs. 1000 - Rs. 150
= Rs. 850
SOL 11.9
Correct answer is 48%.

Total respondents = 300 (150 men + 150 women)
150 men
= 40 men + 30 men + 60 (men) + 20 (men)
(car)
(Scooter) (Car & Scooter) (Nothing)
Total number of men who owns car = 100

Total number of men who owns scooter = 90
Total number of men who do not own a scooter = 60
...(i)
= 40 ^carh + 20 ^nothingh
150 women = 34 women + 20 women + 46 (women) + 50
(women)
(car)
(Scooter) (Car & Scooter) (nothing)
Total number of women who owns car = 80
Total number of women who owns scooter = 66
Total number of women who do not own a scooter = 34(Car) + 50
(Nothing)
= 84
...(ii)
Percent of respondents who do not own a scooter

^men + womenh who do not own scooter
=
# 100
Total respondents
= 60 + 84 # 100 = 48%
300
SOL 11.10
We draw a tetrahedron structure ABCD as
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Chapter 11
General Aptitudes
Page 611
Now, P is a point inside the tetrahedron.
nodia
The point P is connected to each corners A, B, C, D of the tetrahedron. So, we

have the internal planes as
ABP, APC, BPC, DPC, DPB, DPA
i.e the total number of internal planes is 6.
SOL 11.11

A pronoun (it) is used after a conjunction (because), so the complete sentence is:
India is a post-colonial country because it was a former British colony.
SOL 11.12

Who did you say was coming to see us this evening ?
This is a question and who in that sentence is an interrogative pronoun. For
that reason we need to invert subject and verb and write did you say ?
SOL 11.13

Eradicate- to remove or destroy utterly
Distort- to give a false, perverted, or disproportionate meaning to; misrepresent
Saturate-to soak, impregnate, or imbue thoroughly or completely
Utilize-to put to use
SOL 11.14
Average value = 200 # 9 + 100

19
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General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
= 100
SOL 11.15

Given expression can be written as
x = 12 + 12 + 12 + ...
x = 12 + x
ax=
2
x = 12 + x
x2 - x - 12 = 0
x2 - 4x + 3x - 12 = 0
12 + 12 + ...
x ^x - 4h + 3 ^x - 4h = 0
^x + 3h^x - 4h = 0
nodia
x =- 3 , 4
x =4
SOL 11.16
SOL 11.17
SOL 11.18
(x can not be negative)

Ethnic cleansing or makeup is the process of using violent methods to force
certain groups of people out of a particular area or country. We can infer that
Kaliningrad was historically Russian in its ethnic make up.
The number of people with malarial fever (also contracted from mosquito bites)
has increased this year.

x2 - 2x + 3 = 11
So we can have two possible equalities
...(i)
x2 - 2x + 3 = 11 or x2 - 2x - 8 = 0
2
2
and
...(ii)
x - 2x + 3 =- 11 or x - 2x + 14 = 0
For eq (ii),
Discriminant
T = b2 - 4ac
= 4 - 4 (1) (14) 1 0
So, roots of equation (ii) will be imaginary, but given x is real. Therefore we
dont consider this equation.
For eq(i)
Discriminant
T = b2 - 4ac
= 4 - 4 (1) (- 8) 1 0
So, roots of equation (i) will be real.
x2 - 2x - 8 = 0
x2 - 4x + 2x - 8 = 0
^x - 4h^x + 2h = 0
x =- 2 , 4
For x =- 2
- x3 + x2 - x = -^- 8h + ^4h - ^- 2h = 8 + 4 + 2 = 14
For x = 4
- x3 + x2 - x
-^64h + ^16h - 4 = 52
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Chapter 11
SOL 11.19
SOL 11.20
General Aptitudes
Page 613

Let male students in 2006 be x1 and female students be y1 . From the given graph
we can see that in 2008 ratio of male to female students is 2.5. So
x1 = 2.5
y1
x1 = 2.5y1
Let number of male student in 2009 be x2 and number of female students be y2
. From the graph we can see that in 2009, ratio of male to female students is 3.
So
x2 = 3
y2
Given that number of female students is double in 2009, so we have y2 = 2y1 . The
above ratio now becomes as
x2 = 3
2y1
x2 = 6y1
% of No. of male students increased in 2009
3 x = x2 - x1 # 100
x1
6y - 2.5y1
3x = 1
100 = 140
2.5y1 #
nodia
As shown in Figure above, at 6:00 a.m. initial angle between minute and hour
hand is 180c. As we know that hour hand completes 30c in every hour (60
minutes), so angle moved by hour hand in 1 minute is 30
60 . Similarly, minute hand
complete 360c in every hour, so angle moved by minute hand in 1 minute is 360
60 .
Let us assume that after x minutes the angle is 60c. Let us assume that after x
minutes the angle is 60c.
60c = 180c + b 360c l x - b 30c l x
60c
60c
angle moved
by hour hand
angle moved
by min hand
60c = 180c + 6x - 0.5x

5.5x = 120
x = 120c = 21.8 min
6.5
Therefore approximately at 6.22 am the angle will close to 60c between the
hour hand and minute hand.
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General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
SOL 11.21

IV underlined part is not correct. The correct statement for the IV underline
part will be lost consciousness.
SOL 11.22

For a conditional sentence, the rule is as given below.
If + past perfect tense
Would/could have + past participles.
Thus, the complete sentence is
If she had known how to calibrate the instrument, she could have done the
experiment.
SOL 11.23
Correct option is (C)

Coherent capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent
manner.
rambling spreading out in different directions or distributed irregularly.
Sticky covered with an adhesive material.
So, coherent and rambling are opposite to each other.
SOL 11.24
SOL 11.25
nodia

2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50, 64
The difference between successive terms is in AP with initial term 3 and the
common difference 2. With this logic 64 is the wrong term and the correct
number in place of 64 is 65.
Total students in class = 44
Total marks scored by class = 21 # 2 + 15 # 3 + 23 # 2
= 42 + 45 + 46
= 133
Average marks = Total marks
Total students
= 133
44
= 3.02
SOL 11.26

(i) Dance program is scheduled for 10 a.m.
(ii) Participating student should come at 9 a.m. accompanied by a parent.
(iii) non-participating student should come at 10 a.m. with their parents.
Combining these three instructions (B) option is most appropriate.
SOL 11.27

(i) Clinching evidence was provided by experimental measurement of position
of star.
(ii) Our understanding of universe changes, so experimental evidence are
important.
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Chapter 11
General Aptitudes
Page 615
So, by these (iv) is correct option.

SOL 11.28

Let GDP in 2011-12 be x
GDP in 2012-13 is 1.07x (7% grew)
During 2012-13 exchange rate increase from Rs. 50/USD to Rs.60/USD.
So, GDIP in comparison to USD is obtained as
at initial of 2012-13 GDP/USD = x
50
and at final 2012-13 GDP/USD = 1.07x
60
So,
increase and decrease =
1.07x
60
- 50x
x
50
# 100%
nodia
= 10.83%
= 11%
SOL 11.29
SOL 11.30

Let number of female students in 2011 be x .
So,
Number of male students in 2011 = x (ratio is 1)
Number of female students in 2012 = x (Given)
Number of male students in 2012 = 1.5x (ratio is 1.5)
Ratio of male students in 2012 to male students in 2011 is
= 1.5x = 1.5 : 1
x
Given equation is
^7526h8 - ^Y h8 = ^4364h8
or
^Y h8 = ^7526h8 - ^4364h8
Octal subtraction is done in same way as decimal subtraction. The only difference
is that while obtaining carry we get 8 instead of 10.
^7526h8
-^4364h8
^3142h8
SOL 11.31
Option (D) is correct

Two and two make four
SOL 11.32

You can always given me a ring whenever you need. Because a friend is need is
a friend indeed
SOL 11.33

Let the temperature on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday be
respectively as TM , TTU , TW , TTH
So, from the given data we have
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General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
TH + TTU + TW = 41
3
TTU + TW + TTH = 43
3
and
....(1)
....(2)
also, as the temperature on Thursday was 15% higher than that of Monday
....(3)
i.e.
TTH = 1.15 TM
solving eq (1), (2) and (3), we obtain
TTH = 46cC
SOL 11.34
SOL 11.35

Dare to commit mistakes
nodia
Quarrel has a similar meaning to fall out
SOL 11.36

Given, the distance travelled by the car in each quarter intervals as
Distance
Time Duration
8 km
1
4
hr
6 km
1
4
hr
16 km
1
4
hr
Therefore, the total time taken = 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 hr

4 4 4 4
Hence,
SOL 11.37
Total distance travelled = 8 + 6 + 16 = 30 km

average speed = Total distance travelled
Total time taken
= 30 = 40 km/hr
3/4

It will be easy to check the options for given series. From the given series.
10 + 84 + 734 + ......
We get
Sum of 1 term = S1 = 10
Sum of 2 terms = S2 = 10 + 84 = 94
and sum of 3 terms = S 3 = 10 + 84 + 734 = 828
Checking all the options one by one, we observe that only (D) option satisfies
as
9 ^9n - 1h
+ n2
Sn =
8
9 ^92 - 1h
so,
+ 22 = 10
S1
8
9 ^9 - 1h
+ 22 = 94
S2 =
8
9 ^93 - 1h
+ 32 = 828
S3 =
8
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Chapter 11
General Aptitudes
SOL 11.38

Nationalism in India is heterogeneous
SOL 11.39

Given, the quadratic equation
Page 617
3x2 + 2x + P ^P - 1h = 0
It will have the roots with opposite sign if
P ^P - 1h < 0
So it can be possible only when
P < 0 and P - 1 > 0

or
P > 0 and P - 1 < 0
st
The 1 condition tends to no solution for P .
Hence, from the second condition, we obtain
nodia
0 <P<1
i.e., P is in the range ^0, 1h
SOL 11.40
SOL 11.41

In a leap year, there are 366 days So, 52 weeks will have 52 saturdays and for
remaining two days ^366 - 52 # 7 = 2h. We can have the following combinations
Saturday, Sunday
Sunday, Monday
Monday, Tuesday
Tuesday, Wednesday
Wednesday, Thursday
Thursday, Friday
Friday, Saturday
Out of these seven possibilities, only two consist a saturday. Therefore, the
probability of saturday is given as
P =2
7
Let
1.001 = x
So in given data :
x1259 = 3.52
x2062 = 7.85
x3321 = x1259 + 2062
= x1259 x2062
= 3.52 # 7.85
= 27.64
Again
SOL 11.42
SOL 11.43
SOL 11.44
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General Aptitudes
SOL 11.45
SOL 11.46
SOL 11.47

Let no. of notes of Rs.20 be x and no. of notes of Rs. 10 be y .
Then from the given data.
Chapter 11
x + y = 14
20x + 10y = 230
Solving the above two equations we get
x = 9, y = 5
So, the no. of notes of Rs. 10 is 5.
SOL 11.48
nodia

We will categorize the 8 bags in three groups as :
(i) A1 A2 A 3 , (ii) B1 B2 B 3 , (iii) C1 C2
Weighting will be done as bellow :
1st weighting " A1 A2 A 3 will be on one side of balance and B1 B2 B 3 on the other.
It may have three results as described in the following cases.
Case 1 :
A1 A 2 A 3 = B 1 B 2 B 3
This results out that either C1 or C2 will heavier for which we will have to
perform weighting again.
2 nd weighting " C1 is kept on the one side and C2 on the other.
then C1 is heavier.
if
C1 > C 2
C1 < C 2
then C2 is heavier.
Case 2 :
A1 A 2 A 3 > B1 B 2 B 3
it means one of the A1 A2 A 3 will be heavier So we will perform next weighting as:
2 nd weighting " A1 is kept on one side of the balance and A2 on the other.
it means A 3 will be heavier
if
A1 = A 2
then A1 will be heavier
A1 > A 2
then A2 will be heavier
A1 < A 2
Case 3 :
A1 A 2 A 3 < B 1 B 2 B 3
This time one of the B1 B2 B 3 will be heavier, So again as the above case weighting
will be done.
2 nd weighting " B1 is kept one side and B2 on the other
if
B 3 will be heavier
B1 = B 2
B1 will be heavier
B1 > B 2
B1 < B 2
B2 will be heavier
So, as described above, in all the three cases weighting is done only two times to
give out the result so minimum no. of weighting required = 2.
SOL 11.49

Total budget = 4000 + 1200 + 2000 + 1500 + 1800 = 10, 500
The amount spent on saving = 1500
So, the amount not spent on saving
= 10, 500 - 1500 = 9000
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Chapter 11
General Aptitudes
Page 619
So, percentage of the amount

= 9000 # 100% = 86%
10500
SOL 11.50
Option (S) is correct.

The graphical representation of their arriving time so that they met is given as
below in the figure by shaded region.
nodia
So, the area of shaded region is given by
Area of 4PQRS
- (Area of TEFQ + Area of
TGSH )
= 60 # 60 - 2 b 1 # 45 # 45 l
2
= 1575
So, the required probability = 1575 = 7
3600 16
SOL 11.51

Let us assume total voters are 100. Thus 40 voter (i.e. 40 %) promised to vote
for P and 60 (rest 60 % ) promised to vote fore Q.
Now, 15% changed from P to Q (15 % out of 40)
15
Changed voter from P to Q
40 = 6
100 #
Now Voter for P
40 - 6 = 34
Also, 25% changed form Q to P (out of 60%)
25
Changed voter from Q to P
60 = 15
100 #
Now Voter for P
34 + 15 = 49
Thus P P got 49 votes and Q got 51 votes, and P lost by 2 votes, which is
given. Therefore 100 voter is true value.
SOL 11.52

A gladiator performs in an arena. Commutators use trains. Lawyers performs,
but do not entertain like a gladiator. Similarly, teachers educate. Only dancers
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General Aptitudes
Chapter 11
performs on a stage.
SOL 11.53

Available is appropriate because manipulation of genes will be done when other
treatments are not useful.
SOL 11.54

Periodicity is almost similar to frequency. Gradualness means something
happening with time. Persistency is endurance. Rarity is opposite to frequency.
SOL 11.55

The sentence implies that technocrats are counterproductive (negative). Only
(C) can bring the same meaning.
SOL 11.56
SOL 11.57
SOL 11.58
nodia

Since fuel consumption/litre is asked and not total fuel consumed, only average
speed is relevant. Maximum efficiency comes at 45 km/hr, So least fuel consumer
per litre in lap Q
Option B fits the sentence, as they built up immunities which helped humans
create serums from their blood.
4 + 44 + 444 + .............. 4 (1 + 11 + 111 + .......)
= 4 (9 + 99 + 999 + ............)
9
= 4 [(10 - 1) + (100 - 1) + ........]
9
= 4 [10 (1 + 10 + 102 + 103) - n]
9
n
= 4 :10 # 10 - 1 - nD
9
10 - 1
= 4 610n + 1 - 10 - 9n@
81
SOL 11.59

y
y
-y
f (- y) =
=- f (y)
y
f (q) - f (- q) = 2f (q) = 2
f (y) =
Now
or
SOL 11.60

Let total no of toffees be x . The following table shows the all calculations.
Friend
Bowl Status
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General Aptitudes
Page 621
= x -4
3
= 2x + 4
3
= 1 :2x + 4D - 3
4 3
= x +1-3 = x -2
6
6
= 2x + 4 - x + 2
3
6
= x +6
2
= 1 a x + 6k - 2
2 2
= x +1
4
= x +6-x -1
2
4
= x +5
4
x + 5 = 17
4
x = 17 - 5 = 12
4
Now,
nodia
or
x = 12 # 4 = 48
SOL 11.61

Circuitous means round about or not direct. Indirect is closest in meaning to this
circuitous
(A) Cyclic
: Recurring in nature
(B) Indirect
(C) Confusing
(D) Crooked
: Not direct
: lacking clarity of meaning
: set at an angle; not straight
SOL 11.62

A worker may by unemployed. Like in same relation a sleeper may be unaware.
SOL 11.63

Here conserve is most appropriate word.
SOL 11.64

Betrayed means reveal unintentionally that is most appropriate.
SOL 11.65

Number of people who play hockey n (A) = 15
Number of people who play football n (B) = 17
Persons who play both hockey and football n (A + B) = 10
Persons who play either hockey or football or both :
n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)
= 15 + 17 - 10 = 22
Thus people who play neither hockey nor football = 25 - 22 = 3
SOL 11.66
SOL 11.67

Since 7 + 6 = 13 but unit digit is 5 so base may be 8 as 5 is the remainder when
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General Aptitudes
13 is divided by 8. Let us check.

137 8
276 8
435
SOL 11.68
Thus here base is 8. Now
Chapter 11
731 8
672 8
1623

Let W be the total work.
=W
20
Per day work of one skill worker
= W =W
5 # 20 100
Similarly per day work of 1 semi-skilled workers
= W = W
8 # 25 200
Similarly per day work of one semi-skill worker = W
= W
10 # 30 300
Thus total per day work of 2 skilled, 6 semi-skilled and 5 unskilled workers is
= 2W + 6W + 5W = 12W + 18W + 10W = W
100 200 300
600
15
Therefore time to complete the work is 15 days.
Per day work of 5 skilled workers
SOL 11.69
nodia

As the number must be greater than 3000, it must be start with 3 or 4. Thus we
have two case:
Case (1) If left most digit is 3 an other three digits are any of 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4.
(1) Using 2, 2, 3 we have 3223, 3232, 3322 i.e. 3! = 3 no.
2!
2!
2!
(4) Using 2, 3, 4 we have 3! = 6 no.

2!
2!
2!
(8) Using 4, 4, 4 we have 3444 i.e. 3! = 1 no.
3!
Total 4 digit numbers in this case is
1 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 6 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 25
Case 2 : If left most is 4 and other three digits are any of 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4.
(1) Using 2, 2, 3 we have 4223, 4232, 4322 i.e. . 3! = 3 no
2!
2!
2!
(4) Using 2, 3, 4 we have i.e. . 3! = 6 no

2!
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General Aptitudes
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(6) Using 3, 3, 3 we have 4333 i.e 3! = 1. no.

3!
2!
2!
(9) Using 4, 4, 4 we have 4444 i.e. 3! = 1. no
3!
Total 4 digit numbers in 2nd case = 3 + 3 + 3 + 6 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 26
Thus total 4 digit numbers using case (1) and case (2) is = 25 + 26 = 51
SOL 11.70

Let H , G , S and I be ages of Hari, Gita, Saira and Irfan respectively.
nodia
Now from statement (1) we have H + G > I + S

Form statement (2) we get that G - S = 1 or S - G = 1
As G cant be oldest and S cant be youngest thus either GS or SG possible.
From statement (3) we get that there are no twins
(A) HSIG : There is I between S and G which is not possible
(B) SGHI : SG order is also here and S > G > H > I and G + H > S + I
which is possible.
(C) IGSH : This gives I > G and S > H and adding these both inequalities we
have I + S > H + G which is not possible.
(D) IHSG : This gives I > H and S > G and adding these both inequalities we
have I + S > H + G which is not possible.
**********
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