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Strength of Materials
Chapter One
Concept of Stress
1.1. Introduction
The main objective of the study of mechanics of
materials is to provide the future engineer with the
means of analyzing and designing various machines
and load bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure
involve the determination of stresses and
deformations. This chapter is devoted to the concept
of stress.
Fx = 0 =Ax + C x
C x = Ax = 40 kN
Fy = 0 = Ay + C y 30 kN = 0
Ay + C y = 30 kN
Results:
A = 40 kN C x = 40 kN C y = 30 kN
Method of Joints
The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two
forces which are applied at member ends
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel
to to an axis between the force application
points, equal in magnitude, and in opposite
directions
Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:
r
F
B =0
FAB FBC 30 kN
=
=
4
5
3
FAB = 40 kN
FBC = 50 kN
P
= .....(1)
A
(
N
)
Units :
= Pa
(m2 )
Type of Stresses
1. Normal Stress
2. Shear Stress
3. Bearing Stress
ave
P
=
A
F
= lim
A 0 A
P
ave =
A
Y
min
max
ave
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member surfaces to
maximum values that may be much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be uniform.
ave =
P F
=
A A
Double Shear
ave =
P F /2 F
=
=
A
A
2A
1.8. Example
Determine:
A. Maximum Normal Stresses in rod BC and Boom AB.
B. Maximum Shearing Stress on the bolts at A, B, and C.
C.
Solution:
Determine forces in each member.
A. Normal Stresses
Rod BC: FBC = + 50 kN
(The rod is in tension with
an axial force of 50 kN)
Rod center
(circular crosssection)
Rod end
A. Normal Stress
Rod AB: FBC = -40 kN (The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40)
A = (30 mm )(50 mm ) = 1.5 103 m 2
Note: The minimum area sections at the boom ends are unstressed
since the boom is in compression.
Note: The cross sectional area occupied by the bolts is subtracted from the
gross area of the section when computing normal tensile stress since stress
does not transfer through the hole which host the bolt.
TENSION
COMPRESSION
25
2
A = r = = 491 mm 2 = 491x10 6 m 2
2
ave
P
50x10 3 N
= 102 MPa
= =
6
2
A 491x10 m
Bracket B:
PG
25x103 N
ave =
= 50.9 MPa
=
6
2
A 491x10 mm
C. Bearing Stress
In member AB at A:
P
40x10 3 N
b =
=
= 53.3 MPa
td ( 30 mm) (25 mm)
In Bracket at A:
To determine the bearing stress at A in the
bracket, we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d =
25 mm,
P
40x10 3 N
b =
=
= 32 MPa
td (50 mm) (25 mm)
F = P cos
V = P sin
F
P cos
P
=
=
cos 2
A A0
A0
cos
V
P sin
P
=
=
sin cos
A A0
A0
cos
Maximum Stresses
Normal and shearing stresses on an
oblique plane
P
= cos 2
A0
P
= sin cos
A0
m =
P
= 0
A0
m =
P
P
sin 45 cos 45 =
=
A0
2 A0
xy = lim
A 0
V yx
A
V zx
xz = lim
A 0 A
Note that only three faces of the cube are actually visible and that
equal and apposite stress components act on the hidden faces.
The stresses acting on the faces of the cube differ slightly from the
stresses at Q, however the error involved is small and vanishes as
side a of the cube approaches zero.
To drive the relation between the shearing stress components, we
shall transform the stresses to forces by multiplying by A (the area
of each face).
Fx = Fy = Fz = 0...................{A}
Mx = My = Mz = 0...............{B}
Equations {A} are satisfied since forces at hidden faces and shown
ones are equal and opposite.
To apply Equations {B}, the projection of the cubic element and
forces on each of the three planes xy, xz, and zy is considered.
and yz = zy
Pu
u =
where u is the Ultimate Normal Strength
A
Tu
Pu
Necking
Tu
Plugging
Pu
Pu
Double Shear
Single Shear
Vu
u =
where u is the Ultimate Shearing Strength
A
u ,b =
Pu ,b
A
UlitmateLoador Stress
Factorof Safety=
AllowableLoador Stress
The factor of safety ranges from 1.5 to 3 for most engineering
applications. The selection of the appropriate Factor of Safety requires
engineering judgment based on many considerations such as:
(1) Variation in material properties
(2) Fatigue Load
(3) Type of Loading: Static.. Dynamic
(4) Type of Failure: Sudden, Gradual
(5) Uncertainty in Analysis Methods
(6) Materials Deterioration
(7) Importance of Designed Member