NT - 2g

ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINNERING
COURSE TITLE: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING APPARATUS DESIGN
COURSE CODE: ChEg 4191
GROUP PROJECT: NETWORK - 2
PROJECT ON MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL
S. NO
GROUP MEMBERS
ID NUMBERS
SECTION
1.
BRHANE MEHARI
RET 0336/06
ONE
2.
JEMAL SEID
RET 0834/06
ONE
3.
KIBROM ABRAHA
RET 0893/06
ONE
4.
MOKENEN G/WAHID
RET 1064/06
ONE
5.
YEMANE MENGSTU
RET 1636/06
ONE
SUBMITTED TO: ZINABU HAILU (MSc)

SUBMISSION DATE:
DECEMBER12, 2016
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

DECLARATION
We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our works and where other ideas
or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referred the original sources. We
also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrate and have
not mis-represented or falsified any idea (data) sources in our submission.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are really grateful because we managed to complete our design apparatus project within the
time given by our MscZinabu. This project cannot be completed without the effort and cooperation from our group memmbers ,Brhane, Kibrom, Jemal, Mokenen and Yemane. We also
sincerely thank our MscZinabu for the guidance and encouragement in finishing this project and
teaching. Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to our librarians and
respondents for the support and willingness.
ii
Executive summary
High-pressure rise is developed in the pressure vessel and pressure vessel has to withstand
severe forces. Therefore, the selection of pressure vessel is most critical. That is why we can say
that pressure vessel is the heart for storage of fluid. Pressure vessel must pass series of
Hydrostatic tests. These tests examine the ability of the structure to withstand various pressures
to see if protective zone around the operator station remains intact in an overturn. The structure
is to be designed, fabricated, fitted, and checked as per ASME standard. Plant safety and
integrity are fundamental concern in pressure vessel design and these of course depend on the
adequacy of design codes. The performance of a pressure vessel under pressure can be
determined by conducting a series of tests to the relevant ASME standard. Efforts are made in
this paper to design the pressure vessel using ASME codes & standards to legalize the design.
iii
Acronyms
ASME = American society of mechanical engineer
e = minimum thickness, mm
pi = internal pressure, N/
Di = internal diameter, m
F = design stress, N/
J = joint factor
= total weight of vessel, N
= factor account to weight of nozzles
= mean diameter, m
= height or length of the vessel, m
t = wall thickness, m
g = gravitational acceleration, 9.81m/
= density of vessel material, kg/
= weight of the plate, kN
= weight of insulation, kN
V= volume,
Pw= wind pressure, N/
= wind load, N/m
= bending moment, Nm
= longitudinal stress, N/
= circumferential stress, N/
Resultant longitudinal stress,N/
Dead weight stress, N/
Bending stress, N/
= Second moment area,
= elastic stability (critical buckling stress), N/
Rc = crown radius, mm
iv

Rk = knuckle radius, mm
Cs = stress concentration factor
Dn = diameter of the nozzle, mm
tn = actual nozzle thickness, mm
th=theoretical thickness of shell, mm
C = corrosion allowance, mm
As = area of the shell,
Av = area of compensation provide by nozzle,
bs=bending
ws=
stress in the skirt,
dead weight stress in the skirt,
Ms = maximum bending moment

ts= skirt thickness, m
Ds = inside diameter of the skirt, m
fs= maximum allowable design stress for the skirt, N/
s=
base angle of conical skirt
Ab = area of bolt,
Nb = number of bolts
fb= maximum allowable bolt stress, N/
Db = bolt diameter, m
Fb = load on the base ring, N/m
Lb = base ring width, mm
fc= maximum allowable pressure on the concret foundation pad, N/
tb= base ring thickness, mm
Lr = distance between the skirt and the ring, mm
f = actual pressure on the base, N/
fr= allowable design stress in the ring material, N/
E = youngs modulus constants
Eq No. = Equipment number
Func = Function

ID No. = ID Number
Contents
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................................... ii
Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................... iii
Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................. iv
List of figure .............................................................................................................................................. viii
List of tables............................................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the problem .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1 General objective ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 Specific objective ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.4.Significance of study....................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Literature review ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Design ................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.2Pressure vessel ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Consideration parameters to design pressure vessel ........................................................................... 3
2.3.1 Design pressure ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.3.2 Design Temperature ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.3.3 Materials ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3.4 Design stress (nominal design strength) ...................................................................................... 4
2.3.5 Welded joint efficiency and construction categories ................................................................... 4
2.3.6 Corrosion allowance .................................................................................................................... 4
vi

2.3.7 Design loads ................................................................................................................................. 4
2.3.8 Minimum practical wall thickness ............................................................................................... 4
Other related literatures: ........................................................................................................................... 5
Skirt supports ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Base ring and anchor bolt design .......................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................................... 5
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................................................. 5
3.1Materials .............................................................................................................................................. 5
3.1.1 Sieve Plate Column Design Specifications .................................................................................. 5
3.2 Methods............................................................................................................................................... 6
Typical standard flanges ..................................................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................... 15
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................... 15
SOLUTION: ............................................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER FIFE ......................................................................................................................................... 34
5.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 34
5.2 RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................................... 35
References ............................................................................................................................................... 36
Appendix 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 37
Appendix 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 37
vii
List of figure
Figure 1Types of compensation for openings ................................................................................10
Figure 2Selected standard flange ...................................................................................................13
Figure4.1.4Autocad design pressure vessel ...................................................................................33
List of tables
Table. 3.1.1material construction.....................................................................................................5
Table 3.2.1typical standard flange ...................................................................................................6
Table 3.2.2column specification ......................................................................................................6
Table 3.2.4Summarization of all final results ................................................................................32
viii
ix
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
Sieve plate column is one of the distillation columns with cross-flow trays, which is widely used
in various mass transfer operations. Sieve plates offer high capacity and efficiency, low pressure
drop, ease of cleaning and , low capital cost When developing sieve plate column design. In all
the major industrialized countries, the design and fabrication of thin-walled pressure vessels is
covered by national standards and codes of practice. The primary purpose of the design codes is
to establish rules of safety relating to the pressure integrity of vessels and provide guidance on
design, materials of construction, fabrication, inspection, and testing. Improper vessel design and
maintenance increase the risk of vessel failure and may lead to serious safety hazard. Thus a
chemical design of the column is highly important in essence of keeping the safety hazard and
maintenance cost at minimum. (Sinnott 2008).
Therefore, based on the design code drawn as well as specifications and requirements outlined,
which include column wall thickness, selection and sizing of vessel heads, reinforcement of any
openings, nozzles, flanges, column supporting skirt and base ring, the pressure vessel design is
developed accordingly. Column wall thickness , selection and sizing of vessel heads ,
reinforcement of openings, nozzles and flanges , column supporting skirt and base ring as well as
design loads such as internal pressure, wind loading and dead weight of vessel and its contents
are considered when developing the intended design. Appropriate assumptions are drawn in, to
execute certain conditions for the design. (Sinnott 2008)
1.1 Background
A column should be designed with a specific wall thickness to ensure it has sufficient rigidity to
be able to cope with the maximum amount of pressure, which it is expected to be susceptible to
in operation. The minimum column wall thickness needed to withstand the vessel weight itself as
well as other incidental loads such as internal pressure is calculated and shown in the following
calculation section. The design pressure for vessels under internal pressure is conventionally
taken as the pressure where the relief device is set. This is usually about 5-10 % above the
regular working pressure. (Sinott 2008).
PREPARED BY NETWORK TWO
Page 1

1.2 Statement of the problem
The pressure vessel that not flow any standard codes can be very dangerous.in fact many fatal
accidents have occurred in the history of their operation and development.In addition the
formulas and concepts applied in the systems are always unknown by the users.
1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General objective
The objective of this project is to design pressure vessel, to justify the pressure design and
material selection as well as the cause of the failure was investigated and finished element
analysis.
1.3.2 Specific objective
A sieve plate column that satisfied the preliminary specifications summary given and
dimensional sketch of the design and column specification sheet is expected.
And this project is to justify the pressure vessel design and material selection as well as the cause
of the failure was investigated and finished element analysis was done by under various
simulated conditions to insure that the mechanical properties and material selection where not
the cause of the vessel failure.
1.4.Significance of study
The project will bring a great significant not only for the fertilizer industry but also to the allmanufacturing sector that used a various pressure vessel for daily operation. By completing this
project, readers will get exposure to the aim of codes and standards.
Page 2

CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature review
2.1 Design
Design is a creative activity and as such can be one of the most rewarding and satisfying
activities under taken by an engineer. When considering possible way of achieving the objective
of the designer will be constrained by many factors, which narrow down the number of
designs.Constraints are factors that has influence on the design of a given solutions, they may
arise from physical law, government law, regulation and standards.
2.2Pressure vessel
Pressure vessel design is a specialized subject; the chemical engineer will be responsible for
developing and specifying the basic design information for a particular design vessel. Pressure
vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from
the ambient pressure.
2.3 Consideration parameters to design pressure vessel

2.3.1 Design pressure: A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which
it is likely to be subjected in operation. For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is
normally taken as the pressure at which relief the device is set. This will normally be 5 to 10
above the normal working pressure.
2.3.2 Design Temperature: The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature.so, the
maximum allowable design stress will depend on the material temperature.

2.3.3 Materials: Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy
steel, otheralloys, clad plate, and reinforced plastics.
Page 3

2.3.4 Design stress (nominal design strength)
For design purpose, it is necessary to decide a value for the maximum allowable stress,which can
be accepted in the material of construction. For materials not subject to high temperatures, the
design stress is based on the yield stress or tensile strength of the material at the design
temperature.
2.3.5 Welded joint efficiency and construction categories
The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and quality of the welding. Visual
inspection and non-destructive testing check the soundness of welds.
There are three construction categories:
Category one: the highest class required 100% non-destructive testing of the Weld, no
restriction of the plate thickness.
Category two: requires less nondestructive testing and maximum plate thickness.
Category three: the lowest class requiresvisual inspection of the weld.
2.3.6 Corrosion allowance
Is additional thickness of the metal added to allow for material lost by corrosion and erosion. The
allowance should be based on experience will the material construction under similar service
conditions to those for the proposed design. Forcarbonsteel and low alloy steel a minimum
allowance of 2mm should be used, where more severe conditions are anticipated this should be
to 4mm.
2.3.7 Design loads
A structure must be designed to resist gross plastic deformation and collapse under all the
conditions of loading. Load can be classified as major load and subsidiary loads.
2.3.8 Minimum practical wall thickness: there will be a minimum wall thickness required to
ensure that any vessel is sufficiently rigid to with stand its own weight and any incidental loads.
The wall thickness of any vessel should not be less than the given value.
Page 4

Other related literatures:
Skirt supports: are used for tall, vertical columns and it consists of cylindrical or conical shell
welded to the base of the vessel .the flanges at the bottom of the skirt transmits the load to the
foundations.
Base ring and anchor bolt design: The loads carried by the skirt are transmitted to the
foundation slab by the skirt base ring(bearing plate).
CHAPTER THREE
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following materials and methods were used to carry out this project.
3.1Materials
3.1.1 Sieve Plate Column Design Specifications
The design specifications and requirements for column, nozzle, material of construction and
other specification are specified in Table 3.1, Table 3.2, and Table 3.3 respectively.
Table 3.1: Column Specification
Properties
Specifications
Length of cylindrical section, L
37m
Internal Diameter, Di
1.5m
Heads
Standard Ellipsoidal
Number sieve plates, n
50
Design temperature, T
1500C
Design pressure, Pi
1200kN/m2
Corrosion allowance, Co
2mm
Page 5

Table 3.2: Nozzles Specification
Properties
Specifications
Feed
At mid-point
Vapor out
At
0.7m
200mm
below
top
of 250mm
cylindrical section
Bottom product
At center of vessel head

At
1.0m
below
top
200mm
of 200mm
cylindrical section
Table 3.3: Other sieve plate column specifications

Properties
Specifications
Diameter of access ports or 0.6m
- At 1.0m Above the bottom
(manholes)
- At 1.5m below the top of the

column
Height of support skirt
2.5m
Carbon steel, silicon killed
Thickness of insulation
50mm
Mineral wool
Vessels
Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)
Nozzles
Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)
Skirts
Silicon killed
3.2 Methods
Minimum Column Wall Thickness for cylindrical
With the specifications and requirement provided previously, the column wall thickness is
thencalculatedby using Equation
e=
Where,Pi=design pressure (N/
Di=internal diameter (mm)

Page 6

J= joint efficient factor
f=maximum allowable working or design stress (N/mm2)
e=minimum plate thickness (mm)
Minimum column wall thickness for torispherical head
e=
But, Cs= (
Where, e = minimum thickness for torisphericalhead(mm)

Pi = design pressure (N/mm2)
Rc = crown radius
Rk = knuckle radius
Cs = stress concentration factor
J = joint efficient factor
Minimum thickness for ellipsoidal head

With most standard ellipsoidal heads are manufactured with major and minor axis ratio of 2:1.
e
Where,e=minimum thickness of ellipsoidal head(mm)
Pi=design pressure(N/mm2)
Di=internal diameter(mm)
f maximum effective design allowable stress(N/mm2)
Dead weight of vessel

Page 7

= 240
0.8
: Total weight of the shell, N

: A factor to account for the weight of nozzles, man ways, internal supports, etc. (Cv = 1.15)
: Mean Diameter = (Di +t x10-3), m
: Length of cylindrical section, m
t: Wall thickness, mm
Weight of the plate

Plate area=
Weight of plate=1.7 plate area
Weight of insulation
Volume of insulation=
Weight of insulation= Vg
Total weight=Wvessel Wplate Winsulation
Wind load
Dm=Di
Wind load,Fw=PwDm
Bending moment at bottom tangent

Mx=
Analysis stress
Page 8

and
Dead weight stress
Bending stress
Do=Di
Iv=
(
Resultant longitudinal stress
Check elastic stability(critical buckling stress)

(
Reinforcement of Opening
As in UG-37 (c) of ASME Part VIII: Pressure Vessel, for design of internal pressure, the total
cross-sectional area of reinforcement A required in any given plane through the opening for a
shell orformed head under internal pressure shall not be less than
A=d
Where:d = Finished diameter of circular opening under consideration. (mm)
= Minimum required thickness of the shell using appropriate ASME Code formula and a weld
joint efficiency of 1.0, mm
F = Correction factor normally equal to 1.0
Page 9
Figure 3.1Types of compensation for openings.(ASME II part D Subpart 1)

3.2.4.1 Preliminary Calculations for thickness (tr ,tr.n., t, ti, tn) & distance (h)
i. Calculate the required thickness of the shell or head,
Where,
= the required thickness of the shell or head
P = Design pressure
r =radius of the shell
S = design stress at design temperature
E = joint efficiency factor
ii. According to the ASME/ANSI B36.10M Pipe Schedules Table, the nozzle is assumed to be
(250 mm) nominal pipe size and under the Schedule, it has a nozzle wall thickness of:
Page 10

iii. Required thickness of the nozzle wall,
it is determined as equation (6)
iv. For the vessel wall thickness, t, it is determined as,
+ Co
v. For the nominal thickness of internal projection of nozzle wall,
it is determined as follows,
vi. Distance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vessel wall are as determined in
equation (9).
h = min (2.5t, 2.5 )
vii. The diameter of the finished opening, d, is as determined
d = D + Co
Note: The opening is in a corroded condition. Thus, a corrosion allowance is added to the
diameter ofthe opening.
3.2.4.2 Area of reinforcement
Calculate the available reinforcement area in the vessel shell,
as the larger of
or
are
determined as equation below:

=d(
t - Ftr)
= 2(t +
)(
t-F )
Where: El = 1.0 when the opening is in the base plate away from the welds, or when the opening
passes through a circumferential joint in the shell (excluding head toshell joints).
El = The ASME Code joint efficiency when any part of the opening passes through any other
welded joint.
Page 11

F = 1 for all cases except integrally reinforced nozzles that are inserted into a shell or cone at an
angle to the vessel longitudinal axis. See Fig. UG-37 for this special case.
= Nominal thickness of the nozzle in the corroded condition, mm.
Calculate the reinforcement area that is available in the nozzle wall,
as the smaller of
or
are determined as equation below..

= 5(
= 5(
Where:
= Required thickness of the nozzle wall, mm.
t= the vessel wall thickness, mm
= nozzle wall thickness

Strength reduction factor ( Sn/Sv for nozzle wall inserted through the vessel wall)
Calculate the reinforcement area that is available in the nozzle wall,
as the smaller of
or
are determined as the equation below.

= 5t (
= 2h (
For areas
)
)
and
, they are not considered since the welds vary from fillet to butt weld type
(Shahand associates, 2014), thus,

=
= 0 mm2
Page 12
Typical standard flanges
Table 3.4 typical standard flanges

Nominal
Pipe outer Flange
Size (mm) diameter,
Raised
boltin
face
d1 (mm)
h1
d4
200
219.1
340
24
62
268
250
273
395
26
68
300
300
329.9
445
26
68
350
355.6
505
26
68
Drilling
Neck
No
d2
d3
h2
M20
22
295
240
16
10
M20
12
22
350
295
16
12
370
M20
12
22
400
344
16
12
430
M20
16
22
460
385
16
12
Figure 2. Selected Standard flanges

Page 13

Design of skirt support
)
Approximate weight=(
Total weight=weight of vessel approximate weight

Bending moment of skirt base:
Ms=
bs=
Maximum (compressive)=
Maximum
(Tensile)
(Compressive)
)sin
Assumption
No significant loading from piping and external equipment
Earthquake loading need not be considered
Plate and plate supports design is negligible
Assume flanges are standard flanges
Page 14

CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
SOLUTION:
Step 1.determine the minimum plate thickness to resist the internal pressure
e=
e=
(N/mm2)
e = 6.955mm round off to 7 mm and add corrosion allowance then

e = 7 mm+2 mm =9 mm
Step2. Determine the minimum thickness of the two heads. The minimum thickness of
ellipsoidal is given
e=
e = 6.93 mm round off to 7 mm

The minimum thickness of torisphericalis given by:
e=
Where, Pi = Design pressure = 1.2 N/mm2
Di = inner diameter of the column = 1500 mm
f = the design stress of the material 11of construction = 130 N/mm2
j = the weld joint efficiency = 1.0 The weld joint is double welded butt or equivalent joint and
100 percent degree of radiography.
But the minimum thickness is more preferable.
Page 15

Step3. So that we select & size the ellipsodial head because it has smallest thickness and less
economical than torispherical.
Step4.
For stability of the shell the column is divided into five parts and thickness is increased
from top to bottom of the shell, as 7 mm, 9 mm, 11 mm, 13 mm and 15 mm respectively.
11
13
15
For all other calculations, the average thickness is used. The average thickness = ts =11mm.
Step5. Dead weight of vessel
Stress due to the dead weight of the vessel:
For a steel vessel
Take Cv = 1.15, vessel with plates for distillation column
Dm = 1.5 + 11 x 10-3 = 1.511m
Hv = 37 m
t = 11 mm
Wv = 240 CvDm (Hv + 0.8 Dm) t
Wv = 240 X 1.15 X 1.511 (37 + 0.8 X 1.511) 11
Wv= 175,279 N= 175.3kN
Step6. Weight of plates:

Page 16

Plates area =
X 1.52 = 1.77 m2
Weight of a plate including liquid on it: 1.7kN/m2x 1.77 m2 = 3.009 kN

50 plates = 50 x 3.009 = 150.45 kN
Step7. Weight of insulation:
Mineral wool density = 130 kg/m3
Approximate volume of insulation
V = DiHvtin= 37m 50
Weight = 8.72
x 130 kg/
m 1.5m=8.6025
x 9.81 m/
=11,112 N
Double this to allow for fitting,Win = 22.224 kN

Step 8-.Total weight:
WV = 175.3KN
WP=150.45kN
Win=22.224KN
WTotal=347.96KN
Step 9.Wind loading
Take dynamic wind pressure as 1280 N/m2, corresponding to 160 kph (100 mph) for preliminary
design studies.
Mean diameter including thickness and insulation, Dm = Di + 2( ts +tins) x
Dm= 1.5 + 2(11+50) x
Dm=1.622 m
Wpressure = 1280N/
Page 17

Fw =Loading (per linear meter)=Wp Dm
F W= 1280 N/m2 x 1.622 m = 2076.16 N/m
Bending moment at bottom tangent line
= Mx =
Mx =
= 1421131Nm
Step 10 .Longitudinal and circumferential stress:

At bottom tangent line, the pressure stresses are given by:
Longitudinal stress,
L=
= 30N/mm2
Circumferential stress,
h=
= 60N/mm2
Step11. Stress due to dead weight,
w=
= 2.4566N/
Do = Di + 2 x t = 1500 mm + 2 (15 mm) = 1530 mm = outer diameter of the column

Step12. Bending Stresses,
b=
Where, Second Moment Area is given by equation below
=
b=
(Do4 Di4) =
-(
) = 2.048*
) = 53.08N/
Page 18

Step13. Resultant longitudinal stress is given by,
z= L + w
w= is compressive therefore is negative

z (upwind) = L + w
b =30-2.4566+53.08=80.5N/
z (downwind) = L + w
b = 30-2.4566-53.08=-25.5N/
80N/mm2
60N/mm2
25.5N/mm2
60N/mm2
Upwind
Downwind
Therefore, greatest difference between the principal stresses will be on the down-wind side.
Since the upwind stress (80 N/mm2) and downwind stress (25.5N/mm2) are less than the
allowable design stress (130 N/mm2), therefore the design metal thickness (tb = 15 mm) is
satisfactory.
Step 14: Check elastic stability (buckling)
Critical buckling stress:
= 196.07N/
The maximum resultant compressive stress will occur when the vessel is not under pressure
given by.
Page 19

z=b+w = 53.08+2.4566=55.54N/
Since the maximum resultant compressive resultant stress (55.54 N/mm2) less than that of
critical buckling stress (196.07N/
). So the design procedure of the vessel is correct.
Design of Skirt support and base ring calculation

Step 1.Height of vessel,
The height of vessel,
is determined bythe following formula
= (Length of cylindrical section) + (Height of the two ellipsoidal heads)

The height of each ellipsoidal head =
= 0.375 m
= (37m) + (2x0.375) = 37 m + 0.75 m = 37.75 m

Step2. Bending Moment,
Given the formula:
Since,
= (Height of the vessel,
) + (Height of skirt,
= 37.75m + 2.5 m = 40.25m = 40500mm

= 2076.16N/m
= 1681754.48Nm
Step 3.Determine the bending stress in the skirt.

The bending stress in the skirt is given by the following formula,
Assume as a first trial, take the skirt thickness as the same as that of the bottom section of the
vessel, 15 mm.
Page 20

Ds =Internal column diameter, =1.5m
ts = Thickness of the skirt = Thickness of the bottom section, =15mm
bs=Bending stress in the skirt
Thus, bs=
= 62.85N/
Step 4: Determine the dead weight stress for the test and operating conditions.
For test condition,ws(test):
Formula given by, ws(test)=
Where, ws(test)=Dead weight stress in the skirt for test condition
Wwater= dead weight of the vessel with contents (water) is approximate weight
Wwater=
Thus,
=653424.2N=653.4242KN
= 9.2N/mm2
For operating condition, ws(operating):

The formula given by,
=2.45668 N/mm2
Step 5: Determine the resultant bending stress in the skirt.

For maximum:
s(compresive)= bs + (test)
s(compresive)=62.85+8.975=71.825 N/mm2
For minimum:
Page 21

ws(tensil)=bs+w(opersting)
ws(tensil)=62.85-2.45668= 60.4N/mm2
Step 6: Design criteria:
If given the worst combination of both wind and dead-weight loading, the skirt thickness should
not exceed that of its design criteria, as shown below
From the specification table,
=90
fs= 115 N/mm2
E = Youngs modulus (Sinnott. and Tower., 7.3.7. Effect of Temperature onthe Mechanical
Properties 1999) =200,000 N/mm
For the maximum:
Given the formula,
s(compresive) 0.125E(ts/Ds)sins
71.825 N/
0.125200,000(15/1500)
71.825 N/
250 (Fulfilled)
For minimum:
Given the formula,
s(tensil) fsJ(sins)
60.4 1151sin90Type equation here.
65.3N/
115 (Fulfilled)
Since all the calculations and comparison above shows that the all design criteria were fulfilled,
add 2 mm for corrosion, gives a design thickness of new skirt thickness, ts:
Page 22

New skirt thickness, ts:
ts= (Old thickness of the skirt) + (Corrosion allowance)
ts=15mm + 2mm= 17mm
Base ring/flange and anchor bolt design

For DS = 1.5 m
Step 1 .Determine the number of bolts required, N bolts
Since the measurements for the pitch diameter were not given, it was assumed that the
measurement of column diameter would be used to make an assumption for the pitch diameter.
An estimation of 10% allowance was then added to the pitch circle diameter column.
Number of bolts required N bolts given by the formula:
=
Where;
Ds = Internal column diameter = 1.5 m
Dp = Pitch circle diameter
Dp= Ds + (10% Ds)
Dp= 1.5 + 0.1 x 1.5 = 1.65 m
Dp= 1,650 mm
=
= 8.635mm
12bolts
By taking the nearest multiple of 4, 12 is the nearest value to the number of bolts required,
Step 2: Determine the required bolt area, Ab
Page 23

Given the formula:
Where,
= Total dead weight of vessel with heads = 175279N
= Bending moment in skirt = 1.753 x 106Nm

= Pitch circle diameter = 1650mm
= maximum allowable bolt stress, N/mm2; typical design value 125 N/mm2 (18,000
psi).(Coulson &Richardsons chemical engineering volume 6)
= Number of bolts required = 12bolts
= 2601.12
Step 3: Determine the bolt root diameter, D bolt.
The bolt root diameter given by the formula:
= 57.56mm
With the addition of base rings, the bolt should be sufficient to distribute the total compressive
load to the foundation.
Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
Given the formula:
+ = 989.38N/mm
Page 24

Where,
total compressive load on each base ring per unit length
= Bending moment in skirt = 1681754.48Nm

Ds = Internal diameter column = 1500mm
= Total dead weight of vessel with heads =
Step 5: Determine minimum width of base ring, Lb.
Given the formula:
= Minimum width of base ring
Where,
= total compressive load on each base ring per unit length = 989.38N/mm
= the maximum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad,which will
depend on the mix used, and will typically range from 3.5 to 7 N/mm2 (500 to 1000 psi).
(Coulson &Richardsons chemical engineering volume 6. Page 851)
=0.1978mm
Due to the large base ring width, a flared skirt shall be used as an alternative to the design.
Therefore, the requirements and assumptions for the new skirt are:
Flared skirt bottom diameter, Ds = 2.5 m = 2500 mm
Bolt circle diameter, Dolt= Ds+ (10% of Ds)
Dolt= 2.5 m + (1.5x0.1)= 2.5 m + 0.15 m
Dolt = 2.65 m (Assumed)
Dolt= 2,650 mm
=
= 14.4mm
Page 25

Skirt base angle,
Skirt base angle, (With
=2.5 m)
Take the skirt bottom diameter, 2.5m
+= 78.70
Step 2: Determine bolt spacing.

Bolt spacing given the formula:
Bolt spacing= *
= Bolt circle diameter = Ds + (10% of Ds) = assumed Ds = 2500mm
Where,
Ds = 2500 + (2500 x 0.1) = 2750m (assumed)

=
= 14.4mm
Bolt spacing= *
+ = 577.8 mm (satisfactory)
Step 3: Determine new required bolt area, Ab

=
= 255.2
Step 4: Determine the total compressive load on each base ring per unit length, Fbolt.
Given the formula:
Page 26

*
Step 5: Determine minimum width of base ring, Lb

Given the formula:
= 0.073mm
Step 6: Determine the actual bearing pressure on the concrete foundation,
Given the formula:
Where,
= total compressive load on each base ring per unit length
Actual width = actual width will depend on the chair design =
= Skirt thickness = 17mm

= thickness of insulation = 50mm
=Distance from the edge of the skirt to the outer edge of the ring = 178 mm (Sinnott., Coulson
& Richardson's Chemical Engineering 1999) :Using Bolt size 70 (BS 4190:1967)
Actual width = 178 + 17 +50 = 245mm
Step 7: Determine the base ring thickness, tb

The base ring thickness given by the formula:
Page 27
Reinforcement of Opening calculation

All process vessels will have openings for connections, man ways, and instrument fittings. The
presence of opening has its own drawback whereby it weakens the shell and gives rise to stress
concentrations. The stress at the edge of a hole will be higher than the average stress in
surrounding plate. Thus, in order to reduce this stress it is important that the opening is
compensated with increase of wall thickness in the region adjacent to the opening. In other
words, a reinforcement of opening will be done towards the hole in order to cope with a
sufficient stress that countered the weakening effect of the opening without.
Reinforcement of opening is given by :
Reinforcement of opening is given by :
A=d x tr x F+2 x tn x tr x F(1-fr1)
Preliminary calculation of thickness & distance Such as tr,trn,t,ti,tn& h
Step1.determine the required thickness under circumferential stress ,tr for seamless shell or head
is given by : tr=PiR/(fj-0.6Pi)=PiK1D/(fj-0.6Pi)
Where tr=required thickness for a seamless sphere with radius of K1D, R=K1D
f=maximum stress allowance=130N/
Pi=1.2N/
J=joint factor=1
K1=0.9
D= 600mm=0.6m
A=d
Page 28

i. Calculate the required thickness of the shell or head,
= 5.012mm
Where,
= the required thickness of the shell or head
P = Design pressure
r =radius of the shell
S = design stress at design temperature
E = joint efficiency factor
ii. According to the ASME/ANSI B36.10M Pipe Schedules Table, the nozzle is assumed to be
(250 mm) nominal pipe size and under the Schedule, it has a nozzle wall thickness of:
= 50mm
iii. For the vessel wall thickness, t, it is determined as,
+ 2mm = 8.96mm 9mm

iv. For the nominal thickness of internal projection of nozzle wall,
it is determined as follows,
= 50-2(2)=46mm
Step5.determine the distance nozzle projects beyond the inner surface of the vesselwall ,h ,is
given by:
h=(2.5t , 2.5ti)
h=(2.5 x 9,2.5 x 46)=(22.5,115)
Step6.determine diameter of finished opening, d is given by :
Page 29

d=D+Co=600+2=602mm
Note: the opening is in a corroded condition.thus,a corrosion allowance is added to the diameter
of the opening.
Area of reinforcement
Calculation of area required for reinforcement
Assuming correction factor,f=1 & d=D
A=d x tr x F + 2 x tn x tr x F(1-factor)
To determine whether additional reinforcement is necessary for the man holes the actual area
available for reinforcement must be calculated& compare with the area required for
reinforcement.
The following condition should be satisfied if no addition reinforcement is required,
A<Ai,where Ai= A1+A2+A3+A41+A43
A1(largest):
(A1 ) =d(E1t-Ftr)-2tn(E1t-ftr)(1-fr1) ,where fr1=f/f=130/130=1
Since the nozzle & vessel are made-up of from the same material (i.e from stainless steel).
Therefore the term 2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-fr1) is equal to zero.
Then (A1 ) =d(E1t-Ftr) ,but E1=F=E=1
(A1 ) =d(t-tr)=602(9-5.012)=2400.77
(A1 ) =2(t+tn)(E1t-Ftr)-2tn(E1t-Ftr)(1-fr1) but f=1 , E1 =F=1,the equation becomes
(A1 ) =2(t+tn)(E1t-Ftr)=2(9+50)(9-5.012)=470.584
Since (A1 ) >(A1 ) ,then A=(A1 ) =2400.77
Page 30
Table 4.1, Summarization of all final results

Data sheet
Equipment No: PV1
Fun: Design sieve plate

column
Customer
ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY
Sheet No: 1
Shell
Heads
Ellipse
Thickness
Supports
Flanges
Torisp
9mm
7mm
12mm
17mm
25mm
1200kN/m2
1200kN/m2
1200kN/m2
1200kN/m2
10bar
150
150
150
150
150
Design
pressure
Design
temperature
Page 31

Design
___
___
____
____
___
Stainless
Stainless
___
Carbon
Stainless
steel,silicon
steel
code
Material
construction steel,unstabilised(304 steel,unstabilised(304
killed
Process
Full of water
____
____
___
material
Full
of
water
Diameter
1.5m
1.5m
____
___
Length
37m
____
0.75
Nozzle
Skirt support
_______
Stainlesssteel
Corrosion
2mm
Design by Network two
395mm
allowance
ID
No
0336/06,0834/06,0893/06,1064/06,1636/06
Section One
Date December 12,2016
Checked by:
Page 32
Figure 4.1.4 Pressure vessel Design
Page 33

CHAPTER FIFE
5.1 CONCLUSION
As the process of this project is completed,it can be concluded that the objectives of this project
is successfully done.This project has lead to several conclusions;However,the major
conlusionsis:The design of apressure vessel is more selection of procdure,selection its
components to be more precise rather than designing each and every component. This project
focus on the solving of the problem of shortage of water in Adigrat University and it can also
used in other areas as storage of water for many services in schools, health centers, industries and
other institutions. This pressure vessel can store huge amount of water, it is so huge pressure
vessel, so it can solve the problem as much as possible in many areas.
Page 34

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
In a nut shell in terms of design rules, there are many aspects to looking from the important to
have a complete and perfect pressure vessel.The design code and standard must be appropriately
revised to make sure the safe enough. To do this project many problems have been occurred.
Those are the courses which are related to AutoCAD, project writing, shortage of materials such
as computer, shortage of knowledge about how can we design, it takes many times to practice
and understand.So for next it should be given the courses of introduction to project, AutoCAD
and more practice of the course of chemical apparatus design before such big project is given and
simple projects must be given before doing such it.
Page 35

References
Conrexsteel.Dished Head Calculator.2012.http://www.conrexsteel.com/calculator.php
MyChemE.Types of vessel Head.4 M arch,2013.http://www.mycheme.com/types-of-vessel-head
Ellipsoidal Head Dimensional Characteristics. 2013.Inspection .4 Industry LCC: Pressure Vessel
Head. http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/pressure -vessel heads.html
Sinnott,R.K.2008.Coulson&Richardsons
Chemical
Engineering
Volume
6:Chemical
Engineering Design,3rded.Burlington,MA:Butterworth-HeinemannPuplications.
Baher El Shaikh,Nozzle Calculations,Scribd(2009): pg.6,
https://www.scribd.com/dog/24124967/Nozzle-calculations
Page 36

Appendix 1
Appendix Material
Design stress at temperature (
tensile
Strength (
0 to5 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Carbon steel(silicon killed)
360
135 125 115 105 95 85 80 70
Carbon manganese steal
460
180 170 150 140 130 115 105 100
Carbon steel molybdenum
450
180 170 145 130 120 110 110 110
Low alloy steel (Ni,Cr,Mo)
550
240 240 240 235 230 230 190 170
Stainless steel unstablized(304) 510
165 145 130 115 110 105 100
Stain lesssteeltistablized(321)
165 150 140 135 130 125 120 120 115
Stain less steel (316)
540
520
95 90
175 150 135 120 115 110 105 105 100
Appendix 2
Standard flange
Nominal
Pipe
Size
Output
Flange
Raised
bolting
drilling
boss
face
diameter(mm)
d4
No
d2
d3
65
76.1
160
14
32
110
M12
130
100
20
273
375
22
44
312
M12
20
18
335
295
Page 37

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ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO: ZINABU HAILU (MSc)

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

stress in the skirt,

dead weight stress in the skirt,

Ms = maximum bending moment

base angle of conical skirt

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

PREPARED BY NETWORK TWO

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

2.3 Consideration parameters to design pressure vessel

maximum allowable design stress will depend on the material temperature.

steel, otheralloys, clad plate, and reinforced plastics.

PREPARED BY NETWORK TWO

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

PREPARED BY NETWORK TWO

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

foundation slab by the skirt base ring(bearing plate).

Length of cylindrical section, L

Number sieve plates, n

PREPARED BY NETWORK TWO

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

At center of vessel head

Table 3.3: Other sieve plate column specifications

Diameter of access ports or 0.6m

- At 1.0m Above the bottom

- At 1.5m below the top of the

Height of support skirt

Carbon steel, silicon killed

Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)

Stainless steel, unstabilised (304)

Di=internal diameter (mm)

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Where, e = minimum thickness for torisphericalhead(mm)

Minimum thickness for ellipsoidal head

Dead weight of vessel

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

: Total weight of the shell, N

Weight of the plate

Bending moment at bottom tangent

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Resultant longitudinal stress

Check elastic stability(critical buckling stress)

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Figure 3.1Types of compensation for openings.(ASME II part D Subpart 1)

i. Calculate the required thickness of the shell or head,

= the required thickness of the shell or head

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

it is determined as equation (6)

iv. For the vessel wall thickness, t, it is determined as,

Calculate the available reinforcement area in the vessel shell,

determined as equation below:

MECHANICAL DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

are determined as equation below..