Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
THE EASTERN
"The
Turks
as
lomats,
must
they
to push
forsooth,
"The Turks must
sit
OLD AND
QUESTION,
NEW.
be driven
around
ahead
the
from Europe,"
be driven
reply the zealous
as if the pure religion
of Christianity,
of the gospel
should be soldered
soldiers
those
live this side
who
upon
by
"The Turks must be driven from Europe,"
of the Bosphorus.
ministers
universal
yet
they
opinion
of all
remain?
the arms
The
are at
is not
wherefore
the purpose
of this anomaly,
which,
political
problems
called Eastern
question.
of
the writer
nor
and
to discourse
to expatiate
put together,
But how came
upon
make
on
the
the present
up the so
of
these worshipers
to pitch
How
their tents on holy ground?
far have
And
how have
their troops been
their armies
penetrated?
is the object of this
these questions
driven back?
To answer
Allah
paper.
The
average
had but
relativity
man of
of
our
views
is truly remarkable.
The
as
if it
the Eastern
question
a
matter
As
proportions.
to-day regards
just assumed momentous
numerous
of Miss Europe's
of fact it was the pet complaint
States
Before
existed.
ache spots long before
these United
The Eastern
the
boisterous
XIV.
egoized
flirted
Old
Question,
Frederick
the
or Richelieu
93
Louis
before
was,
before Elizabeth
Great
bullied,
of Sweden
or Christina
and New.
of En
grew risqu?e?before
of their countries'
fathers and mothers
any of these fabulous
was
their offspring,
the Eastern
beheld
greatness
question
of in whispers.
spoken
gland
More
to our
than
this,
forefathers,
seems grave,
to us the situation
though
was
it
much
it
forefathers
graver.
To-day
means
in the
its perilousness
with
but little in comparison
armaments
too
serious
became
modern
before
European
days
little
We
Turk.
an obstacle
for the quondam
conquering
cen
in the sixteenth
aroused
realize
the harrowing
feelings
tury
by
the words
"The
Throughout
Germany
colonial
antecedents
Turks
men
feared
feared
the
an
are making
the Turks
incursion."
as our
In the
Indians.
old
solitary
towns
tions men
used
used
customs
which
to make
to be but
of the bloody
of the edge
arena.
The
whole
business
miserable
Turks
Seljukian
selves upon
in the eleventh
was
begun
century.
by
They
the
so-called
hurled
them
in Asia
Christians
the Greek
Minor,
dwelling
sun.
the setting
to drive them like sheep toward
and began
or
took
Osmanlian
the
Ottoman
Their
Turks,
successors,
westward
worked
throughout
up the slogan, and consistently
of in
These
latter are first heard
the fourteenth
century.
of
Sultan
Seljukian
the Moguls,
with
of a small, but
the scale was turned by the intervention
when
be
This personage
band under one Ertoghrul.
belligerent,
Patrice:
Pater
Turkish
the
in
became
time
who
gat Othman,
took
from his name that the succeeding
it being
generation
the end of the
Iconium
was
thirteenth
hard
century.
in a
pressed
even Turks
The
battle
by stiff-tongued
The grateful
have gratitude?rewarded
Westerners,
war
Seljukian
Ertoghrul
with
The
94
Sewanee
Review.
teenth
dients
dish
were
decade
furnished
ingre
each and every
rulers.
In this
to be adhered
had
of Europe,
whereby
deals. What
political
governors
numerous
can be applied
sanctimonious
can
that
ass
from
to
voice
take
the
and wherewith
is the power
to be answered
the question
for or a lucrative
of St. Peter?is
Father
to
day when
out
the
Not
that
IX., crying
no nation,
blinds us
rode backward
Boniface
of
the
a divorce
before
of a Pius
sides with
they worked
the chair
behind
the Holy
to the fact
an
upon
till com
crowd's
As
the Vicegerents
of Christ
of
contrariwise
the Vicars
derision
accompaniment
modern
and all the power
of
the Papacy
days
in therewith was to be bought by the
thrown
anathematizing
event of this dec
The
other
bidder.
highest
epoch-making
paratively
been
indicated.
lofty pretensions,
to perilous
How
importance.
influence of these two events on every
enormous
rose
history.
But it is high time
Ottomans
placed on
to return
subsequent
to our narrative.
We
has
been
page
of
saw the
their own
zeal
feet, eager for conquest,
from the sunny shores of Italy and
and the Dan
the vine-clad
of the Rhone,
the Rhine,
valleys
it was nip and tuck
ube. Throughout
the fourteenth
century
Turk and the dissolving
Eastern
the evolving
between
empire
ous
to oust
the Christians
?if
ants
The
of
the
first
siege
fifteenth
a name, to
to which
of Constantinople
Not
century.
the wretched
would
was
the might
control
inhabit
the Dar
in the opening
year
of Christendom
The Rastern
and New.
Old
Question,
95
saved
was to be perverted,
to have in place
and we were
For men?,
Istambul.
but more euphonious
the less suggestive
on
was writ
of Sancta
the walls
men?,
tekel, upharsin
large
no
arose
and the
to
Daniel
translate
there
but
it,
Sophia,
memorial
that great
city failed to make
were
was
time.
there
The Turks
of
Nebuchadnezzar
tions
while
prepara
drawing
ever increasing.
Hear
and closer, and their confidence
them boast:
"We will yet feed our horses with hay piled up
on the altar of the Pope,"
"We will yet put down the Chris
tians from their seats, and exalt the name of Allah!"
yet
closer
Some
of the old
text-books
in the year
history begins
is concerned
of the Turks
be
and
dissected,
out
apportioned
of Constantinople
So
us
inform
school
that modern
1453.
this is true.
But
history
cannot
of the Weltgest
the workings
The
months
and
and
years.
days
an
event
was
world-wide
of
in 1453
all its blood and iron it was no more
into
but with
portance;
in abolishing
fectual
dweller
the humble
history
is not to
than
order
the old
in Strasburg.
At
the
ink and
be
fall
im
ef
lead of
this
if by a preconcerted
arrangement,
and acts and facts momen
and theories
innumerable,
are
that the
to remember
we
bound
tous.
While
However,
as
ideas
was not
fall of Constantinople
in the last half of the fifteenth
the only
century,
event
of
importance
for our present
pur
it is of epoch-marking
proportions.
poses
are in Europe
and they first put their
The Turks
to-day;
our
house at this eventful
the door of
turbaned
heads within
time.
From
have
years,
ture. What
1453
to
and fifty
four hundred
1903, exactly
home of cul
that erstwhile
uncivilized
they kept
reams of paper one could fill moralizing
upon
those four and a half centuries!
now got our Turks within
the pale of civilization,
Having
let us
of
see how
they hence
The
96
forth
Sewanee
themselves.
comport
Review.
the Magnificent.
reign of Soleiman
How
to be endowed
by posterity!
our
"the Great
than
prosaic English
a title with
What
much
more
which
to be desired
!" Under
the Magnificent
all the fol
forward, crushing
surged
to oppose
lowers of the Cross who had the temerity
it, but
we
most
not
for
who
those
did
resist;
treating
humanely
is
to remark upon
the fact that the Islamite
ought honestly
the Crescent
Soleiman
about
as desirable
At
Christian.
or neighbor
a bedfellow
the
end
as
of Soleiman's
the Eastern
reign
masters
of Greece,
of the Balkan
Peninsula
(present
of
the
of
and
hitherto
the
Genoese
Crimea,
firma),
and at one time it looked
sions of Kaffa
and Azov;
of Christendom
terra
in
posses
as if the
the might
of Islam,
once
and her priests be forced to cry an "Alia Akbar"
where
even
Marias."
"Ave
But
had
their
droned
Turks,
Mag
they
are mortal;
to
went
and in 1566 Soleiman
nificent
Turks,
whole
bow
were
the Turks
would
before
meet
his prophet.
before
Perhaps
be of
of them all,
this greatest
leaving
to know
of
character.
his
something
interest
it would
An
old
and insisted
says of him: "He was a rigid Mussulman,
on a strict observance
of all the precepts
He
of the Koran.
writer
was
in his
temperate
himself
chiefly
he was
with
diet,
ate
hunting.
to humble
accustomed
little meat,
In his moments
but
himself
before
and
amused
of depression
God, and com
his nothingness
in which he compared
hymns
in keep
of the Almighty.
He was scrupulous
never wronged
ing his word; he loved justice, and knowingly
a
one
and
such
the
Under
splen
religious
political
anybody."
posed
spiritual
with
the power
dor
of
Turk
many
tianity.
But
the Turks
though he was,
a contemporary
sun
the
words
Spencer's
she reached
her
reached
of
was
Islam
and
was
say
equilibrium
on
that,
at
or
the wane;
evolved
having
this
time,
shall we
to her
and we may
use
limit,
now
The Eastern
expect
signs of dissolution.
a
to increase; but
little
yet
seems
to lessen,
and New.
Old
Question,
97
is destined
she
Geographically
the moral
force behind
as if the blast
of Allah's
the waves
force.
her armies
breath
of
had
invasion
Henceforth,
though
and do most
tainous,
rage and beat upon
horribly
heads of Western
yet save for occasional
Europe;
in the defending
walls, the tempest
to take new heart.
and men begin
breaches
porary
weakens,
The successor
of Soleiman
was
Selim
the Sot,
its
lost
are moun
the bulk
tem
and
gradually
under
which
Islam's might
upon the sea was
propensities
never
was
and
to
the control
claim
she
able
blighted;
again
of the Mediterranean.
This was the result of the famous bat
ruler of bibulous
tle of
light-hearted
fleet
greatest
drowned
ward,
in
that
1572, when Don
John of Austria,
the
of
ill-fated
annihilated
Spain,
prince
ever
had
assembled.
the Porte
Though
Lepanto,
but
at once the
itself?Vienna,
of
the
heart
outpost
Papal Europe.
were but spasmodic
in emulation
efforts
These,
however,
cen
of the deeds of Soleiman,
and the close of the sixteenth
daring
and
tury marked
ning of the
retreat
limits
the
of Turkish
advance.
the retreat
century
continues
that
to-day,
seventeenth
which
and where
still
of which
is in itself
this question
is at bottom
to do with the land which
Turk.
For
the Eastern
In
the begin
the
commences,
retreat
the
three hundred
For
question.
naught
how
of what
the
by
the Moslems
have
retreating
years
been moving
from those regions
of which
bag and baggage
in the days of their glory.
they took such jubilant posssession
The event to which we refer was the treaty of Sitvatorok
in 1606, upon which
henceforth
the Holy
Austria
need
no
of paper
it was writ
that from
piece
German
and Archduke
of
Emperor
thousand
longer remit to the Porte
thirty
Hungary.
possessor
7
Austria
of
now
this Eastern
being
outpost,
the
of the humiliation
rule
a portion
of
and unhampered
proud
a long and
there begins
Sewanee
The
98
bloody
Danube.
with
struggle
Review.
the Moslem
we
know
Though
an der Donau,
rather, Wacht
the spirit behind
the modern
for
no
the
control
the
of
am Rhein,"
or,
as a popular
air of those days,
for as
song was then paralleled;
of
"Wacht
and France
for the Rhine,
Germany
fought
teenth century did Turkey
and Austria
battle
of the conflict we shall not
Of the severity
so
seven
in the
tell, in order
than the tale
of
for what
is more
avoid monotony;
tiresome
same
same
the
the
wars,
atrocities,
always
always
for since
results?
unchristian
the same
Christians,
always
Soleiman's
have been unprofitable.
days Islam's victories
not an acre of land
the
end
of
the
seventeenth
century
By
Turkish
on
the north
bank
in the possession
of the Turks
were
not
the enemies
military
remained
Hapsburg
all this.
complished
"ifs" is debatable;
In
the
this
duel
have
would
for
bit
Sobieski,
John
blooded
Turkish
what
would
of
that
sack
have
land,
in 1683.
happened
have
lady would
and expelled
satisfied
siesta
have
poor Austria
emerged
venerable
she
not
would
on
Danube,
dust had
the
the
it well,
; but mark
and avengers who ac
can play with historical
one here.
interject
one
Austria
occasion
to
it not
been
saved
Vienna
If John
for Poland,
a
from
Europe?
aroused
herself
from
infidel.
not
had
to
the
and Pruth
the Theiss
done
Probably
from her
But
the mess?
for
full
how
so,
that
self
would
Perchance
at
all as a geographical
emerged
if
had
this
what
would
have
Again,
happened,
been
in Germany,
the effect
in feverishly
and
ambitious
and in Poland,
the land of national
And
France,
dyspepsia?
so our little "if" opens
the dikes and breaks down the levees.
have
division.
How
be a history written
with "contrary
as data!
But let us not speculate
further,
lest we emerge
as to whether
into some such details
Gari
baldi could have been an assistant
liberator
of Italy
if John
Sobieski had never been born.
return to our narrative,
We
which
has reached
the end of
entertaining
to fact" conditions
the seventeenth
to Poland)
well
century, with Turkey
(thanks
march.
As we enter the eighteenth
century
scene changes
and a new actor
is introduced?an
on her backward
the whole
would
The Eastern
actor
as
talents
yet
comparatively
for
to the world
99
but endowed
with
unknown,
the villain which make
all aspiring
Our new friend is one who would
impersonating
lagos pale in comparison.
not only be Thane
of Cawdor,
the honorable
and dishonorable
known
and New.
Old
Question,
as Peter
but Thane
son
of everything
else,
and Natalia,
of Alexis
the Great.
after
up this new phase of our subject?for
all
old
be
the
will
order
appears
well,
passes away?it
of clearness,
for purposes
to give an outline
of this historical
I take it that we may divide the Eastern
movement.
question
Before
taking
Peter
into several
In
tian
phases
its first
control
stage
Western
or acts
the question
becomes,
stage begins
here, and the question
or Turkey
The decision
control
the Danube?
as a
in 1699 at Carlowitz
in favor of Austria,
when,
Shall Austria
is given
result of
she recovered
all Hungary
and
almost
treaty,
Croatia
and
of
Sclavonia.
larger part
to enter,
The
in which Rus
third stage we are just about
but ir
and
monster,
sia, that Briarean
begins
slyly
slowly,
arm
to
out
her
and
then
stretch
hand,
resistibly,
finger,
the
the
the
see
in later days,
she
how,
her whole body out, leaned too far on one occasion,
stretched
and fell; and the memory
of that fall has not yet passed
Common
understands
away.
parlance
by the expression
toward
"Eastern
which
it
Turkey?"
a totally
south.
question"
is asked,
Let me
new
British
shall
We
latest
this
Russia
"Shall
also
add
stage.
be
late
Monroe
us glance at this third
so change
Because
affairs?
in
is the phase
to gobble
up
appear that
in the promulgation
of the
that of
Let
That
allowed
it would
Gulf.
does Peter's
stage. Why
he is the first Russian
arrival
ruler
to
that
one
"more Turkey"
taste
fixes
is Russia's
his
appetite
never-ceasing
for aye.
desire;
Since
and,
then,
despite
ioo
The
in the
diversions
far East,
is the
theory
old English
for the Golden
longs
any possible
To return
"Sick Man"
Romanoff
not
build
yielded
the white
that
the horns
value
the
Czar
of plenty.
to her than
the
irresistible
force
upon
household.
of her own
is his
one,
all
above
that
century gives us
eighteenth
same
If the
the
toward
point.
pressing
to the House
in the
of Hapsburg
much
to the narrative:
and Austria
seventeenth
correct
Horn
believes
still
the writer
is of more
the Bosphorus
place on the Pacific.
Geographically
Russia
Review.
Sewanee
the
planting
the Turks
The
she must
settle
chief
the
affairs
of Peter
then
importance
from which
is to grow
seeds
within
her
realms
the
less a new
From
ing.
the whole
ficient,
insuf
blow; but his resources were
an ace of losing heavily.
But he
to recuperate
losses, and was enabled
in one
business
came within
and he
war
succession
have
been
attributable
to her own
days her
have been
errors.
re
between
However,
1736 and 1740 we have a war which
are in
us of the days of Turkey's
minds
The details
glory.
courts
of
of
the
involved
the
there
tricate,
schemings
being
Russia,
Austria,
of note:
worthy
new
with
Charles
VI.
two birds,
and
Sweden,
the Turks
That
and
inflicted
vigor,
and
of Austria;
and
Sweden
Turkey,
France.
seemed
blow
after
that Russia
with
one
are
things
a
infused
while
for
blow on Emperor
Two
was
to kill
trying
France
whilst
stone,
The Eastern
was
ioi
and New.
Old
Question,
ever
so busy
her finger
into the pie.
The peace
getting
the war shows what
At Bel
its effects were.
was
it
covenanted
that Austria
should yield up much
grade
as Bosnia
land?such
and Servia?
choice bits, for example,
and as a boundary
set
the two nations
there were
between
which
ended
down
the Rivers
just now.
she
fortunately
in Russia
interested
affair?
and
Danube
Most
But
Save.
did
How
lost nothing,
we
are
primarily
she get out of the
and even gained
a few
advantages.
All this seems
and Romanoff
unable
strange.
Hapsburg
a
to get a bit of Turkey?
has
in
but
there
been
Ay,
"nigger
to
all the time, and this is of special
the woodpile"
interest
we have asked before,
not been
have the Turks
us! Why,
out bag and baggage
Because
of jealousy
long ago?
we
see later, of England's
have to
Now
jealousy.
war
her
Ville
this
deal with France.
diplomats,
Throughout
turned
?we
shall
neuve
the Euxine,
in the
the success
treaty
upon the blue waters
to see clear evidences
tection
which
curity
this
Thirty
of the Black
of
that
is the wherefore
side
years
opportunities
cords and
of her policy
that no Russian
read
of
is evident
we
when
to be allowed
ships were
we
at last
So
Sea.
begin
Franco-English
coming
of the Turks'
enjoyable
pro
se
the Bosphorus.
of peace
are given
strengthen
not?
The
in which
golden
thirty years
to "lengthen
their
Islamites
not.
this
did
but
stakes,"
they
follow,
to the
their
And
why
of a nation's
we
are busy
ourselves.
conception
destroying
But certain
of God.
Now
we
this
the Turks,
it is that the Mohammedan
creed
is
I02
The
What
portunities.
is hostile
Sewanee
is the
to progress;
and inventions
Review.
trouble?
and
while
that their
Simply
the world
has been
faith
ad
innumerable
have come to aid man
vancing,
one
to accept
these
of
the
have refused
God
kind,
worshipers
or me
and adopt
modern
any
improvement,
sociological
in
not
it is
chanical.
Because
mentioned
forsooth?
And why,
the Koran.
town.
to Constantinople
to-day
(but call it Istam
see
of the
and
antediluvian
the
condition
there),
an instance,
is no electricity,
and cameras,
there
an invention
At any
of the devil, are forbidden.
Go
bul while
As
considered
and when
next
with
we
far less
fight
than in 1738.
strength
The anticipations
wThich we felt when Peter
came to power
in this new phase of the subject which
find their realization
we now enter. We
find on the throne of Russia
that Benevo
lent Tigress
with
the Great.
erine
six
Her
lovers whom
contribution
was
the Treaty
of Kutchuc
means
"Kutchuc"
"little," so we can call it "little Kainardji").
was one of the
But "little Kainardji"
things that ever
biggest
in Eastern
The Russians
had whipped
the
happened
Europe.
Turks
in a short war, and the terms of this treaty represent
status quo.
the resultant
Several
fortified
towns
of weird
to
mouth
were
the
of
the
ceded to
names,
adjacent
Dnieper,
and
Russia,
to Turkey.
pendent
itself and
to all
intents
The
treaty
and
principality,
and purposes
the Crimea
stated
that
to be
it was
"The
not
Sublime
Porte
to introduce
was
an
further
lost
inde
binds
or support
no governor
promises
solemnly
any
or armed
or
force," and "to appoint
garrison
. . . but to leave them in
officer for these states,
perfect
ex
But note, Russia
liberty and independence."
promises
same
are
the
Russian
however,
actly
things;
they
promises,
are of less value
even
the which
than Turkish.
Another
was gained
of the
great
advantage
by the free navigation
the
of
straits
the
to
the
and
further,
Euxine,
Czar,
by
opening
over Moldavia
established
and Wallachia.
by a coprotectorate
These
dry-as-dust
facts
are given
to show
how
tremendouslv
The Eastern
Old
Question,
and New.
103
she
her grip on the Euxine,
that grip which
an
to
and
the
op
tightening,
give
seriously-minded
of consulting
their historical
atlases.
portunity
or Azovs,
or rivers,
But it was not in Yenikales
in Crimeas
that the importance
of Kainardji
is seen, but rather
in that
Russia
tightened
is still
of it relating
to the Czar's
Article VII.
jects of the Porte.
lime Porte
promises
constantly
ligion, and
the minister
occasions
to the Christian
relation
part
sub
the Churches
belonging
of the Imperial Court
as well
representations
in respect
of the new
as of those who
of Constantinople
to it, prom
belong
to
as
them
take
into
consideration
from a per
ising
coming
son in the confidence
a
of
and sincerely
neighboring
friendly
Church
power."
Article
on
XIV.
the street
states
further
that Russia
as Bey Ogen,
of the Russian
Minister.
known
which
protection
seems
This
harmless
this granting
of permission
enough,
a particular
church in Pera.
The first clause quoted,
it will be noted, granted Russia
to make
the right
"represen
on behalf
tations"
of the "new church."
This
refers to the
to erect
on Bey Ogen
es Petrus
seem
edifice
Tu
Street.
So did the
Harmless,
say you?
men
to
harmless
the
of the Ancient
the Crimea,
and more
than
sources of friction
extending
that
forced
concrete
interpretation
and
of
bloody war
case innumerable
If it were
The
I04
Review.
Sewanee
of
to give a conscientious
of this paper
the purpose
digest
of this subject, we should have to enter
the entire history
at once upon the barefaced
of
into a dissertation
dishonesty
we
But
of the treaty.
after the signing
Russia
immediately
that Iscariot was a traitor, or
ink in proving
need not waste
jus tifie th all sorts
imperial end of Russia
we
and
shall leave details
and so
of means;
into generalizations.
and
the
that
tions
more
far we
condi
once
enter
as divisible
the Eastern
question
the advent
with
last
into three phases,
phase beginning
are concerned,
so far as events
it
of Peter
the Great.
Now,
with
to begin this last or Russian
would be more precise
phase
to show,
but as we have endeavored
the treaty of Kainardji;
of
in
the
events
warrant
would
this, yet
growth
though
So
have
shown
the
we
cannot
date.
the earlier
disregard
aspirations
our tabular view, we would
to continue
say that
political
Therefore,
after
1774 we
of our
division
enter
a second
subject.
are the chief points
now
of Russia
objects
What
the
and
acute
phase
to be noted?
are
of
third
the
In the first
place
and clearly
openly,
that
she tells the world
avowed
Tauntingly
by all Europe.
herself
and wet nurse of Eastern
the guardian
she considers
or Irade or
no Firman
To
be
she
issued
sure,
Christianity.
discerned
never wastes
; for Russia
dilating upon her designs
But after
she signs a treaty.
1774 all
paper,
expect when
that St. Nicholas
had his heart,
knew
the world
soul, and
set upon Constantinople.
mind
Manifesto,
Now
hears
England
the
and most
plenipotentiary
in awe-struck
France
to remain
Mussulman
Golden
Horn.
self-appointed
is, hearkened
so they,
sufficient
condition
status.
And
and
taunt,
and,
extraordinary,
tones that surely
through
begins
it were
her envoys
to
to whisper
better
for the
in Europe
than for Russia
to have
was
in those days
not
who
France,
the
the
to Russia
that she now
pawnbroker
to the jealous words
of Britannia,
and
no
for a quarrel but finding
anxious
servile
eagerly
schoolgirl-like,
After
cause, just keep on nudging.
of affairs gives us our first glimpse
the
Kainardji
of the modern
The Eastern
Naturally,
adversaries
we
Question,
Old
and New.
105
of Islam's
say, the increased
power
a
matter
to
the
whole
termina
bring
speedy
in the language
of Artemus Ward,
"quite the re
should
will
tion.
But,
to the contrary"
is the fact. And why?
Because
what
been a comparatively
local affair assumes
had previously
(so
think the English)
to
and we begin
importance,
European
verse
at the council
hear
of Europe
that the Whole question
of the balance
of power.
boards
must
be weighed
in the scales
of Power!"
What
"Balance
in that name!
What
crimes
been
have
untold
committed
of blood,
outpourings
to uphold
have been caused
and yellow
blood,
stone of all selfishness
! Deep down in the breast
blue
that
of
blood
touch
the Welt
a demon,
name
is Bal
and that demon's
from
of Power,
and his object
is to prevent
the world
as
not
I
the
evolve.
God
have
it
do
would
evolving
good
to sermonize
too tiresomely;
state
wish
but let me briefly
there
geist
ance
dwells
the reason
If
is the evil genius
of Europe.
this theory
why
we accept
the theory of the Survival
and all
of the Fittest,
to
that runs cognate
it
follows
that
endeavor
therewith,
any
thwart
this law is to oppose
human progress.
Communism,
absolute
but
socialism,
red-capped
equality,
stem
to
the
of
evolution.
tide
attempts
are to the
attempts
the Balance
of Power
and
history,
into years of misery,
anarchism
Now
what
are
these
individual
the
law which
God;
from improving
brother
see how
and
Read Europe's
opportunities."
this demon
and Italy
allured Germany
and put off the time of their national
his
ization.
of progress
of evolution
held up;
the process
blocked,
and we enter that period
to agree that
in which we feel bound
there is one thing worse
than a Turk,
and that is a Christian
wheels
inoculated
with
the bacillus
of the Balance
io6
The
Sewanee
Review.
the strength
of evolution
However,
more
of
power
any bacilli, and if
slowly
retreat of the Turk goes on. We
need
of the
Russia
creeps
to her?
imperceptibly
of Kainardji
lines
ary
to the next
turn
nation.
any healthy
mere
fact that
What
one
Given
it signs
phase
forward.
its name
with
What
than
the
situation.
are the bound
are boundary
lines to
a fixed
the
purpose,
to a document
that
the handwriting
will stifle
a few years we find the Crimea
into Russian
land.
nifies
is mightier
in no way sig
so
its aspirations.
And
within
practically
converted
so Russia
One
is always
weeps.
creeps and England
attitude
to moralize
the subject of England's
when
the Eastern
should
is
up. Why
brought
question
And
tempted
toward
to Greek Christians
of Rus
and Russians
grudge
Anglicans
to constitute
of Greek
themselves
sia the right
protectors
when
that ter
in contiguous
Christians
especially
territory,
was
to
the
the
Not
that
Chris
Greek
ritory
dogs?
going
but if it was to be extended
surely
protection,
one
over a thief.
set a thief to watch
will
Perhaps
had far deeper meaning
the question
than the mere
tians deserved
we
should
that
reply
protection
of worshipers;
Eastern
plans.
England's
and say so and cease
that
it meant
life and
death
to
for consistency
is like the man who
to find agreement
the
reads philosophy
among
expecting
not
care
that
announced
Had
she
did
England
philosophers.
reads
history
for
and
looks
the
The
has finished
his skyrocket
career, his
genius
last game of chance has been lost, he has been expelled
from
on
the club of autocrats,
and his name is writ
bulle
the
large
tin board as a bankrupt.
The executive
committee
sits about
the
Corsican
table,
like children
on
the
of Europe.
Poor
fools! poor
will
rise again.
Metternich,
sands, making
children!
they
suave
and
anew
forget
well-dressed,
the map
the tide
pre
The Eastern
and New.
Old
Question,
107
pygmies
to break."
than
But
the dawn
it wTas something
that was beginning
thing blood-red
nineteenth
century
less
Says
to
be
to break.
Some
for the
sad and ghastly,
something
was aris
of the Eastern
question
and ugly,
phase
of Napoleon
were
to be forgotten
in
of
Christians.
iniquities
European
of the ins and outs of this century
is
any account
unless one goes to very great
Our
pur
length.
terrors
the
and
ing,
the hypocrisies
To
life miserable.
on his gloves
as he prepares
precisely
pulling
as
a
looks
the dawn of
better day were
though
Metternich,
leave: "It
ginning
roseate
can make
who
give
and
impossible,
features,
pose all along has been but to touch upon important
and to this we must hold in the present phase of the subject.
from
have no time to tell of the complications
We
resulting
into
Russia
and Turkey
revolt, and how it brought
we
once more
must
to
but
mention
the
;
pause
concluding
Its advantageous
treaty of that wTar, that of Adrianople.
the Greek
war
terms mark
Czars,
and
portance
the fact
than
that
practically
for Russia's
pendent
Turkey
The
in the southward
notch
another
the backward
march
of
the Turks.
the
places
unspellable
and
Roumania
Bulgaria
independent
emissaries.
and
nation,
still
pushed
next
actor
Mahmud
of the
progress
im
Of more
is
acquired
by Russia
are new-erected
into
farther
to appear
IL, whose
open
inde
with
eastward.
arose
in
who
prophet
ideas
and
civilized
enlightened
is that
Ishmael,
so scandalized
the Turks
that they rise in revolt
opinions
under Mehemet
AH.
The
for help,
sultan in distress
appeals
and Czar Nicholas
is there on the instant, and an alliance
is
formed
tectorate.
which
The
Skelessi,
goads
the paper peace
culminating
to a madness
England
they make,
and
a Russian
pro
of Unkiar
treaty
which
than
lies deeper
or for worse
for better
a
Constantinople
the
event,
io8
The
is generated
in that
public
opinion
and
plomacy
Crimean War.
necessary
causes brought
isolated
of Unkiar-Skelessi.
all ephemeral
of medicine,
di
the
about
this strife;
of Kainardji
in 1774 and
so long as
quo was
impossible
to keep
it their duty to God
result
status
The
outlives
dose
an inevitable
was
the conflict
which
ends
No
Review.
Sewanee
leaders
proclaimed
England's
and England
in Constantinople.
The Crimea passed,
Allah
Russia?Frenchmen
nothing,
helping?and
gained
whipped
to
it was
that she gained
for a poet an opportunity
unless
a League
What
Onward."
folly has England
was said
than that war? What
drawn into greater
can equally be said of the
of the Light Brigade
of the Charge
affair: "Somebody
blundered."
whole
"Half
write
ever been
But
we must
leave
Balaklava
to the fourth
turn
and
making
that which
ing the century,
to us because
is of interest
and
Franco-English
of the wound
reopening
love
dur
quite reminding
is to say, a condition
of
in the past year.
That
Massacres
shows itself!
and collective
turbulency
garrulous
as
come
of
reform
schemes
and
notes,
outrages
proposed
penings
transpiring
and
thick
Elysian
days
which
powers
But one
as
fast
is to find
have
has to
All
snowflakes.
two
the same
that
is wanted
to bring
and two
which
agree,
proposals
ideas on the salvation
of the East.
This
time we
govinian.
lective note, and then was
a delightfully
futile col
the
Note,
enjoyed
equally
Andr?ssy
and ineffective.
Bosnia
rose, and Servia and
high-sounding
declared war upon
the Turk,
and men
said, as
Montenegro
a
must
said
Turk
"The
to
few months
be expelled
ago,
they
have
had
In the meantime,
in 1876, Abdul-Hamid
the land."
pacify
the
of
the
his
IL,
mantle,
present
disgrace
prophet's
began
to
climax
The
have
seemed
nefarious
arrived
when
reign.
the
Bulgarian
atrocities
horrified
humanity,
and
tens
of
The Eastern
thousands
Old
Question,
were
of Christians
slain
and New.
in cold
109
and
hot
blood.
as to-day, Abdul
Then,
reforms, and then, as to-day,
promised
motto
he lied. Abdul's
from first to last has been divide et
impera.
On
on
the
Turks,
Abdul
was
which
Russia
upon parchment,
of the future of
a bold
Let
garia
stifled
is of more
in the heart
is writ
and
that
permanence
the abrogated
peace
land than the Treaty
is none
but
all their
pelago,
comprising
day term Macedonia.
come
the
would
have
from
controlling
remember
whereas
former,
By Stephano,
Bulgaria
to the Adriatic
the Danube
of the Balkan
power
and Western
in Eastern
have
that
is
by the writer.
and aspirations
of Bul
Berlin
to be
Archi
her present
boundaries
plus what we
This greater
have
would
Bulgaria
rejoiced
the government
could
we
This
of Berlin.
was
ambitions.
stretching
is put
indicative
less believed
statement,
us see why.
Because
the hopes
and Russia were voiced
in the
a country
when
the
than what
is more
been
stable
a Russian
Peninsular,
seaboards.
to
be
and
That
we
cannot
doubt,
of fifty
thousand
There were other
army
to preside over her infant operations.
of course, but this one was of overwhelming
provisions,
sig
It meant
control
nificance.
would
and Bulgaria
that Russia
was
the
debatable
would
have
land,
ensued.
and prosperity
peace
comparative
have been
Eastern
would
question
of
the still
and
thirty years
uncertainty
and
The
be avoided.
all into
Taking
than the checker
would
it not have been better
consideration,
of Berlin.
board and positively
arrangement
impossible
Let us now look at Berlin and see what
the present
official
status quo is. Bulgaria
East
became what
is
with
she
to-day,
ern Roumelia
as a southern
but
boundary
theoretically,
actually with Eastern
was given
to Roumania
Roumelia
to pacify
added
to her.
her, whilst
Russia
Dobrudscha
took Bes
no
The
Sewanee
Review.
were
to be in
and Montenegro
Roumania,
Servia,
were
of ?the Porte,
and Bosnia
and Herzegovina
dependent
we
see
were
taken
from
it.
So
that
slices
taken
virtually
huge
sarabia.
our
under
brethren's
care,
backward.
driven
siderately
ized to "preserve
order"
and
for an indefinite
way,
and
effectively,
so one can practically
vastly benefited),
this territory.
In addition
to Bessarabia,
because
of the Kishineff
Russia
massacre,
Batoum
cause
it
Throughout
busy
in Asia,
which
is her
first
is of more
than
toward
great
step
this arrangement
England
this wire and that, and no
notorious
gained
to-day
and
interest be
passing
the Persian
Gulf.
had
been
small part
pulling
of land was
position
Kars
furiously
of the dis
seen
the story
the Turks
seen
the phases
lowed
to Abdul-Hamid
from Ertoghrul
begin,
of this
from magnificent
now shrunk until
and
vast
and how,
they have
succeed,
finally
curious historical
anomaly,
and
prospects
a few valueless
dominions,
are the only
places
to put it in the
the two
geography,
and ninety-seven
hundred
years of retreat have seen estab
lished
the following
States,
Roumania,
Servia,
Bulgaria,
left.
vilayets
of
language
Or,
Bosnia,
Herzegovina,
same time Austria
Turkish
quondam
civilization.
And
Before
at the
and Greece;
while
Montenegro,
and Russia
have brought
large strips of
own
under
their
territory
supposed-to-be
so the story of the Turkish
retreat pauses.
let me indulge in a prophecy.
We
have
finis
writing
so long a time that we
the Turk moving
out of Europe
the habit of thinking
have acquired
it to be a necessary
part
seem to think the world would
of politics.
We
stop revolving
if there were no Turk
to curse, no Mussulman
to defame,
no
seen
Eastern
pushing
of Asia.
question
by hook
But?and
to arouse
and
our
to keep
ire, and no Islamite
crook
to
back
the
woods
especially
by
this is too evidently
true to be called
The Eastern
time
prophecy?the
have to seek
in
and New.
Old
Question,
diplomats
will
elsewhere
which
to
words,
the retreat
exercise
of
transportation
upon
scapegoat,
in other
or,
ingenious
hypocrisy;
is some day bound
to be concluded
by the
all harems
to the other
side of the Dar
their
danelles.
that debatable
land?
Two
laws will
the situation
control
in the future:
and secondly,
the
international
First,
jealousies;
of the Fittest.
Survival
So long as the law of jealousy holds
it will until man
farther from the ape^?
evolves
sway?and
to absorb
will not be permitted
the Balkans.
Russia
She
get
might
the Golden
Horn,
but
even
that
is highly
im
assume
that
probable.
Let us,
of the argument,
then, for purposes
never get the so-called Macedonia.
not England,
be the lucky one?
Certainly
Russia
will
will
have
bitten
off the
earth more
than
nor France,
she has not the muscle
nor Germany,
for that to England
some
Yet
unendurable.
certainly
world
tain
is going
that some
one
she
can
then,
Who,
she seems to
chew
to accomplish
and France
already;
the feat;
be
would
the
appear;
power must
cer
not backward,
and it is morally
forward,
have
left hut
judge will arise in Israel. We
we
us
see
what
let
power, Austria-Hungary;
probable
can get out of this.
we must
take
Now
what
was not
that whole
is an anomaly.
Austria
partnership
nor
most
has
she
attained
and
great,
greatness;
but,
she has had greatness
her.
thrust upon
but,
emphatically
crown put
of old had an unexpected
Rudolf
in his hands,
hut
born
Ottocar
of Bohemia's
that
accidental
ating
in luck.
him Austria,
and from
she
has
been
luxuri
to-day
or other I have seen the Austrian
inefficiency
until
beginning
Somewhere
gave
The
112
Sewanee
Review.
general,
soldiers.
when
did Austria
win
career
of her
cidents
her own
in the
fights?
sixteenth
over
Glance
in
the
cen
seventeenth
and
see how
in aiding her
large a part fortune played
to hold the purple.
It took a Pole
to save her in 1683, it
took the Russians
to preserve Hungary
for her in 1848, and
turies
and
the political
after Sadowa.
ume
to further
Now
with
could
Examples
the argument.
this unmeritorious
in which
ground
perative
epithets
the morrow
will
for her
be multiplied
past,
Reichsrath
what
a blessing
into a vol
is her
present?
a play
is principally
learned Herrs
exercise
vitu
get
slinging
and inkpots.
seems to know what
No man
circles remarks
forth, and in political
bring
confused.
Hopelessly
were
of Bismarck
schemes
The
the weather
have been replaced
with
the question,
upon
"Will Hungary
remain true after old Franz Joseph
I
dies?"
an interesting
believe
will soon be merely
the Ausgleich
his
torical fact, and Pan-Germanism
will triumph
in the annexa
to the German Empire.
tion of Austria
If this is so, what will become
of the kingdom
of the Mag
of Hungary
The reply is to be found in the condition
yars?
is
she
is
She
she
is
liberal,
prosperous,
up-to-date,
to-day.
and
has
a genuine
attack
seems more
nation
of American
"hustles."
No
Eu
one
'the
among
ropean
ready to become
and Herze
Bosnia
What
then? Why,
fittest
than Hungary.
way of misin
govina will, by the new and typically modern
be claimed hers
treaties,
Thus we have a large,
into the solution
entering
terpreting
of Berlin.
according
to the Treaty
and energetic
powerful,
of the Balkan
nation
problem;
she will
and on the Adriatic
needs seaports,
this new kingdom
will
of the Eastern
question
get them, and thus the solution
be
found
But
what
and Montenegro?
and the
under,
In
land will
the
such as Servia
States,
for
survival
they all go
struggle
out
between
Bui
be apportioned
The Eastern
Question,
Old
and New.
113
to this gen
friends.
One
garia and our Magyar
exception
we
eral swallowing
would
make?Greece.
up
"The Isles of Greece,
where
all except
their sun is set,"
as long as classical
of them?
what will
become
Probably
it long do so!) Greece will re
(and may
learning flourishes
a good-for-nothing,
main what
she is to-day,
meddlesome,
little kingdom
its grandfather's
hat.
She
gossipy
wearing
owes
her
and her
8?8o>/u's.
Arthur
Sewanee.
8
R. Gray.