3-1

Solutions for Chapter 3 Problems

1. Magnetic Fields and Cross Products
P3.1: Find AxB for the following:
a.
A = 2ax 3ay + 4az, B = 5ay - 1az
b.
A = a + 2a + 4az, B = 2a + 6az
c.
A = 2ar + 5a + 1a, B = ar + 3a
(a)
ax
A B = 2
0

a y az
3 4 = ( 3 20 ) a x ( 2 ) a y + ( 10 ) a z = 17a x + 2a y + 10a z
5 1

(b)
a
A B = 1
2

a
2
0

az
4 = 12a ( 6 8 ) a + ( 0 4 ) a z = 12a + 2a 4a z
6

a
5
0

a
1 = 15a r ( 6 1) a + ( 0 5 ) a = 15a r 5a 5a
3

(c)
ar
A B = 2
1

P3.2: If a parallelogram has a short side a, a long side b, and an interior angle (the
smaller of the two interior angles), the area of the parallelogram is given by
area = ab sin .

Determine how you would use the cross product of a pair of vectors to find the area of a
parallelogram defined by the points O(0,0,0), P(6,0,0), Q(8,12,0) and R(2,12,0).
(Assume dimensions in meters)
area = ab sin
= A B = A B sin
A = 6ax, B = 2ax + 12ay
A x B = 72az,
Area = 72 m2

Fig. P3.2

3-2
P3.3: Given the vertices of a triangle P(1,2,0), Q(2,5,0) and R(0,4,7), find (a) the interior
angles, (b) a unit vector normal to the surface containing the triangle and (c) the area of
the triangle.
(a) PQ = 1a x + 3a y ; PQ = 3.16
PR = 1a x + 2a y + 7a z ; PR = 7.348
PQ PR = 21a x 7a y + 5a z
PQ PR = 22.69
A B = A B sin ab
sin P =

22.69
;
( 3.16 ) ( 7.348 )

P = 78o
QP = 1a x 3a y ; QP = 3.16

Fig. P3.3

QR = 2a x 1a y + 7a z ; QR = 7.348
QP QR = 22.69; Q = 78o ; R = 180o P Q = 24o
(b) a n =

PQ PR
= 0.93a x 0.31a y + 0.22a z
PQ PR

(c) area =

1
PQ PR = 11.4m 2
2

2. Biot-Savarts Law
P3.4: A segment of conductor on the z-axis extends from z = 0 to z = h. If this segment
conducts current I in the +az direction, find H(0,y,0). Compare your answer to that of
Example 3.2.
We use Eqn. (3.7) and change the limits:
I a
H=

z 2 + 2 0
z

Iy ( a x )
h

4
y 2 h2 + y 2
Iha x
H=
4 y h 2 + y 2
=

Note that if the line of current is semiinfinite (goes from z = 0 to z = ), wed

have:

Fig. P3.4

3-3
H=

Ia x
4 y

P3.5: An infinite length line with 2.0 A current in the +ax direction exists at y = -3.0 m, z
= 4.0 m. A second infinite length line with 3.0 A current in the +az direction exists at x =
0, y = 3.0 m. Find H(0, 0, 0).
This situation is shown in Figure P3.5a.
Ho = H1 + H2
Referring to the figure,
R = 3ay 4az, R = 5,
aR = 0.6ay 0.8az
a = ax x aR = 0.80ay + 0.60az
I
H1 = 1 a
2
2 A ( 0.80a y + 0.60a z )
2
5m
= 51a y + 38a z mA
m
I
H 2 = 2 a
2
3A ax
=
= 159a x mA
m
2 3m
Ho = 159ax + 51ay +38az mA/m
=

Fig. P3.5a

Or with 2 significant digits

Ho = 160ax + 51ay +38az mA/m
Fig. P3.5b

P3.6: A conductive loop in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side 8.0 cm is centered
in the x-y plane. It carries 20.0 mA current clockwise when viewed from the +az
direction. Find H(0, 0, 16cm).
The situation is illustrated in Figure P3.6a. The sketch in Figure P3.6b is used to find the
+x-axis intercept for the triangle. By simple trigonometry we have:
b
= tan 30o ;and since a = 4 cm we find b = 2.31 cm.
a

3-4
Now for one segment we adapt Eqn. (3.7):
Ia
z
H1 =
2
4 z + 2
with a = RaR,
R = 2.31a x + 16a z ,

+a

R = 16.17cm, a = a y a R = 0.99a x 0.143a z

( 20 x10 A) ( 0.99a 0.143a )

4 ( 16.17 x10 m )

H1 =

2 ( 4)

42 + 16.17 2

H1 = -4.7ax 0.68az mA/m

Now by symmetry the total H contains only the az component:
Htot = -2.0 mA/m az.

Fig. P3.6a

Fig. P3.6b

P3.7: A square conductive loop of side 10.0 cm is centered in the x-y plane. It carries
10.0 mA current clockwise when viewed from the +az direction. Find H(0, 0, 10cm).
We find H for one section of the square
by adopting Eqn. (3.7):
+a

Ia
z
H=
2

4 z + 2
a
Iaa
H=
2 a 2 + 2

With a = RaR, we have

R = -5ax + 10az, |R| = 11.18x10-2 m
aR = -0.447ax + 0.894az,
a = -ay x aR = -0.894 ax 0.447 az

Fig. P3.7

3-5

( 10 x10 ) ( 5) ( 0.894a 0.447a ) = 5.2a

2 ( 11.18 x10 ) 5 + 11.18
3

H1 =

2.6a z mA

Now by symmetry the total H contains only the az component:

HTOT = -10.4az mA/m

P3.8: A conductive loop on the x-y plane is bounded by = 2.0 cm, = 6.0 cm, = 0
and = 90. 1.0 A of current flows in the loop, going in the a direction on the = 2.0
cm arm. Determine H at the origin.
By inspection of the figure, we see
that only the arc portions of the
loop contribute to H.
From a ring example we have:
2
Ia 2a z
H=
d
3
2
2
2
0
4 ( h + a )
For the = a segment of the loop:
/2
Ia 2a z
I
Ha =
d =
az
3
4 a 0
8a
Ib 2a z
At = b: H b =
4 b3
So HTOT =

d =

/2

I
az ;
8b

Fig. P3.8

I 1 1
1 1
1
A

az =
a z = 4.2a z
8 a b
8 0.02 0.06
m

P3.9: MATLAB: How close do you have to be to the middle of a finite length of currentcarrying line before it appears infinite in length? Consider Hf(0, a, 0) is the field for the
finite line of length 2h centered on the z-axis, and that Hi(0, a, 0) is the field for an
infinite length line of current on the z-axis. In both cases consider current I in the +az
direction. Plot Hf/Hi vs h/a.
Adapting Eqn. (3.7), for the finite length line we have:

Ia
h
Hf =
2

2 h + 2
=a
For the infinite length of line:
Ia
Hi =
2

3-6
The ratio we wish to plot is:
h
Hf
h
a
=
=
2
2
2
Hi
h + a
h
+1
a

( )
( )

The MATLAB routine follows.

%
M-File: MLP0309
%Consider the field for a finite line of length 2h
%oriented on z-axis with current I in +z direction.
%The field is to be found a distance a away from
%the current on the y axis (point (0,a,0)).
%We want to compare this field with that of an infinite
%length line of current.
%Plot Hf/Hi versus h/a. We expect that as h/a grows large,
%the line will appear more 'infinite' to an observation
%point at (0,a,0).
hova=0.01:.01:100;
HfovHi=hova./sqrt(1+(hova).^2);
semilogx(hova,HfovHi)
xlabel('h/a')
ylabel('Hf/Hi')
grid on

Fig. P3.9a

Fig. P3.9b

3-7
P3.10: MATLAB: For the ring of current described in MATLAB 3.2, find H at the
following points (a) (0, 0, 1m), (b) (0, 2m, 0), and (c) (1m, 1m, 0).
%M-File: MLP0310
%Find the magnetic field intensity at any observation point
%resulting from a ring of radius a and current I,
%in the aphi direction centered in the x-y plane.
df=1;
%increment in degrees
a=1;
%ring radius in m
I=1;
%current in A
Ro=input('vector location of observation point: ');
for j=1:df:360;
Fr=j*pi/180;
Rs=[a*cos(Fr) a*sin(Fr) 0];
as=unitvector(Rs);
dL=a*df*(pi/180)*cross([0 0 1],as);
Rso=Ro-Rs;
aso=unitvector(Rso);
dH=I*cross(dL,aso)/(4*pi*(magvector(Rso))^2);
dHx(j)=dH(1);
dHy(j)=dH(2);
dHz(j)=dH(3);
end
H=[sum(dHx) sum(dHy) sum(dHz)]
Now to run the program:
>> MLP0310
vector location of observation point: [0 0 1]
H = -0.0000 -0.0000

0.1768

>> MLP0310
vector location of observation point: [0 2 0]
H=

0 -0.0431

>> MLP0310
vector location of observation point: [1 1 0]
H=

0 -0.1907

3-8
>> MLP0310
vector location of observation point: [0 1 1]
H=

0.0000

0.0910

0.0768

>>
So we see:
(a) H = 0.18 az A/m
(b) H = -0.043 az A/m
(c) H = -0.19 az A/m
(extra) H = 9.1ay + 7.7 az mA/m

P3.11: A solenoid has 200 turns, is 10.0 cm long, and has a radius of 1.0 cm. Assuming
1.0 A of current, determine the magnetic field intensity at the very center of the solenoid.
How does this compare with your solution if you make the assumption that 10 cm >> 1
cm?
Eqn. (3.10):

NI
h z
z
a
H=
+
z
2h ( h z ) 2 + a 2
z2 + a2

200 ( 1A )
0.1 0.05
0.05
H=
+
2 ( 0.1m ) ( 0.1 0.05 ) 2 + 0.012
0.052 + 0.012

a = 1961 A a
z
z
m

Or H = 1960 A/m az
The approximate solution, assuming 10cm >> 1cm, is
200 ( 1A )
NI
A
H=
az =
a z = 2000 a z
h
0.1m
m

P3.12: MATLAB: For the solenoid of the previous problem, plot the magnitude of the
field versus position along the axis of the solenoid. Include the axis 2 cm beyond each
end of the solenoid.
%
%
%
%

M-File: MLP0312
Plot H vs length thru center of a solenoid

3-9
clc
clear
%
initialize variables
N=200;
%number of turns
h=0.10;
%height of solenoid
a=0.01;
%radius of solenoid
I=1;
%current
dz=0.001;
%step change in z
z=-.02:dz:h+.02;
zcm=z.*100;
A1=(h-z)./sqrt((h-z).^2+a^2);
A2=z./sqrt(z.^2+a^2);
Atot=A1+A2;
H=N*I.*Atot/(2*h);
%
generate plot
plot(zcm,H)
xlabel('z(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

Fig. P3.12

P3.13: A 4.0 cm wide ribbon of current is centered about the y-axis on the x-y plane and
has a surface current density K = 2 ay A/m. Determine the magnetic field intensity at
the point (a) P(0, 0, 2cm), (b) Q(2cm, 2cm, 2cm).
(a) Because of the symmetry (Figure
P3.13a), we can use a modified Eqn. (3.14):
K
d
H = y tan 1 a x

a
2
A
2
=
tan 1 a x = 1.57a x

m
2
(b) Referring to Figure P3.13b;
I
dH =
a ;
2
Ra r = a ; where R = ( d x ) a x + aa z

Fig. P3.13a

3-10

( d x ) + a 2 , and
( d x ) a x + aa z . So
aR =
2
( d x ) + a2
aa x + ( x d ) a z
a = a y a R =
2
( d x ) + a2
K ( aa x + xa z da z ) dx
H= y
2
2
( d x ) + a2
so =

Fig. P3.13b

This is separated into 3 integrals, each

one solved via numerical integration,
resulting in:
H=1.1083ax +0.3032az 1.1083az; or
H = 1.1ax 0.80az A/m

3. Amperes Circuit Law

P3.14: A pair of infinite extent current sheets exists at z = -2.0 m and at z = +2.0 m. The
top sheet has a uniform current density K = 3.0 ay A/m and the bottom one has K = -3.0
ay A/m. Find H at (a) (0,0,4m), (b) (0,0,0) and (c) (0,0,-4m).
1
K aN ,
2
1
1
(a) H = ( 3a y ) a z + ( -3a y ) a z = 0
2
2
(b)
1
1
H = ( 3a y ) a z + ( -3a y ) a z
2
2
A
= 3a x
m
(c) H = 0
We apply H =

Fig. P3.14

P3.15: An infinite extent current sheet with K = 6.0 ay A/m exists at z = 0. A conductive
loop of radius 1.0 m, in the y-z plane centered at z = 2.0 m, has zero magnetic field
intensity measured at its center. Determine the magnitude of the current in the loop and
show its direction with a sketch.
Htot = HS + HL

3-11
1
1
A
K a N = ( 6a y ) a z = 3a x
2
2
m
For the loop, we use Eqn. (3.10):
I
H=
az
2a
where here
I
I
HL =
( ax ) = ax
2a
2
(sign is chosen opposite HS).
So, I/2 = 3 and I = 6A.
HS =

Fig. P3.15

P3.16: Given the field H = 3y2 ax, find the current passing through a square in the x-y
plane that has one corner at the origin and the opposite corner at (2, 2, 0).
Referring to Figure P3.6, we evaluate the circulation of H around the square path.

HgdL = I enc =
b

3( 0)

+++

a x gdxa x = 0

a
c

3 y a gdya
2

= 0

3 ( 2 ) a x gdxa x = 12 dx = 24
2

= 0

So we have Ienc = 24 A. The negative

Sign indicates current is going in the
-az direction.

Fig. P3.16

P3.17: Given a 3.0 mm radius solid wire centered on the z-axis with an evenly distributed
2.0 amps of current in the +az direction, plot the magnetic field intensity H versus radial
distance from the z-axis over the range 0 9 mm.
Figure P3.17 shows the situation along with the Amperian Paths. We have:

HgdL = I enc , where H = H a and dL = d a ; Q 2 H = I enc

3-12
This will be true for each Amperian path.
AP1: I enc =
So: H =

I
I
J gdS, J = 2 a z , I enc =
d
a
a 2 0

I
a
2 a 2

AP2: Ienc = I, H =

I 2
d = 2
a

for a
I
a
2

for a

Fig. P3.17a
%
%

Fig. P3.17b

MLP0317
generate plot for ACL problem

a=3e-3;
I=2;
N=30;
rmax=9e-3;
dr=rmax/N;

%radius of solid wire (m)

%current (A)
%number of data points to plot
%max radius for plot (m)

for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=(I/(2*pi*a^2))*r(i);
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=I/(2*pi*r(i));
end
plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(m)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

3-13

P3.18: Given a 2.0 cm radius solid wire centered on the z-axis with a current density J =
3 A/cm2 az (for in cm) plot the magnetic field intensity H versus radial distance from
the z-axis over the range 0 8 cm.
Well let a = 2 cm.

HgdL = I enc , where H = H a and dL = d a ; Q 2 H = I enc

AP1 ( < a): I enc =
2
and H = a

J gdS = 3 a

g d d a z = 2

for a

AP2 ( > a): Ienc = 2a3, so H =

a3
a

for a

The MATLAB plotting routine is as follows:

%
MLP0318
%
generate plot for ACL problem
a=2;
%radius of solid wire (cm)
N=40;
%number of data points to plot
rmax=8; %max radius for plot (cm)
dr=rmax/N;
for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=r(i)^2;
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=a^3/r(i);
end
plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/cm)')
grid on

Fig. P3.18

P3.19: An infinitesimally thin metallic cylindrical shell of radius 4.0 cm is centered on

the z-axis and carries an evenly distributed current of 10.0 mA in the +az direction. (a)
Determine the value of the surface current density on the conductive shell and (b) plot H
as a function of radial distance from the z-axis over the range 0 12 cm.

3-14
(a) K s =

I
10mA
mA
mA
=
= 39.8
; so K = 40a z
2 a 2 ( 0.04m )
m
m

(b) for < a, H = 0. For > a we have:

I
H=
a
2
The MATLAB routine to generate the plot is as follows:
%
MLP0319
%
generate plot for ACL problem
a=4;
%radius of solid wire (cm)
N=120;
%number of data points to plot
I=10e-3; %current (A)
rmax=12; %max plot radius(cm)
dr=rmax/N;
for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=100*I/(2*pi*r(i));
end
plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

Fig. P3.19a

Fig. P3.19b

3-15
P3.20: A cylindrical pipe with a 1.0 cm wall thickness and an inner radius of 4.0 cm is
centered on the z-axis and has an evenly distributed 3.0 amps of current in the +az
direction. Plot the magnetic field intensity H versus radial distance from the z-axis over
the range 0 10 cm.
For each Amperian Path:

HgdL = I enc , where H = H a and dL = d a ; Q 2 H = I enc

Now, for < a, Ienc = 0 so H = 0.
For a < < b, I enc =

I enc

J gdS,

I
=
d
2
( b a 2 ) a

where J =

2 a2 )
(
2 a2
I
d = I 2
,H =
a
b a2

2 ( b 2 a 2 )

Fig. P3.20a

%
%

I
a z and dS = d d a z
( b a2 )
2

Fig. P3.20b

MLP0320
generate plot for ACL problem

a=4;
%inner radius of pipe (cm)
b=5;
%outer radius of pipe(cm)
N=120;
%number of data points to plot
I=3;
%current (A)
rmax=10;
%max radius for plot (cm)
dr=rmax/N;
aoverdr=a/dr
boverdr=b/dr
for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;

3-16
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:round(b/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
num(i)=I*(r(i)^2-a^2);
den(i)=2*pi*(b^2-a^2)*r(i);
H(i)=100*num(i)/den(i);
end
for i=round(b/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=100*I/(2*pi*r(i));
end
plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

P3.21: An infinite length line carries current I in the +az direction on the z-axis, and this
is surrounded by an infinite length cylindrical shell (centered about the z-axis) of radius a
carrying the return current I in the az direction as a surface current. Find expressions for
the magnetic field intensity everywhere. If the current is 1.0 A and the radius a is 2.0 cm,
plot the magnitude of H versus radial distance from the z-axis from 0.1 cm to 4 cm.

HgdL =

I enc ; for 0< < a, H =

Fig. P3.21a

I
a and for > a, H = 0.
2

Fig. P3.21b
The MATLAB routine used to generate

Figure P3.21b is as follows:

%
MLP0321

3-17
%
generate plot for ACL problem
clc
clear
a=2;
%inner radius of cylinder(cm)
N=80;
%number of data points to plot
I=1;
%current (A)
rmax=4;
%max radius for plot (cm)
dr=rmax/N;
for i=1:40
r(i)=.1+(i-1)*dr;
H(i)=100*I/(2*pi*r(i));
end
for i=40:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;
end
plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

P3.22: Consider a pair of collinear cylindrical shells centered on the z-axis. The inner
shell has radius a and carries a sheet current totaling I amps in the +az direction while the
outer shell of radius b carries the return current I in the az direction. Find expressions
for the magnetic field intensity everywhere. If a = 2cm, b = 4cm and I = 4A, plot the
magnitude of H versus radial distance from the z-axis from 0 to 8 cm.

HgdL =

I enc ; for 0< < a, H = 0;

I
a ;
2
and for > b, H = 0.
The MATLAB routine used to generate Figure P3.22b is as follows:
%
MLP0322
%
generate plot for ACL problem
for a< < b, H =

a=2;
b=4;

%inner radius of coax (cm)

%outer radius of coax(cm)

3-18
N=160;

%number of data points to plot

Fig. P3.22b

Fig. P3.22a

I=4;
%max radius for plot (cm)

%current (A)

rmax=8;
dr=rmax/N;
aoverdr=a/dr
boverdr=b/dr

for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:round(b/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=100*I/(2*pi*r(i));
end
for i=round(b/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
H(i)=0;
end
plot(r,H)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('H (A/m)')
grid on

P3.23: Consider the toroid in Figure 3.55 that is tightly wrapped with N turns of
conductive wire. For an Amperian path with radius less than a, no current is enclosed
and therefore the field is zero. Likewise, for radius greater than c, the net current

3-19
enclosed is zero and again the field is zero. Use Amperes Circuital Law to find an
expression for the magnetic field at radius b, the center of the toroid.

HgdL =

I enc ;

Within the toroid, H = H a, so

HgdL = H a

=b

d a = 2 bH .

Then, Ienc by the Amperian path is: Ienc = NI.

NI
H=
a .
2 b

4. Curl and the Point Form of Amperes Circuital Law

P3.24: Find A for the following fields:
a. A = 3xy2/z ax
b. A = sin2 a 2 z cos a
c. A = r2sin ar + r/cos a
2
(a) ( 3 xy z ) a x =

Ax
A
3 xy 2
6 xy
a y x az =
ay
az
2
z
y
z
z

2
2
(b) ( sin a z cos a ) =

= 2 cos a + 0a

A
z

a +

A
z

a +

A

( A )

3 2 z cos
1
a z 2sin cos a z

= 2 cos a [ 3 z cos + 2sin cos ] a z

(c)

r
r 2 sin a r +
a
cos

1 A
r sin

1 1 Ar
1 ( rA ) Ar
a
+
a
+

a
r

r sin
r r

1
r ( cos )
1 r2
=
ar +

r sin

r r cos

sin
ar +
sin cos 2

2
cos r cos

1
r 2 sin ) a
(
a
r

az

3-20
P3.25: Find J at (3m, 60, 4m) for H = (z/sin) a (2/cos) az A/m.
A Az
1 Az
1 A
a +
a +
az

H=

1
sin
2
z cos
a +
+
az
a +
2
cos
sin 2
sin cos
Now find J by evaluating H at the given point:
A
J = 10a + 13a + 0.89a z 2
m
=

P3.26: Suppose H = y2ax + x2ay A/m.

a. Calculate
HgdL around the path A B C D A , where A(2m,0,0),
B(2m,4m,0), C(0,4m,0) and D(0,0,0).
b. Divide this
HgdL by the area S (2m*4m = 8m2).
c. Evaluate H at the center point.

d. Comment on your results for (b) & (c).

(a) Referring to the figure, we evaluate H gdL = I enc =
B

+++

dx = 32C

2
y= 4

dy = 0

2
x= 0

x= 2

dy = 4 ( 4 ) = 16C

y
0

dy = 0

2
y= 0

Fig. P3.26

So we have H gdL = 16C

(b) dividing by S = 8m2, we have -2 C/m2

(c) Evaluating the curl of H:
A Ax
H= y
a z = ( 2 x 2 y ) a z , and at the center point (x = 1 and y = 2) we have
y
x
H center = 2

C
az
m2

(d) In this particular case, H =

HgdL

S , even though S is of appreciable size.

3-21
P3.27: For the coaxial cable example 3.8, we found:
I
for a,
H=
a ,
2 a 2
I
for a< b, H =
a ,
2
for b< c,

H=

c2 2

a ,
2 c 2 b 2

and for c< , H =0.

a. Evaluate the curl in all 4 regions.
b. Calculate the current density in the conductive regions by dividing the current by
the area. Are these results the same as what you found in (a)?
1 I 2
I
a =
a z for a

2 z
2 a
a2
1 I
H=

a z = 0 for a < < b

2

(a) H =

2
2
1 I(c )

H=
2 ( c 2 b 2 )

H = 0 for > c

I
az =
a z for b< c
2
2

b
(
)

( )

I
2
az
(b) for a, S = a , J = I S a z =
a2
I
for b< c, S = ( c 2 b 2 ) , J =
az
( c2 b2 )
Comment: H = J is confirmed.

P3.28: Suppose you have the field H = r cos a A/m. Now consider the cone specified
by = /4, with a height a as shown in Figure 3.56. The circular top of the cone has a
radius a.
a.
Evaluate the right side of Stokes theorem through the dS = dSa surface.
b.
Evaluate the left side of Stokes theorem by integrating around the loop.
1
1 ( rH )

sin

H
a

a
(
)

r sin
r r
ar derivative:
(a) H =

( r sin cos ) = r ( cos2 sin 2 ) ;

cos 2 sin 2 )
(
1

ar
( sin H ) ar =
r sin
sin

3-22

Fig. P3.28
a derivative:
2
1 ( r cos )
r

So, H =

a = 2 cos a

( cos

sin 2

)a

r 2 cos a
sin
Now we must integrate this over the a surface:
( cos 2 sin 2 )

H
g
d
S
=
a

2
cos

a
r
gr sin drd ( a

sin

(b)

2r sin cos drd = 2 ( sin cos

2a

) =
4

HgdL = r

rdr d = 2 a 2

cos a gad a = a cos

r= a 2

4 0

d = 2 a 2

Clearly in this case the circulation of H is the easiest approach.

5. Magnetic Flux Density

P3.29: An infinite length line of 3.0 A current in the +ay direction lies on the y-axis. Find
the magnetic flux density at P(7.0m,0,0) in (a) Teslas, (b) Wb/m2, and (c) Gauss.
H=

I
3A
mA
a =
( a z ) = 68 a z
2
2 ( 7m )
m

H
A Wb

9 Wb
B = o H = 4 x10 7 68 a z
a z = 86 x10 9 Ta z
= 86 x10
2
m
m HA
m

10, 000G
B = ( 86 x10 9 Ta z )
= 860 x10 6 Ga z
T

3-23
P3.30: Suppose an infinite extent sheet of current with K = 12ax A/m lies on the x-y
plane at z = 0. Find B for any point above the sheet. Find the magnetic flux passing
through a 2m2 area in the x-z plane for z > 0.
H=

1
K aN ;
2

4 x10 7 H m )
(
o
A

6 Wb
B=
K aN =
ay
12a x a z = 7.54 x10
2
2
m
m2

This is valid at any point above the sheet.

Now, =

BgdS = BgS = -7.54x10

-6

Wb
a y 2m2 ( a y ) = 15 Wb
m2

P3.31: An infinite length coaxial cable exists along the z-axis, with an inner shell of
radius a carrying current I in the +az direction and outer shell of radius b carrying the
return current. Find the magnetic flux passing through an area of length h along the zaxis bounded by radius between a and b.

I
I
a , B = o a ,
2
2
o I a
I
gd dza = o ln (
For a < < b, = BgdS =

2
H=

)ah
b

o Ih b
ln Wb
2
a

6. Magnetic Forces
P3.32: A 1.0 nC charge with velocity 100. m/sec in the y direction enters a region where
the electric field intensity is 100. V/m az and the magnetic flux density is 5.0 Wb/m 2 ax.
Determine the force vector acting on the charge.
m
Wb
Wb
F = q ( E + u B ) ; u B = 100 a y 5 2 = 500
az
s
m ax
sm
V
Wb Vs mN

F = 10 9 C 100 a z + 500
az
= 400nNa z
m
sm Wb VC

P3.33: A 10. nC charge with velocity 100. m/sec in the z direction enters a region where
the electric field intensity is 800. V/m ax and the magnetic flux density 12.0 Wb/m 2 ay.
Determine the force vector acting on the charge.

3-24

V
m
Wb
F = q ( E + u B ) = 10 x10 9 C 800 a x + 100 a z 12 2

m
s
m ay

= 4 Na x

P3.34: A 10. nC charged particle has a velocity v = 3.0ax + 4.0ay + 5.0az m/sec as it
enters a magnetic field B = 1000. T ay (recall that a tesla T = Wb/m2). Calculate the force
vector on the charge.
m
Wb

F = q ( u B ) = 10 x10 9 C ( 3a x + 4a y + 5a z ) 1000 2 a y
s
m

The cross-product:
az
ax a y
3
4
5 = 5000a x + 3000a z

0 1000 0
Evaluating we find: F = -50ax + 30az N

P3.35: What electric field is required so that the velocity of the charged particle in the
previous problem remains constant?
dv
= 0 (constant velocity)
dt
F = q ( E + u B ) = 0;
F = ma = m

E = u B = - ( 3a x + 4a y + 5a z )
E = 5a x 3a z

m
Wb
V
V
1000 2 a y = 3000 a z + 5000 a x
s
m
m
m

kV
m

P3.36: An electron (with rest mass Me= 9.11x10-31kg and charge q = -1.6 x 10-19 C) has a
velocity of 1.0 km/sec as it enters a 1.0 nT magnetic field. The field is oriented normal to
the velocity of the electron. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration on the electron
caused by its encounter with the magnetic field.
F = ma = q ( u B ) ;
a=

q
( u B) ;
m

3-25

)(

19
9 Wb
m
quB ( 1.6 x10 C ) 1000 s 10
m 2 = 175x103 m
a=
=
s2
m
( 9.11x10 31 kg )

P3.37: Suppose you have a surface current K = 20. ax A/m along the z = 0 plane. About a
meter or so above this plane, a 5.0 nC charged particle is moving along with velocity v =
-10.ax m/sec. Determine the force vector on this particle.
1
1
A
K a N = 20a x a z = 10a y
2
2
m
7
B = o H = 10 ( 4 x10 ) a y Wb 2 = 40 x10 7 a y Wb 2
m
m
m
Wb

F = qu b = ( 5 x10 9 C ) 10a x 40 x10 7 a y 2 = 0.63 pNa z

s
m

H=

P3.38: A meter or so above the surface current of the previous problem there is an infinite
length line conducting 1.0 A of current in the ax direction. Determine the force per unit
length acting on this line of current.

F12 =

I 2 dL2 B1 = I 2 dxa x 40 x10 7 a y

L

Wb
m2

F12 = I 2 ( L ) ( 40 x10 7 a z ) ;
F12
N
= 40 x10 7 a z = 12.6
az
L
m

P3.39: Recall that the gravitational force on a mass m is F = mg, where, at the earths
surface, g = 9.8 m/s2 (-az). A line of 2.0 A current with 100. g mass per meter length is
horizontal with the earths surface and is directed from west to east. What magnitude and
direction of uniform magnetic flux density would be required to levitate this line?
Ns 2 kg
m

Fg = mg; for 1 m Fg = ( 100 g ) 9.8 2 ( a z )

= 0.98 Na z
s

kg m 1000 g
1m

F=

IdL B = Fg = + 0.98 Na z

By inspection, B = Bo(-ax)

3-26
L

Idya

Bo ( a x ) = ILBo a z

Wb
= ( 2 A ) ( 1m ) Bo 2 = 2 Bo ( N )
m

The unit conversion to arrive at

Newtons is as follows:
Am Wb Vs W J Nm
= N
m 2 Wb VA Ws J
So we have Bo = 0.490 Wb/m2, and
B = 0.490 Wb/m2 (-ax) (directed north)

Fig. P3.39

P3.40: Suppose you have a pair of parallel lines each with a mass per unit length of 0.10
kg/m. One line sits on the ground and conducts 200. A in the +ax direction, and the other
one, 1.0 cm above the first (and parallel), has sufficient current to levitate. Determine the
current and its direction for line 2.
F12 o I1 I 2
4 x10 7 H m 200 A
=
ay =
I 2a z = 4 x10 3 I 2a z
Here we will use
L
2 y
2
0.01m
F mg
Ns 2
N
=
= ( 0.10 kg m ) ( 9.8 m s 2 )
= 0.98
L
L
kgm
m
So solving for I2:
0.98
I2 =
= 245 A in the -a x direction.
4 x10 3

P3.41: In Figure 3.57, a 2.0 A line of current is shown on the z-axis with the current in
the +az direction. A current loop exists on the x-y plane (z = 0) that has 4 wires (labeled
1 through 4) and carries 1.0 mA as shown. Find the force on each arm and the total force
acting on the loop from the field of the 2.0 A line.

o I1
a
2
A B : dL2 = 5d a , a a = 0

F12 =

I dL B ;
2

B1 =

C D : a a = 0
3

B C : F12 = I 2 d a
5

o I1
II
3
a = o 1 2 ln a z
2
2
5

3-27

Fig. P3.41
4 x10 7 H m
3
F12 =
( 2 A) ( 10 3 A) ln a z = 204 pNa z
2
5
So for B to C: F12 = -0.20 nN az
Likewise, from D to A: F12 = +0.20 nN az

P3.42: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 3.4 to find the differential force acting from each
individual differential segment on the loop. Plot this force against the phi location of the
segment.
%MLP0342
%modify ML0304 to find dF acting from the field
%
of each segment of current; plot vs phi
clear
clc
I=1;
%current in A
a=1;
%loop radius, in m
mu=pi*(4e-7);
%free space permeability
az=[0 0 1]; %unit vector in z direction
DL1=a*2*(pi/180)*[0 1 0]; %Assume 2 degree increments
%DL1 is the test element vector
%F is the angle phi in radians
%xi,yi is location of ith element on the loop
%Ai & ai = vector and unit vector from origin
%
to xi,yi
%DLi is the ith element vector
%Ri1 & ri1 = vector and unit vector from ith
%
point to test point
for i=1:179
phi(i)=i*2;

3-28
F=2*i*pi/180;
xi=a*cos(F);
yi=a*sin(F);
Ai=[xi yi 0];
ai=unitvector(Ai);
DLi=(pi*a/90)*cross(az,ai);
Ri1=[a-xi -yi 0];
ri1=unitvector(Ri1);
num=mu*I*cross(DLi,ri1);
den=4*pi*(magvector(Ri1)^2);
B=num/den;
dFvect=I*cross(DL1,B);
dF(i)=dFvect(1);
end
plot(phi,dF)
xlabel('angle in degrees')
ylabel('the differential force, N')

Fig. P3.42

P3.43: MATLAB: Consider a circular conducting loop of radius 4.0 cm in the y-z plane
centered at (0,6cm,0). The loop conducts 1.0 mA current clockwise as viewed from the
+x-axis. An infinite length line on the z-axis conducts 10. A current in the +az direction.
Find the net force on the loop.
The following MATLAB routine shows the force as a function of radial position around
the loop. Notice that while there is a net force in the -y direction, the forces in the zdirection cancel.

3-29
%
%
%

MLP0343
find total force and torque on a loop of
current next to a line of current

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

variables
I1,I2
current in the line and loop (A)
yo
center of loop on y axis (m)
uo
free space permeability (H/m)
N
number of segements on loop
a
loop radius (m)
dalpha differential loop element
dL
length of differential section
DL
diff section vector
B1
I1's mag flux vector (Wb/m^2)
Rv
vector from center of loop
to the diff segment
ar
unit vector for Rv
y,z
the location of the diff segment

clc
clear
%
initialize variables
I1=10;
I2=1e-3;
yo=.06;
uo=pi*4e-7;
N=180;
a=0.04;
dalpha=360/N;
dL=a*dalpha*pi/180;
ax=[1 0 0];

%
perform calculations
for i=1:N
dalpha=360/N;
Fig. P3.43
alpha=(i-1)*dalpha;
phi(i)=alpha;
z=a*sin(alpha*pi/180);
y=yo+a*cos(alpha*pi/180);
B1=-(uo*I1/(2*pi*y))*[1 0 0];
Rv=[0 y-.06 z];

3-30
ar=unitvector(Rv);
aL=cross(ar,ax);
DL=dL*aL;
dF=cross(I2*DL,B1);
dFx(i)=dF(1);
dFy(i)=dF(2);
dFz(i)=dF(3);
end
plot(phi,dFy,phi,dFz,'--k')
legend('dFy','dFz')
Fnet=sum(dFy)
Running the program we get:
Fnet = -4.2932e-009
>>
So Fnet = -4.3 nN ay

P3.44: MATLAB: A square loop of 1.0 A current of side 4.0 cm is centered on the x-y
plane. Assume 1 mm diameter wire, and estimate the force vector on one arm resulting
from the field of the other 3 arms.
%
%
%
%
%
the
%

MLP0344 V2

Wentworth, 12/3/03

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

Variables
a
side length (m)
b
wire radius (m)
I
current in loop (A)
uo
free space permeability (H/m)
N
number of segments for each arm
xi,yi
location of test arm segment (at x
xj,yj
location of source arm segment (at
xk,yk
location of source arm segment (at
xL,yL
location of source arm segment (at

Square loop of current is centered on x-y plane. Viewed

from the +z axis, let current go clockwise. We want to
find the force on the arem at x = +2 cm resulting from
current in arms at y = -2 cm, x = -2 cm and y = +2 cm.

=
y
x
y

+2 cm)
= -2 cm)
= -2 cm)
= +2 cm)

3-31
%
%
%
%

dLi
differential test segment vector
dLj, dLk, dLL
diff vectors on sources
Rji
vector from source point j to test point i
aji
unit vector of Rji

clc;clear;
a=0.04;
b=.0005;
I=1;
uo=pi*4e-7;
N=80;
for i=1:N
xi=(a/2)+b;
yi=-(a/2)+(i-0.5)*a/N;
ypos(i)=yi;
dLi=(a/N)*[0 -1 0];
for j=1:N
xj=-(a/2)+(j-0.5)*a/N;
yj=-a/2-b;
dLj=(a/N)*[-1 0 0];
Rji=[xi-xj yi-yj 0];
aji=unitvector(Rji);
num=I*CROSS(dLj,aji);
den=4*pi*(magvector(Rji))^2;
H=num/den;
dHj(j)=H(3);
end
for k=1:N
yk=(-a/2)+(k-0.5)*a/N;
xk=-(a/2)-b;
dLk=(a/N)*[0 1 0];
Rki=[xi-xk yi-yk 0];
aki=unitvector(Rki);
num=I*CROSS(dLk,aki);
den=4*pi*(magvector(Rki))^2;
H=num/den;
dHk(k)=H(3);
end
for L=1:N
xL=(-a/2)+(L-0.5)*a/N;
yL=(a/2)+b;

3-32
dLL=(a/N)*[1 0 0];
RLi=[xi-xL yi-yL 0];
aLi=unitvector(RLi);
num=I*CROSS(dLL,aLi);
den=4*pi*(magvector(RLi))^2;
H=num/den;
dHL(L)=H(3);
end
H=sum(dHj)+sum(dHk)+sum(dHL);
B=uo*H*[0 0 1];
F=I*CROSS(dLi,B);
dF(i)=F(1);
end
Ftot=sum(dF)
plot(ypos,dF)
Running the program:
Ftot =
7.4448e-007
Fig. P3.44

So Ftot = 740 nN

P3.45: A current sheet K = 100ax A/m exists at z = 2.0 cm. A 2.0 cm diameter loop
centered in the x-y plane at z = 0 conducts 1.0 mA current in the +a direction. Find the
torque on this loop.

= m B;

m = ISa N = ( 10 3 A ) ( 0.01m )
B = o H; H =

)a

= 314 x10 9 Am 2a z

1
1
A
A
K a N = 100a x ( a z ) = 50a y ;
2
2
m
m

Wb
;
m2
= m B = -20 pNma x
B = 50 o a y

P3.46: 10 turns of insulated wire in a 4.0 cm diameter coil are centered in the x-y plane.
Each strand of the coil conducts 2.0 A of current in the a direction. (a) What is the

3-33
magnetic dipole moment of this coil? Now suppose this coil is in a uniform magnetic
field B = 6.0ax + 3.0ay + 6.0az Wb/m2, (b) what is the torque on the coil?

(a) m = NISa x = ( 10 ) ( 2 A ) ( 0.02m )

) = 25.1mAm a

(b) = m B = 25.1mAa z ( 6a x + 3a y + 6a z )

Wb
= 0.151a y 0.075a x Nm
m2

= 75a x + 151a y mNm

P3.47: A square conducting loop of side 2.0 cm is free to rotate about one side that is
fixed on the z-axis. There is 1.0 A current in the loop, flowing in the az direction on the
fixed side. A uniform B-field exists such that when the loop is positioned at = 90, no
torque acts on the loop, and when the loop is positioned at = 180 a maximum torque of
8.0 N-m az occurs. Determine the magnetic flux density.
2
At = 90, m = ISa N = 0.0004 Am a x . Also, since = m B = 0, B is in direction of m,
and therefore B = Boax.
2
6
At = 180, m = ISa N = 0.0004 Am a y , and = m B = 8 x10 a z Nm.

Therefore, B = -Boax and mBo = 8x10-6, so

8 x10 6
mWb
mWb
Bo =
= 20 2 , and B = 20 2 a x .
0.0004
m
m

7. Magnetic Materials
P3.48: A solid nickel wire of diameter 2.0 mm evenly conducts 1.0 amp of current.
Determine the magnitude of the magnetic flux density B as a function of radial distance
from the center of the wire. Plot to a radius of 2 mm.
J=

I
1A
kA
a =
a z = 31.8 2 a z
2
2 z
a
m
( 1x10 3 m )

HgdL =

I enc =

J gdS

I
I
d d = 2 2
2
a
a
I
I
for a H =
a ; B = r o 2 a
2
2 a
2 a
I
I
for a H =
a ; B = o a
2
2
2 H =

3-34
%
%

MLP0348
generate plot for ACL problem

a=2e-3;
I=1;
N=30;
rmax=4e-3;
dr=rmax/N;
uo=pi*4e-7;
ur=600;

%radius of solid wire (m)

%current (A)
%number of data points to plot
%max radius for plot (m)

for i=1:round(a/dr)
r(i)=i*dr;
B(i)=(ur*uo*I/(2*pi*a^2))*r(i);
end
for i=round(a/dr)+1:N
r(i)=i*dr;
B(i)=uo*I/(2*pi*r(i));
End
rmm=r*1000;
plot(rmm,B)
xlabel('rho(cm)')
ylabel('B (Wb/m^2)')
grid on
Fig. P3.48
8. Boundary Conditions
P3.49: A planar interface separates two magnetic media. The magnetic field in media 1
(with r1) makes an angle 1 with a normal to the interface. (a) Find an equation for 2,
the angle the field in media 2 (that has r2) makes with a normal to the interface, in terms
of 1 and the relative permeabilities in the two media. (b) Suppose media 1 is nickel and
media 2 is air, and that the magnetic field in the nickel makes an 89 angle with a normal
to the surface. Find 2.
H1 = H1N a N + H1T aT ; H 2T aT = H1T aT ; B1N a N = r1 o H1N a N
B2 N a N = B1N a N = r1 o H1N a N = r 2 o H 2 N a N ; H 2 N =

r1
H1N
r2

3-35

tan 2 =

tan 2 =

H 2T
H1T
=
;
H2 N
r1
H1N
r2

r 2 H1T

= r 2 tan 1
r1 H1N
r1

2 = tan 1 r 2 tan 1
r1

2 = tan 1
tan 89o = 5.5o
600

Fig. P3.49

P3.50: MATLAB: Suppose the z = 0 plane separates two magnetic media, and that no
surface current exists at the interface. Construct a program that prompts the user for r1
(for z < 0), r2 (for z > 0), and one of the fields, either H1 or H2. The program is to
calculate the unknown H. Verify the program using Example 3.11.
%
M-File: MLP0350
%
%
Given H1 at boundary between a pair of
%
materials with no surface current at boundary,
%
calculate H2.
%
clc
clear
%
enter variables
disp('enter vectors quantities in brackets,')
disp('for example: [1 2 3]')
ur1=input('relative permeability in material 1: ');
ur2=input('relative permeability in material 2: ');
a12=input('unit vector from mtrl 1 to mtrl 2: ');
F=input('material where field is known (1 or 2): ');
Ha=input('known magnetic field intensity vector: ');
if F==1
ura=ur1;
urb=ur2;
a=a12;
else
ura=ur2;
urb=ur1;

3-36
a=-a12;
end
%
perform calculations
Hna=dot(Ha,a)*a;
Hta=Ha-Hna;
Htb=Hta;
Bna=ura*Hna;
%ignores uo since it will factor out
Bnb=Bna;
Hnb=Bnb/urb;
display('The magnetic field in the other medium is: ')
Hb=Htb+Hnb
Now run the program (for Example 3.11):
enter vectors quantities in brackets,
for example: [1 2 3]
relative permeability in material 1: 6000
relative permeability in material 2: 3000
unit vector from mtrl 1 to mtrl 2: [0 0 1]
material where field is known (1 or 2): 1
known magnetic field intensity vector: [6 2 3]
ans =
The magnetic field in the other medium is:
Hb = 6 2 6
For a second test, run the program for problem P3.52(a).
enter vectors quantities in brackets,
for example: [1 2 3]
relative permeability in material 1: 4
relative permeability in material 2: 1
unit vector from mtrl 1 to mtrl 2: [0 0 -1]
material where field is known (1 or 2): 1
known magnetic field intensity vector: [3 0 4]
ans =
The magnetic field in the other medium is:
Hb = 3 0 16

3-37
P3.51: The plane y = 0 separates two magnetic media. Media 1 (y < 0) has r1 = 3.0 and
media 2 (y > 0) has r2 = 9.0. A sheet current K = (1/o) ax A/m exists at the interface,
and B1 = 4.0ay + 6.0az Wb/m2. (a) Find B2. (b) What angles do B1 and B2 make with a
normal to the surface?
(a) B N 1 = 4a y
(b) B N 2 = B N 1 = 4a y
(c) BT 1 = 6a z
BT 1
2
=
az
(d) HT 1 =
r1 o o
(e) HT 2 =

3
a z (see below)
o

(f) BT 2 = r o H T 2 = 27a z
Wb
(g) B 2 = 4a y + 27a z 2
m
Now for step (e):
a 21 ( H1 H 2 ) = K ;
( HT 1 HT 2 ) a x =

Fig. P3.51

a y ( H T 1a z HT 2a z ) =

1
ax
o

1
1
1
2
3
a x ; HT 2 HT 1 =
; HT 2 =
+
=
o
o
o o o

BT 1
1
Angles: 1 = tan
BN 1

BT 2
o
1
= 56 ; 2 = tan

BN 2

o
= 82

P3.52: Above the x-y plane (z > 0), there exists a magnetic material with r1 = 4.0 and a
field H1 = 3.0ax + 4.0az A/m. Below the plane (z < 0) is free space. (a) Find H2,
assuming the boundary is free of surface current. What angle does H2 make with a
normal to the surface? (b) Find H2, assuming the boundary has a surface current K = 5.0
ax A/m.
(a)
(1) H N 1 = 4a z , (2) B N 1 = 16 o a z , (3) B N 2 = B N 1 = 16 oa z ,(4) H N 2 =
(5) HT 1 = 3a x , (6) HT 2 = HT 1 = 3a x , (7) H 2 = 3a x + 16a z

A
m

BN 2
= 16a z
o

3-38
H
2 = tan 1 T 2 = 10.6o
HN2
(b)
Now step (6) becomes a 21 ( H1 H 2 ) = K , shere a21 = az.

Lets let H 2 = Aa x + Ba y + 16a z , then a 21 ( 3a x + 4a z Aa x Ba y 16a z ) = 5a x

Solve for A and B:
ay
az
ax
0
0
1 = Ba x + ( A 3) a y = 5a x ; so A = 3 and B = 5

3 A B 12
Finally, H 2 = 3a x + 5a y + 16a z

A
.
m

P3.53: The x-z plane separates magnetic material with r1 = 2.0 (for y < 0) from magnetic
material with r2 = 4.0 (for y > 0). In medium 1, there is a field H1 = 2.0ax + 4.0ay + 6.0az
A/m. Find H2 assuming the boundary has a surface current K = 2.0ax 2.0az A/m.
(1)H1 N = 4a y ,(2)B1 N = 8 oa y ,(3) B2 N = B1N = 8 oa y ,(4) H 2 N =

8 o
a y = 2a y
4 o

(5)H1T = 2a x + 6a z ,(6)a21 ( H1 H 2 ) = K, let HT 2 = H xa x + H z a z ,

so a y

((2

H x ) a x + ( 6 H z ) a z ) = 2a x 2 a z ,

ax
0
2 Hx

ay
az
1
0 = ( H z 6 ) a x + ( 2 H x ) a z = 2a x 2a z , so H z = 8, H x = 4
0 6 Hz

(7)H 2T = 4a x + 8a z ,

H 2 = 4a x + 2a y + 8a z

A
m

P3.54: An infinite length line of 2 A current in the +az direction exists on the z-axis.
This is surrounded by air for 50 cm, at which point the magnetic media has r2 = 9.0
for > 50 cm. If the field in media 2 at = 1.0 m is H = 5.0a A/m, find the sheet
current density vector at = 50. cm, if any.
Method 1:
From just the line of current we would have H1 =

I1

2 ( 1)

a = 1a .

3-39
Now, since HTOT = 5a = H1 + H 2 , then H 2 = 4a is the contribution from the sheet
current.
I2
I
8
A
H2 =
a = 4a , so I 2 = 8 A, then K = 2 a z =
= 8 az
2 ( 1)
2 a
2 ( 0.5)
m
K= 8

A
az
m

Method 2:
From I1 at boundary we have
2 a
H1 =
= 2a , but 5a at = 1.0m corresponds to 10a at =0.5m since H varies
2 ( 0.5 )
as 1/. So

a ( 2a 10a ) = K ,

K= 8

a ( 8a ) = 8a z = K

A
az
m

9. Inductance and Magnetic Energy

P3.55: Consider a long pair of straight parallel wires, each of radius a, with their centers
separated by a distance d. Assuming d >> a, find the inductance per unit length for this
pair of wires.
Each wire can be solved using the
energy approach:
L

= 2
=
h wires
8
4
The fields are not confined to a
volume, so we must use the flux
linkage
approach
to
find
inductance outside the wires.
I
I
H1 =
a , H 2 =
a ,
2
2 ( d )

1 =

BgdS,

TOT = 2

TOT = 2 BgdS,

I
2 I
a gd dza =
2
2

Finally, with L =

Fig. P3.55
d a

d
I d a
dz =
ln
h

a
h

TOT
L
1
d a
, we arrive at
= + ln
.
I
h TOT 4
a

3-40

P3.56: In problem P3.23 the task was to find the field at the center (radius b) of an N-turn
toroid. If the radius of the toroid is large compared to the diameter of the coil (that is, if
b >> c-a), then the field is approximately constant from radius a to radius c. (a) Obtain
an expression for the toroids inductance. (b) Find L if there are 600 turns around a
99.8% iron core with a = 8.0 cm and c = 9.0 cm.
From P3.23 we found: H =

BgdS =

NI
a gdSa
2 b

NI
a at radius b for the toroid.
2 b

and with area ( b a ) , we have =

2

NI
2
( b a) .
2b

N 2I
2
( b a)
2b
N2
2
L= =
( b a)
I
2b

= N =

Plugging in our numbers we have: L =

( 5000 ) ( 4

x10 7 ) ( 600 ) ( .085 .080 )

2

2 ( 0.085 )

= 0.33H

P3.57: MATLAB: Consider that a solid wire of radius a = 1.0 mm is bent into a circular
loop of radius 10. cm. Neglecting internal inductance of the wire, write a program to find
the inductance for this loop.
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M-File: MLP0357
Inductance inside a conductive loop
This modifies ML0302 to calculate inductance of
a conductive loop. It does this by calculating the
mag field at discrete points along a pie wedge,
then calculates flux through each portion of the
wedge. Then it multiplies by the number of wedges
in the 'pie'.
Wentworth, 1/19/03
Variables:
I

current(A) in +phi direction on ring

3-41
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a
ring radius (m)
b
wire radius (m)
Ndeg
number of increments for phi
f
angle of phi in radians
df
differential change in phi
dL
differential length vector on the ring
dLmag
magnitude of dL
dLuv
unit vector in direction of dL
[xL,yL,0]
location of source point
Ntest
number of test points
Rsuv
unit vector from origin to source point
R
vector from the source to test point
Ruv
unit vector for R
Rmag
magnitude of R
dH
differential contribution to H
dHmag
magnitude of dH
radius radial distance from origin
Hz
total magnetic field at test point
Bz
total mag flux density at test point
flux
flux through each differential segment

clc
clear

%clears the command window

%clears variables

% Initialize Variables
a=0.1;
b=1e-3;
I=1;
Ndeg=180;
Ntest=60;
uo=pi*4e-7;
df=360/Ndeg;
dLmag=(df*pi/180)*a;
dr=(a-b)/Ntest;
% Calculate flux thru each segment of pie wedge
for j=1:Ntest
x=(j-0.5)*dr;
for i=(df/2):df:360
f=i*pi/180;
xL=a*cos(f);
yL=a*sin(f);
Rsuv=[xL yL 0]/a;

3-42
dLuv=cross([0 0 1],Rsuv);
dL=dLmag*dLuv;
R=[x-xL -yL 0];
Rmag=magvector(R);
Ruv=R/Rmag;
dH=I*cross(dL,Ruv)/(4*pi*Rmag^2);
dHmag(i)=magvector(dH);
end
Hz(j)=sum(dHmag);
Bz(j)=uo*Hz(j);
dSz(j)=x*df*(pi/180)*dr;
flux(j)=Bz(j)*dSz(j);
end
fluxwedge=sum(flux);
Inductance=Ndeg*fluxwedge

Now run the program:

Inductance = 5.5410e-007
or
L = 550 nH

P3.58: Find the mutual inductance between an infinitely long wire and a rectangular wire
with dimensions shown in Figure 3.58.
I1
I
a , B1 = o 1 a
2
2

H1 =

12 =

M 12 =

I
B1 gdS 2 = o 1
2

o+ a

b
d
Ib + a
dz = o 1 ln o

0
2
o

12 ob o + a
=
ln

I1
2
o

P3.59: Consider a pair of concentric conductive loops, centered in the same plane, with
radii a and b. Determine the mutual inductance between these loops if b >> a.
In this case will drive the b-radius loop with current I. Here, at the center of the b-radius
loop we have from Eqn. (3.10):

3-43
B1 =

oI
az
2b

Then, 12 =
So M 12 =

o I1
2 o I1 2
B1 gdS 2 =
d d =
2b
2b 2

12 o a
=
I1
2b

=0

o a 2 I1
=
2b

P3.60: A 4.0 cm diameter solid nickel wire, centered on the z-axis, conducts current with
a density J = 4 A/cm2 az (where is in cm). Find the internal inductance per unit length
for the wire with this current distribution.

2
HgdL = I enc , 2 H = 4 d

H =

8
4
4
= 2 , B =

6
3
3

Wm =

1 4 2 4 2
1 16
a g
a d d dz =
5d

2
3
3
2 9 0

Wm =

d dz =
0

8
a 6 h
27

1 2
LI ;
2

Now we solve for I: I =

L=

J gdS =

8 a 3
, and then solve for L:
3

1 h
12

L
1
1
4 x10 7
H
= L=
=
600
= 20
.
h
12 12

10. Magnetic Circuits

P3.61: Referring to Figure 3.48(a), suppose 2.0 Amps flows through 80 turns of a toroid
that has a core cross sectional area of 2.0 cm 2 and a mean radius of 80. cm. The core is
99.8% pure iron. (a) How much magnetic flux exists in the toroid? (b) How much energy
is stored in the magnetic field contained by the toroid?

( 5000 ) ( 4 x10 7 ) ( 80 ) ( 2 )
NI
A; B =
= 0.200 Wb 2 , = 40 Wb
(a) = BA =
m
2 o
2 ( 0.8 )

3-44

(b) Wm =

1
1 B2
BH dv =
2 o A = 3.2mJ
2
2

P3.62: In Figure 3.59, a 2.0 cm diameter toroidal core with r1 = 10,000 is wrapped with
a 1.0 cm thick layer of r2 = 3000. The toroid has a 1.0 m mean radius. For 20. A of
current driven through 50 loops of wire, find the magnetic field intensity in each material
of the toroid.
This toroid can be modeled with the circuit of Figure P3.62.

Fig. P3.62
Vm = NI = (50)(20A)=1000 A-turns
2 o
2 o
l
R=
; R1 =
= 1.592 x106 ; R2 =
= 1.768 x106 ;
2
2
2
A
r 1 o a
r 2 o ( b a )

1 =

Vm
628 x10 6
B
A
= 628 x10 6 = BA; B =
= 2; H1 =
= 159
2
R1
r1 o
m
( 0.01)

2 =

Vm
= 566 x10 6 = BA; B =
R2

H2 =

566 x10 6

( ( 0.02)

( 0.01)

= 0.6001

B
A
= 159
r 2 o
m

P3.63: Referring to Figure 3.49(a), the 2.0 cm diameter core is characterized by the
magnetization curve of Figure 3.60. The toroid has a mean radius of 60. cm. For 10. A

3-45
of current driven through 100 loops of wire, find the magnetic field intensity in the 1.0
mm gap.
Referring to the model of Figure 3.49(b),
Vm = NI = (100)(10A)=1000 A-turns; A = a2 = 314x10-6
l
RG = G = 2.53 x106 ;
oA
Approach:
(1) Assume B: B = 0.4
(2) Read H from chart: H = 200
2 o 12 x103 H
=
(3) Evaluate RC =
: Rc =6x106
A
B
6
(4) RTOT = Rc + 2.53x10 : RTOT =8.53x106
(5) = Vm/ RTOT: =117x10-6
(6) B = /A: B = 0.373
Insert this value of B into step (1) and repeat. After 4 or 5 iterations the routine
converges to a solution B = 0.382 Wb/m2 and H = 190 kA/m. Then, in the gap, we have
B
kA
H=
= 300 .
o
m

P3.64: Referring to Figure 3.52, suppose the cross sectional area of the bar is 3.0 cm 2,
while that of the electromagnet core is 2.0 cm 2. Also, the bar has a relative permittivity
of 3000, while that of the magnetic core is 10,000. The dimensions for h and w are 12.
cm and 16. cm, respectively. If the mass of the bar is 20. kg, how much current must be
driven through 24 loops to hold up the bar against gravity?
We will follow an approach similar to Example 3.18, but realize that Ac Ab.
2

l
2(.12) + 0.16 100cm
3
Rc =
=

= 159 x10
Ac 10, 000 o (2cm 2 ) m
2

l
0.16
100cm
3
Rb =
=
= 141x10
2
Ab 3, 000 o (3cm ) m
V
NI
NI
Vm = NI , = m =
= o HAc ; H=
RTOT RTOT
RTOT o Ac
2

NI 1
NI
F = o H Ac = o
= mg
Ac =

RTOT o Ac
RTOT o Ac
2

3-46
Solve for I: I =

mg o Ac

RTOT
= 2.8 A
N

P3.65: Consider a 1.0 mm air gap in Figure 3.49(a). The toroid mean radius and cross
sectional area are 50. cm and 2.0 cm2, respectively. If the magnetic core has a r = 6000,
and 4.0 A is being driven through 30 loops, determine the force pulling the gap closed.
F = o H 2 A, RTOT =

2 o
( A) ( turns )
l
+
= 6.06 x106
r o A oA
Wb

Vm
( 30 ) ( 4 ) = 19.79 x10 6 = BA
=
RTOT 6.06 x106

In the gap, B = 19.79x10-6/A = 98.97x10-3 = oH, H = 78.76x103A/m

F = o H A = ( 4 x10
2

F = 1.6N

) ( 78.76x10 )

3 2

1
( 2 ) = 1.6
100