Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
R e d e f i n i c i j a p r i m j e n e m e to d a z a t i t e i
p r e z e n tac i j e g r a d i t e l j sko g n a sl i j e a u p ro c e su
p o sl i j e r at n e o b n ov e
S lu a j a r i j sk e d a m i j e u S to cu
R e d e f i n i t i o n o f p rot e c t i o n a n d p r e s e n tat i o n
m e t h o d s o f t h e a rc h i t e c t u r a l h e r i tag e i n t h e
p ro c e ss o f p o s t - wa r r e h a b i l i tat i o n
T h e c a s e o f t h e a r i j a m o s qu e i n S to l ac
Amra HADIMUHAMEDOVI
Uvod
Introduction
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in Stolac was the prototype and model of practical implementation of Annex 8 in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
which up to that time six years after it came into force
was the only part of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina that had not
a single specific result to show for its implementation.
2. The case of the arija mosque in Stolac was
one of a number of crucial cases (the Ferhadija mosque
in Banja Luka, the Resulbegovi house in Trebinje, and
the Orthodox monastery in itomislii were others) intended to determine the shape to be taken by the legislative and institutional framework for the implementation of Annex 8.
3. The reconstruction of the arija mosque
in Stolac was the first instance of one of Bosnia and
Herzegovinas totally destroyed monuments, the remains of which had been removed from the site, being
subsequently reconstructed using the method of full
reconstruction - anastylosis together with repristination
where anastylosis could not be applied.
4. The reconstruction of the arija mosque
was considered and carried out as part of the returns
process and the establishment of justice and a framework for the victims of persecution in Stolac to exercise
their human rights.
5. The people of Stolac and since this is a
small town, we use the term to mean those who are natives of Stolac and whose home town it is unambiguously and energetically called for the reconstruction of
the demolished historic buildings and ensembles, on the
same sites, in the same form, and of the same materials
as they were originally built from.
6. The local authorities were obstruction the
reconstruction, and the Government of the Federation
of BiH provided insufficient funds, and then only after
the work on the mosque had reached the point at which
it could not be brought to a halt.
7. The reconstruction project, project management, supervision, research, documentation, decoration and so on, and the greater part of the physical reconstruction work, were carried out by volunteers, both
experts and local people.
8. Most of the funding was provided by the
people of Stolac and intellectuals from around the world
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Nikoli iz Stoca.
Majstori zidari, tesari i krovopolagai, kao
i njihovi pomonici, su bili Stoani. Vie stotina
Stoana pomagali su volonterski svakodnevno, u
toku dvije godine, pri izvoenju fizikih istranih
i graevinskih radova; vie stotina graana Stoca
je rekonstruciju arijske damije pomoglo
organiziranjem ishrane za radnike, organiziranjem
smjetaja za strunjake koji nisu Stoani,
organiziranjem izlobi, predavanja i predstava o
stolakom kulturnom pamenju za djecu i odrasle.
Istrane radove i rekonstrukciju su pratili i policija
UN-a i meunarodne vojne snage panski
bataljon, izraujui svakodnevno detaljne i precizne
video i fotografske snimke, sa zemlje i iz zraka, svih
nalaza i svih faza rada. Rekonstrukciji arijske
damije svoj doprinos su radom dali Bonjaci, Srbi,
Hrvati, Francuzi, Britanci, Amerikanci, Italijani
muslimani, jevreji, katolici, pravoslavci, anglikanci
i drugi. Pristup ouvanju arijske damije u Stocu
kroz proces njene rekonstrukcije u potpunosti je
odslikao meu ljudima koji su bili ukljueni u taj
proces razumijevanje naslijea na nain kako je
ono definirano lanom 2. Okvirne konvencije o
vrijednosti kulturnog naslijea za drutvo.
Historijski osvrt
Stolaka arija smjetena je u sreditu
stolake kotline, neposredno ispod utvrenog
Starog grada Stoca (u srednjovjekovnim i turskim
dokumentima spominjanog kao Vidoki), na lijevoj
obali Bregave. Dolina rijeke Bregave i stolaki
kraj bili su naseljeni u kontinuitetu od paleolita
do suvremenog doba. Najraniji tragovi ljudskog
djelovanja mogu se smjestiti 12. 000 godina unatrag
u historiju.
Nema historijskih dokumenata niti
materijalnih izvora kojima je mogue pokazati da je
sredite naselja i u jednom ranijem razdoblju bilo na
podruju sadanje arije. Sredite se, u razliitim
) Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society,
Vijee Evrope, Faro, 27. oktobar, 2005.
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one time on the site of the present-day arija. At various historical periods and in differing social and political circumstances, it shifted from place to place (Badanj,
Vrsnik, airi, Kotun, Daorson, Zagrad, Luka etc). Old
toponyms explicitly relating to the present-day arija
are Basilije, Oanii, Dragovilje, Humine, etc. There
are many sizeable steak necropolises in the Stolac area,
which is evidence that the area was densely populated.
Thus far no steak tombstone has been found in the
centre of present day Stolac, not even built in as part of
later buildings.
If the present day centre of Stolac was the settled area of Stolac in the mediaeval period, then during
the period of Stolacs history prior to the early 16th century the area was wholly uninhabited or went through
a stage of discontinuity. In the summary census of the
Bosnian sanjak for 1468/69, Stolac, with its alternative
name Viduka or Vidoka, was described as a settlement
with three vineyards, eleven houses, six bachelors and
4524 akas revenue, and the abandoned site of Stolac/Istolce with two vineyards, half a mill with revenue of 500
akas a year. However, in the mid fifteenth century the
development of the Stolac arija began around the great
well outside the present-day arija mosque. Right up
to the mid seventeenth century Vidoka (or the fortified
old town of Stolac) was abandoned and unused, which
is evidence that Stolac was not a place of any military
strategic importance in the early centuries of the Ottoman Empire. From a bibliographical note dated 1593 it
can be ascertained that the fortress of Vidoka in the vilayet of Herzegovina was in ruins in 1593. There are no
sources referring to battles or insurrections in the Stolac
area, nor to resistance to the establishment of the new
rule. The need to restore the fortress and post guards
and a military garrison there arose following the Candian War (1645-1699) when frequent attacks on Stolac
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) The earliest reference to the name Vidoka dates from 1444. It was
used to designate the Stolac nahija in Turkish documents right up to the
eighteenth century
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) see, e.g., the pamphlets on the round table held on 5 September 2001,
when the reconstruction of the arija mosque began, published in book
form as Stolac mjesto spora umjesto razgovora (Stolac, a Place of Discord rather
than Discussion), Stolac Municipality, Office of the Mayor, Stolac, 2002.
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Sl.1/Ill.1
Namaz-ta kamen za klanjanje usmjeren prema kibli kamena sedada
Namazta prayer stone, facing the qibla a stone prayer mat
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Monuments and Natural Rarities of NR BiH in Sarajevo, no. 02-833-3 dated 1962, the Careva mosque in
Stolac was entered in the register of immovable cultural
monuments under serial no. 123.
The Regional Plan for the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to 2002 recorded and listed the
Careva mosque as a Category 1 monument.
In the summer of 1993 the arija mosque
and the entire Stolac arija was razed to the ground and
the remains taken away in lorries and dumped in the
Bregava and Radimlja riverbeds.
The monument to fallen soldiers of World
War II in the Great Harem was destroyed, and close
to it a monument to the nineteenth century Chetnik
military leader and Catholic priest Ivan Musi (active
towards the end of Turkish rule) was set up on a pedestal
built from the stone of the demolished mosque.
The Careva mosque in Stolac is registered as
the site of the Careva mosque and its bazaar in the old
town on the Provisional List of National Monuments
of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments,
under serial no. 579.
The Federal Ministry of Regional Planning
and the Environment issued a Ruling (no. UPI/02-232-83/01 dated 26 October 2001) granting permission
for the construction or rebuilding of the mosque ensemble of the arija (Sultan Selim, Careva) mosque and its
accompanying courtyard and graveyard, fountain, well,
surrounding walls and other destroyed elements of the
architectural ensemble in Stolac (on cadastral plots nos.
II/218, II/219, II/220, cadastral municipality Stolac,
Stolac Municipality, with a total surface area of 1436 m2
and which is the property of the Islamic Community,
Vakuf Commission of Stolac).
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Sl.2/Ill.2
Osnova stolake arije sa arijskom damijom u sreditu (1)
Plan of the Stolac arija with the arija mosque in the centre (1)
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Description of the
architectural ensemble
arija mosque
of
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Sl.3/Ill.3
Dio oslikanih stabala na zidovima sofa arijske damije fotografija
koju je prije ruenja damije napravio iril Raji
Part of the painted trees on the walls of the sofas of the arija mosque
photographed by iril Raji prior to the destruction of the mosque
Sl.4/Ill.4
Skica mahfila arijske damije, sa planom bojenja, iz bloka
Mehmeda aria
Sketch of the mahfil of the arija mosque, with plan of the colours,
from sketchbook by Mehmed ari
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i haremski zidovi.
arijska damija je najei naziv za sakralnu
graevinu smjetenu u sjeditu Stoca. Uz to ime koriste
se imena Stari mesdid, Damija na Staroj musalli,
Damija na Tepi, Damija jedanest direka, Carski
mesdid, Damija sultana Selima Javuza. Predstavlja
jednu od najveih bosanskohercegovakih damija
sagraenih u 16. stoljeu. Veliine njenih stranica
iznose 18.30 m x 15.30 m. (Veliine stranica Ferhadije
damije u Banjoj Luci iznose 18.33 m x 14.47 m;
Ferhadije damije u Sarajevu 13.85 m x 17.85 m,
Careve damije u Sarajevu 15.32 m x 15.42 m, Gradske
damije u Cazinu 18.00 m x 12.40 m i sl.).
Graevina koja se odrala sve do 1993. godine
predstavljala je jednu od tri najstarije hercegovake i
spadala meu nastarije damije u Bosni i Hercegovini.
U nainu njezinog graenja jasno je oslikano
produljenje srednjovjekovnog bosanskohercegovakog
graditeljstva, najjasnije itljivog u graenju kue.
O kontinuiranju naina graenja na prostoru
gdje je nastala, svjedoi zapaanje Komisije za upis u
registar spomenika kulture, u kome se kae da gradnja
damije odaje domae majstore, koji su pravili izduene
graevine, izbjegavajui velike raspone. U svemu
je vidljivo da oblik damije u potpunosti odgovara
poelima izgradnje takvih graevina, ali da se ne vee za
uvezena graditeljska umijea. S druge strane, damija
je imala duboke i prostrane sofe, to je primjereno
klimatskim uvjetima u Stocu. Dubina sofa iznosila
je 4.25 m, to je neto manje od polovine raspona
unutranjeg prostora. Iako se u unutranjosti doimala
kao jedinstven prostor, konstruktivno je bila podijeljena
na tri poprena dijela. Krovna konstrukcija se oslanjala
na mihrabski zid, 5 jakih drvenih stupova rasporeenih
po poprenoj osovini unutranjeg prostora, ulazni
zid i na 8 stupova na sofama. Izduenost unutranjeg
prostora damije, i pored pogrenih tvrdnji da se radi
o neuobiajnom obliku, prisutna je u najveem broju
ranih damija, koje su izvoene kao hipostilne dvorane.
Potreba za centralnim oblikom i etvornom osnovom
proistjee iz konstruktivnih zakonitosti izvoenja
damija ije se prostorno rjeenje namee u susretu
sa bizantijskim nainom gradnje monumentalnih
potkupolnih objekata centralnog tipa. Nema ni
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bound with three rows of oak tiebeams. The alternating use of stone and wood is customary in traditional
Bosnian Muslim architecture, as could be ascertained
in particular after so many buildings were destroyed
between 1992 and 1996, when their inner anatomy
was revealed. (Since every form has its outward and its
inner meaning in religious architecture, the latter usually the remembrance of God, the Prophet, the angels,
the Kaba, the imams or Paradise, it is important here
to mention K. A. C. Creswells observation, based on
the earliest sources, that when the Kaba was rebuilt in
608 CE, when the Prophet Muhammad was 35 years
old, it was built of stone with inserts of horizontal layers of timber.)
The mosque has a hipped roof with hefty split
wood rafters in the shape of sloped studs. This was
probably originally clad with stone slabs, the usual
roofing for similar buildings in 16th century Stolac.
However, Hivzija Hasandedi cites the interesting fact
of an undated letter from the Nevesinje kadi sent to
the commissioner in the Gabela port ordering 3000
hollow tiles to be supplied for the Stolac mosque.
Based on historical data, Hasandedi concludes that
the letter could have been written prior to 1598. At
that time roof tiles were procured in Dubrovnik, and
the palaces of Dubrovnik were roofed with them. It
is not known whether the Stolac mosque was roofed
with the tiles that had been ordered. The northwest
pane of the roof sloped down over the sofas, and the
roof structure at that point rested on eight pillars with
moulded headtrees, on which the wooden tiebeam of
the purline rests. Against the right-hand wall of the
mosque, immediately next to the sofas, a twelve-sided
ashlar stone minaret was built, with a height of 25.8 m
to the alem (finial).
The pillars in the sofas were of hewn timber,
with an average size of 16 x 16 to 20 x 20 cm. The
stone bases of the pillars were set in hollows cut into
) K.A.C Creswell, A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture, revised
and supplemented by James W. Allan, The American University in Cairo
Press, Cairo, 1989, pp. 3-4.
) Hasandedi, Hivzija, Sultan Selimova (Careva) damija u Stocu (the
Sultan Selim of Imperial Mosque in Stolac), Slovo Gorina, January
1996, Mostar
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Sl.5/Ill.5
Kruna mihraba arijske damije sa mihrabskom levhom
Crown of the mihrab of the arija mosque with the mihrab levha
Sl.6/Ill.6
Alem na munari arijske damije
Finial on the minaret of the arija mosque
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the large stone blocks that form the front of the sofas. The purlin beam rested on the pillars via simple
headtrees 20 cm in height. The sofas were paved with
bedrock stone slabs 8 to 10 cm thick, and the entrance
area between the sofas is paved with large stone blocks
forming a level footway surface, which remained intact
even after demolition. The portal of the mosque had
a moulded frame of miljevina (local limestone). The
arch of the portal was shallow, consisting of three segments. Two motifs were carved excentrically on the
keystone: a sun (a motif that reappears below the band
of the minaret) and a rose. The two mosque windows
facing onto the sofas had moulded miljevina frames
and were fitted with bars. The sofas were painted with
images of trees, probably intended to reflect a reductive expression of Paradise. The idea of a vegetal and
architectural decoration as an expresion of paradise is a
particuraly tempting one, for there are other indications
that a mosques courtyard or open area was meant to be a
sort of paradise. (illus. 3).
The interior dimensions of the mosque were
9.18 x 16.37 m, and the height of the central prayer
space was 4.72 m. The mosque interior had eleven
pillars, five supporting the central roof beam and six
supporting the mahfil. The symbolism of the number
eleven (the eleven spiritual successors of the prophet
Muhammad and the 12th in occlusion and awaited,
etc.) was often used in the architectural expression of
old mosques (for example the Handanija mosque in
Prusac) particularly those built by gnostics. Structural
analysis indicates that in most cases the eleven pillars
were not required to ensure the load-bearing capacity
of the structure, but this supports the assertions that
architectural elements did not have a solely structural
role. The pillars measure from 20 x 20 to 25 x 25 cm.
All the pillars have stone bases and graduated footings
of circular section made of quarry stone. The beams
rest on the pillars via carved wooden headtrees 40 cm
high and 25 cm deep, serving as capitals, and in the in) Oleg Grabar, The Formation of Islamic Art, Yale University Press, New
Heaven and London, 1987, p. 127. Translators note: in the absence of
the originals, the quotations to which this footnote and notes 13, 14, 15,
16, 22, 23 and 25 pertain are translations of translations, and as such I
cannot vouch for their accuracy.
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lime plaster with an admixture of goat hair and eggwhite. The visible part of the mihrab, with carved
mouldings, was worked in sandstone-miljevina. The
frame of the mihrab was moulded. In the lower part
of the niche were grooved pilasters, above which were
seven horizontal bands converging into a single point
at the start of the flat wall. Each band was divided into
rectangular panels carved into the stone. The crown
of the mihrab terminated in a semicircular convexity
grading to the sides into slightly curved concave arches. At the centre of the crown a place was cut for a
levha written in nastaliq: He. The mihrab was painted
later, the decoration showing the influence of the baroque (illus. 5).
The mimbar was made of large blocks of bedrock. There is no other known example of a mimbar
made of such hard stone.
The urs was made of wood.
The stone minaret of prismatic section, 25.80
m. high to the finial, and 27 m high overall, was built
against the right hand wall of the mosque. It was built
of ashlar stone set in a thin layer of mortar binder10
and held together with iron cramps set in lead. The
minaret was decorated above the waisted section with
double rows of stylized tulip flowers. The same motif
appeared below the twisted cornice under the erefe
(balcony). In the lower half below the waisted par of
the minaret were depressed arches in which a number of
motifs of powerful symbolic value were carved (moon,
star, rosette, star of David, six-armed cross, throne or
the Prophets stepped mimbar, on which more later).
The parapet of the erefe was solid stone with moulded
upper and lower edges. The cone of the minaret was
roofed with three rows of overlapping stone slabs held
10) There are records of the composition of the thin layer of mortar used
to bind the cut stone elements when building the mosque in particular
the minaret, portal and mihrab in the files of the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and
Herzegovina on the registration of 15th and 16th century mosques (for
example, the Turhan Emin-bey mosque in Ustikolina). This mortar was
called luum by traditional craftsmen, who made it by mixing olive
oil, unslaked lime and cotton until they achieved a fine blend. Traces of
luum were found in the lower, intact courses of the arija mosque
in August 2001.
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arijska damija
u Stocu predstavlja
sredite grada i mjesto koje u njegovoj strukturi ima
najsnanije znaenje. Ona je, svojim prostornim
odreenjem, svojim poloajem, svojim odnosom
prema svim ostalim initeljima strukture Stoca, vor
u koji je svezana struktura cijelog grada. Taj znaaj
koji arijska damija ima za grad, s obzirom na
usmjerenost suvremene misli na cjelovitost iskaza
materijalnog i nematerijalnog naslijea, vei je nego
njen znaaj za historiju stila i razvoj tipa sakralnih
graevina u Bosni poetkom 16. stoljea. arijska
damija je i u slici Stoca jedan od njenih najznaajnijih
odreditelja. (slike 7 i 8)
Slika grada je sloeno i najuvjerljivije
odreenje grada. Ona ne proistie iz istog oblika;
njeno znaenje predstavlja akumulaciju slojevitih
prostornih i vremenskih meudjelovanja u svakom
gradu. Sliku grada, kako to tvrdi K. Lynch, oblikuje
uzajamni odnos svakog pojedinca i njegovog
okruenja. Ona sadri i predanja, i zvuk, i boje i
imena; ona je saetak tvarnog i neopipljivog naslijea.
U njenom odreenju najznaajniju ulogu ima sakralna
topografija svakog mjesta. Sakralna topografija
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Sl.7/Ill.7
Snimak jugoistone fasade arijske damije u sklopu dokumentacije kojoj pripada i slika 7
Blueprint of the south-east facade of the arija mosque, part of the
documentation to which illus. 7 also belongs
Sl.8/Ill.8
Snimak sjeverozapadne fasade arijske damije, koji je sainio
arhitekta Ismet Serdarevi 1958. godine. Snimak obuhvata detaljne
arhitektonske crtee i sastavni je dio dokumentacije Zavoda za zatitu
kulturnog i historijskog naslijea Bosne i Hercegovine.
Blueprint of the north-west facade of the arija mosque by architect
Ismet Serdarevi in 1958. The blueprints include detailed architectural drawings and form an integral part of the documentation of the
Institute for the Protection of the Cultural and Historical Heritage of
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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there are no events or actions without the context of specific places. As Edward Relph stated we have to bear in
mind that places are thus woven into the structure of intent
of the whole of human consciousness and experience.15
The arija mosque in Stolac is a place that,
in its relationship with all the other components of
the image of the town facing towards it, determines
the home town. For the people of Stolac, regardless of
where they are living and working, this home town is
the determining factor of their roots, their sense of belonging, and their identity. The profound attachment
to the homeland appears to be a worldwide phenomenon.
It is not limited to any particular culture or economy. It
is known to literate and nonliterate peoples, hunter-gatherers, and sedentary farmers, as well as city dwellers.16
Ones homeland or home town is a given, the value of
which is multiplied when it is lost or inaccessible. In
the summer of 1993, when the people of Stolac were
being subject to persecution, killings and deportation,
the deliberate physical destruction of their hometown
was also being carried out.
In theoretical considerations of architectural
anthropology, the presence of semiotic architecture has
been identified since the most ancient times of human
activity. Given its durability, its meaning in determining a town is of considerable importance. Semiotic architecture consists of the buildings within a settlement
as a whole that mark out space, determine its central
point, and compose signs within the urban landscape.
Their function is inseparable from the social, cultural
and religious features of the landscape, as a result of
which buildings of semiotic architecture often coincide
with the central religious buildings of the town.17 In the
history of a town, the central religious buildings constitute the zero point, as is the house to the individual,
15) Edward Relph, Place and Placelessness, Pion, London, 1976, p. 42.
13) Egenter, Nold, ARCHITECTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Structure and Method - an Introduction3th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Mexico City/ Mexico Session
>Architectural Anthropology August 4th 1993
93
16) Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place The Perspective of Experience, The
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2005, p. 154
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17) Navedeno prema Nold Egenter, Otto Friedrich Bollnows Anthropological Concept of Space, 5th International Congress of the
International Association for the Semiotics of Space, Hochschule der
Knste Berlin, June 29 - 31, 1992, www.home.worldcm.ch~negenter/
012BollnowEH.html
18) Quoted from Nold Egenter, Otto Friedrich Bollnows Anthropological Concept of Space, 5th International Congress of the International Association for the Semiotics of Space, Hochschule der Knste Berlin, June
29 - 31, 1992, www.home.worldcm.ch~negenter/012BollnowEH.html
14) Edward Relph, Place and Placelessnes, Pion, London, 1976, str. 42.
15) Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place The Perspective of Expiriance, The
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2005, str. 154.
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chronogram:
the rapturous renovation of the mosque in a new mode!
1203 (1788).
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Sl.9/Ill.9
arijska damija u Stocu smjetena je u samom sreditu susticanja
tri kraka gradske osnove
The arija mosque in Stolac is at the very centre of the point at which
the three branches of the urban layout meet
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Sl.10/Ill.10
Fotografija sruenog prostora arijske damije koju su reporteri
Feral Tribune napravili u ljeto 1993. godine, neposredno nakon
ruenja stolakih damija, a prije odvoenja ostataka sa mjesta na kojima su graevine bile
Photograph of the destroyed site of the arija mosque taken by Feral
Tribune reports in the summer of 1993, immediately following the
destruction of the mosques of Stolac before the remains were removed
from their respective sites.
Sl.11/Ill.11
Fotografija sruenog prostora arijske damije napravljena iz zraka
1998. godine (fotografiju su napravili vojnici mirovnih snaga UN-a
u Bosni i Hercegovini)
Aerial photograph of the destroyed site of the arija mosque taken
in 1998 by UN peace-keeping troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Its interior, in which the illumination of the inner human being is affirmed, thus becomes the living heart of
the entire town, within the totality of the urban setting.
The arija mosque is the measure of everything that
develops along the branches of the Stolac valley and on
the slopes of the hills.
The totality of the identity of Stolac is thus
inseparable from the presence of the arija mosque at
its centre, with the position of a hub around which the
whole town and the entire social complex evolve. This
comprises its southward orientation, recognizable in the
layout of the entire arija, with the houses, shops and
side streets around it.
The entire form of the arija mosque consists of the response to two requirements: Order and
Mystery.
Order is wholly subordinate to the requirements of ritual and the disposition of the prayer space.
The entrance to the courtyard is in the middle
of the wall formed by the shops along the southern edge
of the Tepa (open central market). The passage through
the entrance is the start of the axis of orientation around
which extends the mosque ensemble: the axis which is
also the axis of the town. Between the courtyard gateway and the entrance to the mosque is a covered adrvan
fountain, symbolizing the requirement to cleanse oneself
on the path from the expanse of the world to oneself or
the supreme principle. The passage through the fountain constitutes a preparation for facing the mihrab, the
centre of the centre. In sacred doctrine on the meaning of the mosque, this signifies travelling the path of
love. Once one has completed the outside path, from
the entrance to the courtyard, through the fountain,
to the space between the two sofas, one begins to surrender oneself to the certainty of the pillars supporting the
hipped roof, marking the passage to ones own centre.
On entering the mosque, with the sense of harmony
and the absence of any tension, in the warmth provided
by the carpets, one begins to surrender oneself to the
peace suggested by everything that constitutes the interior of the mosque. Facing the mihrab, the passage towards our supreme human potential, is expressed in two
ways the universal human orientation towards the Supreme, and one derived from listening to the enduring
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Photograph of fragments of the arija mosque after preliminary identification in the dump in the Radimlja riverbed, taken in August 2001.
Sl.12/Ill.12
Identifikacija jedne od deponija sa sruenim ulomcima arijske damije
u koritu rijeke Radimlje. Identifikacija je napravljena uz prisutnost vojnika mirovnih snaga u Bosni i Hercegovini u augustu 2001. godine.
Identification of one of the dumps with fragments of the arija
mosque in the river Radimlja riverbed. The identification was made
in the presence of peace-keeping troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina
in August 2001.
Sl.13/Ill.13
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Sl.14/Ill.14
Prostor arijske damije 22. augusta 2001. godine, na dan kad je
poelo njegovo ienje
Site of the arija mosque on 22 August 2001, the day the site clearance began.
21) Nader Ardalan,. On Mosque Architecture., Architecture and Community ( Renata Holod and Darl Rastorfer, editors), New York, 1983.
22) uporediti: Edward A. Svik, Faia, Rememberance and Hope, Journal
on Religion, Art &Architecture, Number 2, 1997.
Sl.15/Ill.15
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Sl.16/Ill.16
Intaktna stopa jednog od pet stupova koji nose srednju stropnu
gredu. U udubljenju stope naen je metalni zglob trn, preko
koga je ostvarivana veza drvenog stupa i kamenog temelja. Naeni
trn je posluio kao uzor za izradu zglobova za sve stupove, u skadu
sa dimenzijama udubljenja u njihovim stopama.
Intact foot of one of the five pillars supporting the central ceiling joist. A metal joint or spike was found in a hollow in the
foot; this formed the connection between the wooden pillar and
the stone footings. This spike was used as a model when making
the joints for all the pillars, in line with the size of the hollows in
their footings.
Sl.17/Ill.17
Sonde, irine 50 cm, otkopane uz sve naene zidove s unutranje
strane. Nakon opservacija i snimanja i zida i strukture materijala,
sonde su zatrpane istim materijalom koji je iskopan.
50 cm wide trial trench excavated along the inside of all the walls
that were found. After observation and a survey of the walls and
the structure of the materials, the trenches were filled in with the
material that had been excavated from them.
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Sl.18/Ill.18
Sl.19/Ill.19
Sl.20/Ill.20
Snimak ostataka temelja i baze munare in situ (crtao Slobodan Kudra, Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine)
Plan of the remains of the footings and base of the minaret in situ
(drawn by Slobodan Kudra, National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Sl.21/Ill.21
Preliminarno ienje i identificiranje ulomaka nakon njihovog
prenosa sa deponije na prostor damije
Preliminary cleaning and identification of fragments after being
transported from the dump to the mosque site.
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bosanskih damija.
arijska damija ima sedam vrata sredinju
kapiju, dvije bone kapije, vrata izmeu sofa, vrata
na lijevom mahfilu, vrata sa mahfila na munaru,
vrata na erefe munare. Sedam otvaranja simbolizira
mogunost prolaska kroz sedam slojeva spoznaje.
Broju vrata u arijskoj damiji jednak je broj
sedam stavaka Fatihe - poetne sure u Kuranu - sure
Otvaranja - kao i sedam rijei svjedoenja predanosti
Bogu (La ilahe il Allah Muhammedun Ressul Allah25),
sedam receptivnih otvora na ljudskom tijelu, sedam
kapija Raja. O simbolici sedam omotnica spoznaje
govori i sufijsko odreenje mistike fiziologije
ljudskog mikrokozmosa: sedam ljudskih organa
odgovara oblienju sedam Boijih poslanika: prvi
(nevidljivi) organ je Adem (Adam) svakog bia;
drugi (dua) je Nuh (Noa); trei (srce) je Ibrahim
(Abraham); etvrti (nevidljivi prag nadsvijesti) je
Musa (Mojsije); peti (Duh) je Davud (David); esti
je Isa Mesiah (Isus Krist), a sedmi je Muhammed
(Hvaljenik).26 To unutranje skrito znanje o znaenju
broja sedam sadrano je u broju vodoravnih pojaseva
mihraba, kada se on suava prema svojoj kruni, zatim
u njegovoj udvojenosti - u broju stranica munare, i
vjerovatno u velikom broju odnosa koji mogu dalje
biti otkrivani.
Devet stepenica mimbera arijske damije
simbolizira devet stepena svladavanja ljudskih
osjetila, devet puteva komuniciraja sa svijetom s
ciljem razumijevanje punine devedeset devet Boijih
imena. U odgonetanju tajnovitosti znaenja arijske
damije, za svakog njenog posjetitelja otvoren je
put traenja onog to je tajna. Devet ornamenata
uklesanih u devet vidljivih stranica osnove munare
ispod suenja (struka), kojim se munara odvaja od
vodoravnog tijela damije i uspravlja u okomicu koja
sama svjedoi sabiranje razliitih strana u jedno, je
istodobna najava kraja i poetka prelaza u novi
nivo. Tih devet prikaza, u kojim su sadrani simboli
molished, the area was cleared, and most of the material was taken away to nearby dumps. Some fragments
of the arija mosque were found in the dry bed of the
river Radimlja. Witnesses of the destruction said that
there were some original fragments of the mosque in
dumps near Stolac. In December 1999 an inspection
was carried out of the piles of remains of the destroyed
Sl.22/Ill.22
Preliminarno identificiranje, sortiranje i priprema za detaljno snimanje naenih metalnih ulomaka na prostoru damije, kako bi bili
osigurani uvjeti za rekonstrukciju
Preliminary identification, sorting and preparation for detailed study
of metal fragments found on the mosque site, to provide the conditions for its reconstruction.
Sl.23/Ill.23
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Sl.24/Ill.24
Snimak ostataka damijske cjeline in situ, napravljen u toku ienja
prostora. Snimak su u septembru 2001. godine napravili pripadnici
mirovnih snaga UN-a u Bosni i Hercegovini iz helikoptera.
Plan of remains of the mosque complex in situ, made during site
clearance in September 2001 by members of the UN peace-keeping
force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Sl.25/Ill.25
Identificiranje poloaja ulomaka munare, prije odreivanja naina njihove upotrebe u projektu, u skladu sa pravilima metode anastiloze
Identification of the position of fragments of the minaret prior to determining how they were to be used in the project, in line with the
principles of the merthod of anastylosis.
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Sl.26/Ill.26
Identificiranje poloaja ulomaka munare, prije odreivanja naina
njihove upotrebe u projektu, u skladu sa pravilima metode anastiloze
dekorirani slojevi munare iznad struka
Identification of position of fragments of the minaret prior to determining how they were to be used in the project, in line with the principles of the method of anastylosis decorated strata of the minaret
above the waisted section.
Sl.27/Ill.27
Identificiranje poloaja ulomaka munare, prije odreivanja naina
njihove upotrebe u projektu, u skladu sa pravilima metode anastiloze;
slojevi munare ispod fieka (kupe) ili krova munare
Identification of the position of fragments of the minaret prior to
determining how they were to be used in the project, in line with the
principles of the merthod of anastylosis strata of the minaret below
the fiek (cone) or roof of the minaret.
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Sl.28/Ill.28
Identificiranje poloaja ulomaka munare, prije odreivanja naina
njihove upotrebe u projektu, u skladu sa pravilima metode anastiloze;
ulomci sa ornamentima koji su bili ugraeni ispod struka munare
Identification of the position of fragments of the minaret prior to
determining how they were to be used in the project, in line with the
principles of the merthod of anastylosis fragments with ornaments
that were built in below the waisted section of the minaret.
Sl.29/Ill.29
Niani pronaeni tokom ienja damijske cjeline. Snimanje i evidentiranje niana, prepis, transkripciju i itanje natpisa izvrio je
Hazim Numanagi
Nian tombstones found on the site of the arija mosque during site
clearance. The tombstones and epitaphs were identified, studied and
recorded in detail by Hazim Numanagi
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Sl.30/Ill.30
Identificiranje poloaja ulomaka munare, prije odreivanja naina
njihove upotrebe u projektu, u skladu sa pravilima metode anastiloze;
struk suenje izmeu baze i tijela munare
Identification of the position of fragments of the minaret prior to
determining how they were to be used in the project, in line with the
principles of the merthod of anastylosis waisted section between
base and shaft of minaret.
Sl.31/Ill.31
Identificiranje poloaja ulomaka munare, prije odreivanja naina
njihove upotrebe u projektu, u skladu sa pravilima metode anastiloze;
uklapanje ulomaka sa sloenim ornamentima ispod struka munare,
kako bi bilo mogue projektirati taj dio objekta
Identification of the position of fragments of the minaret prior to
determining how they were to be used in the project, in line with the
principles of the merthod of anastylosis. Fitting in fragments with
complex ornaments below the waisted section of the minaret, to enable that part of the structure to be designed.
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of the Institute, Emina Haimbegovi, a technical associate of the Institute, and Milorad Skoko, a designer.
Rehabilitation
mosque
of
the
arija
Given the conviction that it would be impossible to embark on the reconstruction solely on the basis
of the 1968 architectural survey, comprehensive research
works began, consisting of:
Stage I: Preliminary Research
1. Collection and analysis of photographic
material and postcards from various periods in public
and private archives;
2.Analysis of cartographic material and geodetic survey bases;
3.Analysis of bibliographical and archival material;
4.Analysis of aerial photogrammetric surveys
in 1989 and 1998, to identify the system of coordinates
for initial archaeological works;
5. Compilation of a study of photogrammetric surveys based on the aerial photogrammetric survey
conducted in 1989 (four years prior to the destructioin
of the mosque). Using a Wild A-7 instrument, measurements of the height of all the exterior elements of
the mosque were made. The study was compiled by
Drljevi Esad, a geodetics engineers of the Geodetics Institute of BiH, in June 1997;
6. Collection and analysis of a video recording
of a documentary film on the mosques of Stolac produced by Radio Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina
in the late 1980s (found in the rubbish on the site of
a destroyed house in Stolac) and two private amateur
video recordings made in 1992, prior to the destruction
of the mosque;
7. Questionnaire among surviving residents
on their recollection of features associated with the
mosque, a comparison and collation of their testimonies, and a comparison of their testimonies with existing
documentation;
8. Graphic analysis of old postcards and photographs (graphic analysis conducted by Slobodan Kudra
in line with instructions from the author);
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Sl.32/Ill.32
Postupak paralelan onom opisanom na slici 30 slaganje snimaka
ulomaka koji su sainjeni u mjerilu 1:1, kako bi bilo mogue razumjeti strukturu objekta i mjesto svakog ulomka, koji se ponovno
ugrauje u rekonstruirani objekat
Procedure in parallel with that described in illus. 30 layout of drawings of fragments scale 1:1 to facilitate an understanding of the structure and the position of each fragment being reincorporated into the
reconstructed building.
Sl.33/Ill.33
Rekonstruirana munara, u koju su ugraeni svi ulomci za koje je,
nakon analiza utvreno da imaju odgovarajua mehanika i statika
svojstva. Izvorni ulomci su ugraivani nakon konzervacije, bez uklanjanja tragova oteenja usljed ruenja.
Reconstructed minaret with all fragments found after analysis to have
suitable mechanical and structural characteristics. The original fragments were incorporated after conservation, without removing the
signs of damage caused by demolition.
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Sl.34/Ill.34
Zidanje damije kamenom u krenom malteru, u potpunosti u skladu
sa tradicionalnim metodama
Building the mosque in stone set in lime mortar, fully in accordance
with traditional methods
Sl.35/Ill.35
Izrada kamenog portala od kamena pjeara, runim klesanjem na
tradicionalan nain
Making the stone portal out of sandstone, hand cut in the traditional
manner.
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9.Virtual reconstruction of the mosque complex creating a digital 3D model based on available material on the mosque (3D model of the mosque drawn
by Ognjen Materi in line with instructions from the
author), designed to identify missing information required for reconstruction, and presentation of the 3D
model to surviving Stolac residents in order to question
them on missing features.
This stage was systematically carried out in the
second half of 1999, 2000 and the first half of 2001,
but was also continued through to completion of the
reconstruction of the property, as a result of which some
extremely important items of information were found
and analyzed in 2002 and even in 2003. Of particular
importance were the black and white photographs from
the archives of iril Raji.
Stage II: Preliminary investigations of the
physical remains of the mosque complex:
1. The site of the mosque complex was fenced
off on 3 June 2001, when Stolac Municipality and the
Institute for the Cultural and Historical Heritage of
Herceg-Bosna announced architectural excavations.
The Office of the High Representative of the international community in Bosnia and Herzegovina ordered
Stolac Municipality to observe the provisions of Annex
8, which require it to refrain from taking any deliberate measures that might damage the property or are not
intended to restore the property to its condition prior to
destruction. It was stipulated that only the owners of
the site and persons authorized to carry out the works
associated with the reconstruction of the property had
the right to enter the fenced-off area (illus. 14);
2.On 21 August, work began on clearing the
fenced-off area, removing rubble, rubbish and weeds. A
coordinates network was established for the presumed
area of the mosque, based on geodetic survey bases and
the surveys of the condition of the property, and this
was used as the basis for conducting and systematically
monitoring the excavations;
3. Large quantities of bulk waste and eightyear-old weeds going back to the destruction of the
mosque were found on the site, removed and taken
to the town dump. The cleared area was then further
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Sl.36/Ill.36
Unutranjost damije 23. augusta 2003. godine, deset godina nakon
njenog ruenja, kada je rekonstrukcija bila u zavrnoj fazi
Interior of the mosque on 23 August 2003, ten years after its destruction, when reconstruction was in the final stages.
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Sl.37/Ill.37
Damijske sofe 23. augusta 2003. godine
Mosque sofas, 23 August 2003.
Sl.37/Ill.37
Pogled na damijsku cjelinu 23. augusta 2003. godine
View of the mosque complex, 23 August 2003.
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