2) Raise pain reaction threshold 3) Reduce fatigue Minimum Alveolar Concentration -concentration of drug required to produce immobility in 50% of pts -is measure of potency -minimum alveolar concentration of nitrous oxide is 105% Four Plateaus of Stage I Anesthesia (Analgesia) 1) Paresthesia: tingling of hands and feet 2) Vasomotor: warm sensations 3) Drift: pupils centrally fixed and sensation of floating 4) Dream: eyes closed but will open in response to questions; difficulty speaking; jaw sags open Preparation of Pediatric Patient for Nitrous Sedation 1) Place pt in reclined position 2) Use tell-show-do 3) Describe sensations in advance Nitrous Oxide Technique Basics 1) Bag is filled w/ oxygen and hood placed on pts nose 2) Total flow rate is 4-6 L/min for most children 3) Percentage of NO is increased in 10% increments until drift plateau is achieved 4) Maintenance dose during operative procedure is about 30% NO -must use no less than 20% oxygen 5) Most common complication of NO is nausea/vomiting, which occurs from excessive concentration of NO or excessively long procedure -NO levels should be reduced periodically throughout procedure, especially after 30 mins time 6) Give 100% oxygen for 3-5 mins after sedation period Signs of Saturation 1) Continuously reminding child to keep mouth open 2) No response to questions 3) Agitation 4) Sweating 5) Nausea 6) Unconsciousness Diffusion Hypoxia -when NO is discontinued, there is a high outpouring of NO from tissues into lung, which dilutes available oxygen in lungs -can be prevented by giving 100% oxygen for 3-5 minutes following nitrous oxide procedure Oral Sedation w/ Chloral Hydrate -acts on CNS to induce sleep -will not affect breathing, BP, or reflexes -dose: 25-100 mg/kg (max single dose is 1 g) -contraindicated in hepatic or renal impaired pts General Anesthesia for Pedo -age and maturity used to determine type of anesthesia for children -very young children (below age in which they can reason) are indicated for general anesthesia -most common premedication before GA is Versed