CAT III Activity Book 170112 - A4

VIBRATION TRAINING
ACTIVITY BOOK
CATEGORY III
learn@mobiusinstitute.com
www.mobiusinstitute.com
Copyright 1999 - 2012 Mobius All Rights Reserved
This manual is designed as a guide only.

In practical situations there are many variables,
so please use this information with care.
Copyright 1999 - 2012 Mobius Institute

All Rights Reserved
DO NOT COPY OR
REPRODUCE IN ANY FORM
TableofContents
SIGNAL PROCESSING ................................................................................................... 4

WINDOWING ............................................................................................................... 6
AVERAGING ................................................................................................................ 7
TIME WAVEFORM ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 7
PHASE ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 9
DIAGNOSING FAULTS WITH PHASE ANALYSIS ............................................................... 10
DYNAMICS and RESONANCES ...................................................................................... 14
OPERATING DEFLECTION SHAPES ................................................................................ 18
MODAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 20
CORRECTING RESONANCES AND REDUCING VIBRATION ................................................. 22
JOURNAL BEARING ANALYSIS AND ORBITS ................................................................... 25
ROLLING ELEMENT BEARING ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 28
GEARBOX ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 29
ELECTRIC MOTORS .................................................................................................... 30
BALANCING ............................................................................................................... 31
DIAGNOSING MACHINE FAULTS ................................................................................... 34
Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III
Page 4 of 35
SIGNALPROCESSING
Usefulinformation:
.
T=Timerequiredtocollectthewaveform
Ts=Timebetweeneachsample
Fs=Samplingrate=Samplespersecond
N=Numberofsamples(1024,2048,4096,etc.)
Windowfactor=1(nowindow/uniform/rectangular)or1.5(Hanningwindow)
Separatingfrequency2xBandwidth2xResolution*WindowFactor
Requiredspectrallines2xWindowfactorxFmax/Separatingfrequency
Accuracyoffrequency(atpeak)=xResolution

Document ID: ABIII 120108
Page 5 of 35
[1]
Whycantheintegrationprocesscreateasignaltonoiseproblem?
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[2]
Whatisthedifferencebetweenanalogintegrationanddigitalintegration?
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[3]
Whatprecautionsshouldbetakenwhentestinglowspeedmachines(below3Hzor180RPM)?
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[4]
Namethreeapplicationswhereonemightusetriggering(externalsignaltotriggera
measurementorexternaltachometersignalforsynchronization).
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[5]
Iftherecordlengthis2seconds,andthereare1024samplesinthetimewaveform,whatisthe
Fmax?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[6]
200Hz
400Hz
800Hz
1600Hz
IftheFmaxis10,000Hzanda1600linespectrum,howlongdoesittaketosamplethevibration
signalwithoneaverageonly?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.16seconds
1.6seconds
16seconds
6.25seconds


[7]
IftheFmaxis160Hz,3200linespectrum,howlongdoesittaketosamplethevibrationsignal
with10averages(nooverlap)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[8]
0.05seconds
0.5seonds
20seconds
200seconds
IftheFmaxis160Hz,3200linespectrum,howlongdoesittaketosamplethevibrationsignal
with10averagesand50%overlap?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[9]
Page 6 of 35
100seconds
115seconds
200seconds
20seconds
Amachinewillgeneratekeyvibrationsignalsof100Hzand100.50Hz,suggestanFmaxsetting
andcorrespondinglinesofresolutionsettingtoresolvethesetwofrequencies(assumethata
Hanningwindowwillbeused):
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[10]
Whatisthedifferencebetweendynamicrangeandsignaltonoiseratio?
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WINDOWING
[1]
Name5commonwindowsandtheirapplications
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[2]
Leakageiscausedby:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Noiseinthetimewaveform
Alowsamplerate
Poorlyshieldedcables
Thesignaldoesnotbeginandendatzerointhetimerecord

Page 7 of 35
AVERAGING
[1] Explainthebenefitsofoverlapaveraging?
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[2]
Whatfactorsshouldyouconsiderwhenselectingthenumberofaverages(fornormaltestingand
linearaveraging)?
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[3]
Whatarethreeapplicationsforpeakholdaveraging?
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[4]
Whatare3waystodealwithtestingvariablespeedmachines?
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TIMEWAVEFORMANALYSIS
[1]
Namethreefaultconditionsthatcanbediagnosedviatimewaveformanalysis.
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[2]
Page 8 of 35
Namefourphenomenathatcanbeobservedinthetimewaveform.
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[3]
A1500RPMmotorisdrivingapumpviaagearboxwith40teethontheinputgear.WhatFmax
andLORsettingwillallowonetoseethreeharmonicsofthegearmeshfrequencyinthe
spectrumand6rotationsofthegearinthetimewaveform?
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[4]
A1500RPMmotorisdrivingapumpviaagearboxwith40teethontheinputgear.WhatFmax
settingisrequiredinordertobeabletoclearlyseeeachtoothmeshinthetimewaveform?
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[5]
Whatistheapproximatefrequencyofthedominanteventinthistimewaveform?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.63Hz
6.7Hz
24.7Hz
Notenoughinformation

Page 9 of 35
[6]
Whyistimewaveformanalysissoimportantwhenperformingvibrationanalysisongearboxes?
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[7]
Whyistimewaveformanalysisusefulwhenperformingvibrationanalysisonrollingelement
bearings?
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[8]
Whyistimewaveformanalysisusefulwhenapumpiscavitating?
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PHASEANALYSIS
[1]
Namethreereasonswhythepeakvalueofthevibrationsignaldoesnotcoincideperfectlywith
thepassingofthepointofgreatestmassintherotorbythesensor?
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[2]
Machinebalancing:Whatwouldhappenifweperformedanoriginalrun,usinganaccelerometer
(mountedinlinewiththetachometer),andmeasuredavibrationreadingof0.5Gsandaphase
angleof0andthenplacedthetrialweightoppositethetachometer(i.e.180)?(Assumearigid
rotorandatrialweightwithenoughmasstosignificantlyaffectthevibrationreading.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
[3]
Thevibrationlevelwoulddecrease
Thevibrationlevelwouldincrease
Thevibrationreadingwouldnotchange
Notenoughinformation
Whathappenstothephaseangleasamachinespeedisincreasedtowardsthefirstcriticalspeed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[4]
Page 10 of 35
Nothing
Nothinguntilthemachinespeedreachesthecriticalspeed;thenitshiftsby180
Itdecreases
Itincreases
Whatisthedifferencebetweenrelativephaseandabsolutephase?
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[5]
Whataretwobenefitsofrelativephase?
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DIAGNOSINGFAULTSWITHPHASEANALYSIS
Forthefollowingquestionstherelativevibrationlevelscanbeinterpretedasfollows:
Highvibration:
Lowvibration:
NOTE: For your own benefit, try to answer these questions before
referring to the training manual

Page 11 of 35
[1]
Whichfaultconditionisindicatedbythefollowingbubblediagram?___________________
[2]

Page 12 of 35
[3]
[4]

Page 13 of 35
[5]
[6]


[7]
Page 14 of 35
DYNAMICSandRESONANCES
[1]
Namethreetypesofdamping.
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[2]
Provideexamplesofdampinginrotatingmachinery
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Page 15 of 35
[3]
Inthefollowingequation,whatdoes
f (t ) kx cv x mx
represent?
A. Stiffness
B. Damping
C. Mass
[4]
f (t ) kx cv x mx
represent?
A. Stiffness
B. Damping
C. Mass.
[5]
f (t ) kx cv x mx
represent?
A. Stiffness
B. Damping
C. Mass.
[6]
f (t ) kx cv x mx
represent?
A. Displacement
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration
[7]
f (t ) kx cv x mx
represent?
A. Displacement
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration
[8]
f (t ) kx cv x mx
represent?
A. Displacement
B. Velocity
C. Acceleration


[9]
Page 16 of 35
IfyouperformedaBodeplotandyounoticedthatamplitudewashighinacertainspeedrange
butthephasedidnotchangesubstantially,whatwouldyouconclude?
A. Theredefinitelyisaresonance
B. TheredefinitelyisNOTaresonance
C. Thereprobablyisnotaresonance
[10]
Ifyouperformedarundowntest(asshownbelow)andsawthattheamplitudewashighina
certainspeedrangeandthephasedidchangeby180,whatwouldyouconclude?
A. Theredefinitelyisaresonance
B. TheredefinitelyisNOTaresonance
C. Thereprobablyisnotaresonance
[11]
IfyouperformedarundowntestandwitnessedaBodeplotasdescribedinquestion10,andthen
repeatedthetesttwoweekslatertofindthatthenaturalfrequencywashigherthanitwas
previously(buttheamplitudeatthenaturalfrequencyhadnotchangedsubstantially),what
wouldyouconclude?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[12]
Themachinewasrunningatahigherspeed
Bracinghadbeenaddedtoincreasethestiffness
Sandbagsorsomeotherformofweightwasaddedtothemachine
Someonemusthaveaddeddampingtothemachine
Basedonthetestdatainquestion10,wouldyousaythemachinewaslightlydampedorheavily
damped?
A. Lightlydamped
B. Heavilydamped
[13]
Ifyounoticedthatthe1xvibrationinahorizontallyorientedmotorwasmuchhigher(>4Xhigher)
inthehorizontaldirectionthantheverticaldirection,whatwouldyouconclude?
A. Themachine(orthestructuresupportingthemachine)musthavearesonancethat
causesittovibrateinthehorizontaldirection
B. Thestructuresupportingthemachinemustbeweakorlooseinthehorizontaldirection.
C. EitherAorBcouldbecorrect.Additionaltestswouldberequiredtodistinguishbetween
thesetwopossiblefaultconditions.

Page 17 of 35
[14]
Isthefollowingshapethefirst,second,orthirdbendingmode?
A. Firstbendingmode
B. Secondbendingmode
C. Thirdbendingmode
[15]
Howmanynodesdoesthismodeshapehave?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[16]
1
2
3
4
Howmanyantinodesdoesthismodeshapehave?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4


[17]
Page 18 of 35
IsthevalueofthetamarkedbyAmorelikelytobe0.05,0.5or1.0?
A. 0.05
B. 0.5
C. 1.0
OPERATINGDEFLECTIONSHAPES(ODS)
[1]
Whatmethodofdatacapturemustyouuseifyouwishtovisualizethemotion(deflectionshape)
atmultiplefrequencies(notjustrunningspeed)?
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[2]
WhatisthemaindifferencebetweenODSandmodalanalysis?
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Page 19 of 35
[3]
WhataretheprimaryreasonstoperformanODStest?
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[4]
WhenperforminganODStestwithtwoaccelerometers,whatprecautionsshouldyoutakewhen
selectingthelocationofthereferenceaccelerometer?
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[5]
WhenperforminganODStestwithtwoaccelerometers,whatprecautionsshouldyoutakewhen
selectingthelocationoftherovingaccelerometer?
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[6]
CanyouperformanODStestonamachinethatisfrequentlychangingspeedandload?Explain
youranswer.
A. Yes
B. No
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[7]
Page 20 of 35
HowdoestimebasedODSdifferfromfrequencybasedODS?
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MODALANALYSIS
[1]
Whatdoesthecoherencemeasurementtellyou?
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[2]
Whenperformingamodaltest,whatprecautionsshouldonetakewhenselectingthelocationof
thereferencelocation?
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[3]
Whenperformingamodaltest,whatprecautionsshouldyoutakewhenselectingthelocationof
therovingaccelerometer?
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Page 21 of 35
[4]
WhatistheFrequencyResponseFunction?
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[5]
Nametwodifferentwaystoperformamodalanalysistest.
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[6]
Describetheimportantcharacteristicsofthehammerusedintheimpacttest.
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[7]
Describeanimportantprecautionthatmustbetakenwhenimpactingastructure(beyondnot
damagingthestructure).
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[8]
Page 22 of 35
Whenperformingamodaltestwithaforcehammer,whatplotsdoesonetypicallywanttolook
atforeachtestpoint?
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CORRECTINGRESONANCESANDREDUCINGVIBRATION
[1]
Ifitwasdeterminedthatthespeedofamachinecoincidedwithanaturalfrequency,namefour
possiblecoursesofactiontodealwiththesituation.
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[2]
Ifitwasdeterminedthatastructurehadanaturalfrequencyclosetotherunningspeedofthe
machine,anditwasnotpossibletochangethespeedofthemachine,whatprecautionswould
youtakewhendesigningyourstructuralmodifications?
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[3]
TwodifferentstructuresweretestedandtheirBodeplotsaredisplayedbelow.Whichstructure
hasthehighestQ?
A. Machine1
B. Machine2

Page 23 of 35
[4]
Whatisatunedabsorber?
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[5]
Whyarenttunedabsorberswellsuitedtomachinesthatvaryinspeed?
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[6]
Whyorwhenisisolationused?
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[7]
Page 24 of 35
Areisolatorsdesignedsothattheirnaturalfrequencyisabove,equalto,orbelowtherunning
speedofthemachine?
A. Belowmachinerunningspeed
B. Equaltotherunningspeed
C. Abovetherunningspeed
[8]
Whenamachineismountedonisolatorsorresilientmounts,whatcanhappenwhenthemachine
startsup(orisrundown)?
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[9]
Whatissueshavetobetakenintoaccountwhenspecifyingisolators?
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Page 25 of 35
JOURNALBEARINGANALYSISANDORBITS
[1]
Doesthevoltageoutputofthenoncontacteddycurrent(proximity)probeincreaseordecrease
astheshaftismovedclosertotheprobe?
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Willnotchange
[2]
Whatisthepurposeofslowrollsubtraction(glitchremoval)?
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[3]
Whichmeasurement,AorB,representsaneccentricityratioof0.8(approximately)?
A. MeasurementA
B. MeasurementB


[4]
Page 26 of 35
Giventhefollowingcenterlinediagramwherewouldthecenteroftheshaftnormallybelocated
whenthemachineisatrest?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
[5]
PositionA
PositionB
PositionC
PositionD
PositionE
Whatisthedifferencebetweenthedirectandfilteredsignal?
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[6]
Describethevibrationprecessionofanorbit.
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[7]
Whenusingaconventionaldatacollectortoperformorbitanalysis,wouldyounormallysetyour
datacollectortolowresolution(e.g.100lines)orhighresolution(e.g.1600lines)?
A. Lowresolution
B. Highresolution
C. Itisanorbit,itdoesnotmatter

Page 27 of 35
[8]
Whatdoesacircularorbitindicate?
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[9]
Whatdoesitmeanifthefilteredorbitisheavilyelliptical?
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[10]
Whatdoesitmeaniftheorbitisdistortedortwisted?
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[11]
List5commonfaultconditionsinjournalbearings.
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Page 28 of 35
ROLLINGELEMENTBEARINGANALYSIS
[1]
Withtheinnerracespinning,aninnerracedefectwilltypicallyproduce
A.
B.
C.
D.
[2]
Anonsynchronouspeak
Anonsynchronouspeakwithharmonics
Anonsynchronouspeakwithshaftratesidebands
Asubsynchronouspeak
Namefourrootcausesofrollingelementbearingwear.
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[3]
Describetheprogressionofrollingelementbearingwearfromtheearlieststagesuptofailurein
theidealcase
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[4]
Describethefourrecommendationsmadeinthecourseregardinghowtoutilizedemodulated
dataandhowthisrelatestomakingrepairrecommendations.
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[5]
Describethegeneralpatternsproducedbytheinnerrace,outerraceandball/rollerfaults.
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Page 29 of 35
GEARBOXANALYSIS
[1]
Whatarethefirst10primenumbers?
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[2]
Iftheinputgearhas31teethandtheoutputgearhas19teeth,whatarethecommonfactors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[3]
Iftheinputgearhas30teethandtheoutputgearhas18teeth,whatarethecommonfactors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[4]
Allofthem
9onthe18toothgearand15onthe30toothgear
Iftheinputgearhas30teethandtheoutputgearhas18teeth,whatisthehuntingtooth
frequency(asamultipleofrunningspeed)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[7]
1X
6X
18X
30X
Theinputgearhas30teethandtheoutputgearhas18teeth.Ifonetoothisdamagedonthe
gearwith18teeth,howmanyteethwilleventuallybedamagedoneachofthegears?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[6]
1
1,2,3
1,2,5
1,2,3,5
Iftheinputgearhas30teethandtheoutputgearhas18teeth,whatisthegearassemblyphase
frequency(asamultipleofrunningspeed)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[5]
1
1,31and19
1,3,and11
Therearenonetheyareprimenumbers
0.33X
0.11X
0.6X
30X
Iftheinputgearhas28teethandtheoutputgearhas24teeth,whatistheproductofthe
commonprimefactors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2X
4X
12X
28X


[8]
Page 30 of 35
Whatarethethreecommonconfigurationsofaplanetarygear?
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[9]
Whataresomecommonvibrationtests(includedataformats)thatareusedforanalyzing
gearboxes?Whattechnologiesbesidesvibrationanalysisareuseful?
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[10]
Ifawormgearhasaninputspeedof30Hzandanoutputspeedof10Hzandthewormwheelhas
40teeth,howmanyflightsarethere?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[11]
7.5
13.3
120
0.75
IftheFmaxwas4000Hz,andtheresolutionwassetto800lines,howmanytimesampleswould
beacquiredpertoothmeshiftheinputspeedofthegearboxwas30Hzandthepinionhad33
teeth?Howmanyrevolutionsoftheinputgearwouldbepresentinthetimewaveform?
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ELECTRICMOTORS
[1]
Aneccentricstator(withanunevenstationaryairgap)willproduce...
A.
B.
C.
D.
[2]
ahigh1Xpeakatthemotorrunningspeed
increasedamplitudeattwicelinefrequency
harmonicsof1Xwithpolepasssidebands
subsynchronousvibration
Aneccentricrotor(withavaryingairgap)willproduce...
A.
B.
C.
D.
apeakattherotorbarfrequencywithtwicelinefrequencysidebands
increasedamplitudeattwicelinefrequency,withpolepasssidebands

Page 31 of 35
[3]
Acrackedrotorbarwillproduce...
A.
B.
C.
D.
[4]
Looserotorbarswillproduce...
A.
B.
C.
D.
[5]
Inamotorrunningat1740RPM.Whatisthepolepassfrequency?
A.
B.
C.
D.
60RPM
120RPM
120Hz
240RPM
BALANCING
[1]
Ifvibrationreadingsindicatedahighdisplacementvibrationreadingat30shouldyouplacethe
trialweightat210?
A. Yes,thatwillbalancethemachine
B. Itdependswhetherthemachinehasarigidorflexiblerotor,andwhetherthemachineis
beingoperatedanywherenearthenaturalfrequency.
C. No,itshouldbeplacedat30
D. Noitshouldbeplacedat120
[2]
Ifarotor(supportedbytwobearings,oneateachend)thatnormallyturnsat1800RPMweighed
90kgandwehadtoplacebalanceweightsataradiusof350mm,whichofthefollowingavailable
balanceweightswouldyouuseasatrialweight?(Note:Wisingrams)
A.
B.
C.
D.
4kg
40grams
4grams
24grams

[3]
Page 32 of 35
ExplainwhattheO,TandO+Tvectorsrepresent.
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Page 33 of 35
[4]
Whatisthemagnitudeofthesumofthefollowingvectors:4milsat60degreesand3milsat150
degrees
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[5]
Theoriginalrunis4milsat60degrees.A1ouncebalanceweightisaddedat60degrees.The
trialrunresultsinavectorof3mils@150degrees.Calculatethefinalbalanceweightandangle.
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[6]
Youneedtoplaceabalanceweightof10gramsat30degreesbutyouonlyhaveholesavailableat
0degreesand45degrees.Howmuchweightmustbeputineachoftheseholes?
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Page 34 of 35
DIAGNOSINGMACHINEFAULTS
[1]
Whatiswrongwiththismachine?Pleasebrieflyexplainwhyyouhavecometothisconclusion.
(NotethattheLandRphasereadingsareaxialreadingstakenontheleftandtherightofthe
shaft.Theaxialphasereadingshavebeenadjustedasiftheywerealltakeninthesame
direction.)
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Page 35 of 35
[2]
Whatiswrongwiththismachine?Pleasebrieflyexplainwhyyouhavecometothisconclusion.
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VIBRATION TRAINING

This manual is designed as a guide only.

Copyright 1999 - 2012 Mobius Institute

SIGNAL PROCESSING ................................................................................................... 4

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute

Vibration Training Activity Booklet CAT III

Copyright 2005 - 2012 Mobius Institute