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material
Wood
Steel
Concrete
Masonry
Fabric
Material
Prof Schierle
Rupture Length
Rupture length is the maximum length a bar of
constant cross section can be suspended without
rupture under its weight in tension (compression
for concrete & masonry)
Rapture length defines the efficiency of material as
ratio strength / weight:
R=F/
where
R = rupture length
F = breaking strength
= specific gravity (self weight)
Prof Schierle
Energy use
For simple beam of
Aluminum
Concrete
Steel
Wood
[Aluminium]
[Bton]
[Acier]
[Bois]
Wood
Study of EPFL
(Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne)
Material
Prof Schierle
Wood
Types:
Balloon framing (rare)
Platform framing
Heavy timber framing
Advantages:
The only renewable material
Warm, natural appearance
Low energy required
Easy to work
Low cost
Challenges:
Combustible
Termite attacks
Decays in variable humidity
Limited height and floor area
Material
Prof Schierle
Platform framing
Prof Schierle
Wall erection
Plywood shear wall resists
lateral wind and seismic loads
Woodframe house
Material
Prof Schierle
Material
Prof Schierle
Material
Prof Schierle
Terrace Homes
Hermosa Beach
Material
Prof Schierle
Material
Prof Schierle
10
Timber house
Architect: Thomas Herzog
(rods resist lateral load)
Gamble house Pasadena
Architects: Green and Green
Material
Prof Schierle
11
- Strain +
Steel
Compression Tension
Types:
Heavy steel
Light gauge steel
Advantages:
Can be recycled
Ductile (absorbs seismic energy)
Lighter than concrete and masonry
(small seismic forces)
No limitation of height or floor area
Hysteresis loop
(test stress-strain curve)
E = Energy absorbed by
ductility
Material
Challenges:
Requires much energy to produce
Higher cost than other material
Requires fire proofing
Requires accurate workmanship
Limited availability in some countries
Prof Schierle
12
Prof Schierle
typical labels
(W14x22)
(W14x730)
(S12x50)
(W16x40)
(C10x30)
(ST6x25)
(WT8x20)
(L6x4x)
(DL6x4x)
(L4x4x)
(DL3x3x)
(P4)
(XP4)
(DXP4)
(ST6x6x)
(ST8x4x)
13
A
B
C
D
E
F
Material
Prof Schierle
14
Steel joints
Material
Column
Beam
Prof Schierle
15
Material
Prof Schierle
16
Truss floors
Material
Prof Schierle
17
Expressed steel
Hillside house
Architect: Helmut Schulitz
Braced frame
Imos factory
Architect: Richard Rogers
Cable stayed roof
Material
Prof Schierle
18
Light-gauge
(cold-rolled)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Material
Channel stud
C-stud
I-stud
C-joist
I-joist
Prof Schierle
steel
(2 6)
(2 6)
(3 5/8 8)
(6 12)
(6 12)
19
Light-gauge steel
Material
Prof Schierle
20
Concrete
Types:
Site cast
Precast
Prestressed
Advantages:
Widely available
Can be recycled
Many finishes
Takes any form
Fire resistant
Durable
Challenges:
Heavy weight
(large seismic forces)
Requires rebars
to resist tension
Possible cracks
without prestress
Material
Prof Schierle
21
Concrete properties:
strong in compression
weak in tension
steel re-bars resist tension
Material
Prof Schierle
22
Material
Prof Schierle
23
Precast Concrete
Advantages:
repetitive use of formwork
factory quality control
Challenges:
element joints
transportation cost
Material
Prof Schierle
24
Precast Concrete
Material
Prof Schierle
25
Material
Advantages:
Widely available
Can be recycled
Earthy appearance
Fire rated
Durable
Challenges:
Heavy weight
(large seismic forces)
Requires rebars to
resist seismic forces
Limited height
Masonry
Types:
Brick masonry
Concrete masonry
Stone masonry
Prof Schierle
26
Brick Masonry
Material
Prof Schierle
27
Modular coordination
Based on unit size
A Inside dimensions: # of units + 1 joint
3 units+4 joints
4 units+4 joints
Material
Prof Schierle
28
Concrete masonry
CMU: Concrete Masonry Units
Minimum reinforcement
Rebars around openings
In severe seismic areas:
Horizontal & vertical rebars @ 4 feet
In moderate seismic areas:
Horizontal rebars @ 10 feet
Vertical rebars @ 4 feet
Material
Prof Schierle
29
Brick masonry
Minimum reinforcement
Rerbars around openings
In severe seismic areas:
Horizontal & vertical rebars @ 4 feet
In moderate seismic areas:
Horizontal rebars @ 10 feet
Vertical rebars @ 4 feet
Material
Prof Schierle
30
Material
Grouting
(bonds rebars with masonry)
Prof Schierle
31
Types:
Anticlastic (saddle shape)
Air supported
Air inflated
Fabric
Material
Advantages:
Light-weight
(less seismic load)
Translucent
(daylight saves energy)
Challenges:
Fire rating
(Teflon coated fiber glass is
fire rated; polyester is not)
Durability (about 30 years)
Prof Schierle
32
Air supported
Inside air pressure
greater than outside
Air inflated
Air pressure between
double membrane or tubes
Material
Prof Schierle
33
Anticlastic Membranes
Stadium roof Oldenburg, Germany
Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann
Material
Prof Schierle
34
Stuttgart
Stadium roofs
Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann
Kuala Lumpur
Material
Prof Schierle
35
Material
Prof Schierle
36
Architect: Schierle
Engineer: ASI
Swiss Expo 64
Structure
material
Wood
Steel
Concrete
Masonry
Fabric
Prof Schierle
37