Acousticfingerprint

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Anacousticfingerprintisacondenseddigitalsummary,deterministicallygeneratedfromanaudiosignal,that
canbeusedtoidentifyanaudiosampleorquicklylocatesimilaritemsinanaudiodatabase.[1]
Practicalusesofacousticfingerprintingincludeidentifyingsongs,melodies,tunes,oradvertisementssound
effectlibrarymanagementandvideofileidentification.Mediaidentificationusingacousticfingerprintscanbe
usedtomonitortheuseofspecificmusicalworksandperformancesonradiobroadcast,records,CDsandpeer
topeernetworks.Thisidentificationhasbeenusedincopyrightcompliance,licensing,andothermonetization
schemes.

Contents
1 Attributes
2 Seealso
2.1 Technology
2.2 Companies
3 References
4 Externallinks

Attributes
Arobustacousticfingerprintalgorithmmusttakeintoaccounttheperceptualcharacteristicsoftheaudio.Iftwo
filessoundaliketothehumanear,theiracousticfingerprintsshouldmatch,eveniftheirbinaryrepresentations
arequitedifferent.Acousticfingerprintsarenotbitwisefingerprints,whichmustbesensitivetoanysmall
changesinthedata.Acousticfingerprintsaremoreanalogoustohumanfingerprintswheresmallvariationsthat
areinsignificanttothefeaturesthefingerprintusesaretolerated.Onecanimaginethecaseofasmearedhuman
fingerprintimpressionwhichcanaccuratelybematchedtoanotherfingerprintsampleinareferencedatabase
acousticfingerprintsworkinasimilarway.
Perceptualcharacteristicsoftenexploitedbyaudiofingerprintsincludeaveragezerocrossingrate,estimated
tempo,averagespectrum,spectralflatness,prominenttonesacrossasetoffrequencybands,andbandwidth.
Mostaudiocompressiontechniques(AAC,MP3,WMA,Vorbis)willmakeradicalchangestothebinary
encodingofanaudiofile,withoutradicallyaffectingthewayitisperceivedbythehumanear.Arobust
acousticfingerprintwillallowarecordingtobeidentifiedafterithasgonethroughsuchcompression,evenif
theaudioqualityhasbeenreducedsignificantly.Foruseinradiobroadcastmonitoring,acousticfingerprints
shouldalsobeinsensitivetoanalogtransmissionartifacts.
Ontheotherhand,agoodacousticfingerprintalgorithmmustbeabletoidentifyaparticularmasterrecording
amongalltheproductionsofanartistorgroup.Foruseasevidenceinacourtoflaw,anacousticfingerprint
methodmustbeforensicinitsaccuracy.

Seealso
MusicBrainz
Listofonlinemusicdatabases

Technology

Automaticcontentrecognition
Digitalvideofingerprinting
Featureextraction

Companies
Gracenote
AmpliFIND
ACRCloud

References
1.ISOIECTR2100011(2004),Multimediaframework(MPEG21)Part11:EvaluationToolsforPersistent
AssociationTechnologies

Externallinks
AReviewofAlgorithmsforAudioFingerprinting(P.Canoetal.InInternationalWorkshopon
MultimediaSignalProcessing,USVirginIslands,December2002)(http://mtg.upf.edu/files/publications/
MMSP2002pcano.pdf)
ContentBasedRetrievalofMusicandAudiobyJonathanFoote,ISS,NationalUniversityofSingapore.
(http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spr99/cs598b/foote.pdf)
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