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3x1 + 5x2 = 0
6x1 + 2x2 = 0
HOMOGENEOUS
3x1 + 5x2 = 1
6x1 + 2x2 = 0
NONHOMOGEN.
THEOREM:
Suppose the equation A
x=
b is consistent for some given
b, and let p be a solution. Then the solution set of A
x=
b
is the set of all vectors of the form
w
= p + v
h,
where v
h is any solution of the homogeneous equation A
x=
0.
THEOREM:
Let A be an m n matrix. Then the
following statements are logically equivalent:
1. A homogeneous system A
x=
0 has
only the trivial solution.
2. There are no free variables.
3. Number of columns of A = Number
of pivot positions.
DEFINITION:
Vectors v
1, . . . , v
p are said to be linearly
dependent if there exist scalars c1, . . . , cp,
not all zero, such that
c1 v
1 + . . . + cpv
p =
0.
Vectors v
1, . . . , v
p are said to be linearly
independent if the vector equation
c1 v
1 + . . . + cpv
p =
0
has only the trivial solution.
EXAMPLE: Vectors
2
1
2 = 1 ,
v
1 = 1 , v
2
4
are linearly dependent.
Vectors
1
2
v
1 = 1 , v
2 = 1 ,
2
4
are linearly independent.
3
v
3 = 5
6
3
v
3 = 5
7
THEOREM:
Let A be an m n matrix. Then the
following statements are logically equivalent:
1. A homogeneous system A
x=
0 has
only the trivial solution.
2. There are no free variables.
3. Number of columns of A = Number
of pivot positions.
4. The columns of a matrix A are linearly independent.
THEOREM:
Let A be an m n matrix. Then the
following statements are logically equivalent:
1. A homogeneous system A
x=
0 has
a nontrivial solution.
2. There are free variables.
3. Number of columns of A > Number
of pivot positions.
4. The columns of a matrix A are linearly dependent.
5. At least one column of A is a linear
combination of other columns.
1. Let
2. Let
0
0
1
3 = 0 .
2 = 1 , v
v
1 = 0 , v
1
0
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3} span R3 ?
0
0
1
3 = 2 .
2 = 1 , v
v
1 = 0 , v
0
0
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3} span R3 ?
3. Let
0
0
0
1
v
1 = 0 , v
4 = 0 .
3 = 0 , v
2 = 1 , v
2
1
0
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3, v
4 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3, v
4} span R3 ?
4. Let
1
0
v
1 = 0 , v
2 = 0 .
0
1
(a) Are v
1, v
2 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2} span R3 ?
1. Let
2. Let
9
7
5
3 = 4 .
2 = 2 , v
v
1 = 0 , v
8
6
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3} span R3 ?
9
7
5
4.
3 =
2 = 2 , v
v
1 = 0 , v
12
6
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3} span R3 ?
3.
Let
5
9
9
7
4.
v
1 = 0 , v
4 =
3 = 4 , v
2 = 2 , v
12
8
6
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2, v
3, v
4 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2, v
3, v
4} span R3 ?
4. Let
7
5
2 = 2 .
v
1 = 0 , v
6
0
(a) Are v
1, v
2 linearly independent?
(b) Does {
v1 , v
2} span R3 ?